Samples of Anonymised Records: a resource for ethnicity research Ed Fieldhouse Director, SARs Support team .

Samples of Anonymised Records: a resource for

ethnicity researchEd Fieldhouse

Director, SARs Support teamhttp://www.ccsr.ac.uk/sars

Key features of the SARs• Coverage• Full range of census

variables• Size• Ethnicity and religion• Geography• Multivariate/flexibility• Household structure• Comparability with other

census products• Easy access

1991 Census microdata

File Sample type

Geography Availability

1991 Individual SAR

2% sample of individuals

GB and NI available separately.

Divided into a total of 288 SAR areas

Online registration and access via CCSR.

Data can be downloaded in SPSS, tab or Stata. Nesstar tool available for online data exploration.

1991 Household SAR

1% sample of households

GB and NI available separately. Regional geography

The SARs family 2001File Sample type Geography Availabilit

y

Individual licenced

3% sample of individuals

UKGOR (+ Wales, Scot, NI, Inner/Outer London)

EUL CCSR

Small area microdata

5% sample of individuals

UK: LA (or consituency in NI)

EUL CCSR

Household licensed

1% hierarchical file

None:England & Wales only

Special licence UKDA

Individual CAMS

Same sample as Individual licenced SAR

LA (GB) or Constituency (NI) IMD info for SOA

In house at ONS

Household CAMS

1% hierarchical file

All of UK In house at ONS

Individual SAR• 3% sample of individuals from UK• 1.84 million records • All census variables present• Lowest geography – GOR• Access

– End User Licence (via Athens for academics – Do not attempt to identify anyone– Do not pass on data to unregistered

individual

Controlled Access Individual SAR

• 3% sample of individuals from UK• 1.84 million records • All census variables present with very

great detail• Lowest geography – LA• Access

– Only within 4 ONS offices – Rigorous application procedure by ONS– Careful vetting of outputs by ONS

Household SAR• 1% sample of households, E & W only• 225K Households; 525K individuals • All census variables present• No geography• Individuals linked within household

• Access– Special Licence - administered by UKDA– More restrictive than EUL, eg cannot use on

laptop– Applications need approval by ONS

• Same sample as SL-Household SAR, but also contains Scotland and NI

• All census variables present with very great detail

• Lowest geography – LA• Access

– Only within 4 ONS offices– Rigorous application procedure by ONS– Careful vetting of outputs by ONS

Controlled Access Household SAR

Small Area Microdata (SAM)

• 5% sample of Individuals from UK• 2.96 million records • Most census variables present –

restricted detail • Lowest geography – LA• Access

– End User Licence (via Athens for academics)

– Do not attempt to identify anyone– Do not pass on data to unregistered

individual

The 1991 Census ethnic group question asked in England, Wales and Scotland

The 2001 Census ethnic group question asked in England and Wales

The 2001 Census ethnic group question asked in Scotland

The 2001 Census ethnic group question asked in Northern Ireland

2007 Test – England and Wales

File No of ethnic group categories

Country of birth Religion

1991 Individual SAR

10 42 No

Individual licensed 2001

16 England and Wales14 Scotland2 Northern Ireland

16 9 E/W11 Scotland7 NI

Small area microdata

13 E/W8 Scotland2 NI

5 9 E/W10 Scotland7 NI

1991 Household SAR

10 42 No

SL Household licensed

16 E/W 16 9 E/W

Individual CAMS

16 E/W14 Scotland12 NI

49 9 E/W10 Scotland7 NI

Household CAMS

16 E/W 49 9 E/W10 Scotland7 NI

1991 2% Individual SAR

Frequency % of allEthnic groupWhite 1055499 94.6Black Caribbean 9804 0.9Black African 4171 0.4Black other 3444 0.3Indian 17025 1.5Pakistani 9416 0.8Bangladeshi 3283 0.3Chinese 3406 0.3Other-Asian 4319 0.4Other-other 5814 0.5Total 1116181 100

Ethnic Group for England and Wales – 2001 3% Individual Licensed SAR

Frequency % of allEthnic Group for England and WalesBritish 1409835 76.5Irish 19633 1.1Other White 41351 2.2White and Black Caribbean 7252 0.4White and Black African 2485 0.1White and Asian 5740 0.3Other Mixed 4807 0.3Indian 31894 1.7Pakistani 22188 1.2Bangladeshi 8703 0.5Other Asian 7401 0.4Black Caribbean 17396 0.9Black African 14909 0.8Other Black 2957 0.2Chinese 7030 0.4Other Ethnic Group 6797 0.4Not applicable (Scot/NI) 233147 12.6Total 1843525 100

SAM: Sample size by ethnicity (England and

Wales)Code Frequency % of all

Ethnic Group for England and Walesn/a: not resident/ not in EW -9 365473 12.3White British 1 2274532 76.7White Irish 2 32126 1.1Other White 3 67489 2.3Mixed:White&Black Carib/Black African/Black Other 4 20466 0.7Mixed:White and Asian/Other Mixed/Other 5 17238 0.6Indian (Asian/Asian British) 6 51693 1.7Pakistani (Asian/Asian British) 7 35819 1.2Bangladeshi (Asian/Asian British) 8 14014 0.5Other Asian (Asian/Asian British) 9 12092 0.4Caribbean (Black/Black British) 10 27982 0.9African (Black/Black British) 11 23737 0.8Chinese 12 11153 0.4Other 13 11057 0.4

SAM: Northern Ireland

Frequency % of allEthnic Group for Northern Irelandnot usual resident/ not in ni 2880712 97.2White 83539 2.8Other Ethnic group 620 0Total 2964871 100

SAM in Scotland

Frequency % of allEthnic Group for Scotlandn/a: not usual resident/not in Scotland 2712043 91.5White Scottish 222682 7.5Other white British 18679 0.6White Irish 2454 0.1Other white 3909 0.1Other: Caribbean, African, Black Scottish, other Black, any Mixed or other1559 0.1Indian 739 0Pakistani & other S. Asian 1977 0.1Chinese 829 0Total 2964871 100

Comparison of ethnic group categories in 1991-2001

CensusCompatible category

1991 categories

2001 categories

White White White – all three sub-categories (four in Scotland)

Black Caribbean

Black – Caribbean

Black or Black British – Black Caribbean

Black African

Black – African

Black or Black British – Black African

Indian Indian Asian or Asian British – Indian Pakistani Pakistani Asian or Asian British – Pakistani Bangladeshi

Bangladeshi Asian or Asian British – Bangladeshi

Chinese Chinese Chinese or Other Ethnic Group – Chinese

Other (not comparable over time)

Black – Other Other – Asian Other – Other

Mixed – all four sub-categories (one in Scotland) Black or Black British – Other Black Asian or Asian British – Other Asian Chinese or Other Ethnic Group – Other Ethnic Group

From Simpson and Akinwale, 2006

Ethnic group imputation in 2001

ONC Imputed %

White 5.2

Mixed 8.5

Asian 15.4

Black 13.5

Chinese and other 14.4

Overall 6.2

Item Imputation Total (including imputed)

000s % 000s %

White 1,260 88.7 45,065 92.3

Mixed 24 1.7 605 1.2

Asian 80 5.6 1,925 3.9

Black 43 3.0 868 1.8

Chinese and other 13 0.9 382 0.8

Comparing with the 100% data: England

Census p Sars pwhite British 86.99% 87.05%white Irish 1.27% 1.25%other white 2.66% 2.64%

white and black caribbean 0.47% 0.46%white and black African 0.16% 0.16%

white and Asian 0.37% 0.37%other mixed 0.31% 0.31%

Indian 2.09% 2.08%Pakistani 1.44% 1.44%

Bangladeshi 0.56% 0.56%other Asian 0.48% 0.48%Caribbean 1.14% 1.14%

African 0.97% 0.97%other black 0.19% 0.19%

Chinese 0.45% 0.45%other ethnic group 0.44% 0.44%

Comparing with the 100% data: Scotland

Census p Sars pwhite Scottish 88.09% 88.10%

other white British 7.38% 7.38%white Irish 0.98% 0.97%other white 1.54% 1.54%

Indian 0.30% 0.29%Pakistani 0.63% 0.63%

Bangladeshi 0.04% 0.04%other south Asian 0.12% 0.12%

Chinese 0.32% 0.34%Caribbean 0.04% 0.04%

African 0.10% 0.09%Black Scottish or other black 0.02% 0.02%

any mixed background 0.25% 0.25%other ethnic group 0.19% 0.19%

Key research areas on ethincity using SARs

• Ethnic differences in unemployment• Ethnic differences in educational

attainment and participation• Ethnic differences in class

attainment• Ethnic composition of families • Ethnic differences in health

Research findings: 1991 SARs: Unemployment

• In contrast to the small sample size of survey data which forces many researchers to over-collapse the categories and call all minority ethnic groups 'black', the SARs allows for detailed analysis of ethnic groups.

• Differences both between and within major ethnic groups can be explored in various aspects of their socio-economic lives while at the same time controlling for other important characteristics.

• Blackburn, Dale and Jarman (1997) showed striking differences between ethnic groups in the vulnerability to unemployment, even among people with the same level of educational qualifications. One in five (20 per cent) of UK-born Black-African men and women with higher qualifications were unemployed, but the rate for similarly qualified UK-born Whites was only one fifth as many (3 to 4 per cent). This is a case of what might be called 'ethnic penalty'

• See also Fieldhouse and Gould, 1998 on how ethnic penalties are affected by local labour market conditions using sub-regional geography in SAR

• Similar work by Simpson et al (for DWP) and Heath et al using 2001 SARs

Mixed couples – SL-HSAR

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1mean of mixedpart

Elsewhere

Other ethnic groupChinese

Other BlackBlack African

Black CaribbeanOther AsianBangladeshi

PakistaniIndian

Other MixedMixed White and Asian

Mixed White and Black AfricanMixed White and Black Caribbean

Other WhiteWhite Irish

White British

Source: Special Licence Household SAR 2001

Mixed sex couples England and Wales

Proportion of Couples of Mixed Ethnicity - by Male Partner's Ethnic Group

...and UK born

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1mean of mixedpart

UK/Ireland

Other ethnic groupChinese

Other BlackBlack African

Black CaribbeanOther AsianBangladeshi

PakistaniIndian

Other MixedMixed White and Asian

Mixed White and Black AfricanMixed White and Black Caribbean

Other WhiteWhite Irish

White British

Source: Special Licence Household SAR 2001

Mixed sex couples England and Wales

Proportion of Couples of Mixed Ethnicity - by Male Partner's Ethnic Group

Impact of age, sex, qualifications and country of birth on

economic activity (source DWP Research Report 333)

Impact of age, sex, qualifications and country of birth on economic activity

(source DWP Research Report 333

‘Ethnic penalties’ on women's economic activity (source DWP Research Report 333

‘Ethnic penalties’ on men’s unemployment (source DWP Research Report 333

Accessing the files• EUL files available online following

standard registration with the Census Registration System– Licensed Individual file 2001– Small Area Microdata file 2001– 1991 1% household and 2% individual SARs

• Special licence Household SAR (via UKDA)

• CAMS – controlled access allowed via ONS at specified sites