xelisufleba da sazogadoeba # 4 (12), 2009 1 samecniero Jurnali ,,xelisufleba da sazogadoeba (istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine “AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY (History, Theory, Practice)” Научный журнал “ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО (История, Теория, Практика) ” № 4 (12) 2009 EISSN 1512-4029 ISSN 1512-374X ჟურნალი დაარსებულია 2005 წელს საქართველოს ტექნიკური Ria diplomatiis asociaciis samecniero Jurnali Scientific magazine of The Open Diplomacy Association Научный журнал АССОЦИАЦИИ ОТКРЫТОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ
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xelisufleba da sazogadoeba # 4 (12), 2009
1
samecniero Jurnali ,,xelisufleba da sazogadoeba
(istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine
“AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY (History, Theory, Practice)”
Научный журнал “ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО (История, Теория, Практика)”
№ 4 (12) 2009
EISSN 1512-4029
ISSN 1512-374X
ჟურნალი დაარსებულია 2005 წელს საქართველოს ტექნიკური
akaki ratiani turizmi da misi damxmare infrastruqturis ganviTarebis problemebi---------------------------------------------96
sazogadoeba
badri cxadaZe wanarebi da `wanarul~ qor, qorepiskoposNsaxelTa istoriuli urTierTmimarTebisaTvis----------------------------104
xelisufleba da sazogadoeba # 4 (12), 2009
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T e o r i a maia amirgulaSvili
politikuri da zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba
pasuxismgebloba Tavisuflebis struqturis Semadgeneli elementia. pasuxismgebloba arsebobs iq da imdenad, sadac da ramdenadac arebobs Tavisufleba. pirvels ara aqvs adgili iq, sadac meore ar arsebobs.
ganasxvaveben sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sam saxes: politikurs, zneobrivs da iuridiuls.
sakuTari politikuri pasuxismgeblobis Sefaseba rTulia. demokratiis pirobebSi xelisuflebis kritika kanoniT daSvebulia da opozicia mas sruliad iyenebs, magram msajulad ar gamodgeba, radgan dainteresebulia xelisuflebis Secdomebis mxilebiT, raTa miaRwios konkretul mizans _ aiZulos xelisufleba gadadges, rom TviTon aiRos xelSi saxelmwifo marTva. amdenad, politikur movlenaTa gansja da maTi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrac SeuZlia mxolod istorias. erTaderTi istoriaa piruTvneli da obieqturi msajuli.
zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba im moraluri principebiT da normebiT, romelTac zogadsakacobrio Rirebuleba aqvT. individi, romelic maT daarRvevs, iTvleba zneobrivi normebis damrRvevad.
arcTu iSviaTad psuxismgebloba Tavisuflebis safasuria, magram adamiani yovelTvis nebayoflobiT ar moqmedebs, igi zogjer iZulebulia akeTos is, rac ar unda, magram amiT igi pasuxismgeblobisagan ar Tavisufldeba. iZuleba adamians ar arTmevs nebis Tavisuflebis unars, romeliv mas saSualebas aZlevs gaakeTos arCevani da Tu man es SesaZlebloba ar gmoiyena,
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SeiZleba gavugoT da SevibraloT, magram Cveni sibraluri ver gaaTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. [1. gv. 97-100]
Tavis droze politikisa da zneobis urTierTmimarTebis problemas aristotelem miaqcia yuradReba. misi azriT politikaSi morali _ zneoba unda dominirebdes. `zneobriobis gareSe adamiani yvelaze codvil da yvelaze velur arsebad iqceva~.
makiavelis azriT, politikosi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes, da `rodesac saqme samSoblos interesebs exeba, Tavi unda SevikavoT imaze msjelobisagan, samarTliania esa Tu is gadawyvetileba Tu usamarTlo, lmobieria Tu sastiki, saqebia Tu saZraxisi; angariSi ar unda gavuwioT araviTar Tvalsazriss da miviRoT is gadawyvetileba, romelic xels uwyobs misi arsebobisa da Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas~. [2. gv.24] ar SeiZleba saxelmwifo interesTa gulubryvilod, anda demagogiurad amoqmedeba. maTze saWiroa vikisroT zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba, ara uSualod politikisTvis pasuxismgebel pirTa `kabinetebSi~, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris, saxelmwifos forumebis winaSe. makiavelis azriT., rezultatebze orientirebuli politikosebi xandaxan amoralurad iqcevian da piriqiT, zneobrivi principebiT moRvawe politikosebis saqmianoba xSirad mTavrdeba kraxiT. misi rCeva politikosisaTvis, _ Tu rogor moiqces igi ara eqstremalur situaciaSi, aramed normalur viTarebaSi aseTia: `imoqmedeT zneobrivi principebiT, roca SeiZleba da amoralurad _ roca saWiroa! da ufro mosaCveneblad, vidre gasakeTeblad~. [2. gv.34] e.i. makiaveli politikas moralsa da kanonze maRla ayenebs. man Tavisi koncefciiT politika gamijna moralisagan. es aris friad delikaturi problemaa, romelic arsebiTad Zalisa da samarTlianobis Tanafardobamde daiyvaneba. filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi, iSviaTad Tu vinmes gamouTqvams ufro cxadad am Tanafardobis arsi, vidre es gaakeTa paskalma: `marTebulia daemorCilo samarTlianobas, SeuZlebelia ar daemorCilo Zalas. samarTlianoba, romelsac zurgs ar umagreba Zala, uZluria; Zala, romlis zurgs ukan ar dgas samarTlianoba. tiranulia... saWiroa Zalisa da samarTlianobis Serwyma, amitom an
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samarTlianoba unda gaxdes Zlieri, anda Zala samarTliani~. [3. gv.176]
Zlieri samarTlianoba, samarTliani Zala _ ai, saxelmwifoebrivi sibrZnisa da zneobis maradiuli ideali. mxolod im saxelmwifoTa politikaa moraluri, romelic kanonierebisa da Zalauflebis harmoniuli TanamSromlobis meSveobiT samarTlianobis ganxorcielebasa da Tanafardobas isaxavs miznad.
politikisa da moralis Tanafardoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros imis mixedviT Tu am ori faqtoridan, romelia ganmsazRvreli: politika SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes morals, anda, piriqiT, TviTon iqvemdebarebdes mas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi politika moraluria, meoreSi ki TviT morali xdeba politikuri. moraluri politika Tavisi moqmedebisas patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis principiT xelmZRvanelobs, maSin rodesac politikuri morali ukve aRar aris morali, vinaidan mTlianad eqvemdebareba politikur egoizms.
maqs veberma politikaSi, miznisa da saSualebebis urTierTobis problema makiavelis politikuri realizmis tradiciiT ganaviTara. man `Seariga~ morali da Zaladoba maTi moqmedebaTa sferos sazRvrebis dadgenis gziT. misi azriT, `politikaSi qcevis erTnairi moraluri kodeqsi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes da konkretul situaciaSi Tavad politikosma unda gadawyvitos rogor moiqces~. [4. gv. 64]
erTi sityviT, politikuri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba adamians, romelic politikur saqmianobas eweva. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba sisxli samarTlis damnaSaves _ danaSaulis Camdens da mis Tanamonawiles, zneobrivad ki pasuxs ageba ara mxolod is, vinc danaSauli Caidina, aramed isic, visac masSi araviTari monwileoba ar miuRia. borotebisadmi TanagrZnoba an gulgrilobac ki zneobrivi danaSaulia.
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZs `sarCobelazed~, sadac avtorma zneobriv danaSaulSi dasdo brali moxuc petres da misi saxiT mTel sazogadoebas.
sainteresod ganixilavs profesori v. erqomaiSvili daviT aRmaSeneblis pirovnebas da afasebs mis saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas. daviTma Tavisi energiuli da SorsmWvreteluri politikiT TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo. man saqarTvelo gawminda mtrebisagan, Seqmna Zlieri saxelmwifo. igi daundobeli iyo gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebis mimarT. mstovarTa instituti aiyvana saxelmwifoebriv doneze. mterTan brZolis dros mimarTavda moulodnel Tavdasxmebs, riTac aRwevda gaugonar warmatebebs, rac misi samxedro strategia da taqtika iyo.
udavoa, rom mis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi rog SemTxvevebSi zneobis farglebs scildeba, magram misi moRvaweoba ar unda SevafasoT rogorc uzneoba. ra Tqma unda, ara mxolod imitom, rom es politikis sferoa, romelic ar eqvemdebareba zneobas da ar regulirdeba misi normebiTa da principebiT.
aq sakiTxi unda daisvas gamouvalobis TvalsazrisiT. SeeZlo Tu ara mefes sxvagvarad im situaciaSi qveynis gadarCena. cxadia, rom marto mitevebiTa da SendobiT, kacTmoyvareobiT da lmobierebiT igi ara Tu gaimarjvebda, aramed mcire warmatebac ki gamoricxuli
daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobaSi erTmaneTSi iyo Serwymuli simkacre da humanizmi, amitom, misi rogorc pirovnebis Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva kriteriumebiT. kacTmoyvareoba da Semwynarebloba, qvelmoqmedeba da saTnoeba _ ai, Tvisebebi, romliTac igi gamoirCeoda politikuri sferos miRma. da rac mTavaria, mas, rogorc pirovnebas, awuxebda Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis zogierTi Sedegi, ris gamoc mitevebas sTxovda ufals. amis dasturia misi `galobani sinanulisani~.
zemoTqmulidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Cvens winaSea ori sruliad gansxvavebuli sulis mqone adamiani _ politikosi da pirovneba. daviT IV, rogorc politikuri moRvawe, sastiki da daundobelia, xolo, rogorc pirovneba, kacTmoyvare da Semwynarebelia. pirveli samarTliania, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi uzneo, meore ki _ zneobrivia, zogjer arasamarTliania, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi usamarTlo.
es daxasiaTeba paradoqsulad gamoiyureba, magram advili asaxsnelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gansxvavebas politikur da pirovnul urTierTobebs Soris. pirveli samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis, xolo meore zneobrioba-uzneobis sferoa. Sesabamisad politikosi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc samarTliani an usamarTlo, xolo pirovneba _ rogorc zneobrivi an uzneo.
amrigad, politika samarTlis sferoa da ara zneobis. rodesac disbalansia politikur pasuxismgeblobasa da zneobis principebs Soris, maSin adamianebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben politikur zneobas. xalxma icis, rom xelisuflebaSi maTTvis miuwvdomeli maqinqciebia da sxva negatiuri procesebi midis, magram ar ZaluZT raimes Secvla, amitom maTi monawileoba politikaSi mxolod xmis micemiT ifargleba (zogjer amasac ar akeTebes) e.i.
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urigdeba saerTo mdgomareobas da cdilobs Tavisi problemebi moagvaros Tundac ukanono gziT. rogorc monteskie aRniSnavs `xrwna iSviaTad iwyeba xalxidan..., amitom xelisuflebaSi myofma politikurma elitam Tu politikurma Zalebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom arsebobs zneoba, romelsac angariSis gaweva sWirdeba~. [6. gv. 70], radganac maT ukan dgas istoria, yvelaze marTali msajuli, romelsac Seufasebeli da ganusjeli araferi rCeba, risi araerTi magaliTic viciT. istoria gadaafaseba uzneo politikosTa `Rvawls~, romelTac hgoniaT, rom mizani yovelTvis amarTlebs saSualebas.
am TvalsazrisiT, misaRebia fegelis mosazreba, rom saSualeba igive mizania da swored saSualebebSi ixsneba miznis realuri arsi, zneobrivi Rirebuleba.
literatura: References
1. v. erqomaiSvili, filosofia, Tb. 1998w.
2. n. makiaveli, mTavari, Tb. 1984w.
3. b. paskali, azrebi. saunje, Tb. 1976w #2.
4. М. Вебер. Избранные произведения. М. 1990г.
5. ilia WavWavaZe, Txz. t.IV. t.VIII. Tb. 1987w.
6. S. l.Lmonteskie, kanonTa goni, Tb. 1994w.
Maia Amirgulashvili
Political and moral responsibility
Summary
There are distinguished three types of the public responsibility: political,
moral and legal. Our problem is to consider first two types.
The political responsibility is a political sphere and is defined by the state
activity, its success or failure. It obliges politicians, first of all,
representatives of the government, government officials, as basically the
government is responsible for the created position in the country.
The moral responsibility is defined by thе principles and norms which have
universal values. …. which will break them, it is considered as infringement
of moral standards.
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Usually, the responsibility is estimated by freedom, but a person not always
operates at the will, sometimes he must do that is not be desirable it, but the
fact doesn’t relieves him from the responsibility.
In the past time Aristotle paid attention to the problem of mutual relation of
policy and morals. According to his opinion morals should dominate in the
policy. According to Machiavelli, a politician should be guided by the state
interests. It is impossible to start the state activity by demagogic way, it is
necessary to include moral responsibility. Machiavelli puts the policy and
morals above laws. According to his opinion, politicians focused on results,
sometimes act immorally and on the contrary, activity of politicians focused
on moral principles often comes to an end with crash. Its advice to politicians is the following: « operate with moral principles when it is possible and
immorally – when it is necessary! And do it for visual effect than for
business.
Thus, we can tell, that the policy is a legal sphere, instead of moral.
When there exists some
Inequality between the political responsibility and moral principles,
people eternally gives value of political morals. From this point of view,
means is the purpose and in means the real essence of the purpose and moral
Рецензент – профессор Григолиа Тенгиз Бондоевич, Грузинский
технический университет.
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Tamaz nucubiZe
globalizacia da demokratia
Tanamedrove msoflioSi arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad arseboba. globalizacia da demokratia qmnis axal perspeqtivebs sxvadasxva qveynebis, erebis civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa urTierTobisaTvis da es procesi Seuqcevadia. amasaTanave dasavleTis globalistTa mcdeloba SeinarCunon samxedro upiratesoba da daamyaron sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebi, awydeba savsebiT samarTlian winaaRmdegobas sxva qveynebis Tu civilizaciebis mxridan.
amdenad globalizacia ar aris mxolod axali teqnologiebis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis monapovarTa danergva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, aramed agreTve axali mwvave problemebi sulieri kulcis individis identifikaciis procesSi, erovnuli cnobierebisa da saerTod erebis TviTmyofadobis, Tanasworebisa da samarTlianobis problemas.
globalizaciis procesSi SenarCunebul unda iqnas eris xasiaTis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani erovnuli kulturis TviTmyofadoba da unikaluroba. xSirad saxeldeba sruliad damarwmunebeli argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi cxovrebis wesis SerCevis Tavisufleba sinamdvileSi ar niSnavs Tavisufali arCevanis realur SesaZleblobas. aseve saeWvoa, SeuZliaT Tu ara nakleb gavlenian civilizaciebs gauwion winaaRmdegoba dasavlur zegavlenas. ueWvelia, rom es SeSfoTeba sayuradReboa, gansakuTrebiT, radgan adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebi aSkarad daucvelni arian, vinaidan imyofebian aseTi gamayruebeli dasavluri zegavlenis qveS. Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia azrebisa da regionaluri strukturebis integracia. aq interess warmoadgens sul mcire ori sakiTxi.
pirveli, arsebobs sabazaro kulturis Zalaufleba da Zala, romelic warmoadgens im modelis ganuyrel nawils da formas, romelsac iRebs sul ufro da ufro ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesi. isini, visac bazarze orientirebuli kulturis faseulobebi da upiratesobebi vulgarulad da Raribad eCveneba, Tvlian, rom
miuxedavad amisa, problemis gadawyvetis sruliad misaReb formad SesaZlebelia gadaiqces konstruqciuli SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba da stimulireba, rac axasiaTebs adgilobriv kulturul tradiciebs, Tu ucxouri zegavlena dominirebs radioeTeris talRebze, teleprogramebSi da a.S., maSin, ueWvelia, rom dapirispirebis politikam unda gamoiyenos iseTi SesaZleblobebi, romlebic daexmarebian adgilobriv kulturas misi miRwevebis gavrcelebaSi rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT. amasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi ar aris iseTi didi, rogorc Cven gveCveneba, imitom rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi. globalizacia ganpirobebulia komunukaciis saSualebebis Rirebulebis SemcirebiT. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda adgilobrivi kulturis realuri mxardeWera da ara marto xels Seuwyobda mis gamagrebas, aramed uzrunvelyofda konkurenciis ufro samaTlian pirobebs.
aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs demokratias. fuZemdebel faseulobas unda warmoadgendes
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gadawyvetilebis miRebis iseTi procesi, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis cxovrebas romelSic adamianebs eZlevaT saSualeba miiRon masSi monawileoba, romelic eyrdnoba Ria ganxilvas da iTvaliswinebs umciresobis azris gamoTqmis SesaZleblobas. kulturuli Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri CarTulobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs. ar SeiZleba mieswrafebode demokratiisaken da erTdroulad uari Tqva cxovrebis gansazRvrul wesze. demokratiis faseuloba Sedgeba politikuri xelisuflebis Sesabamisi direqtivebis gamocemis gziT arCevanis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis dauSveblobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tvlis Tu ara xelisufleba, rom axali sazogadoebrivi Zlieri midrekileba Sesaferisia Tu ara. uamravi dargebidan mxolod am erTSi SeiZleba, rom kulturuli Tavisufleba efeqturad daematos politikur Tavisuflebas.
TviT demokratiis idea, rogorc warmosaCeni sazogadoebrivi diskusia, warmoiqmna sxvadasxva civilizaciebSi msoflio istoriis sxvadasxva periodebSi. VII saukunis dasawyisSi iaponeli princi-budisti siotoku, misi dedis – imperator (qalis) suikos regentma, miiRo sakmaod liberaluri konstruqcia kempo. kempoSi damkvidrda is, rom mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyveta ar unda xdebodes erTi adamianis mier. isini unda ganxilulos bevrma adamianma. Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb masSi iyo naTqvami: “Cven ar unda gvwyindes is, rom sxvebs gaaCniaT Cveni mosazrebisagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba. yvela adamians aqvs guli, xolo yvela guls – Tavisi midrekileba. maTi simarTle CvenTvis – cdomilebaa, xolo Cveni simarTle – maTTvis aris cdomileba.”
msoflios sxva qveynebSi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT SesaZlebelia sajaro kamaTis waxalisebis magaliTebis povna, zogjer ki erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azrebi. es magaliTebi dResac aqtualuria, rodesac ganixileba tolerantuli demokratiis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba.
mdidrebsa da Raribebs, sxvadasxva klasebis da profesiebis warmomadgenlebs, sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis momxreebs, gansazRvruli erovnebis da
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teritoriebis warmomadgenlebs, enobrivi jgufebis da sx. Soris zRvari ar arsebobs, adamianebs Soris sxvaobis gansazRvra xdeba viTom da am daxvewili xerxis meSveobiT. amis garda, is, vinc globaluri dapirispirebis an lokaluri konfliqtis provocirebas axdens, cdilobs TviTmyofadobis grZnoba Tavs moaxvios xalxs, TiTqosda dasabamidan is aerTianebda da gamoyofda danarCeni samyarodan, axdenda maT daqiravebas, rogorc politikuri Zaladobis rigiT jariskacebs. amasTanave isini kidev iReben dafarul mxardaWeras Teoriisagan, romelic axdens msoflioSi arsebul yvela adamianis dayofas erTaderTi niSniT.
individumis mier ama Tu im jgufSi gaerTianebis an misi TviTidentifikaciis formis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi gasakviria arCevanis rolis da gonierebis es ugulvelyofa! adamianebis gansxvavebis erTaderTi da TiTqos da Warbi xerxi, civilizaciebis gansxvavebis koncefcia xels uwyobs msoflio konfliqtis gamwvavebas. arCevanis aRiarebis uaryofa iq, sadac is namdvilad arsebobs – es ubralod garSemo arsebuli samyaros arsis gaugebrobaa. es – eTikuri gadacdoma da danaSaulebrivi daudevrobaa Tavisi politikuri pasuxismgeblobis mimarT.
humanuri da samarTliani sazogadoebis aSenebis wina pirobas warmoadgens saerTod adamianuri Tavisuflebebis mniSvnelobis aRiareba da, kerZod, kulturuli Tavisuflebis. amisTvis saWiroa adamianebis SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa da etapobrivi gafarToeba, raTa maT SesZlon Tavisi cxovrebis wesis gansazRvra da misi alternatiuli variantebis ganxilva. aseTi arCevanis procesSi mniSvnelovani roli SesaZlebelia iTamaSos kulturuli xasiaTis mosazrebebma.
kulturul TavisuflebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba ar aris kulturuli mravalferovnebisTvis brZolis tolfasi. gasagebia, rom kulturuli mravalferovnebis gamomJRavneba SesaZloa aRmoCndes Zalze mniSvnelovani, radgan maszea damokidebuli kulturuli Tavisuflebis realizacia. magram es ar aris kulturuli mravalferovnebis dacvis Sesatyvisi. bevri ram damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor
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realizdeba kulturuli mravalferovneba da ramdenad SeuZliaT am procesSi monawileebs moaxdinon sakuTari Tavisuflebis realizacia. seriozuli Secdoma iqneboda kulturuli Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobis ganxilva imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xdeba misi ganxorcieleba. sinamdvileSi, ar unda Sefasdes kulturis mravalfeovneba, gansakuTrebiT adamianebis ganviTarebis koncefciis farglebSi, masTan dakavSirebuli procesebis da im rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac TamaSoben adamianis Tavisuflebebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
kulturuli mravalferovnebis gafarToveba SesaZloa gaxdes kulturuli Tavisuflebis yvela aspeqtis realizaciis Sedegi, amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cndeba mniSvnelovani sababi, raTa waxalisdes kulturuli mravalferovnebis da yvelaferi gakeTdes misi SenarCunebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, mravalferovnebis fasi gamomdinareobs kulturuli Tavisuflebidan, romelic saerTod mTlianad Seesabameba adamianis Tavisuflebebis mniSvnelobas.
TanamedroveebisaTvis auxsnelia guriis fenomeni. rogor moxda, rom am patara mxareSi ase Zalumad aris momadlebuli niWiereba. guruls bunebiT aqvs momadlebuli sagnebis da movlenebis WeSmariti saxis amocnoba, siyalbis uecrad daWera. albaT esaa qarTuli demokratiis sawyisi. akakic xom aRniSnavda: ,,bevri xalxi ar unda moiZebnebodes qveyanaze imdenad bunebiT cocxali, moZravi, yvelafris axlis da ucxo ramis advilad mimRebi da SemTvisebeli, rogorc gurulebi”.
iakob gogebaSvili ase axasiaTebda gurulebs: ,,guruli metad Cqaria laparakSi, moZraobaSi, saqmeSi, uyvars pirdapiroba da sZuls pirmoTneoba. swrafad mosdis guli, Tofis wamaliviT icis afeTqeba; magram Cqara isev mSviddeba. simarjviT da guladobiT gurulebi ganTqmulni arian. ganaTlebasac gatacebiT misdeven~. Tedo saxokia ki ambobs: ,,momeloda naxva gurulebisa, romelTac silamaziT, sicqvitiT da sxva sanaqebo TvisebiT TiTqos gansakuTrebuli da Tan sapatio adgili uWiravT qarTvelebSi~.
Tedo saxokias azriT guria swored gulficxi da guladi xalxis aRmniSvnelia. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT am fenomenis arsi, saWiroa ufro Rrmad CavixedoT eris eTnogenezis istoriaSi, Tundac legendebSi, romlebic mxatvrulad asaxaven adamianTa bunebas. mxatvruli, poeturi asaxva ki xSirad istoriul aRweraze ufro meti
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sizustiT gvauwyebs WeSmaritebas, im naTels, romelic ver moeqceva cifrebis mSral CarCoebSi. amasTan erTad legendebi imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom isini gamoxataven eris Sexedulebas sakuTari Tavis, rolisa da adgilis Sesaxeb samyaroSi da istoriaSi.
saqarTvelos Seqmnis Sesaxeb mravali lamazi legenda arsebobs, erT-erTi maTgani mogviTxrobs, rom saqarTvelo ufal RmerTs Tavisad undoda, magram ise moswonebia qarTvelebi, rom maTTvis dauTmia es miwieri samoTxe. msgavsi legenda arsebobs guriis Sesaxebac: indoeTis mefes walkoti gauSenebia da sxvadasxva qveynebidan angelozebis („huriebis” anu ,,guriebis“) Camoyvana ubrZanebia. Amefis aseTi kadnierebisaTvis RmerTma igi sastikad dasaja _ indoeTis mefe daiRupa da misi walkoti ganadgurda. es ambavi „guriebma“ kolxeTSi Seityves da iqve darCena gadawyvites, Tavis axal samyofels ki guria uwodes.
niko maris azriT guria mzis Svils aRniSnavs. adreuli lazur-megruliT ,,gur” – mzes niSnavs, xolo ,,ia” anu ,,ua” – Svils, vaJs. niko mari agreTve imasac SeniSnavda, rom ,,egeric” (egrisi) amave Ziris mqone terminiao. mkiTxveli ueWvelad SeamCnevs pirdapir kavSirs zemoTqmul legendasa da niko maris gamokvlevas Soris.
sxva mosazrebiT guria „daucxromelTa samyofels“ niSnavs. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT „guria ara wili egrisisa ars, aramed qarTlisasa. garna odes gamefda leon afxazTa, maSin amaT arRara inebes morCileba oZraxos erisTavisa, romelni iyunen Zeni stefanoz bagrationisani, adarnase da Ze mis aSot. amaTgan gandgnen da mierTnen leonsa, viTarca saxeli acxadebs: „guriobiT gandgomilni“. da ena maTi, romelsa ubnoben, mesxur da ara imerTaebr.“[1]
es ambavi VIII saukunis miwuruls momxdara, rodesac leon I mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos – egrisis mefe gaxda da mas afxazeTi uwoda, xolo „guriaobiT“ gandgomil „Woroxis samxreTiT“ macxovreblebis samflobelos – guria, romelic erT-erT saerisTavod daadgina. toponimi „guria“ adrec aris naxsenebi. qarTlis cxovrebis mematianis cnobiT, murvan yrus Semosevisas (735-
magram carizmisa da misi erTguli moxeleebis boroteba daviwyebas ar eZleoda, socialuri antagonizmi ar Camqrala da miiRo sxvagvari forma – gavrcelda yaCaRoba, firaloba, tyeSi gavardnili SeiaraRebuli glexebi, zogi individualurad, zogi jgufurad, uswordebodnen maTTvis saZulvel moxeleebs Tu Tavadaznaurobas. am droidan xSirdeba sastiki memamuleebis mkvleloba, maTi saxl-karis gadawva, Zarcva. im droindeli presa SeSfoTebiT iuwyeboda, rom matulobs qurdoba, avazakoba.
sagulisxmoa, rom tyeSi gaWril glexebs xalxi yaCaRs da avazaks ki ar uwodebda, aramed,,firals”, ,,abrags”, rac amis mauwyebeli gaxldaT, rom mosaxleobis farTo fenebi maT gulSematkivrobda, ebralebodaT isini da SeZlebisdagvarad exmarebodnen kidec maT. marTlac, tyeSi gaWrili glexobis didi nawili Cveulebrivi yaCaRi
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ar iyo, es adamianebi ver eguebodnen Tavmiyvareobis Selaxvas, ukanonobas, isini eurCebodnen mTavrobas usamarTlobis gamo. maTi ZiriTadi motivi socialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZola iyo, Tumca, maT Soris, cxadia mravlad iyvnen Cveulebrivi avazakebi, romlebic mxolod sakuTari bandituri zraxvebi da qvena grZnobebi amoZravebdaT da ara socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis brZola. xalxi ZiriTadad mainc TanaugrZnobda abragebs, firalebs, TavSesafarsa da sakvebs aZlevda maT, zogierT maTganze, gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulebze xalxuri leqsebi da simRerebi iwereboda, aseTebi iyvnen arsena oZelaSvili, simona doliZe, daTiko SevardnaZe da sxvebi.
me-19 saukunis eTnografis am Sexedulebas azusteben profesionali musikaTmcodneni - musikaluri gamoxatulebis siRrmiT da gansakuTrebiT musikaluri mravalsaxeobiT ver vityviT, rom guruli simRerebi erTaderTi saukeTesoa saqarTveloSi da rom isini aRematebian qarTl-kaxur simRerebs, magram xalxuri polifoniis ganviTarebis doniT ucxoel swavlulTa yvelaze met interess swored guruli simRerebi iwvevs [6].
Wild West Show
amitomac, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom gurulebi yvelaferSi pirvelobas cdiloben, cxenosnobaSic aravis
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dauTmes da mTel msoflios aCvenes qarTveli cxenosanis mxedruli ostatoba.
daudegaria guruli kaci, misi buneba axlis Ziebas iTxovs. ar eSinia riskis, piriqiT, Tavadaa riskiani, TamaSad da mRerad uCans gamoucnobTan da idumalTan Serkineba, bedisweris gamowveva. da ai okeanis gaRma, amerikaSic ki mieSurebian mxedrebi. an ki saocari da sakvirveli ra unda yofiliyo. guriaSi ,,yvelam icoda~, rom jer kidev uxsovar dros (`rois iyo mai anbavi ici?“), ho axali welTaRricxvis 141 wels iberTa mefe farsman qveli, dedofal RadaniT, vaJiSvil radamistiTa da warCinebul qarTvelebTan erTad roms estumra. marsis moedanze omis RmerTisadmi miZRvnili grandiozuli Sejibri gaimarTa, romelSic monawileoba stumrad Casulma qarTvelebmac miiRes. farsmanis, misi vaJiSvilis da sxva qarTvelTa brwyinvale asparezobam mTeli romi aRafrTovana. pativiscemis niSnad, imperator antonius piusis brZanebiT, belonas taZarSi, sakurTxevelTan, aRmarTes cxenze amxedrebuli farsman qvelis qandakeba.
`mara, mai aferia, imasTan SedarebiT, rac gurulma mojiriTeebma daawies evropaa Tu racxa amerika. mara raT ginda, kazakebiao iZaxdnen. Tumca raia mere, kazaki xom Turqulad Tavisufal, TavzexelaRebul kacs niSnavs da guruli yazilarebi qe iyvnen mamferi“.
ise iyo, Tu ase, 1892 wels inglisSi gamoCdnen pirveli qarTveli cxenosnebi, ,,iveriaSic~ Sesabamisi cnoba gamoqveynda ,,ai saxeli da gvari im qarTvelebisa, romlebic amas winad waiyvana aqedam erTma pariJis Teatris agentma londonSi barnumis cirkisTvis: ivane maxaraZe, dimitri mgalobliSvili, vaso Wyonia, daTa Wyonia, levanti jorbenaZe, luka CxartiSvili, mose gigineiSvili, irakli Wyonia, besarion cincaZe da meliton cincaZe~. es iyo maSin saxelganTqmuli bufali bilis e.w. ,,veluri dasavleTis Sou” (Wild West Show).
londonSi polkovnik qoudis xelmZRvanelobiT, britaneli mayurebeli Zalze gulTbilad xvdeba. dRes isini gamoZaxebulni iyvnen uinZorSi, sadac dedoflis winaSe ijiriTes~. magram kazakebi xom mainc rusebi iyvnen, es mxedrebi ki rusebs aSkarad ar gvandnen. da ai, rogorc iqna ingliselebma daadgines rom, isini ,,kazakebi ar arian da rom miekuTvnebian kavkasiur toms, ar msaxuroben da arc msaxurobdnen rusul armiaSi. maTi ucnauri laparaki da Jestebi... agreTve moZraobebi cekvaSi, mafiqrebinebs rom isini kavkasieli ebraelebi arian~. ase werda ingliseli Jurnalisti 1892 wlis zafxulSi. vinc ixila mojiriTeebi, saqebar sityvebs ar iSurebdnen da rogorc wesi skandaluri informaciiT arTobdnen mkiTxvels. ,,mefis armiis kazakebi brwyinvale mojiriTeebi da uSiSari mebrZolebi arian... isini arbevdnen am ori wlis winaT sankt-peterburgis quCebSi kacebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, daxoces da xmlebiT akuwes aTasobiT adamiani~. reklama maSinac saWiro iyo, sisxlismsmeli kazakebis xilva yvelas ewada.
1903 wels Tedo saxokias parizSi SemTxveviT Sexvedrilma gurulebma SesCivles: ,,sikvtili rava ar aris, yvela kazakebs gveZaxian da isic ver gavagebieT, rom saqarTvelos Svilebi varTo~.
gurul kazakebze maSin ase werdnen ,,...ymawvilkacobidan unagirs Serwymuli ruseTis didi TeTrkaniani mefis es veluri mxedrebi, kentavrebs ufro Camogvanan, vidre adamianebs. isini ibrZvian SubiT, xmliT da karabiniT. gaSmagebiT esxmian Tavs mters da swrafad da mtkiced xmaroben iaraRs. ucnaur, ormag unagirebze amxedrebulni, maT iseTi gmirobebis Cadena SeuZliaT, rogoric warmoudgenelia cirkis mojiriTeebisaTvis. pirispir Sexvedrisas SiSis momgvrelni, isini ubraloni da mSvidobismoyvarulni arian marSirebisas. bunebiT da mowodebiT moxetialeni, kazakebi ruseTis mefis idealuri mxedrebi, galanturi da loialuri jariskacebi arian _ avangardi, romelic ruseTis sazRvrebis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs. uaild uesTis Souebis monawile es kazakebi bevr mZime brZolaSi gamobrZmedilni veteranebic arian~. imasac aRniSnaven, rom mefe Tavis usafrTxoebas
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andobs mxolod am ucxoebs da ara sakuTar xalxs an kidev sxva mis qveSevrdomebso.
maT warmodgenebs ase aRwerda imdroindeli presa: ,,gamodian guruli cxenosnebi sxva-da-sxva feris
Cerqezulis tanisamosiT. yvelani iaraRSi sxedan, jer tarebiT nel-nela mwyobris simReriT gars Semouares uSvelebel scenas. scenis SuagulSi gaCerdnen, cxenebidan Camosxdnen, irgvliv dadgnen, simRera SemosZaxes, taSi daukres da lekuri dauares. sazogadoeba aRtacebaSi modis da mravali aTasi kaci taSs ukravs mowonebis niSnad... gansacvifrebelia isic, rom miuxedavad maTi grZeli samosisa, isini cekvaven kidevac. maTi moZraobebi damuxtulia da mgrZnobiare. isini xan Tavisi qarbuqisebri siCauqiT da mixvra-moxvriT gvancvifreben, xan fexebisa da muxlebis qnevis eniT auRwereli groteskulobiT...~.
cekvis Semdeg iwyeboda naRdi warmodgena – Cexva, TarCia, yabaxi da jiriTi. yvelas akvirvebda gaWenebul cxenebze gurulebis ,,dgomi~, ,,piraRma da pirdaRma yabarduli~, ,,dayudeba~, ,,cali fexis yabarduli~, ,,kisris yabarduli~, ,,win da ukan gadarebuli yabarduli~, ,,cxvirsaxocis ataci~, ,,uzangidan calfexgamoRebuli gadmoxtoma~, ,,dakidebuli yabarduli~, ,,fexebiT Camokideba~ da mravali sxva. cnobilia agreTve triuki, romelsac erTeulebi asrulebdnen, roca gaWenebul cxenze mxedari ixsnida aRkazmulobas, miwaze agdebda, Semdeg aseTive siCqariT miwaze dayril nivTebs Cauqrolebda, saTiTaod krefda da Tan cxens kazmavda. yvelaferi es keTdeboda Coxa-axaluxSi an mefis jaris Cveulebriv samxedro tansacmelSi gamowyobili da iaraRasxmuli mxedrebis mier. am dros mxedars xSirad kbilebiT grZeli xmalic ekava. am da sxva triukebis damadasturebeli suraTebiT uxvad iyo ilustrirebuli mojiriTeebis saxelmZRvaneloc.
amonaweri sxva werilebidan: ,,sakvirveli mxedrebi arian! avstraliis da amerikis mindvrebSi vyofilvar, asobiT da aTasobiT vicnobdi cxenosnebs, magram magaTi msgavsi ki araferi ar minaxavs. es kacebi, ase ggonia, cxenze amosulebi ariano. ver gagvirCevia: sad Tavdeba kaci da sad iwyeba cxeni, albaT, imaT qveyanaSi kargi cxenosnobis skolaa gamarTuli... sakvirvelia! ai,
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meqsikelebmac, exla rom vnaxeT, cxenze kargi jdoma ician, magram am mTielebis Sno, simkvircxle da yoCaRoba ki ara aqvT. marTals ambobT: cxenosnobis skolaSi kaci ver Seiswavlis aseT karg mxedrobas. aq xangrZlivi erovnulis cxovrebis tradicia sCans. sakvirveli kia da~.
... Cven, kazaki (?) qalebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xmis ufleba ara gvaqvs da ar vmoRvaweobT iurisprudenciasa da medicinaSi, ufro Tavisufalni varT, vidre Tqveni amerikeli qalbatonebi...
revoluciuri centrebis (baTumi, foTi, quTaisi) siaxlove. istorikosebi axsnian mtruli garemocviT da ojaxSi iaraRis Senaxvis aucileblobiT. es obieqturi garemoebebia. magram aseve iyo saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi. an iqneb ,,am warmtaci qveynis“ hava da landSaftia yvelafris Semoqmedi. zRvis donidan ori aTasi metris simaRlidan Tu CahyvebiT guriis mdinareebis natanebis, gubazoulis, sufsis, bJuJis xeobas, Tvalwin gadageSlebaT ,,didebuli suraTi mTisa da baris walkotisa, suraTi mTebidan mowyvetili da zRvisken momqrolavi mdinareebis STambeWdavi musikisa” (mose gogiberiZe) da swored amitom „arsad ise ar mRerian, rogorc aq, am qveyanaSi” (galaktioni).
,,lamazi kuTxea guria saqarTvelosi. misi landSafti sammuxovani sivrce-gaSlili sinTezia: moqnili mTebi, baxmarosaken TandaTan zviadobiT amarTuli, Tvaluwvdeneli Waladi, samegrelosaken ZlevamosilebiT gafenili. moSorebiT Savi zRva, es uxvad gamdnari muqi zurmuxti. guriaSi moiZebneba iseTi punqti, saidanac adamianis mWvreti Tvali sammuxovan landSafts erTs estetiur sarkmelSi gaatarebs mZafri sitkboebiT. gansacvifrebelia guriis neli sirbile: aq ver monaxavT vercerTs ,,myvirala” fers, iq ver ixilavT verc erT uxeS xazs. iq yoveli nakvTi rbilia, nazi, mCate, narnari. TviTon mTebic ki guriaSi mkacri natexobiT ki ar aris amarTuli, aramed xaverdovani sirbiliT. gansakuTrebiT keklucia Caqvisaken maxlobeli midamo, xolo es sikekluce ufro rbilad modunebulia, vidre imeruli xtomiT nayari” (gr. robaqiZe).
,,guriaSi Tavadaznauri da kaZaxi erTnairaT cxovroben da verafriT gaarCevT maT erT-meoresgan Tu ar wodebiTa. qarTlSi ro iZaxian: ,,me TavadiSvili var da Sen glexi, Tayvani mecio”, aq es ar arsebobs. rac kaZaxia, is keTilSobilia. erTi SemTxveva iyo aqa: erTi aznauriSvili kaZaxs Sexvda da kaZaxi udieraT moeqca aznauriSvilsa, romelic cxenze brZandeboda. cxenosanma iwyina da SeuZaxa: kaZaxo, rava mibedav, xedav amaso da maTraxi aswia zeviT, rom gauSalos saxeSi, magram sanam maTraxs aiRebda keTilSobili, kaZaxma fiSto itaca welidgan da cxenidgan gadmouZaxa keTilSobili. amisTana
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magaliTebi mravalia aq mxolod amisaTvis, rom gaerTeba srulebiT sufevdes xalxSi” - werda eTnografi k.gvaramaZe 1901 wels [7].
da aseTi xalxis damorCileba surdaT rus saldaTebs? cxadia, es SeuZlebeli iyo. ganadgureba iqneb SeeZloT, iseve rogorc sxva mcire xalxebisa – webeldelebis, ubixebis, afxazTa udidesi nawilisa – muhajirobas rom emsxverplnen, magram damorCileba? – es SeuZlebeli gaxldaT!
gurulebis amboxi buneba imperatoris karzec mivida. 1905 wlis amboxebis CaxSobis dros mTlianad guria ganixileboda mefis mowinaaRmdege mxared. imdenad
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gaWirda guriis damorCileba, rom imperators misweres kidec mTeli guriis cimbirSi gadasaxlebis winadadebiT. general Salva maRlakeliZis mogonebiT, mas, rodesac igi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis dros aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da Tbilisis general-gubernatori iyo, unaxavs dokumenti, sadac guriis gasaxlebis sakiTxi seriozulad ganixileboda [11].
guriaSi SeWrisa da gamarjvebis Semdeg alixanovma mazris ufrosad daniSna vinme zakusovi, polkovniki. imdroindeli kanonis Tanaxmad gubernators SeeZlo uSualod mefisTvis miemarTa, gamoetovebina mefisnacvali, Tu CaTvlida, rom ar iyo sasurveli misi Setyobineba farTod yofiliyo cnobili. zakusovis raportSi pirvel punqtad ewera, rom Гурийцы как племя преступны, по природе, по своему рождению! meore muxli Как племя преступные и неисправимые со всеми семьями должны быть выселены в отдаленные губернии Сибири. gubernatorma slavoCinskom ar acnoba am moxsenebis Sesaxeb mefisnacval voroncov-daSkovs da moxseneba uSualod imperator nikoloz II-s gaugzavna. rogorc Cans, imperators ar moswonebia es werili da aseTi rezolucia daado ,,Дяде Иллариону от Ника”. nikoloz II voroncov-daSkovis sasaxleSi iyo aRzrdili da Tavis maswavleblad miaCnda. nika imitomac miawera, rom am moxsenebas arc gaecnoba Дяде Илларион -is gareSe. voroncov-daSkovma, ,,diadia ilarionmac” saTanado pasuxi gasca zakurovis raports.
,,Фельдфебел Закусов находясь на посту уездного начальника называет племенем гурийцев, не знает даже, что гурийцы такие же грузины, как все остальные, может быть даже лучше, потому что они говорят общим литературным грузинским языком, а не на диалекте, хотя имеются диалекты сванский, мингрельский, тушинский”
dabolos _ ,,Фельдфебел должен быть отстранен за незнание, за неумение управлять”. maRlakeliZis azriT, feldfebelic imitom uwoda voroncov-daSkovma zakusovs, rom amiT misi gaunaTlebloba da CamorCeniloba aRniSna.
magram, dro Seicvala da mefis susti, gaubedavi xelisuflebis nacvlad sul male saqarTveloSic bolSevikuri tirania damyarda. xalxis saxeliT mosulma bolSevikurma xelisuflebam pirvel rigSi swored xalxis
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damoneba daiwyo. 1924 wels saqarTveloSi kvlav ifeTqa ajanyebam, Tumca ki winaswar ganwirulma marcxisTvis - `bolSevikebi xom sul sxva masalisgan arian agebulni”.
1924 wlis ajanyebac, mxolod guriaSi ganxorcielda masStaburad, ZiriTadad ozurgeTisa da Coxatauris raionebSi. AsaqarTvelos sagangebo komisiisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom social-demokratebi (romlebsac sabWoTa istoriografia ,,menSevikebs” uwodebda) da sxva opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da dajgufebebi emzadebodnen SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisaTvis. es informacia maT jer kidev 1924 wlis dasawyisSi hqondaT. ivlis-agvistoSi daapatimres kidec sazRvargareTidan saqarTveloSi specialuri davalebiT Camosuli ajanyebis Tavkacebi. AmaT gankargulebaSi iyo ajanyebisaTvis mzadebis dawvrilebiTi cnobebi. miuxedavad amisa ajanyeba mainc daiwyo, Tumca araerTdroulad da ara yvelgan. Aar gamarTlda imedi, rom ajanyebaSi Caebmebodnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebi da azerbaijanelebi. A saqarTveloSic mxolod ramdenime raionSi hqonda adgili SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs. 28 agvistos diliT WiaTura daikaves ajanyebulebma, romlebic ukve meore dRes gandevnes qalaqidan. 29 agvistos ajanyebulTa Setevebi moigeries zugdidisa da senakis raionebSi. SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi gagrZelda saCxereSi 31 agvistos, Semdeg vanis raionis ramdenime sofelSi, sviris, quTaisis, baRdadis zogierT TemSi, goris raionSi, romlebic sastikad iqna CaxSobili or-sam dReSi.
Социализм; «Бахвийский манифест»; «Бунт в Гурии»; «Насакиральская
битва»; «Меньшевики»; Воостание 1924 г.
Рецензент: професор Кочорадзе Отар Георгиевич, Грузинский
технический университет.
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Tengiz grigolia
ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobis geopilitikuri
aspeqtebi
ruseTi da TurqeTi regionalur geopolitikur TamaSebSi XVI saukunidan arian CarTulebi. maT urTierTobas mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia. xan-grZlivi drois manZilze ruseTi da TurqeTi erTmaneTs Soris brZolas awar-moebdnen raTa gabatonebuli yofiliyvnen balkaneTSi, kavkasiaSi, Savi zRvispi-reTsa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.
msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdgom pirvel sam weliwadSi, 1945-1948 wlebSi TurqeTma amerikisagan daxmarebis saxiT miiRo 81 milioni dolaris moculobis daxmareba, xolo 1949 wlidan 1952 wlis CaTvliT ,,marSalis gegmis” gaTvaliswinebiT man 778 milioni dolaris ekonomikuri daxmareba miiRo. aRniSnuli daxmarebidan mas 500 milioni dolari samxedro daxmarebis mizniT mieca. 1945 wlidan sabWoTa samxedro strategia TurqeTis mimarT SeteviTi politikis xasiaTs atarebda.
molotov-ribentropis xelmowerili paqtis (1939 wlis 23 agvisto) safuZvelze TurqeTs hqonda imis SiSi, rom ssr kavSiris Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze saxmeleTo da samxedro sazRvao bazebi ar Seeqmna. ankarisaTvis ssr kavSiris eqspansiuri politika SiSis momgvreli iyo. dasavleTma ssr kavSirs araorazrovnad agrZnobina, rom isini ar dauSvebdnen sabWoTa eqspansias TurqeTis teritoriaze.
amrigad ruseTi da TurqeTi oriveni cdiloben kavkasiaSi gavlenis sferoebi gadaanawilon, magram dasavleTi imedia TurqeTsa da ruseTs marto ar datoveben. ruseTisa da TurqeTis gabatoneba kavkasiaSi dasavleTis interesebSi ar Sedis.
literatura: References
1. r. jafariZe, axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tb. .2003.
2. Злобин Н. Второй новый Миропорядок М.2009
3. Полическая География М. 2001
4. Ланцова С. Ачкасова В. Мировая политика и междуно.
5. Современие международые отношения- учебник под редакций
А.В Топкинова М. 1999
Tengiz Grigolia
Russia Turkish geopolitical relations
Summary
Russia Turkish relations counts many years. During many years the
wars have distributed between Russian and Turkish powers to take in hands
the powers over Caucasus, Black Sea and Mediterranean Seas. Foam 1945
Turkey begins to establish close relationships with USA. Between 1945-
1948 Turkey received 8 million dollars help from the USA.
After abolishing Soviet Union, the relations hip between Turkey
and Russia become calm. Turkey is NATO member state and Russia should
consider it as a friendly country. Movement of economical relations between
Russia and Turkey notably established in 1995.
Russia’s and Turkey’s governance over Caucasus doesn’t support sup interests in this region.
kabineti aseT prorusul tendenciebs ar amJRavnebda da saqarTvelos saelCos mdgomareoba londonSi gaumjobesda, magram amiT saqarTvelos mimarT inglisis pozicia ar Secvlila (2).
организации, международные конгрессы, международные
конференции.
Рецензент – профессор Догонадзе Шота Акакиевич, Грузинский
технический университет
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oTar qoCoraZe
menejmentis erovnuli skolebi
`veranairi ekonomikuri situacia ver iqneba imdenad uimedo, rom mTeli xalxis mtkice neba da patiosani Sroma ver moerios mas”.
ludvig vilhelm erhardi
axdens Tu ara erovnuli kultura zegavlenas marTvis stilze? Tu marTvis stili warmoadgens ekonomikuri aucileblobis produqts? gasuli saukenis 70-ian wlebSi menejmentisadmi miZRvnil literaturaSi gaCnda cneba “menejmentis erovnuli Taviseburebebi”, romlis meoxebiTac daiwyes im TviTmyofadi, Taviseburi da ganumeorebelis aRniSvna, riTac xasiaTdeba mocemuli qveyans marTvis sistema da procesi, xelmZRvaneleba. menejmentis erovnuli skola ganpirobebulia qveynis ganviTarebis istoriiT, misi kulturiT, tradiciebiT, wes-CveulebebiT, zneobrivi faseulobebiT. marTvis erovnuli stilis kvlevis gacxoveleba gamoiwvia Semdegma faqtorebma: _ marTvis sxva stili _ es aris sarke, romelSic airekleba sakuTari stili. daxelovnebisaTvis saWiroa raTa SegeZloT Sedareba. _ erovnuli menejmentis Seswavla _ niSnavs aiTviso ganumeorebeli mmarTvelobiTi gamocdileba, gadaRebuli iyos is faseuli, risi transformirebac aris SesaZlebeli mocemuli qveynis pirobebisaTvis. _ ucxouri gamocdilebis sistematuri Seswavla warmoadgens “sakuTari” marTvis srulyofis erT-erT aucilebel mimarTulebas. _ sxva qveynis teritoriaze sawarmos warmatebuli marTvisaTvis saWiroa marTvis sakuTari stilis SeTavseba im qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel stilTan.
menejmentis germanuli modeli SedarebiT kvlevebSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen menejmentis germanuli modelis Semdeg Taviseburebebs: menejmentis germanuli modelis Tavisebureba TvalnaTliv Cans profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis
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erovnul sistemaSi, romelic gamoirCeva sainJinro saqmisadmi, teqnikuri swavlebisa da xelobisadmi mzardi yuradRebiT. eqspertTa SefasebiT igi saukeTesoa evropaSi. yovelive amis saTave ki erovnul kulturul memkvidreobaSi Zevs. rasac Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZem miaqcia yuradReba da werilSi “sateqniko da saxelosno saswavleblebis Sesaxeb” (tfilisi, 25 noemberi, 1898 w.) aRniSna, rom: “1870 welsa, roca germaniam Tavs-zari dasca manmade TiTqmis uZlevels safrangeTsa da saca Sexvda, bre gaadina, sTqves, rom germaniis skolis maswavlebelma sZlia safrangeTsa da daamarcxao, amiT imis Tqma undodaT, rom uxvad mofenilma da kargad mowyobilma skolebma da swavla-ganaTlebam germaniisam misca ers is sulieri da xorcieli Zal-Rone, romelmac Sehmusra safrangeTio. mas aqeT germanium axla sxva gzaze iCina Tavi Tavisi Zlevamosiloba da winsvla imave RonisZiebebiT. aqac, rogorc etyoba, mizezi Zlevamosilebisa igive skolis maswavlebelia, igive swavla da ganaTlebaa. am ocs ukanasknel weliwadSi xelosnoba da erTob vaWroba-xelosnoba ise win wamodga germaniaSi, rom yvelasaTvis saocebeli gaxda. winaT am mxriT susti da uRono germania bevrad Camouvardeboda imisTana samrewvelo qveyanas, rogoric safrangeTia da Sori-axlosac ver daudgeboda ingliss, romelic mrewveloba-vaWrobiT yvela qveynebze win iyo. exla germania am oc Tu met-nakleb weliwadSi mrewveloba-vaWrobaSi safrangeTs TiTqmis win uswrobs da lamis ingliss gaesworpiros da msoflio bazarSi ciloba gauwius. aseTma siswrafem garmaniis warmatebisam gancvifrebuli yuradReba miiqcia mrewvel-movaWre qveynebisa, rogoric inglisia, belgiaa, da Crdilo amerikis Statebmac-ki yurebi acqvites gaocebisagan da imis gamosarkvevad, Tu ra Zali da Rone ixmara germaniam, rom misi vaWroba-mrewveloba ase gaZlierda da gadidda, komisiebi daniSnes. ai es komisiebi ras amboben: “igi upiratesoba germaniisa, romelic wlidan wlamde ufro da ufro Tavs iCens, saqonlis sikeTiTa da bazrebis gandidebiTa, samarTliani jildoa im zedmiwevniT asrulebuli programisa, romelic samis
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sityviT gamoiTqmis: saero ganaTlebis warmateba. es qveyana mkis imas, rasaca sTesavs. Tu sxva qveynebs hsurT mis vaWrobas da mrewvelobas gaumklavdnen, ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc igi, da imave mxneobiTao”. marto erTi prusia, da am mxriT igi sxva germaniis qveynebze dabla sdgas, sateqniko swavla-codnis gavrcelebisaTvis weliwadSi hxarjavs milion naxevar maneTsa imisda gareiTad, rasac am sagnisaTvis swiraven qalaqis gamgeobani, saxelmwifo dawesebulebani da calke kacni. “TviT mefabrikeni da meqarxneni, hxedven-ra, ra sargeblobaa, roca swavluli da mcodne xelosnebi da muSebi hyavT, inaxaven skolebs Tavisi sakuTaris xarjiT da zogjer mTavrobac hSvelis fuliT am saqmeSi cotad Tu bevrad. am saxiT gamarTuli 248 skolaa da Sig moswavleni arian 11.000 ymawvili. “yovelis calke xelobisaTvis calke skolebia. xelosenebisaTvis, romelnic Senobebs garedan da SignioT hxataven da alamazeben, prusiaSi 32 calke skolaa. xarazebisaTvis _ 9, dercikebisaTvis _ 16, xabazebisaTvis _ 20, yasbebisaTvis _ 6, mWedlebisaTvis 26 da sxvani. “badenis did sahercogos sul naxevar milionze naklebi mkvdari hyavs da sateqniko skolebze-ki weliwadSi hxarjavs 180.000 maneTsa. hesenis did sahercoghoSi. romelsac sul erTi milioni mkvdari hyavs, 9 saxelosno skolaa, 43 samrewvelo da 82 samxatvro. yvelaze win aris saqsonia, romelic Tumca didi qveyana ar aris, magram as TerTmeti sateqniko skola aqvs, saca aswavlian yovelgvar xelobas da xelovnebas. amasTan saqsoniaSi 10 skolaa sakuTriv mowaTmoqmedebisa da 40 savaWro saswavlebeli”. inglisis komisia ambobs: “yovelgvar samrewveloSi muSis gasamrjelo matulobs germaniaSi, xani samuSao dRisa ganuwyvetliv klebulobs da patara ymawvilebis muSaoba TiTqmis moispo. inglisis mefabrikeTa tyuilada hgoniaT, viTomc warmatebas mrewvelobisas germaniaSi sxva ram mizezi hqondes da ara marto upiratesoba da aRmatebuloba sayovelTao saero ganaTlebisa da saspecialo-sateqniko swavla-codnisa”...
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...nurvin ityvis, rom ama Tu im ersa vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis niWi da buneba ara aqvso. am ocisa da oc-da-aTis wlis wined germaniis vaWroba da mrewveloba TiTqmis saxsenebelic ar iyo. gavida es xani da dRes germaniam, vxedavT, msoflio bazari TiTqmis mTlad xelT epyra uciloblad. ram moaxdina es saswauli? saspecialo da satteqniko swavla-codnis mofenam da warmatebam. sCans, aq niWi bevrs arafers SuaSia, saqme swavla-codna yofila. an vaWroba da mrewveloba ra imisTana saqmea, rom gansakuTrebuli niWi ram undodes? yovel orTa-Sua kacs sakmao Wkua da goneba aqvs, rom vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saqmes miswvdes, Tu, ra sakvirvelia, amaebis swavla-codnac xelT eqmneba. xolo gvetyvian: Tu egrea da gansakuTrebuli niWi ar sdomebia, bevrni ucodinarni da uswavlelni win ras mihyavs vaWrobasa da mrewvelobaSi, Tu ar niWsa? marTalia, amis aSkara magaliTebs bevrsa vxedavT, nametnavad Cvens dalocvils qveyanaSi, da amas ara erTi da ori ixvevs xelze imis sabuTad, viTomc aq erTi raRac gansakuTrebuli niWiereba moqmedebs im mdgomisa, romelsac CvenSi ufros-erTi vaWrebi ekuTvnian. am samocisa Tu metis wlis winad germaniis ebraelnic swored amasve ambobdnen TavianT Tavze da afolebdnen germanias. drom da Jamma daamtkica, rom es ase ar aris da germanelma cota ar iyos frTa Seakeca am tyuilad gaberils Tavmowonebas”. [1]. profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis erovnul sistema germaniaSi uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdebis (16-21 weli) momzadebas (3 wlis ganmavlobaSi) da saxelmwifo diplomas miRebas. saswavlo procesi gulisxmobs rogorc samuSao adgilze momzadebas (4 dRe kviraSi), aseve Teoretikul swavlebas (kviraSi 1 dRe). profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis erovnul sistemaSi saganmanaTleblo programebis Sinaarsi mtkicdeba sami institutis _ mTavrobis, damsaqmebelTa asociaciebis da profkavSirebis mier. saerTo xelmZRvanelobas axorcieleben adgiobrivi savaWro-samrewvelo palatebi. germanuli sawarmoebis saSualo wliuri samuSao Zalis minimum 5%-s Seadgenen profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis sistemis msmenelebi. samrewvelo sawarmoTa muSebis daaxloebiT 70% gaiara es sistema da Caabara
valdebulebebTan da winsvla SedarebiT neli gamodis. rac Seexeba top-menjerebs, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro maRali saganmanaTleblo done. Tu saxazo personali flobs maRal kvalifikacis, maSin mas naklebad sWirdeba kontroli da daxmareba administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi aparatis mxridan, romlis xvedriTi wili germanul firmebSi ufro naklebia, vidre inglisisa da safRangeTis analogiuri xasiaTis organizaciebSi. gert hofstede xazs usvamda, rom maRali kvalifikaciisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone germaneli muSakebis “motivaciisaTvis” ar aris savaldebulo amrikuli tipis (“jeneralisti”) menejeri. maT miaCniaT, rom xelmZRvanelma an ostatma maT unda daavalos amocana da iyos eqsperti teqnikuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi. germanel menejerebSi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli samuSao adgilis cvla da sesabamisad maRalia korporatiuli loialurobis done. germaniaSi erT sawarmoSi muSaobis saSualo staJi Seadgens 8 wels, xolo amerikasi _ 3 wels. r. stiuartis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad 30 gamokiTxuli germaneli marTvis aparatis warmomadgenlidan 20 erT sawarmoSi muSaobda 5 welze met xans, xolo 6 maTgani _ 20 welze mets. ingliselebisa da amerikelebis Tanaxmad erT sawarmoSi muSaobis aseTi xandrZlivi staJi aris an SeiZleba gzdes damRupveli efeqtis mizezi. germanelebs ki miaCniaT, rom erT adgilze muSaobis xangrZlivi staJi saSualebas iZleva miRweuli iyos teqnikuri kompentenciis aucilebeli done. bevr germanul sawarmoSi iyeneben moadgileebis, anu “Crdilovani muSakebis” princips. msgavs organizaciebSi menejeri arCevs da aswavlis Tavis moadgileebs. es ki uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis uwyvetelobasa da Tanmimdevrulobas. Svebulebis, avadmyofobisa da sxva msgavs SemTxvevaSi samsaxureobriv movaleobebs asruleben moadgileebi. germanuli kompaniebis ZiriTad mizans da konkurentul upiratesobas warmoadgens produqciis xarisxi, misi drouli mitana da gayidvisSemdgomi momsaxureba. germanel momxmarebelTa maRali Semosavlebi saSualebas aZlevs maT gadaixadon maRali xarisxisaTvis.
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bazarze sakuTari konkurentuli poziciebis SesanarCuneblad da gasamtkiceblad germanelebi iyenebdnen da dResac iyeneben teqnikuri srulyofisa da inovaciebis strategias. msgavsi strategiis realizacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi gziT: gaerTianeba da STanTqma, erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna, patentebisa da licenziebis Sesyidva, samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis investireba (R&D - Research &
Development). es ukanaskneli midgoma aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli germanul kompaniebSi, romlebic sxva qveynebis firmebTan SedarebiT sakuTari Semosavlis arsebiTad did nawils xarjaven R&D-s finansirebaze. da kidev erTi saintereso momenTi: germanelebs miaCniaT, rom krizisul wlebSi es wili kidev ufro didi unda iyos. [Research & Development, anu samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebi _ RonisZiebaTaA kompleqsi, igi Seicavs rogorc samecniero kvlevebs, aseve produqciis sacdeli da mcireseriuli nimuSebis warmoebas, romlebic win uswreben samrewvelo warmoebaSi axali produqtis an sistemis gaSvebas. R&D–ze gaweuli xarjebi warmoadgenen kompaniis inovaciuri saqmianobis umniSvnelovanes maCvenebels.
Battelle Memorial Institute-s kvleviTi institutes monacemebis mixedviT 2008 wels msoflioSi R&D-ze daixarja 1,12 trilioni dolari. R&D-is moculobis mixedviT pirvel adgilze aria aSS (382,6 miliardi dolari), meoreze – iaponia. [2].
germanuli kompaniebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben universitetebTan, samecniero-kvleviT institutebTan da organizaciebTan, romlebsac mxarSi udgas ganaTlebisa da samecniero kvlevebis fedaruli saministro. [Max-
Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, MPG _ maqs plankis saxelobis samecniero kvlevebis sazogadoeba, aris samecniero-kvleviTi organizaciebis qseli, romlis saTao ofisi imyofeba berlinSi, xolo marTvis filiali miunhenSi. masSi Sedis 78 instituti da samecniero-kvleviTi qveganyofileba. warmoadgens msoflioSi aRiarebul da wamyvan samecniero-kvleviT organizacias fundamentaluri samecniero kvlevebis sferoSi. MPG-s
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kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: sabunebismetyvelo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri mimarTulebebi. marTalia igi TanamSromlobs universitetebTan da saganmanaTleblo sruqturebTan, magram inarCunebs damoukidebel statuss.]
kidev erT germanul fenomens warmoadgens VDMA – mwarmoebelTa asociacia manqanaTmSeneblobaSi. masSi Semavali sawarmoebi da organizaciebi ixdian TaviaTi wliuri Semosavlis 0,5% kvleviT fondSi, romlis saxsrebi xmardeba dargobriv R&D-s. germanuli ekonomikisaTvis mastabilizirebel faqtors warmoadgens stabiluri da mdgradi urTierTobebi menejerebs, profkavSirebsa da muSaTa sabWoebs Soris. mesakuTreebis, menejerebisa da muSakebis xangrZlivi TnamSromlobisa da partniorobis idea sakmaod nayofierad xorcieldeba germanul sazogadoebaSi. germaneli menejerebi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas aniWeben SromiTi funqciebisa da procedurebis aRweras. SedarebiT maRalia formalizaciis xarisxi instruqciebis, wesebis, valdebulebebis da sxva saxiT. menejerebi urCevniaT naklebad mimarTon improvizacias da ufro metad imoqmdon wesebisa da instruqciebis Sesabamisad. rolisa da wesebis zusti gansazRvris es Tavisebureba gansakuTrebulad aris kultivirebuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebsa da mxvil korporaciebSi. germaneli mmarTveli did yuradRebas uTmoben dagegmarebas. da Tu situacia mosalodnelze ufro garTulda, germanelebi cdiloben gaaqtiuron gegmiuri saqmianoba (ingliselebma am dros SeiZleba Seamciron dagegmarebis ganyofileba). germanuli menejmenti gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli stiliT, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda Suasaukuneebis amqrobebisa da savaWro gildiebis tradiciebis gavleniT. amave dros germaneli menejerebi ganTqmulni arian perspeqtivis xedviTa da momavalze orientaciiT. paeqrobis germanuli stili SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc mkacri, magram TviT sastiki dapirispirebac ki miznad ar isaxavs konkurentebis ganadgurebas. kompaniebiebi konkurireben erTmaneTan,
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magram ar arian dainteresebuli bzarze monopoliuri dominirebiT, maT ainteresebT bazris sferoebis gayofa an sulac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze sakuTari gansakuTrebuli niSis Seqmna. germanuli kompaniebi zizRiT uyureben fasebiT konkurenciis praqtikas da mas mimarTaven mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. konkurenciis germanuli stilis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens Leistungswettbewerb
(miRwevaTa Sejibri), paeqroba ufro maRali xarisxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. mTavar prioritetebs warmoadgenen produqciis xarisxi da produqciis momsaxureba. germaneli menejeri darwmunebulia, rom produqcia TviTon yidis Tavis Tavs, amitomac, surs ra, rom misi kompania iyos ukeTesi, miiswrafvis raTa srulyofilebamde daiyvanos gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxi. produqciisadmi yuradReba upirveles yovlisa niSnavs yuradRebas misi warmoebis procesisadmi. amitom nebismieri donis germaneli menejeri brwyinvaled erkvevn damzadebis teqnologiSi, praqtikulad icnobs warmoebis yvela etaps da orientirebuli aris uSualo mwarmoeblebTan mWidro kontaqtze. germaneli menejerebi darwmunebuli arian, rom saboloo maRali maCveneblebis misaRwevad mTavars warmoadgens kargad awyobili warmoeba da produqciis maRali xarisxi. germanuli menejerisaTvis umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens saxelmwifosTan TanamSromloba da sakuTari saqmianobis koordinacia saxelmwifosTan. germanul cnobierebaSi mtkiced aris damkvidrebuli Semdegi idea: kerZo iniciativa unda ganviTardes mkafio saxelmwifo regulirebis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, germanuli ekonomika tradiciulad, mWidrod TanamSromlobs saxelmwifosTan. germaneli menejerebi didi yuradRebiT ekidebian saxelmwifo standartebs, politikasa da regulirebas. germanuli samrewvelo standartebi (germ., Deutsche Industrie Normen - DIN) SemuSavebuli aris im molaparakebebisa da konsultaceibis procesSi, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen mTavrobis, mrewvelobis, menejerTa asociaciis, savaWro-samrewvelo palatebis, profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebi.
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menejmentis germanuli stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kolegialoba, SeTanxmebisaken swrafva, produqciasa da xarisxze orientireba, erTi kompaniisadmi erTguleba da misi xangrZlivi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. [3] germanelebma DIM-s (decision-information-motivation)
realizaciiT _ anu gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisufleba sabazro informaciisa da motivaciis sistemis safuZvelze _ Seqmnes socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika (ger., Soziale Marktwirtschaft), egreT wodebuli “germanuli ekonomikuri saswauli”. misi Seqmna ukavSirdeba germaniis ekonomikis ministris ludvig vilhelm erhardis saxels.
[ლუდვიგ ვილჰელმ ერჰარდი (გერმ.: Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard) (დ. 4
თებერვალი 1897 — გ. 5 მაისი 1977) - გერმანელი მეცნიერ-ეკონომისტი, პოლიტიკური მოღვაწე, გერმანიის ეკონომიკის მინისტრი (1949-1963), ბუნდესკანცლერი 1963-1966 წლებში
socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis politikas safuZvlad daedo “fraiburgis skolis” warmomadgenlebis valter oikenisa da vilhelm repkes koncefcia daAalfred miuler-armakis Sromebi sabazro
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ekonomikis pirobebSi socialuri jgufebis mdgomareobis gamosworebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika (ger., Soziale Marktwirtschaft) _ ekonomikuri sistema, organizebuli sabazro TviTregulirebis dvritaze, romlis drosac qmedebebis koordinacia xorcieldeba bazarze Tavisufali kerZo mewarmeebisa da Tavisufali individualuri momxmareblebis urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze. socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikuri modelis amosaval debulebas warmoadgens moTxovna, rom arc saxelmwifosa da arc kerZo bizness ara aqvs ufleba hqondes sruli kontroli ekonomikaze. Sereuli ekonomikis am nairsaxeobaSi, iseve rogorc sabazro ekonomikaSi, resursebis ganawilebis struqturas gansazRvravs mxolod momxmareblebis, resursebis mimwodeblebisa da kerZo firmebis gadawyvetilebebi. amavdroulad, ekonomikurad ufro Zlierebi valdebuli arian daexmaron ufro sustebs. saxelmwifos roli mdgomareobs SemdegSi: TamaSis yvela monawilis urTierTpasuxismgeblobis grZnobis ganviTareba, usamarTlo tendenciebis koreqtireba konkurenciaSi, vaWrobasa da Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi. es sistema ganixileboda, rogorc “Laissez-faire”-is, kapitalizmisa da socializmis alternativa. [frang., Laissez-faire _ daanebeT-akeTos, ekonomikuri doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi unda iyos minimaluri. ZiriTadi argumenti _ ekonomika aris iseTi TviTregulirebadi meqanizmi, romelic Tavad naxulobs efeqtiur wonasworobas, xolo saxelmwifos Careva amaxinjebs ekonomikuri agentebis mier miRebul signalebs da efeqtiur wonasworobis miRweva xdeba SeuZlebeli. aq saxelmwifo gamodis “Ramis darajis” rolSi _ bazarze ekonomikuri agentebis urTierTqmedebis wesebis dadgena da maT aRsrulebaze Tvalyuris devna, da ara rogorc bazris damoukidebeli subieqti. Tanamedrove mecnieruli azri “Laissez-faire”-s miiCnevs idealur goniT konstruqciad, romelic ar gvxvdeba realur cxovrebaSi, magram warmoadgens baziss, romelzec aigeba mikroekonomikuri Teoria].
moxdes misi amoReba saxelmwifos mier gadasaxadebisa da mosakrebis saxiT. mwarmoebeli Tavad zrunvas sakuTari biznesis ganviTarebasa da ojaxis keTildReobaze, da Sesabamisad, SezRuduli unda iyos socialuri qvelmoqmedebis funqciebi da dotaciebisa da SeRavaTebis saxelmwifoebrivi ganawileba; _ sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis zrdasTan erTad unda Semcirdes socialuri daxmarebis odenoba. TiToeulma adamianma TviTon unda agos pasuxi Tavis Tavze da uzrunvelyos sakuTari momavali aqtiuri moRvaweobis wlebSi, daagrovos danazogi an gamoiyenos sapensio dazRvevis sistema.
daskvna daskvnis saxiT gvinda moviyvanoT ilia WavWavaZis Semdegi mosazreba:
“...germanels da sxvas misebr mixvedril kacs codna da swavla-ganaTleba samkaulad ki ara aqvs miCneuli, rogorc buzmenti CoxisaTvis, an Zewkvi gul-mkerdisaTvis. igi codnasa da ganaTlebas uyurebs, rogorc aucilebel saWiroebas, rogorc arsebiTs pursa, da amitomac, roca sarCo-sabadebelisaTvis iRwvis, maSin welebzedac fexs idgams, rom Svilis gasazrdeli xarjic moimaragos. germaneli purs daiklebs, Rvinos daiklebs, SimSils, wyurvils ar SeuSindeba da Svilis gasazrdelad ki Tavis monagars groSs gadasdebs, Svilis mcodne kacad qcevisaTvis arafers dahzogavs da yvelafers gaimetebs. germanelma icis, rom Svilis kacad gamosvla, maZRrad yofna da utkivrad rCena swavla-ganaTlebazed aris damokidebuli, icis, rom codna venaxzed ukeTesi venaxia, xodabunze ukeTesi xodabunebia, ufro momcemi, ufro saimedo da dausetyvavi. am saxiT, raki germanelisavis codna, swavla-ganaTleba aucilebeli saWiroebaa, mis saekonomio angariSSi, mis saRvawosa da saamagoSi Svilis gasazrdelad saxarjos mopovebas TiTqmis upirvelesi adgili uWiravs. jafas, garjas iorkecebs da, Tu amiT veras gamxdara, sxvagan iklebs da am saxarjos ki hmatebs.
meore mizezi imisi, rom germanels ar uWirdeba Svilis skolaSi gamosazrdeli xarji, is aris, rom germanels cotad Tu bevrad codna aqvs risame: an
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swavlulia da amiT hSobobs cxovrebis sagzalsa, an xelovania raSime, an xelosania. igi saca midis, yvelgan hpoulobs saqmes, da raki codna aqvs, mravalkecad iadvilebs xelidam aclis saqmesac da lukmasac, Zal-momreobiT da unamusobiT ki ara, pirispir omiT, pirispir brZoliT, erTis sityviT _ im faqizisa da wminda iaraRiT, romelsac codna hqvian da romelic cxovrebis moedanzed yovelTvis uZlevelia da gamarjvebuli.[5] literatura: References 1. ilia WavWavaZe. sateqniko da saxelosno saswavleblebis Sesaxeb. rCeuli
nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi IV, publicisturi werilebi. gv. 291-294.
2. R&D Spending in U.S. Expected to Rebound // The Wall Street Journal,
21.12.09].
3. http://www.executiveplanet.com
4. Иван Измайлов, Шок не по-нашему, 'Энергия промышленного
роста', ? 4 [5] Апрель 2006, http://www.epr-
magazine.ru/vlast/foreign_exp/german_miracle/
5. ilia WavWavaZe. isev ganaTlebis sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 27 oqtomberi, 1889
w. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi IV, publicisturi werilebi. gv. 272-273.
6. Людвиг Эрхард. Благосостояние для всех.
http://eklit.narod.ru/erhsod.htm
7. "Национальная система политической экономии". Сочинение д-ра
Фридриха Листа, перевод с немецкого под редакцией К.В. Трубникова.
С.-Петербург, 1891 г., Издание А.Э. Мартенс//Национальная система
политической экономии..Москва: Европа, 2005.- 400 с.
Otar Kochoradze
National schools of management
Summary
“At all times and everywhere intellectual development, morals and
activity of citizens were in a full parity with well-being of the nation, and
the riches increased or decreased proportionally to these qualities; but never
work and thrift, spirit of an ingenuity and enterprise of separate persons did
not create anything great there where they did not find a support in civil
freedom, establishments and laws, in the state administration and foreign
gasaSrobad beRlurad nawyob SeSaze qorbeRela¯ termini, albaT, mas Semdeg gadavida, rac beRlis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba daiCrdila. misi
mtkicebiTve, qorbeRela¯ terminis gamoyeneba ferxulis aRsaniSnavad meoreuli Cans. saxeldeba moxda, albaT, asociaciuri metonimiis niadagze _ orsarTuliani ferxulis wyoba iwvevs Zelis gadanaWrebisagan agebuli `qorbeRelas~ asociacias [12, 226-227]. qorbeRelas ritualis sruli aRwerisagan amjerad Tavs SevikavebT, magram imas ki vityviT, rom rogorc g. cocaniZec fiqrobs, qorbeRela cixis simboloa (SuaSi mdgom kacs mecixovne hqvia. qorbeRelaSi mdgomTa mizania, rom dauSlelad miitanon igi jvaris karamdis. Tu qorbeRela gzad daiSleba, es imis maniSnebelia, rom saymom raRac samsaxuri daaklo salocavs da man misi ZRveni ar Seiwira _ Tem-sofels xifaTi elis. Tu qorbeRela dauSlelad mivida xatis karze, es imas niSnavs, rom saymos ZRveni da samsaxuri miRebulia da mfarvelma RvTaebam gadmoavlina maze Tavisi wyaloba _ ganamtkica sazeimo cixe [12, 227]. qorbeRelas adrindeli, Tavdapirveli daniSuleba TiTqos miCqmalulia, Tumca cixisa simbolizeba da erT-erTi
`meqorbeRela¯es~ mecixovneoba imas migvaniSnebs, rom igi adre meomrul-sabrZolo xasiaTis iyo. da bolos, ratom moviyvaneT da davaxasiaTeT ase vrclad
qorbeRela¯i? ara marto imitom, rom am kompozitur sityva-terminSi qor leqsemas beRel sityvasTan erTad didi funqcia akisria, aramed imitomac, rom iqneb kaxeTs da kaxeTis mTianeTs SenivTuli wanarebis kvalic dagvelanda da dagvenaxa am saxalxo ZirZvel ritualSi? cxadia, es specialuri kvlevis sagania da aq am sakiTxs sxva dros SevexebiT...
qor-i rom Zvelad dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, mTianeTSi arsebobda, aSkaraa. Mmis ZirZvelobas da sacnaurobas cxadyofs kidev iseTi ori termini, rogoricaa qorepiskopos-i da glonoqor-i.
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qorepiskoposis Sesaxeb T. papuaSvili aRniSnavs, rom am institutis warmoSobis fesvebi jer kidev winafeodaluri xanis qarTlis samefos wiaRSia saZebni. iberiis mefeTa xelisufleba didxans atarebda Teokratiul xasiaTs, radgan mefis socialur dasayrdens didxans qurumebi warmoadgendnen [13]. manve yuradReba miaqcia, `moqcevaB qarTlisaBs~ cnobas, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `mefobda mirdat da mTavarepiskoposi iyo glonoqor. da ese mTavarepiskoposi erisTavadca iyo qarTls da hereTs~ (moqc. qarTl. gv. 92.) sainteresoa, rom am cnobis mixedviT, qarTlis eklesiis meTauri (kaTalikosoba jer ar arsebobda) gvevlineba saero moxeled _ hereTis erisTavad. hereTi VIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSia. maSasadame, manamde sanam kaxeTis samTavros qorepiskoposi Caudgeboda saTaveSi, kaxeTSi saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis erTi piris xelSi moqcevis tradicia ucxo ar yofila. glonoqori erTgvari winamorbedia kaxeTis qorepiskoposisa [13, 173]. zogi mkvlevris TqmiT, xSirad wanarebi gvevlinebian kaxeTis saxelmwifoebriobis Semqnelebad [14, 147], [15, 53]. am mxriv marTebulad gveCveneba arqeolog d. mindoraSvilis SeniSnva, rom wanarebis roli ramdenadme gadaWarbebulia [16].
SeniSvna 1: mkvlevari Tavisi disertaciis (`xevi Sua saukuneebSi. istoriularqeologiuri gamokvleva~, Tb., 2001) meoTxe TavSi, romelic `xevis Sua saukuneebis sakiTxebs~ exeba, wanarebs pirvelsave paragrafs uZRvnis [16, 122-135]. (aq dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yvela is ZiriTadi mosazreba da varaudi, rac dRemde mkvlevrebs gamouTqvamT, zogi gamonaklisis garda (ratomRac mkvlevars `wanarebTan~ dakavSirebiT T. mibCuanis zemoT dasaxelebuli cnobili gamokvlevis [6] ganxilva saWirod ar miuCnevia.
gamoCenamde gacilebiT adre kaxeTi ukve warmoadgenda savsebiT Camoyalibebul da dasrulebul saxelmwifo organizms [13, 147]. amrigad, irkveva, rom qor sityva wanarebis mosvlamdec arsebobsa kaxeTsa da hereTSi. qorepiskoposi imdroisaTvis sruliad uCveulo sityvaTSexamebaa, neologizmia (Sdr. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos MmTianeTSi xevisberobis ritualSi arsebuli `qristianuli~ termini dekanozi), rac imas metyvelebs, rom qori TavisTavadi, arqauli sityva yofila, romlis meSveobiT qarTul enaSi SeiZleboda Cvens winaprebs axal-axali sityvebi da terminebi ewarmoebinaT. rac Seexeba glonoqors, isic Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs im mxriv, rom am rTuli aRnagobis sityvaSi erT-erTi sityva `qor~ -ia (cxadia, aseve asaxsnelia glono-c). misi (gnoloqor-i) etimologiuri Zieba da warmomavloba dasadgenia da specialur kvlevas moiTxovs (Sdr. sakuTari saxelebi (odindeli metsaxelebi): gnol-ia, glon-a..., toponimidan warmomdgari `gvarsaxeli~ glonisTavel-i (topon. glonisTav-i).
SeniSvna: 2. rogorc Cans, s. kakabaZiseul zemore axsnas emyareba m. lorTqifaniZe, roca wers: XVI-XVII ss. rusul sabuTebSi aRniSnuli `sonis erisTavi~ sxva araferia, Tu ara sionis erisTavi, amis safuZvelze wanarTa politikur centrad sofel sioni unda miviCnioTo [14, 156-157]. m. lorTqifaniZis es axsna ar Seiwynara r. ramiSvilma, romlis azriT, sioni ar ukavSirdeba sons; son-san-wan fuZiani toponimebis arseboba xevSi da saerTod aragvis xeobaSi, e. i. iq, sadac ivaraudeba wanarTa pirvelsacxovrisi, migracia-gadaadgilebis areali, angariSgasawevi faqtia. am toponimTa SeqmnaSi marTlac unda vigulvoT dasavlur-qarTuli eTnikuri masis monawileoba (laxato, sondisvela, sondis mTa da xati da sxv.). gvxvdeba iseTic, romelic megrul-Wanuris gareSe ver aixsneba (mag., maqarTa, neZixi, WiWaxevi da sxv.) Sdr. aragvis xeobis toponimebi: ebn-isi, xev-Sa, xamu-Sa, xirou-Sa, lau-Sa da sxv. Tu am toponimTa SeqmnaSi wanarebsac miuZRvis wili, maSin safiqrebelia, rom isini svan-kolxur samyarosTan axlos iyvnen, an aq