saludares

Chapter I

Introduction and Background of the Study

Introduction

The existence of parasitism has brought about tremendous dilemma in human

lives. The occurrence of it has widened dramatically. On global basis, parasitic infections

affect approximately 50 million persons each year resulting in nearly 40-100 thousand

deaths (Dhawan, Vinod, K.M.D). That’s why this is one of the major problems in

developing countries where there is a deprived condition characterized by lack of clean

water, clean food and sanitized environment.

Parasitism is referred to as the presence of organisms that take place up their

abode temporarily or permanently on or within other organisms for the purpose of

procuring food and shelter. It is caused by various parasites that are very injurious to

humans. These parasites inhabit the human body either externally such as on the skin or

internally such as the intestines, muscles, blood and the like. Moreover, the distribution

of parasites depends on the presence of suitable host , the more susceptible host coming

in contact with the parasites the more disseminated the parasites will be.

Actually, environmental condition and sanitation greatly affect intestinal

parasitism which is caused by the invasion of soil – transmitted intestinal parasites taking

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up their abode in the human intestine. Specifically, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris

trichiura and Hookworms are the one involved in intestinal parasitism or helminthiasis.

According to World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, which covers

East Asia and the Pacific, intestinal parasitism remains as a leading public health

problem, affecting millions of children. In poor countries and communities, with

inadequate sanitation and hygiene, it is common to find 90% of children infected with at

least one parasite such as hookworm or roundworm. In addition, scavengers, garbage

collectors and garbage truck drivers are also some group of individuals that are

vulnerable in acquiring parasites because of the nature of their work. Several effects

could be observed to them such as poor mental ability especially in children, poor health

status and certain disease, intestinal parasitism specifically.

Consequently, intestinal parasitism is a worst disease since it is one of the

neglected diseases. It is considered as a disease of poverty. They represent the most

common diseases among 2.7 billion people including 610 million people living in Asia

Pacific Region. They can basically be treated by means of cost-effective, safe

interventions, yet most have been largely invisible to the public health community. Thus,

policies to control and prevent these diseases are not in place in many countries.

Furthermore, intestinal parasitism is not subjected to compulsory reporting resulting in

insufficient data. It actually ranked higher than malaria and tuberculosis (disability-

adjusted life years-DALY’s). In conjunction, since poverty affects it greatly, more and

more individuals are parasitized. It is because millions of people are still stuck in poverty

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and poor health with no sign of being able to breach the barrier to better medical care. For

example, how can be cased of intestinal parasitism be lessen in areas where poor

environmental sanitation is existing due to poverty and lack of education of course. Take

for instance those who are living in and settling near dumpsites. With the fact that

dumpsite is a dirty area, mere exposure to the soil is already a predisposing condition

towards the acquisition of intestinal parasitism. Thus they really and hardly needed to be

recognized and be declared under intestinal parasitism danger zone. They should be

known to be vulnerable group from intestinal parasitism.

Thus, this way they can be given attention by the government and the public

health community and be given some sorts of help. Health Education dissemination per

se, then to be followed with interventions needed, the possible treatments, controls and

preventions primarily.

They could be given the control measures and be extended with remedies from

the government programs via the Department of Health. Like for example

“Garantisadong Pambata Programs” being conducted twice a year nationwide. In

conjunction, with the said program pursuing the advocacy, proper hand washing, and

proper food preparation, proper footwear practices and human waste disposal could be

shared too to them in the form of seminars or information education campaign. That way,

they would become aware that living near dumpsite is simply putting their health at risk.

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Given with such kind of focus, intestinal parasitism could be possibly reduced or

even eradicated.

Statement of the Objectives

Generally, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at

Tuguegarao City dumpsite.

Specifically, it aimed to:

1. Determine the intestinal parasites harbored by the residents of Tuguegarao City

dumpsite as well as those garbage collectors and garbage truck drivers working in

the dumpsite.

2. Determine if there is association on the parasites isolated and the degree of

parasitism when grouped according to:

a.) Sex

b.) Educational Attainment

c.) Marital Status

d.) Livelihood

3. Identify intestinal parasites present in soil samples taken at Tuguegarao City

dumpsite and from the vicinity of the residents.

4. Asses if the intestinal parasites harbored by the respondents are the same with

those isolated from the soil samples.

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Hypotheses

Ho:

1) There is no association in the intestinal parasites harbored by the respondents with

the species identified from the soil sample taken from the dumpsite and from the

vicinity of the residents.

2) There is no association in the intestinal parasite isolated from the respondents

when they are grouped according to:

a. Gender

b. Educational Attainment

c. Marital Status

d. Livelihood

Scope and Delimitation

This study restricted itself on the determination of the prevalence of intestinal

parasitism among garbage collector’s, garbage truck drivers and the entire resident’s

settling near the dumpsite located at Carig Norte, Tuguegarao City. The parasites of

concerned were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and hookworm either in their

ova or larvae forms.

Information education campaign (IEC) was conducted by the researchers on July

5, 2010 simultaneously with the orientation (on how to properly collect stool samples and

when to collect them). An interview to the respondents was also conducted in

coordination with the dumpsite personnel.

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The study analyzed stool specimen coming from the 47 respondents (20 from the

residents and 27 from the garbage truck drivers and garbage collectors) and 30 soil

samples (15 samples were taken at the dumpsite area and 15 samples were taken at the

vicinity of the residents beside the dumpsite). Stool cups were used as containers for the

specimens. Furthermore, the collection of stool specimen was conducted on July 11, 2010

to July 27, 2010 respectively. The collection of stool specimens was done once in every

respondent and there was no replication or another trial conducted. It was accomplished

in several consecutive dates because of the difficulty in collecting the stool specimens

due to the poor compliance of the respondents.

After the collection of stool specimen the stool specimens were preserved using

10% formalin and immediately transported in the laboratory together with the soil

sample. The soil samples were not preserved since it was not necessary. Moreover,

Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) was the laboratory procedure utilized in

both the stool specimens and soil samples. After which, microscopic examination was

performed in the identification of intestinal parasites present in the specimen with the

help of an expert Parasitologist.

All the laboratory testing was conducted at Cagayan State University, Andrews

Campus, College of Allied Health Sciences, Clinical laboratory.

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Significance of the Study

The result of the study was useful and beneficial to the following individuals and

agencies:

The study was deemed beneficial to the Department of Health (DOH)

specifically the DOH region 02 for they could use this study to strengthen their ongoing

projects regarding parasitism such as the “Garantisadong Pambata Program” and any

other projects related for that matter, for the upliftment of the health status of the people

concerned.

The study was also a great help on the City Council of Tuguegarao and other

Local Government Units for, this served as an eye opener for the real situation of the

people who are in contact to the dumpsite. On the other hand, this could be a driving

force for the government officials to give more priority and exert more effort to combat

the problem regarding parasitism, such as providing protective suits and materials to the

people at the dumpsite.

Furthermore, the respondents of this study were mainly benefited since they were

informed and already aware on their health status specifically the presence or absence of

intestinal parasites within them. They were also had a free fecalysis and being educated

on the prevention, control and treatment of intestinal parasitism invasion.

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This study, in a way, was a good source of help to the future researchers. This

served as a useful material for reference purposes where insights collaborate and ideas

take place for a much better research. Moreover, this research study was the researcher’s

help and a valuable contribution in eradicating the problem on intestinal parasitism

primarily at Tuguegarao City dumpsite.

Definition of Terms

Dumpsites – isolated area where garbage coming from the people of Tuguegarao City

including the municipality of Iguig is being disposed.

Parasites – intestinal parasites like Ascaris, hookworm and Trichuris that mainly resides

in the intestine.

Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) – laboratory technique used in the

determination of the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at Tuguegarao City dumpsite

employed via fecalysis and soil analysis.

Fecalysis – stool processing used in the analysis of the stool from the respondents.

Marital Status – status of the respondents whether they are married, single or widow.

Gender – either the respondent is a boy or a girl.

Educational Attainment – highest degree in education the respondents attained.

Livelihood – source of living of the respondent either scavenging, garbage collecting or

garbage truck driving.

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THE PARADIGM

Input Process Output

Formalin Ether Concentration

Technique

Figure 1.1 The paradigm showing the relationship between the input and output.

Conceptual Framework

Parasitism is one of the basic problems in third world countries like Philippines

specifically, intestinal parasitism. It is a widespread problem affecting many people in

areas with poor environmental sanitation wherein people are not educated on its effects.

Intestinal parasitism is commonly caused by three main species of soil transmitted

intestinal parasites which include Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and

hookworm. These parasites are commonly called the “unholy three” because of the bad

effects on their host and with the assumed possibility that having even just one of the

three species may mean also a tendency of harboring one of the other two or the other

two per se . They abode into the intestine which can cause poor mental ability especially

in children, poor health status and certain disease which is intestinal parasitism like

ascariasis and trichuriasis.

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Stool specimen

AndSoil sample

Microscopic identification of parasites

Here in Tuguegerao City, the residents near the dumpsite who are scavenging

including the garbage collectors and garbage truck drivers are the ones usually prone to

have intestinal parasite that’s why they are considered to be the vulnerable group. It is

hard to avoid the direct contact of these people with the garbage and the soil in the

dumpsite because of the nature of their work.

In order to know if they have acquired such parasites, studying their stool and soil

from the dumpsite is very essential to determine the specific parasites present. 10%

Formalin-Saline was used as a preservative for the stool specimens in order to prevent

rapid decomposition. Moreover, Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique was used as a

laboratory technique because it is excellent for concentrating both cyst and ova and

possesses the added advantage that may apply to formalin-preserved specimens (Markell

et al.).

Furthermore, microscopic examination was then conducted, this is so to determine

the presence of parasite with the help of an expert Parasitologist.

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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Soil-transmitted infections persist in areas where personal hygiene and

environmental sanitation practices are poorly carried out and where cases remain

untreated and become continuing sources of infections. A high prevalence of intestinal

parasitism is also generally associated with areas that are basically agricultural and low in

the economic and human development scale. The three major causes of intestinal

parasitism in the Philippines are ascariasis or roundworm infection, trichuriasis or

whipworm infection, and hookworm infection. Thus, in order prevent such parasitic

infection, proper sanitary practices must be strictly followed.

Factors Affecting Intestinal Parasitism

Sanitation

Sanitary habits such as hand washing, toilet flushing and use of human manure,

cleanness of drinking water and also the educational level of the parents are some factors

affecting intestinal parasitism.

The term “Hygiene” suggests set of practices associated with preservation of

health and living a healthy life. Hygiene correlates with personal and professional care

practices followed at every aspects of healthy living. Hygiene could be of many types

such as medical hygiene, body hygiene, dental hygiene, domestic hygiene at every level

is necessary for healthy living, sanitary hygiene is something that is promoting health by

avoiding human contact with the hazards of waste. The term “sanitary” is derived from

the word “sanitation”.

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The term sanitation is applied to a particular concept, aspect, strategy or location for basic

sanitation, on site sanitation, food sanitation, environmental sanitation and ecological

sanitation.

A good sanitary habit includes following hygienic practices. Poor sanitary habits

can create health problems and the spread of diseases. A good sanitary habit can only be

followed if the individual is supplied with proper sanitary supplies. Sanitary supplies are

necessary in a crisis situation. There are hygiene supplies available in market that

supports you even when you are without water as a cleansing source for several days.

Hygiene and sanitary supplies are the primary tools for achieving good where elementary

cleanliness is the basic criterion. Neglect of hygiene and sanitary issues resulted into

problems and diseases of which we sometimes were not even aware of. Everybody part

demands attention at regular intervals, as far as cleansing them is concerned. Sometimes

we complain about conditions that disturb our daily regimen appearing as a threat to

personal hygiene. Some health conditions that can be controlled by improving personal

hygiene include intestinal parasites like roundworms. There are sanitary supplies readily

available in market that can well be used for both in crisis situations and also in daily

hygiene. A good hygiene is the only method of preventing infections. One most effective

method of preventing ourselves from illness is practicing good personal hygiene. Sanitary

and hygiene is a wide concept which includes practices such as bathing, washing hair,

brushing teeth and cleaning clothes.

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Poverty

In relation to sanitation poverty could also be a factor. For instance a sizable

chunk of the population lives in squatters’ areas where environmental sanitation is poor

and the surroundings harbour the parasites. Parasites reside in warm moist soil and dirty

surroundings. The poor population does not have the capacity to go to school so they are

not aware of the mode of transmission of parasitic agents. Being unaware of these, they

would not take precautions. Those who were found out to be infected could not go for

treatment because of financial constraints. The lucky ones who were able to sometimes

lack the financial capacity to buy needed medicine or when they have money, the

medicine is scarce. There are not enough health centres and health professionals to

conduct efficient health services.

Socio-economic Status

In conjunction, poverty greatly affects socio-economic status of a place, thus

socio-economic status could also be a factor towards the risk of intestinal parasitism.

The socio-economic conditions prevalent in third world cities differ markedly

from those in industrialized countries. Third world cities are experiencing rapid

urbanization brought about by fast population growth as well as high immigration rates.

Urbanization often takes place as the expansion or creation of new slum areas and

squatter settlements. Their rapid expansion and the lack of resources to provide them with

the necessary

infrastructure and urban services translate into insufficient collection of the wastes

generated, as well their improper disposal on the streets, of their operational budgets on

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waste management, third world cities only collect between 50 and 80% of the refused

generated.

Consequently, in third world cities, sometimes the rural areas are unattended

because of the lack of personnel and medical equipment. Due to several people with

parasitism, re-infection occurs and when auto infection parasitism keeps recurring

because of the inability to live in clean, comfortable and healthy environment. The

presence of secondary hosts are more common in third world countries because families

tend o place their poultry and pigpen for example near their abode because of lack of

space and ignorance of diseases and parasites of these animals could pass on to humans.

Soil Transmitted Intestinal Parasites

There are three main intestinal parasites that are soil transmitted. They are

commonly known as the members of the “unholy tree.”

Ascaris lumbricodes

Figure 2.1 Ascaris lumbricoides Ova

First, is Ascaris lumbricoides or the giant roundworm is one of the most common,

if not the most common helminth infecting our young population. It lives in the small

intestine, and found worldwide but is more prevalent in warm moist regions of the world.

It is also one of bigger-sized worms with adult males 15 – 31 cm long by 24 mm and

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adults female 20 – 35 cm long by 3 -6 mm. Males have a curved a tail, while females

have a straight brown in color and have mammilated, thick shell. They are in the one-

celled stage when passed in feces. In certain, instances, the outer albuminoid,

mammillated layer may be absent, and as such, they are called decorticated eggs. Infertile

eggs are elongate, 85 – 90 um by 43 – 47 um, and have thin shells with the mammillated

layer varying from grossly irregular mammillations. Its content is typically a mass of

disorganized, highly refractive granules.

Females worms lay eggs and are therefore called oviparous. Unembyonated eggs

in feces pass on the soil, where they undergo further development for 2 – 3 weeks. Each

will contain an infective second stage larva. When infective eggs are ingested, larvae

emerge in the small intestine and undergo an obligatory migration for about 8 – 9 days

through the lives and the lungs. In the lungs, they undergo considerable growth to reach a

length of 1 mm. after which they return to the small intestine where they were grow to

maturity in about 2 months.

When the worm causes disease during the phase of larval migration, it is called

Ascaris pneumonitis or some references would call it loeffler’s syndrome. The erratic

migration of adult worms to extra intestinal locations, in the liver for example, makes the

presence of even one worm a potentially serious danger to the human host. This worm is

very important is very important cause of abdominal pain among infected individuals.

When a form is passed out with feces, it is easily recognizable because of its

relatively large size. In fact, it is probably the most commonly seen and recognized worm

in endemic communities. When this happens, it is likely that other worms remain inside.

In the laboratory ascariasis is diagnosed by demonstration of characteristic eggs in feces.

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Ascaris eggs are produced in such large numbers such that even with a single pair

of worms present. The eggs are easily detected by direct fecal smear. Infertile eggs

maybe missed if only a flotation concentration procedure is done for fecal examination.

Infertile eggs may also pose diagnostic problems if the outer mammillated layer is totally

absent or if egg assumes a typical shape. Fertile eggs concentrate well by sedimentation

or flotation concentration procedures.

Trichiuris trichura

Figure 2.2 Trichiuris trichura Ova

Secondly, is Trichiuris trichura or whipworm which lives in the large intestine,

cecum or appendix. Like Ascaris, it is found worldwide, but more especially in warm,

moist regions of the world.

Males have a called posterior end and measure 35 – 50 mm. Adults worm have a

long, slender, whip-like anterior end. And a thicker, short posterior end. The esophagus

consists of a thin-narrow tube surrounded by a column of glandular cells called

stichocytes which are collectively referred to as the stichosome. Whipworm eggs are 50-

55 um by 22-24 um and barrel shaped. They have a yellow-brown color with a thick

shell, and clear, mucoid plugs at each end. They are unembryonated when passed.

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Like ascaris, trichuris females are oviparous. Eggs pass on to soil where they

undergo development for 2-3 weeks, after which they contain an infective first stage

larva. When infective eggs are ingested, larvae emerge in the intestine and migrate to the

large intestine where they develop to maturity. The prepatent period is about 3 months.

This worm is quite sturdy and may not be expelled easily by the best deworming drug

available. Adult worms may live for up to 10 years or more.

Whipworm infant is diagnosed by demonstration of characteristics eggs in feces.

The eggs are easily recognizable although in light infants, they maybe difficult to find in

fecal preparations, unless concentration techniques are used. In patients treated with

antihelminthics, distorted eggs maybe passed in feces.

Hookworm

Figure 2.3 Hookworm Ova

Third and lastly is the Hookworm, which has variety of species like Necatur

americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. In the Philippines, the former is encountered

more frequently than the latter. Hookworms inhabit the small intestine and they are an

important cause of chronic anemia of the microcytic- hypochromic type.

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Necatur males measure 5-9 mm by 0-3 mm and are bursate, with two spicules that

fuse at their distal end. Females are 9-11 mm byo-4 mm. adults have a buccal capsule

containing cutting plates rather than teeth. Eggs are thin-shelled and colorless, measuring

60-75 um by 36-40 um. They are usually in early cleavage when passed in feces. First

stage rhabditoid larvae that hatch from eggs are 250-300 um long by 17um. They have a

long buccal canal and their genital primordium is small and difficult to see. Infective

third stage platiform larvae are 500-600 um long. They have a pointed tail and a ratio of

esophageal to intestinal length of 1:4. The sheath about the larvae is conspicuously

striated.

Ancyslostoma males measures 8-11 mm by 0.4-0.5 mm. (Adults have) and are

also bursate, with two spicules that do not fuse at their distal ends. Females measure 10-

13mm by 0.5-0.7 mm. Adults has a buccal capsule containing two pairs of teeth. Eggs are

thin-shelled and colorless, measuring 55-65 mm by 36-40mm. First stage habditoid

larvae hatch from eggs are 250-350 um long by 17 um. They a long buccal canal and

their genital primordium is small and difficult to see. Infective third stage filariform

larvae are 600-700 um long. They have a pointed tail and a ratio of esophageal to

intestinal length of 1:4. Unlike Necatur, the sheath is not as conspicuously striated.

Hookworms are oviparous. As in the previously describe soil transmitted

helminthes, eggs are shed in feces on to soil where they embryonate and hatch

approximately 24 hours. Larvae reach the infective first stage in about a week. Human

infections are acquired by skin penetration by these larvae. For ancylostoma, human

infection is also obtained by mouth. Larvae undergo further development in the lung prior

to migration to the small intestine. The prepatent period is about 5-6 weeks. The usual

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life span of necatur is between 3-5 years, while that of ancylostoma is between 5-10

years. Necatur adults may live up to 15 years.

Eggs of necatur are indistinguishable from those of ancylostoma. If hookworm

eggs hatch in feces because of a delay in examination, the first stage larvae must be

differentiated from those of strongyloides. At first stage, larvae hookworm has a long

buccal canal and an inconspicuous genital primordium, while the larvae of strongyloides

have a short buccal canal and a prominent genital primordium. Stool specimens must not

be refrigerated before attempting to culture larval stages since necatur is especially

sensitive to cold.

Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique

Concentration procedures are used to concentrate the parasites in a specimen

and increase the likelihood of detecting the parasite while decreasing the amount of fecal

debris. Fresh or formalin-fixed specimens maybe concentrated by sedimentation or

floatation techniques.

A common sedimentation technique is the Formalin-Ether Acetate Method. This

method retrieves sediment of parasites such as helminthes ova and protozoan oocyst

using centrifugation. With various sedimentation methods, eggs and cysts which are

heavier than the suspending fluid become concentrated in the bottom of a tube.

The Formalin-Ether Sedimentation technique is excellent for the concentration of

both cyst and ova and possesses the other advantage that may be applied to formalin

preserved specimens. After centrifugation, the diagnostic material is transferred to a

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microscope slide. It is well to make a habit examining completely every concentrated

preparation with low power objective of the microscope.

Related Studies

Intestinal Parasitism

Parasitic infection caused by intestinal helminthes and protozoan parasite, are

among the most prevalence infection in humans in developing countries, protozoan

parasite more commonly cause gastrointestinal infection compared to helminthes.

Intestinal parasite causes a significant morbidity and mortality in endemic countries.

According to Nada A. Abahussian, PhD in her study entitled prevalence of

intestinal parasites among expatriate workers in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The

prevalence of parasitic infection is 31.4% - 22.3% are single infection and 9.1% with

multiple infections (double and triple and quadruple). Hookworm, Trichuris trichura, and

Ascaris lumbricoides were the most common infections in all nationalities. Parasites were

found to be more prevalent among Indians followed by Indonesians, Filipinos then Sri

Lankans. In addition, the prevalence rate found in this study was high enough to merit a

spotlight on it as a problem. Health education should be then increased to raise awareness

of the society about such a health problem.

Consequently, Simmona Penizzi, Chiara Gorrini,Gionanna Piccolo, Adriana

Calderaro, Giuseppe Dettori, Carlo CHezzi stated in their study that 148 patients

(13.24% were affected by intestinal parasitosis. Among the 951 Italians, 96 (10%) were

infected, while out of a total of 166 foreigners 52 had intestinal parasitosis (31%).

Moreover, we found that 113 infections were caused by only one parasite while 35 were

mixed infections. In addition, intestinal parasitosis represents a remarkable cause of

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gastrointestinal disease and our study demonstrates that these infections are quite

common in our area, affecting both Italians and non European citizens from developing

countries.

Moreover, according to I. Jamaiah and M. Rohela Department of Parasitology.

Faculty of Medicine University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia entitled prevalence of

intestinal parasites among members of the public in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The

overall infection rate was 6.9% (17 out of 246), with Trichuris trichiura being the most

common parasite (4.5%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (0.8%), Clonorchis sinensis

(0.8%), hookworm (0.4%), and Entamoeba histolytica (0.4%). None of these participants

showed any clinical symptoms. The highest infection rate was in the age group 16-30

years, which was 9% (6 out of 67).

While, according to Fadel A. Sharif entitled prevalence and seasonal fluctuations

of common intestinal parasites in Khan Younes, 1996-2000. Of the 5,704(32.14%) were

found to be positive. The overall prevalence of the common parasites was: Entamoeba

histolytica (54.08%), Giardia lamblia (22.84%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (20.21%). The

overall monthly incidence of parasites showed significant seasonal fluctuations. Peak

incidence of intestinal parasites occurred during the summer season (June to August), and

the lowest was during the winter season (December to February). The prevalence of

intestinal parasites has dropped significantly over the reviewed years from 42.87% in

1996 to 23.86% in 2000 (p<0.01). Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides decreased from

28.38% to 7.64%.

Furthermore, according to the study entitled prevalence of intestinal parasitic

infestation in school children in the Northeastern part of Kathmandu Valley Nepal by

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Batu Krishna Sharmal, Shiba Kumar Rail, Diyo Ram Rai2 and Deepali Roy Choudhuryl.

The overall prevalence of parasitosis was 66.6% (395/533) with no significant difference

between boys and girls (p<0.05). Tibeto-Burman children had a non-significant higher

prevalence, compared with Indo-Aryan and Dalit children (p<0.05). Half (53.8%;

191/355) of the children had multiple parasitic infections. Altogether, nine types if

parasites were recovered. The recovery rate of helminthes was higher (76.9%) than

protozoa (23.1%). Trichuris trichiura was the most common helminth detected, followed

by hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and others.

In addition, according to the study entitled detection and prevalence of intestinal

parasites in patients in Abeokuta, South-western, Nigeria by I.O. Okonko, F.A Soleye,

T.A. Amusan, O.K.Mejeha, E.T. Babalola and O.A. Adekolurejo. The overall prevalence

was 6.6% and mostly in females (7.1%) than in males (6.4%). More parasites were

detected in stool samples collected in 2002 (23.6%) than other years studied, there was

also significant difference in the years under study (P=0.05). The parasites include:

Ascaris lumbricoides [57(38.8%)] and Schistosoma Mansoni [4(2.7%)] and

trophozoites/cysts of Entamoeba histolytica [76(51.7%)]. There were cases of multiple

infection of Ascaris lumbricoides and E. histolytica [10(6.9%)].

Likewise, according to the study entitled Intestinal Obstruction due to Ascaris by

Jesus Miguel Galiano Gil. More than a billion people worldwide are infected with one or

more species of intestinal nematodes. The ascariasis is one of the roundworm parasites

more commonly seen of human being and it is calculated that the world population’s

fourth part is infected. Although that the clinical pictures of this illness courses mostly

with silent form or chronic symptomatology, the massive infestation in children can give

22

place to serious complications that required emergency surgical treatment with a

favorable evolution.

Cross, J.H., Alquiza, G. and Ranoa, C. of San Lazaro Hospital, Manila,

Philippines, also said in their study that intestinal parasitic infections are not unique to

the Philippines and a number of reports are published on prevalence rates dating back to

the beginning of the century. Cabreral in 1971 reviewed data from 1908 to 1970 and

recently Cross and Basaca-Sevilla (1984) published a report on stool examinations

conducted among many of the Philippine Isalands. In these surveys of urban and rural

populations, over 30,000 single stools were examined and 86% were found to have one or

more intestinal parasitic infections. In 1980, the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.2

(NAMRU-2) initiated a variety of studies in collaboration with the staff at San Lazaro

Hospital. Most patients involved in these studies submitted stool specimens that were

examined by the NAMRU Parasitology laboratory. This report presents the result of

those examination performed from 1980 until 1984.

Finaly, Baldo, E.sT., Belizario, V.Y., et.al., stated in their study entitled “Infection

status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila,

the Philippines”, a small scale survey was performed to know the infection status of

intestinal parasite in children of the residential institutions and street communities in

Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 284 stool samples from 11 institutions and 3 street

communities were examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. The scotch tape

anal swab was adapted to 121 children to investigate the infection status of Enterobius

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vermicularis. It was found out that 62.0% of the children examined were positive for one

or more intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2% of the children.

Among 172 children who gave detail information, the prevalence for Ascaris

lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm was 36.0%, 44.8%, and 7.0%

respectively. Of the children examined, 47.7% were found to be harboring parasitic

protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis.

The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7%.

The prevalence of these infections among children living in institutions was relatively

high. More efforts should be made to implement anthelminthic programs including bi-

annual follow-up treatments.

24

Chapter III

Methodology

Research Design

The research design utilized in the study was experimental post-test design. This

is so because the stool specimen coming from the respondents and soil samples taken

from the dumpsite and at the vicinity of the residents near the dumpsite were examined

just after the specimen collection process via Formalin Ether Concentration Technique

followed by a microscopic examination. In addition, analysis and interpretation of the

results were done after.

Time and Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at the 10.6 hectare dumpsite located in Carig Norte,

Tuguegarao City, between the municipality of Iguig and Tuguegrao including its nearby

residential area. Moreover, microscopic examination was performed in Cagayan State

University, Andrews’s campus, Tuguegarao City, Clinical Laboratory.

It was conducted from June to September 2010. The specific dates were the following:

25

First, ocular observation and meeting with the dumpsite personnel was done on June 28,

2010. It was followed by the orientation and Information Education Campaign (IEC) as

well as an interview to the respondents on July 5, 2010. After which the simultaneous

collection of soil samples and stool specimens were done. It was conducted from July 11,

2010 to July 27, 2010. Dissemination of the results to the respondents was next on

September 2, 2010.

Research Instrument

Administration of microscopic examination was needed in the study which was

used to gather the necessary data in the determination of the prevalence of intestinal

parasites harbored by the respondents via stool specimens as well as the identification of

parasites presents in the soil samples.

The following materials, equipment and solution were utilized: microscope, glass

slides, stool cups, cotton, cover slips, applicator sticks, dropper/pipette, centrifuge tubes,

gauze, graduated cylinder, weighing balance, beakers, alcohol, ether/ethyl acetate, 10%

formalin, .85% Normal Saline solution, and parafilm.

Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study were all the residents near the dumpsite who are

scavengers. In addition, garbage collectors, and garbage truck drivers were also included.

26

Sampling was done with regards to the gender, educational attainment, marital status and

livelihood of the respondents. Slovin’s formula was utilized to determine the specific

number of respondents needed.

Collection and Processing of Data

The researchers asked permission from the two officers-in-charge at the dumpsite

and at the same time the researchers did an ocular observation. After permission was

granted, the researchers conducted an orientation, and an Information Education

Campaign (IEC) among the respondents regarding the research study, the presence of

intestinal parasites in the area, mode of transmission, parasitic infections and

interventions as well as the proper collection of stool specimens and when the proper

time to collect. After which, they also conducted an interview to illicit the respondents

name, educational attainment, marital status and livelihood. These parameters were

further correlated to the result of microscopic examination.

At the scheduled time of submission of the stool specimen, the researchers

collected the specimens including soil samples and immediately transported them into the

college of Allied Health Sciences, Clinical Laboratory. When the researchers had arrived

at the laboratory, stool specimens were preserved with 10% formalin prior to processing.

The soil samples were not preserved unlike the stool samples. After that, they performed

Formalin Ether Concentration Technique. This laboratory procedure was done both on

the stool and soil samples however, in the processing of stool sample, the sediments were

27

used and the supernatant was discarded whereas in the processing of soil samples it was

vise versa.

The following chronological procedures of the said technique shall follow which was

followed by the researchers:

1. The researchers thoroughly comminute approximately 1.0 to 1.5 g of fresh stools in

10ml 10% formalin in a suitable container. They stand for 30 minutes or longer to

achieve adequate fixations for very loose or watery stool samples. They used 5 to 6ml

of material.

2. They strained the suspension through two layers of wet gauze and they poured into 15

ml conical centrifuge tube.

3. They fill the tubes with NSS, they centrifuged at 400 – 500 g for 1 – 2 minutes.

4. They discarded the supernatant if cloudy; they resuspended the sediments then

centrifuge again using NSS. They proceed to the next step only after the supermarket

was clear.

5. They resuspended the sediment in 10% formalin to a volume of 10 ml; added 3 ml of

ether then shaked vigorously for 30 seconds.

6. They centrifuged at 400 – 500 g for 2 – 3 minutes. When tests was removed, they saw

four layers: (a) a to layer of ether (b) a plug of debris adhering to the walls (c) a layer

of formalin and (d) sediment for examination. They inserted an applicator stick with

cottoned tip to ring and loosend the plug of debris and then eventually decanted it.

7. They did wet mount preparation and then microscopic examination with the help of

an expert parasitologist. Iodine was utilized for ease and better viewing.

28

Figure 3.1 the flow chart

29

Asking permission by the researchers to the officer-in-charge at the dumpsite

Ocular observation

Orientation and IEC, and Interview

Collection of stool specimen and soil sample

Preservation of stool specimen

Fecalysis (Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) and soil analysis

Microscopic examination

Validation (by an expert Parasitologist)

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

Test for correlation was utilized in correlating the microscopic results as to

gender, educational attainment, livelihood, and marital status. It was further statistically

analyzed using Chi-Square test of independence. In addition, Chi- Square goodness of fit

was then utilized to determine the significant association between the parasite identified

in the stool specimen and the parasites present in the soil samples.

30

Chapter IV

DATA PRESENTATION, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION

The succeeding presentations revealed the results obtained in the statistical

determination of the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at Tuguegarao, City dumpsite.

Table 4.1 Gender and Individual Parasite Count Cross tabulation.

GenderResult

TotalNOPS Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm

Male 27 11 1 39Female 4 3 1 8

Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square test Value Df P value

2.105a 2 0.349

This table shows the frequency count of specific soil-transmitted intestinal

parasites with regards to respondent’s gender.

Based on the result of the Chi-square test of independence, at 5% level of

significance, thus there was no association between gender and the parasites isolated

from the respondents (Pvalue=0.349).

However, there was a violation of the assumption of chi-square test of

independence so categories from the column of parasites were combined to make the chi-

square result more reliable.

31

Table 4.2 Gender and Parasite Count Cross tabulation

.

Gender ResultTotal

NOPS Parasite Male 27 12 39 Female 4 4 8Total 31 16 47

Chi-square Test Value Df Fisher Exact Test Value1.0939 1 0.416

This table shows the frequency count of all the soil transmitted intestinal parasites

with regards to the respondent’s gender.

Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher exact

value of 0.416 at 5% level of significance there was really no significant association.

Meaning, species of parasites isolated from the respondents has no bearing with gender of

the respondents.

Table 4.3 Educational Attainment and Individual Parasite Count Cross

tabulation.

Educational AttainmentResult

TotalNOPS Ascaris Lumbricoides HookwormNot yet studying Elementary graduate/level High school graduate/level College Graduate/level

61492

0842

1100

723134

Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square test Value df P value

5.8909 6 0.436

32

This table shows the frequency count of specific soil-transmitted parasite with

regards to educational attainment of the respondents.

Based on the result of the chi-square test of independence with a P value of 0.436

at 5% level of significance thus, there was no significant association, this means that

parasites isolated from the respondents were not been affected by educational attainment.

However, there was again a violation of the assumption of chi-square test of

independence so categories from the column of parasites were combined to make the chi-

square result with regards to marital status more reliable.

Table 4.4 Educational Attainment and Parasite Cross tabulation.

Educational AttainmentResult Total

NOPS Parasite At most elementary graduate /level 20 10 30 At least high school graduate/level 11 6 17Total 31 16 47

Chi-square Test Value df Fisher Exact Value0.0199 1 0.569

This table shows the frequency count of all the soil –transmitted intestinal

parasites with regards to educational attainment of the respondents.

Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher exact

value of 0.569 at 5% level of significance, there was again no association. This clearly

implies that parasites isolated from the respondents had not been affected by educational

attainment.

33

Table 4.5 Marital Status and Individual Parasite Count Cross Tabulation.

Marital StatusResult

TotalNOPS Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm

Single 7 1 0 8Married 24 13 2 39

Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square Value Df P value

2.056 2 0.358

This table shows the frequency count of the specific soil-transmitted intestinal

parasites with regards to marital status of the respondents.

Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a P value of

0.358 at 5% level of significance, there was no association. This result simply means that

parasites isolated from the respondents had not been affected by marital status of the

respondents.

However, there was also a violation of assumption of chi-square test of

independence as two preceding parameters do. In conjunction, categories from the

column of parasites were combined to make the chi-square result more reliable.

34

Table 4.6 Marital Status and Parasite Count Cross tabulation.

Marital StatusResult

TotalNOPS Parasites Single Married

724

115

839

Total 31 16 47Chi-square Test Value df Fisher Exact Test

1.9939 1 0.234

This table shows the frequency count of all soil-transmitted intestinal parasites

with regards to marital status of the respondents.

Based on the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher’s exact

value of 0.234 at 5% level of significance has no association. This result implies that

marital status has really o effect on the parasites species isolated from the respondents.

Table 4.7 Livelihood and Individual Parasite Count Cross tabulation.

LivelihoodResult

TotalNOPS Ascaris Lumbricoides HookwormsNot applicableScavengersGarbage CollectorGarbage Truck Drivers

78142

0365

0200

713207

Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square Value Df P Value

14.389 6 0.026Value P Value

Phi 0.553 0.026Cramer’s V 0.391 0.026

35

This table shows the frequency count of specific soil-transmitted intestinal

parasites with regards to livelihood of the respondents.

Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a P value of

0.026, association was found to exist. In addition, with a P value of again 0.026 in terms

of Phi and Cramer’s V when symmetrically measured, it was showcased that there is a

strong degree of association. Meaning livelihood is strongly associated with the parasites

isolated from the respondents.

However, there was a violation of the assumption of chi-square test independence

so categories from the column of parasite were combined to make the chi-square result

more reliable.

Table 4.8 Livelihood and Parasite Count Cross tabulation.

LivelihoodResult

TotalNOPS Parasite Not applicable Scavengers Garbage Collector Garbage Truck Drivers

78142

0565

713207

Total 31 16 47Chi-square Value df P Value


Phi 0.418 0.042Cramer’s V 0.418 0.042

This table shows the frequency of all the soil-transmitted intestinal parasites with

regards to livelihood of the respondents.

36

Based from the chi-square test of independence with a P value of 0.042 at 5%

level of significance, there was no association. It was further symmetrically measured

wherein Phi and Cramer’s V P values is 0.042 again. This simply means that, there is a

strong degree of association as the result of the first measurement implied.

However, like the first one, there was still a violation of the assumption of chi-

square test of independence so categories from the column of parasites were again

recombined to make the chi-square result exactly reliable.

Table 4.9 Categorized Livelihood and Parasite Cross tabulation.

LivelihoodResult

TotalNOPS Parasite Not applicable On garbage exposure

724

016

740

Total 31 16 47Chi-square Value df Fisher Exact Test Value


Phi 0.301 0.039Cramer’s V 0.301 0.039

This table shows the frequency count of all the soil-transmitted intestinal parasites

with regards to livelihood of the respondents. Livelihood was further categorized only

into two broader group either not applicable or on garbage exposure.

Based on the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher’s exact

test value of again 0.042, like the first two testing, it means, there was an association and

it was further found out with, symmetrical measurement that the association is strong

with a Phi and Cramer’s V P value of 0.039.

37

Table 4.10 Parasite Isolated from the Respondents and Soil Sample from Dumpsite

Vicinity Cross tabulation.

ResultResidualObserved N Expected N

NOPSAscaris lumbricoidesHookworm

31142

33.312.71.0

-2.31.31.0

Total 47Result

Chi-square 1.3499Df 2

P Value 0.509

This table shows the count of parasite isolated from the respondents and parasites

isolated from the soil taken from the vicinity of the dumpsite.

Based from the chi-square goodness of fit with a P value of 0.509 at 5% level of

significance it was found out that the number of occurrence of parasite from the

respondents followed the distribution of the parasite seen in the soil sample from the

dumpsite vicinity.

38

Table 4.11 Parasite Isolated from the Respondents and Soil Sample from the Vicinity of

the Residents near the Dumpsite.

ResultResidualObserved N Expected N

NOPSAscaris lumbricoidesHookworm

31142

33.312.71.0

-2.31.31.0

Total 47Result

Chi-square 1.3499Df 2

P Value 0.509

This table shows the count of parasite isolated from the respondents and parasites

isolated from the soil taken from the vicinity of the residents nearby dumpsite.

Based from the chi-square goodness of fit with a P value of 0.509 at 5% level of

significance it was found out that the proportion of parasite found to be present in the

respondents followed the distribution of the parasite isolated from the soil sample taken

from the vicinity of the residents.

39

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of the study, the conclusions drawn from the

analysis of the data and some recommendations based on the research findings relative to

the prevalence of intestinal parasites at Tuguegarao City dumpsite.

Summary

The study generally determined the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at

Tuguegarao City dumpsite. Specifically, it determined the intestinal parasites harbored by

the respondents such as the residents of Tuguegarao City dumpsite as well the garbage

collectors and garbage truck drivers. It further identify intestinal parasite in soil samples

taken at Tuguegarao City dumpsite within the vicinity itself ad soil from the vicinity of

the residents. The study also assessed if the intestinal parasites harbored by the

respondents is the same with those isolated from the soil.

Moreover, it determined if there is significant association of parasites isolated

from the respondents when grouped according to: gender, educational attainment, marital

status and livelihood. It likewise assessed the degree of association if ever it exists.

Data were gathered through fecalysis and soil analysis using formalin, ether

concentration technique microscopic examination. Analysis of data included test of

correlations and proportion wherein chi-square test of independence chi-square goodness

of fit test were utilized appropriately.

40

Results indicated that intestinal parasitism exist at Tuguegarao City dumpsite.

Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were the species isolated from the soil samples both

from the dumpsite vicinity and from the vicinity of the residents. The same species of

soil-transmitted intestinal parasites were found out to be harbored by the respondents.

Regarding the parameters measured with regards to the isolated species of parasites only

livelihood resulted with association and the other three (gender, educational attainment

and marital status) were not associated with the isolated parasites. Thus, it implied that

livelihood greatly intestinal prasitoses among the respondents.

Finally, the study resulted that the species of parasites harbored by the

respondents were similar to the species isolated from the soil samples. This is so since the

statistical analysis showed the existence of proportion and distribution similarity of

parasites between the stool specimen and soil samples.

Conclusion

As revealed in the results of the study which were carefully observed and

evaluated, the following conclusions where made:

1. Generally, it was found out that there is an existence of parasite at Tuguegarao

City dumpsite.

2. It was further found out that Ascaris lumbrocoides and hookworm was the

parasites that were harbored by the neighbor near the dumpsite of Tuguegarao

City garbage collector and garbage truck driver.

3. There is an association of parasites isolated from the respondents with regards

to gender, educational attainment, marital status and livelihood. On the other

41

hand livelihood is strongly associated with the parasite taken from the

residents.

4. The intestinal parasite present in the soil either taken from the dumpsite or

from the vicinity of the residents was Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm

species.

5. The intestinal parasites harbored by the respondents were the same with those

isolated from the soil samples since it was showcased that species and

probability distribution of parasites from the respondents coincide with those

seen and observed from the soil sample.

Recommendation

In reference with the findings and conclusion of the study, the researchers suggest

the following recommendations:

1. It was found out that there is really a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in

Tuguegarao City dumpsite thus, the researchers recommend the council of

Tuguegarao and other local government units to give more priority and exert more

effort to solve the problem of parasitism specially the people who are exposed at

the dumpsite and have direct to the garbage and including the soil which may

contain parasites.

2. Since there was children who were infected with intestinal parasites, the

Department of Health (DOH) specifically the DOH Region 02 should strength

their on going program regarding parasitism such as the “Garantisadong Pambata

42

Program “. Moreover, they must take into consideration also the health of the

other people involved who are considered to be the vulnerable group.

3. The respondents should be disseminated properly on the prevention, control and

treatment of the intestinal parasitism. As such, they should also conform to what

they had learned such as using gloves, boots, masks and other necessary materials

to avoid direct contact to the garbage and soil at the dumpsite which are

contaminated with parasite.

4. A replicable study is suggested to further validate the data on the parameters

assessed. The future researchers must also formulate other parameters which are

essential in the study.

5. On the procedure, Formalin Ether Concentration Technique, other methods must

be tested and compared to the said procedure to look for the best and most

appropriate suitable for the study.

43

Literature Cited

Internet/s

Bethony, J. et.al,. Soil-Transmitted Helmith Infections: ascaris, trichuriasis and

hookworm. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000631-treatment

Hickman, J. et.al., “The Sanitary Landfill”. A Brief History of Solid Waste

Mangement in US during the last 50 years.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/landpill

http://Findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mOWPD/iv_2001_Jan_8lai_70384771

http://www.cncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18645945

http://www2.doh.gov.ph/NOHWel32/NOHpersubj/Chap4/SoilTHOP.pdf

Book

Training Course in Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, College of Public Health

Universityof the Philippines, Manila. Pg. 64-75

44

APPENDICES

45

APPENDIX A

Results of the Statistical Analysis Using Chi- Square Test of Independence and Chi-

Square Goodness of Fit

A) Chi-square test of independence showing the possibility of association of isolated

intestinal parasites from the respondents with regards to gender, educational

attainment, marital status and livelihood.

Ho: x & y are not associated

Ha: x & y are associated

Decision rule: Reject Ho if P value <.05, else fail to reject Ho.

1) Gender

46

gender * result Cross tabulation

Count

Result

TotalNOPS

Ascaris

lumbricoides hookworm

Gender male 27 11 1 39

female 4 3 1 8

Total 31 14 2 47

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value

Pearson Chi-Square 2.105a 2 .349

Likelihood Ratio 1.723 2 .423

Linear-by-Linear

Association

1.720 1 .190

N of Valid Cases 47

a. 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .34.

47

gender * result 2 Cross tabulation

Count

Result 2

TotalNOPS parasite

Gender male 27 12 39

female 4 4 8

Total 31 16 47

48

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value


Continuity Correction .405 1 .525


Fisher's Exact Test .416

Linear-by-Linear

Association

1.070 1 .301

N of Valid Cases 47

a.1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.72.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

49

1) Educational attainment

Educational attainment* result Cross tabulation

Count

Result

TotalNOPS

Ascaris.

lumbricoi

des

hookwor

m

Educatio

nal

attainmen

t

not yet

studying

6 0 1 7

Elementary 14 8 1 23

High school 9 4 0 13

College

(level/ graduate)

2 2 0 4

Total 31 14 2 47

50

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value



Linear-by-Linear

Association

.039 1 .843

N of Valid Cases 47



Educational attainment * result 2 Cross tabulation

Count

Result 2

TotalNOPS

parasit

e

Educati-

onal

attainme

ntl

At most elementa

graduate/level

20 10 30

At least high school

graduate/level

11 6 17

Total 31 16 47

51

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value



Linear-by-Linear

Association

1.954 1 .162

N of Valid Cases 47



Marital Status*Result 2 Cross Tabulation

Count

Result 2

TotalNOPS Parasite

Marital Status Single

Married

Total

7

24

31

1

15

16

8

39

47

52

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value


Continuity Correctionb 1.004 1 .316



Linear-by-Linear

Association

1.950 1 .163

N of Valid Cases 47

a. 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.72.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

1) Livelihood

Criteria for the degree of association<.3 = weak=.3 = moderate>.3 = strong

53

Livelihood*Result Cross TabulationCount

ResultTotal

NOPS Ascaris lumbricoides

Hookworm

Livelihood not applicable Scavenger Garbage collector Garbage truck drivers

Total

78142

31

O365

14

0200

2

713207

47

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value

Pearson Chi-

Square

14.389a 6 .026


Linear-by-Linear

Association

2.470 1 .116

N of Valid Cases 47

54

a. 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less

than 5. The minimum expected count

is .30.

Symmetric Measures

Value

Approx.

Sig.

Nominal by

Nominal

Phi .553 .026

Cramer's V .391 .026

N of Valid Cases 47

55

Livelihood * result 2 Cross tabulation

Count number 2

Result

TotalNOPS parasite

Livelihood not applicable 7 0 7

Scavenger 8 5 13

Garbage collectors 14 6 20

Garbage truck

drivers

2 5 7

Total 31 16 47

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value



Linear-by-Linear

Association

5.117 1 .024

N of Valid Cases 47


minimum expected count is 2.38.

56

Symmetric Measures

Value

Approx.

Sig.

Nominal by

Nominal

Phi .418 .042


N of Valid Cases 47

Livelihood2 * result 3 Cross tabulation

Count number 3

Result 3

TotalNOPS parasite

Livelihood Not app 7 0 7

On Garbage

exposure

24 16 40

Total 31 16 47

57

Chi-Square Tests

Value df P value


Continuity Correctionb 2.651 1 .104



Linear-by-Linear Association 4.155 1 .042

N of Valid Cases 47

Symmetric Measures

Value

Approx.

Sig.

Nominal by

Nominal

Phi .301 .039


N of Valid Cases 47

B) Chi-square goodness of fit on the determination of the relationship between the

parasites isolated from the respondents and the one that were isolated from the soil

58

Ho: The data follow a specified distribution

Ha: The data do not follow a specified distribution

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if P value < .05, else accept Ho.

Respondents vs Soil Sample from the Dumpsite Vicinity

Result

Observed

N Expected N Residual

NOPS 31 33.3 -2.3

A.lumbricoi

des

14 12.7 1.3

Hookworm 2 1.0 1.0

Total 47

59

Test Statistics

result

Chi-Square 1.349a

Df 2

P value .509

a. 1 cells (33.3%) have

expected frequencies

less than 5. The

minimum expected

cell frequency is 1.0.

Respondents vs Soil Sample from the Vicinity of the Residents

Result

Observed N Expected N Residual

NOPS 31 33.3 -2.3

A.lumbri 14 12.7 1.3

Hookworm 2 1.0 1.0

Total 47

60

Test Statistics

result

Chi-Square 1.349a

Df 2

P value .509

a. 1 cells (33.3%) have

expected frequencies

less than 5. The

minimum expected

cell frequency is 1.0.

61

APPENDIX B

Table of Results in Fecalysis and Soil Anlysis Table of results in FecalysisRespondents’

no.Sex Marital status Educational

attainmentLivelihood Result

1 M Married Elementary graduate

Scavenger -( NOPS)

2 M Married High school graduate

Scavenger -( NOPS)

3 M Single Not yet studying

Not applicable -( NOPS)



5 F Married Elementary graduate

Scavenger +( Ascaris lumbricoides)



7 M Married Grade VI Scavenger +(Hookworm)8 F Married 3RD year high

schoolScavenger +( Ascaris

lumbricoides)9 F Married Elementary

graduateScavenger -( NOPS)

10 M Single Grade II Not applicable -( NOPS)11 M Married College

graduateScavenger -( NOPS)

12 F Married 2ND year college Scavenger -( NOPS)13 M Married 3RD year high

schoolScavenger -( NOPS)

14 F Married Grade V Scavenger +( Ascaris lumbricoides)

15 M Married Grade V Scavenger -( NOPS)16 F Married 3RD year high

schoolScavenger -( NOPS)

17 M Married Not yet studying


18 F Married Not yet studying

Scavenger +(Hookworm)

19 F Single Not yet studying




21 M Married Grade VI Garbage truck driver

-( NOPS)

22 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector

+( Ascaris lumbricoides)



24 M Married 3RD year college Garbage collector

-( NOPS)


Garbage collector

-( NOPS)

26 M Single Grade II Garbage truck driver


62


Garbage collector

-( NOPS)

28 M Single 2ND year high school

Garbage collector

-( NOPS)

29 M Married Grade IV Garbage truck driver



-( NOPS)


-( NOPS)

32 M Married 3RD year high school

Garbage collector


33 M Married 2ND year college Garbage truck driver


34 M Married 3RD year college Garbage truck driver


35 M Married 2ND year high school

Garbage collector



-( NOPS)


Garbage collector

-( NOPS)

38 M Married Grade IV Garbage truck driver



-( NOPS)




Garbage collector


42 M Married Grade IV Garbage collector

-( NOPS)


-( NOPS)


Garbage truck driver

-( NOPS)


-( NOPS)


Garbage collector

-( NOPS)


Garbage collector

-( NOPS)

LEGEND:NOPS- No ova of parasite seenM- MaleF- Female

63

Table of Results in Soil Analysis A B

Sample no. Results Sample no. Results1 -( NOPS) 1 -( NOPS)2 -( NOPS) 2 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)3 -( NOPS) 3 -( NOPS)4 -( NOPS) 4 -( NOPS)5 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 5 -( NOPS)6 -( NOPS) 6 -( NOPS)7 -( NOPS) 7 -( NOPS)8 -( NOPS) 8 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)9 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 9 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)10 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 10 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)11 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 11 -( NOPS)12 -( NOPS) 12 -( NOPS)13 -( NOPS) 13 -( NOPS)14 -( NOPS) 14 -( NOPS)15 -( NOPS) 15 -( NOPS)

LEGEND:

NOPS- No ova of parasite seenA- Soil sample from the dumpsiteB- soil sample from the vicinity of the squatter area

64

APPENDIX CDocumentation

65

APPENDIX DLetters

66

CURRICULUM VITAE

67

PERSONAL DATA

Name : HAZEL JOY C. SALUDARES

Age : 20

Birthday : August 20, 1990

Contact No. : 09059612290

E-mail Address : [email protected].

Sex : Female

Civil Status : Single

Address : 96 Rizal Street Bagu, Abulug, Cagayan

Parents

Father : Jaime F.Saludares

Mother : Sally C. Saludares

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Bagu Elementary School

(1997-2003)

High School : Abulug School of Fisheries

(2003-2007)

College : Cagayan State University (Andrews Campus)

(2007 – Present)

68

PERSONAL DATA

Name : HERNANI A. BIAG

Age : 21

Birthday : September 15, 1989

Contact No. : 09262892608

E-mail Address : [email protected]

Sex : Male


Address : Tallang, Baggao, Cagayan

Parents

Father : Armando C. Biag

Mother : Teresita A. Biag



Elementary : Tallang Elementary School

(1997-2003)

High School : Baggao National Agricultural School

(2003-2007)

College : Cagayan State University ( Andrews Campus)

(2007 – Present)

69

PERSONAL DATA

Name : LEILORAINE R. TUMANGUIL

Age : 20

Birthday : December 29, 1990

Contact No. : 09059259594

E-mail Address : [email protected].

Sex : Female


Address : 19 B Tumanguil Street Annafunan East, Tuguegarao City

Parents

Father : Loreto T. Tumanguil

Mother : Leonida R. Tumanguil



Elementary : Annafunan East Elementary School

(1997-2003)

High School : Cagayan National High School

(2003-2007)


(2007 – Present)

70

PERSONAL DATA

Name : MARYBETH L. TABUA

Age : 20

Birthday : August 5, 1990

Contact No. : 09351284065

E-mail Address : [email protected]

Sex : Female


Address : 031 Lingu Highway, Solana, Cagayan

Parents

Father : Melecio C. Tabua

Mother : Elizabeth L. Tabua



Elementary : Lingu Elementary School

(1997-2003)

High School : Cagayan National High School

(2003-2007)


(2007 – Present)

71