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Staining method & culture media Staining method and culture media Staining Staining is of primary importance for the recognition of bacteria since their clear protoplasm is so feebly refractile that it is difficult to see them in the unstained condition unless dark-ground illumination is employed or, alternatively, use of phase-contrast techniques . Smear preparation Smears are making usually from lesions, exudates, blood, tissues and colony suspension of the isolated bacteria. Smear to be stained must be firmly fixed to a glass slide before the various dye solutions are applied. Slides must be cleaned by soaking in 95% ethyl alcohol, then wiping dry with clean gauze, otherwise the material (smear material) may wash off. Make a direct thin smear or film of clinical material. Bacteria from solid media are transferred to a drop of distilled water or saline on a slide. A loopful of broth culture is placed directly on the slide. Slides must be cleaned by soaking in 95% ethyl alcohol, then wiping dry with clean gauze, otherwise the material (smear material) may wash off. Make a direct thin smear or film of clinical material. Bacteria from solid media are transferred to a drop of distilled water or saline on a slide. A loopful of broth culture is placed directly on the slide. Allow the film to dry in the air. Drying is accelerated in the incubator. Fix the film by quickly passing the slide through the Bunsen flame several times. (Proper fixing also prevents washing off). Types of stains 1. Simple stains. 2. Differential stains. 3. Special stains. 4. General purpose stains. 1. Simple stains. LOEFFLER'S METHYLENE BLUE STAIN It is the most valuable stain for staining bacteria. It is excellent for the genus Corynebacterium where beading, barring, and granules may be demonstrated. In sporing bacilli stained with this stain the spore appear as unstained bodies within blue cells. Staining Procedure 1- Stain for 1 min. 2- Rinse with water. 3- Drain or blot to dry. By dr.khaled fujairah municipality 1
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sampling exam chapter 3

Jun 06, 2015

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sampling exam chapter 3
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Page 1: sampling exam chapter 3

Staining method & culture media

Staining method and culture mediaStainingStaining is of primary importance for the recognition of bacteria since their clear protoplasm is so feebly refractile that it is difficult to see them in the unstained condition unless dark-ground illumination is employed or, alternatively, use of phase-contrast techniques.Smear preparation

Smears are making usually from lesions, exudates, blood, tissues and colony suspension of the isolated bacteria.

Smear to be stained must be firmly fixed to a glass slide before the various dye solutions are applied.

Slides must be cleaned by soaking in 95% ethyl alcohol, then wiping dry with clean gauze, otherwise the material (smear material) may wash off.

Make a direct thin smear or film of clinical material. Bacteria from solid media are transferred to a drop of distilled water or saline on a slide. A loopful of broth culture is placed directly on the slide. Slides must be cleaned by soaking in

95% ethyl alcohol, then wiping dry with clean gauze, otherwise the material (smear material) may wash off.

Make a direct thin smear or film of clinical material. Bacteria from solid media are transferred to a drop of distilled water or saline on a slide. A loopful of broth culture is placed directly on the slide. Allow the film to dry in the air. Drying is accelerated in the incubator. Fix the film by quickly passing the slide through the Bunsen flame several times. (Proper fixing

also prevents washing off).Types of stains

1. Simple stains.2. Differential stains.3. Special stains.4. General purpose stains.

1. Simple stains.LOEFFLER'S METHYLENE BLUE STAIN

It is the most valuable stain for staining bacteria. It is excellent for the genus Corynebacterium where beading, barring, and granules may be

demonstrated. In sporing bacilli stained with this stain the spore appear as unstained bodies within blue cells.

Staining Procedure 1- Stain for 1 min. 2- Rinse with water. 3- Drain or blot to dry.

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Staining method & culture media

Micrococcus luteus methylene blue stain (x 1000)2. DIFFERENTIAL STAINSA. GRAM’S STAIN

•This is the most commonly employed and important of all the diagnostic staining techniques.

•By this method bacteria can be recognised as Gram-positive (blue-black) if they retain the primary dye complex of methyl violet and iodine in the face of attempted decolourization or as Gram-negative (red) if decolourisation occurs as shown by the cell accepting the counter stain.

Gram +ve cocci

marG –illicab evillicab ev+ marG

GRAM’S STAINING METHOD (HUCKER’S MODIFICATIN)Procedure

Gram’s stain is best performed on young cultures because older cultures often decolourize too readily.

The slide is flooded with crystal violet stain, for ½ - 1 min. Pour off the stain, wash in water. Apply Lugol’s iodine solution, for ½ - 1 min. Tip off iodine but do not wash. Decolourize with a few drops of acetone, for not more than 4 seconds. Wash thoroughly in water.

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Staining method & culture media Counter stain with Safranin for ½ min. Wash and stand on end to drain, or blot to dry.

B. ZEIHL-NEELSEN’S METHOD (Acid-Fast Stain) It is used for examination of Mycobacterium.

The principle of staining is depending on the resistance of this type of bacteria to decolarization by acid alcohol, because the cell wall contains waxy material (mycolic acid) which prevents the removal of carbol fuchsin from the cell.

Staining Procedure

Flood the slide with strong carbol fuchsin and heat until steam rises (but do not boil). After 3-4 min apply more heat until rises again; do not let the stain dry on the slide. About 5-7 min after the first application of heat washes the slide thoroughly under running water. Decolourize in acid-alcohol until all traces of red have disappeared from the film. Decolourization

should not be attempted in one stage; there should be intermittent washings in water and re-application of acid-alcohol.

Wash well with water and counter stain with Methylene blue for 1 min. Wash and stand end to drain. Acid-fast organisms are red, other organisms are blue

C. MODIFIED ZEIHL-NEELSEN’S METHOD This stain may be used to demonstrate Brucella sp. Dry and fix the smear over the flame. Stain for 10 min with a 1:10 dilution of stock solution of Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuchsin. Wash in tap water. Differentiate with 0.5% acetic acid for not more than 30 sec. Wash thoroughly. Counter stain lightly with 1% Methylene blue (20 sec). The Brucella organisms are stained red against a blue background. The organisms of enzootic

abortion (Chlamydia) and Q fever are also stained red within tissue cells and are very difficult to differentiate from Brucella organisms.

3. SPECIAL STAINSA. CAPSULE STAIN (MUIR'S METHOD)

1-Flood with strong carbol fuchsin and heat gently for 1 min. 2-Rinse rapidly with ethanol, then wash well in water. 3-Flood with Muir's mordant for 30 seconds. 4-Wash off with water, and wash with ethanol for 30 sec or until the film is pale red. 5-Wash well in water.

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Staining method & culture media 6-Counterstain with Loeffer's methylene blue for 30 sec. 7-Wash and drain or blot to dry.

Bacteria stain red, capsules blue.

B. SPORE STAINMOELLER MODIFIED METHOD

This is similar to Ziehl-Neelsen's method but ethanol is used for decolourization. Flood the slide with strong carbol fuchsin and steam. After 5 min wash well in water. Decolourise with ethanol until all traces of red have been removed. Decolourization of the

vegetative bacilli can best be controlled by examining the wet film under low power (after the bottom of the slide has been wiped dry).

Wash thoroughly in water. Counter stain with Loeffer's methylene blue for 1-2 min. Wash and drain or blot to dry. Bacterial bodies stain blue, spores red.

4. General purpose stains1 .GIEMSA STAIN

Stock Solution Giemsa stain powdered 0.3 gm Glycerine 25 ml Methanol (acetone-free) 25 ml

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Staining method & culture mediaThe solution is allowed to stand for 7 days at room temperature, after thorough mixing. If the stain does not go into complete solution, it should be filtered. One volume of the stock solution is diluted with ten volumes of distilled water. This diluted stain is ready for use. Staining Procedure 1-Fix smear in methanol for 3-5 min. 2- Dry in air. 3-Immerse in diluted stain for 20-30 min. The staining period may be extended to an hour or

longer as indicated by results. 4-Wash with distilled water. 5-Stand on end to dry, then examine.

2 .LEISHMAN’S STAIN

Staining Solution Leishman’s stain powdered 0.2 gm Methanol 100 ml

The mixture is warmed to a 50 oC for 15 min with occasional shaking. The solution is filtered. It is ready for use, but will improve on standing.

Staining Procedure1-Thin smear are air dried.

2-Flood the smear with stain.3-Stain for 1-5 min. Experience will indicate the optimum time.

4-Add an equal amount of buffer solution and mix the stain by blowing an eddy in the fluid.5-Leave the mixture on the slide for 10-15 min.

6-Wash off by running water directly to the centre of the slide to prevent a residue of precipitated stain.7-Stand slide on end, and let dry in air.

Culture mediaThere are two different kinds of media, defined media which contain peptone, and undefined composition.

The majority of the commonly used culture media are commercially available as dehydrated products. Which are reconstituted by the addition of distilled water and then sterilised in the conventional manner?

The manufacturers’ directions for reconstitution should be followed for best results.Media for Purpose

1-Media for isolation2-Selective or inhibitory media

3-Enrichment media4-Media for maintenance

5-Media for determining nutritional requirements or ability to use a substrate6-Media for characterization

7-Media for screening8-Media for microbiological assay of vitamins and amino acids

9-Non-nutriente basal mediaMEDIA CONSTITUENTS

1. Agar2. Peptone3. Yeast extract4. Blood5. Plasma6. Serum7. Bile8. Bile salts9. Gelatine10. Carbohydrates11. Defined media

INDICATORS

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Staining method & culture media• PH indicators are incorporated in some culture media and give visual evidence of pH changes

occurring during the growth of bacteria.

• Indicators for this purpose must be non-toxic in the concentration used.

STERILIZATION1-Sterilization by heat.

1. Autoclaving.2. Steaming.3. Tyndallization (fractional sterilization)4. Inspissations.

2-Sterilization by filtration: Bacterial filters may be made of porous porcelain, asbestos, sintered glass, or cellulose esters.

Principles of Isolation1 .Isolation methods

1. Clinical history. 2. Nature of specimen.3. Suspected pathogen.4. Direct smear (microscopy).5. Cultural methods

2 .Microscopy3 .Cultural methods

seuqinhcet tuo gnitalP

Plating out techniques)seinoloc( setalosi erutluc eruP

Pure culture isolates (colonies)

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Staining method & culture media

البيطرية اجرحالم

للفحص المطلوبة التجهيزات

) - كمامات - بوت - كفوف)بالطومالبس واقية - . أنابيب ألخذ العينات - دفتر و قلم- . دليل التفتيش المحجري-

المطلوبة المستندات

: السمكية إذن استيراد من وزارة الزراعة والثروة1 . الصالحية يتم التأكد من مدة*     . الملحقة باإلذن مراجعة شروط االستيراد*     . األنواع المحظور استيرادها مراجعة جداول*    

الشهادة الصحية. 2 . مطابقة محتويات الشهادة مع شروط االستيراد*     . مطابقة محتويات الشهادة مع محتويات اإلرسالية*    

. اإلرسالية لحيوانات أخرى أثناء الرحلة تقرير ربان الباخرة ) الموانئ ( عن النفوق أو مخالطة. 3

الفحص إجراءات 

قانون الحجر البيطري ( يتم حجر7مادة رقم ) إذا كانت الحيوانات واردة من جهات غير موبؤة- .الباخرة في حالة وصولها بالبحر اإلرسالية في حالة وصولها بالجو أو داخل

Quarantine ) المستورد نسخة من تقرير التوقيف المحجري بعد التوقيع عليه يستلم. 1Interception Report - QIR )

. % من نماذج عشوائية 10اإلرسالية فحصا شامال ثم فحصا دقيقا لحوالي تفحص. 2 الفحص الحتمال وجود إذا كانت اإلرسالية محمولة داخل أقفاص خشبية أو حديدية , يتم. 3

. طفيليات بها

التربية بغرض اإلرسالية كانت إذا 

تؤخذ العينات إلجراء الفحوصات المخبرية الالزمة.1 . بزيارته في مكان التربية المستورد بأن القسم سوف يقوم. يخطر2

شهادة اإلفراج إصدار .3

الذبح أبقار من اإلرسالية كانت إذا 

. تتطلب مدة أكثر تحجر اإلرسالية لمدة ال تتجاوز الشهر عدا الحاالت التي. 1 إصدار شهادة اإلفراج. 2

الذبح لغرض الواردة والماعز األغنام من اإلرسالية كانت إذا

.يتم اإلفراج عنها إذا وجدت خالية من األمراض. 1

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Staining method & culture media: التاليةاإلجراءات المتبعة في الفقرة في حالة وجود أي اعراض مرضية يتم تطبيق. 2 عليه في حال االشتباه بأي مرض وبائي أو معدي أو كانت اإلرسالية مستوردة من بلد ال تنطبق*

الحجر قانون8 , مادة رقم 3بعض أنظمة التحصين ضد بعض األمراض الوبائية ) مادة رقم )والمعدية جدول األمراض الوبائية ( .) البيطري

ساعة من الحجر 48في حالة ظهور أعراض مرض وبائي بعد * . داخل المحجر لمدة تعادل فترة حضانة المرض المشتبه به وضع اإلرسالية. 1       المحجري توقيع المستورد على االستمارة الخاصة بتقرير التوقيف. 2      . عشوائية % منها كعينات 10شامال ثم فحصا دقيقا لحوالي تفحص اإلرسالية فحصا. 3       ترسل العينات المطلوبة للمختبر. 4       لجنة من طبيب المحجر يشكل مدير الثروة الحيوانيةموجبة, كانت نتائج العينات إذا. 5      

. آخر المختبر وطبيب وطبيب اإلرسالية على نفقة المالك أو الخاصة باعادة التصدير ويعاد تصديراالستمارةيتم تعبئة . 6      

. الرفضاإلعدام في حالة أو إعدام إلرسالية يوقع مندوب الجمارك على مذكرة إعادة تصدير / مصادرة / إتالف. 7      

بيطريةمحجريه .يتم حرق ودفن النافق حسب الطرق الصحية المتبعة. 8      

وبائي مرض ثبوت حال في 

الحيوانية وطلب تشكيل لجنة فنية إلقرار الحالة والتعامل معها إخطار إدارة الثروة.1 بيطريةمحجريهإتالف أو إعدام إلرسالية / تصدير / مصادرة"إعادة الخاصة االستمارةيتم تعبئة .2

Quarantine Destruction. Re export Noticeالجمارك ويوقع عليها رئيس القسم ومندوب. يتم إعدام اإلرسالية وإتالفها حسب الطرق الصحية المتبعة. 3 . تطهير وتعقيم المحجر. 4

بشهادة صحية أو إذا كانت المستندات غير مستوفاة للش��روط إذا كانت اإلرسالية غير مصحوبة-   )7رقم )قانون الحجر البيطري – مادة

ساعة48الحجر لمدة وضع اإلرسالية تحت. 1 االستمارة الخاصة بتقرير التوقيف المحجري يوقع المستورد على. 2 . كعينات عشوائية %منها10يتم فحص اإلرسالية فحصا شامال ثم فحصا دقيقا لحوالي . 3 .سليمة يتم اإلفراج إذا وجدت. 4

جهات غير موبوءة ولكن تبدو عليها أعرض وبائية, أو اختلطت في حالة الحيوانات الواردة من-  واردة من جهات موبؤة أثناء سفرها بحيوانات

. اإلرسالية تحت الحجر توضع. 1 على االستمارة الخاصة بتقرير التوقيف المحجري يوقع المستورد. 2 والتعامل معها إخطار إدارة الثروة الحيوانية وطلب تشكيل لجنة فنية إلقرار الحالة. 3 محجريهالخاصة بإعادة تصدير / مصادرة / إتالف أو إعدام إلرسالية يتم تعبئة االستمارة. 4

طبيب الحجر ومفتش الجمارك بيطرية ويوقع عليها تصدير اإلرسالية على نفقة المستورد للجهة القادمة منها ) عدا اإلرساليات القادمة يتم إعادة.5

) دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي فإنها تذبح وتحرق من. يتم حرق ودفن النافق حسب الطرق الصحية المتبعة. 6 .يتم التعميم على بقية المراكز. 7

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