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SUBMITTED BY - AVENUGOPAL
CONTENTS
SRNO PARTICULARS PAGE
1
NO
1 ABSTRACT 4
2 OBJECTIVE TO STUDY 5
3 INTRODUCTION 6
4 MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTRES 7-8
5 MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
5 PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT
INDUSTRY
9-11
6 GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN
DEVELOPMENT OF SALT INDUSTRY
12-16
7 GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT
DEVELOPMENT
17-18
8 SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS 19-27
9 SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY 28-30
10 TYPICAL OPERATION INVOLVED IN
SOLAR SALT OPERATION
31-32
11 SALT USES IN VAROUS SECTOR 33-36
12 CAPITAL BUDGET MODEL FOR SALT
HARVESTING BUSINESS
37-41
SRNO PARTICULARS PAGE NO
12 POTENTAIL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT
INDUSTRY
42
13 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SALT BUSINESS IN
INDIA
43-44
2
14 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45
15 RELAVENT INFORMATION ANNEXURES
16 REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Solar salt works are very well known plants mainly because of
their product Salt is one of the worlds best-known minerals
and the chemical substance most related with the history of
human civilization Its significance for the creation of life itself
on the planet and its importance as a commodity are
paramount The biological process that develops along with the
increasing salinity gradient in the evaporating ponds and
crystallizers of salt works produces excellent food for many
3
The basic steps in the evolution of solar salt production process
are identified where the final one corresponds to modern salt
works operation It is shown that especially modern salt works
are not just salt production plants but they also function as
integrated saline wetlands Their ecological importance consists
in the fact that they comprise the characteristics of both regular
and hyper saline wetlands
OBECTIVES TO STUDY
TO STUDY THE WHOLE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION SALT PRODUCTION
TO STUDY PRODUCTION PLANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL
TO ANALYSIS THE SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
GOVERNMENT ROLE IN SALT INDUSTRY
TO STUDY THE SCOPE OF SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
COSTING (CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR SALT HARVESTING BUSINESS
4
INTRODUCTION OF SALT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
India is the third largest Salt producing Country in the World
after China and USA with Global annual production being about
230 million tones The growth and achievement of Salt Industry
over the last 60 years has been spectacular When India
attained Independence in 1947 salt was being imported from
the United Kingdom amp Adens to meet its domestic requirement
But today it has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production
of salt to meet its domestic requirement but also in a position of
exporting surplus salt to foreign countries The production of
salt during 1947 was 19 million tones which has increased ten
fold to record 20 million tones during 2005
5
SOURCES OF SALT
The main sources of salt in India are
middot Sea brine
middot Lake brine
middot Sub-soil brine and
middot Rock salt deposits
MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTERS
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt Salt production
along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions The
major salt producing centres are Marine Salt works along the
coast various states-
1 Gujarat (Jamnagar MithapurJhakhar Chira Bhavnagar
Rajula Dahej Gandhidham Kandla Maliya Lavanpur)
Gandhidham is located in vast desert close to the Arabian sea is
the largest four where wind and sun rise is plenty and rainfall is
rare its numerous salt pans are renowned for excellent quality
raw white salt which is pure white and aboundant
2 Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin Vedaranyam Covelong)
6
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
NO
1 ABSTRACT 4
2 OBJECTIVE TO STUDY 5
3 INTRODUCTION 6
4 MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTRES 7-8
5 MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
5 PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT
INDUSTRY
9-11
6 GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN
DEVELOPMENT OF SALT INDUSTRY
12-16
7 GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT
DEVELOPMENT
17-18
8 SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS 19-27
9 SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY 28-30
10 TYPICAL OPERATION INVOLVED IN
SOLAR SALT OPERATION
31-32
11 SALT USES IN VAROUS SECTOR 33-36
12 CAPITAL BUDGET MODEL FOR SALT
HARVESTING BUSINESS
37-41
SRNO PARTICULARS PAGE NO
12 POTENTAIL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT
INDUSTRY
42
13 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SALT BUSINESS IN
INDIA
43-44
2
14 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45
15 RELAVENT INFORMATION ANNEXURES
16 REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Solar salt works are very well known plants mainly because of
their product Salt is one of the worlds best-known minerals
and the chemical substance most related with the history of
human civilization Its significance for the creation of life itself
on the planet and its importance as a commodity are
paramount The biological process that develops along with the
increasing salinity gradient in the evaporating ponds and
crystallizers of salt works produces excellent food for many
3
The basic steps in the evolution of solar salt production process
are identified where the final one corresponds to modern salt
works operation It is shown that especially modern salt works
are not just salt production plants but they also function as
integrated saline wetlands Their ecological importance consists
in the fact that they comprise the characteristics of both regular
and hyper saline wetlands
OBECTIVES TO STUDY
TO STUDY THE WHOLE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION SALT PRODUCTION
TO STUDY PRODUCTION PLANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL
TO ANALYSIS THE SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
GOVERNMENT ROLE IN SALT INDUSTRY
TO STUDY THE SCOPE OF SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
COSTING (CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR SALT HARVESTING BUSINESS
4
INTRODUCTION OF SALT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
India is the third largest Salt producing Country in the World
after China and USA with Global annual production being about
230 million tones The growth and achievement of Salt Industry
over the last 60 years has been spectacular When India
attained Independence in 1947 salt was being imported from
the United Kingdom amp Adens to meet its domestic requirement
But today it has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production
of salt to meet its domestic requirement but also in a position of
exporting surplus salt to foreign countries The production of
salt during 1947 was 19 million tones which has increased ten
fold to record 20 million tones during 2005
5
SOURCES OF SALT
The main sources of salt in India are
middot Sea brine
middot Lake brine
middot Sub-soil brine and
middot Rock salt deposits
MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTERS
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt Salt production
along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions The
major salt producing centres are Marine Salt works along the
coast various states-
1 Gujarat (Jamnagar MithapurJhakhar Chira Bhavnagar
Rajula Dahej Gandhidham Kandla Maliya Lavanpur)
Gandhidham is located in vast desert close to the Arabian sea is
the largest four where wind and sun rise is plenty and rainfall is
rare its numerous salt pans are renowned for excellent quality
raw white salt which is pure white and aboundant
2 Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin Vedaranyam Covelong)
6
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
14 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45
15 RELAVENT INFORMATION ANNEXURES
16 REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Solar salt works are very well known plants mainly because of
their product Salt is one of the worlds best-known minerals
and the chemical substance most related with the history of
human civilization Its significance for the creation of life itself
on the planet and its importance as a commodity are
paramount The biological process that develops along with the
increasing salinity gradient in the evaporating ponds and
crystallizers of salt works produces excellent food for many
3
The basic steps in the evolution of solar salt production process
are identified where the final one corresponds to modern salt
works operation It is shown that especially modern salt works
are not just salt production plants but they also function as
integrated saline wetlands Their ecological importance consists
in the fact that they comprise the characteristics of both regular
and hyper saline wetlands
OBECTIVES TO STUDY
TO STUDY THE WHOLE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION SALT PRODUCTION
TO STUDY PRODUCTION PLANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL
TO ANALYSIS THE SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
GOVERNMENT ROLE IN SALT INDUSTRY
TO STUDY THE SCOPE OF SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
COSTING (CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR SALT HARVESTING BUSINESS
4
INTRODUCTION OF SALT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
India is the third largest Salt producing Country in the World
after China and USA with Global annual production being about
230 million tones The growth and achievement of Salt Industry
over the last 60 years has been spectacular When India
attained Independence in 1947 salt was being imported from
the United Kingdom amp Adens to meet its domestic requirement
But today it has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production
of salt to meet its domestic requirement but also in a position of
exporting surplus salt to foreign countries The production of
salt during 1947 was 19 million tones which has increased ten
fold to record 20 million tones during 2005
5
SOURCES OF SALT
The main sources of salt in India are
middot Sea brine
middot Lake brine
middot Sub-soil brine and
middot Rock salt deposits
MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTERS
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt Salt production
along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions The
major salt producing centres are Marine Salt works along the
coast various states-
1 Gujarat (Jamnagar MithapurJhakhar Chira Bhavnagar
Rajula Dahej Gandhidham Kandla Maliya Lavanpur)
Gandhidham is located in vast desert close to the Arabian sea is
the largest four where wind and sun rise is plenty and rainfall is
rare its numerous salt pans are renowned for excellent quality
raw white salt which is pure white and aboundant
2 Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin Vedaranyam Covelong)
6
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
The basic steps in the evolution of solar salt production process
are identified where the final one corresponds to modern salt
works operation It is shown that especially modern salt works
are not just salt production plants but they also function as
integrated saline wetlands Their ecological importance consists
in the fact that they comprise the characteristics of both regular
and hyper saline wetlands
OBECTIVES TO STUDY
TO STUDY THE WHOLE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION SALT PRODUCTION
TO STUDY PRODUCTION PLANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL
TO ANALYSIS THE SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
GOVERNMENT ROLE IN SALT INDUSTRY
TO STUDY THE SCOPE OF SALT BUSINESS IN INDIA
COSTING (CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR SALT HARVESTING BUSINESS
4
INTRODUCTION OF SALT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
India is the third largest Salt producing Country in the World
after China and USA with Global annual production being about
230 million tones The growth and achievement of Salt Industry
over the last 60 years has been spectacular When India
attained Independence in 1947 salt was being imported from
the United Kingdom amp Adens to meet its domestic requirement
But today it has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production
of salt to meet its domestic requirement but also in a position of
exporting surplus salt to foreign countries The production of
salt during 1947 was 19 million tones which has increased ten
fold to record 20 million tones during 2005
5
SOURCES OF SALT
The main sources of salt in India are
middot Sea brine
middot Lake brine
middot Sub-soil brine and
middot Rock salt deposits
MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTERS
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt Salt production
along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions The
major salt producing centres are Marine Salt works along the
coast various states-
1 Gujarat (Jamnagar MithapurJhakhar Chira Bhavnagar
Rajula Dahej Gandhidham Kandla Maliya Lavanpur)
Gandhidham is located in vast desert close to the Arabian sea is
the largest four where wind and sun rise is plenty and rainfall is
rare its numerous salt pans are renowned for excellent quality
raw white salt which is pure white and aboundant
2 Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin Vedaranyam Covelong)
6
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
INTRODUCTION OF SALT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
India is the third largest Salt producing Country in the World
after China and USA with Global annual production being about
230 million tones The growth and achievement of Salt Industry
over the last 60 years has been spectacular When India
attained Independence in 1947 salt was being imported from
the United Kingdom amp Adens to meet its domestic requirement
But today it has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production
of salt to meet its domestic requirement but also in a position of
exporting surplus salt to foreign countries The production of
salt during 1947 was 19 million tones which has increased ten
fold to record 20 million tones during 2005
5
SOURCES OF SALT
The main sources of salt in India are
middot Sea brine
middot Lake brine
middot Sub-soil brine and
middot Rock salt deposits
MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTERS
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt Salt production
along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions The
major salt producing centres are Marine Salt works along the
coast various states-
1 Gujarat (Jamnagar MithapurJhakhar Chira Bhavnagar
Rajula Dahej Gandhidham Kandla Maliya Lavanpur)
Gandhidham is located in vast desert close to the Arabian sea is
the largest four where wind and sun rise is plenty and rainfall is
rare its numerous salt pans are renowned for excellent quality
raw white salt which is pure white and aboundant
2 Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin Vedaranyam Covelong)
6
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
SOURCES OF SALT
The main sources of salt in India are
middot Sea brine
middot Lake brine
middot Sub-soil brine and
middot Rock salt deposits
MAJOR SALT PRODUCING CENTERS
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt Salt production
along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions The
major salt producing centres are Marine Salt works along the
coast various states-
1 Gujarat (Jamnagar MithapurJhakhar Chira Bhavnagar
Rajula Dahej Gandhidham Kandla Maliya Lavanpur)
Gandhidham is located in vast desert close to the Arabian sea is
the largest four where wind and sun rise is plenty and rainfall is
rare its numerous salt pans are renowned for excellent quality
raw white salt which is pure white and aboundant
2 Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin Vedaranyam Covelong)
6
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
3 Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam Iskapalli Krishnapatnam
Kakinada amp Naupada) Maharashtra(Bhandup Bhayandar
Palghar) Orissa (Ganjam Sumadi) and West Bengal (Contai)
4 Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil
brine viz Sambhar Lake Nawa Rajas Kuchhaman
5 Sujangarh and PhalodiSalt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-
soil brine
6 Kharaghoda Dhrangadhra SantalpurRock Salt Deposits at
Mandi in the State of Himachal PradeshThe major salt producing
centres
Fig -1
7
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
MARKET POSITION IN INDIA
Global demand for salt is forecast to grow 25 percent per year to 305 million metric tons in 2013 Expansion of salt demand in developing countries will more than offset the expected contraction of salt markets in advanced economies
SOURCE- World Salt made available by Reportlinkercom
The large chemical manufacturing market will generate the majority of additional demand between 2008 and 2013 due to strong expansion of chemical manufacturing activity in China This country was the largest consumer of salt in 2008 mostly due to its sizable chemical manufacturing industry but also because of the dietary needs of Chinas 13 billion residents China accounted for nearly one-quarter of global salt demand in 2008 and is projected to be the fastest growing major national market between 2008 and 2013 as its economy continues to expand robustly
Flooding un-seasonal rains foggy weather in China and Australia have ensured the demand picking up fromJapan Bangladesh Nepal Vietnam Indonesia and Malaysia for the industrial salt Exports in this calendar year (till date) have touched 38 million tonne and we expect it to cross 43 million tonne by December-end On an average India exports 25 million tonne salt said Raval who is also the general manager of Solaris ChemTech Industries a part of the $4-billion Avantha Group
8
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
India is the third-biggest salt manufacturer in the world after the US amp China Salt production in India is to the tune of about 19-20 million tonne per annum of which Gujarat produces 70 In the domestic market over 55-6 million tonne is used by the edible salt industry 85 million tonne is used by the chlor-alkali industry (which mainly produces caustic soda chlorine and soda ash) and over 2 million tonne in the water softening and tanning industry
Export contracts were signed at $35-40 a tonne Raw salt prices are currently ruling higher by Rs 100 to Rs 150 than the previous years Rs 600-800 a tonne In the retail refined iodized salt was selling at Rs 1200 to Rs 1800 a tonne depending on the brand and packaging compared to Rs 1000 to Rs 1200 a tonne at the beginning of the year
Source ET Ahir Salt Industries manager Raju Bhai Ahir
Indias edible salt market is 55-6 million tonne with branded salt market accounting for 13 million tonne With a market share of 64 in the branded salt market Tata Salt is the leading player followed by Hindustan Unilevers Annapurna Nirmas Shudh Salt and ITCs Aashirvaad Salt On the backdrop of a balanced supply and demand we see prices to remain stable Exports will be the real game changer in the coming days said Tata Chemical COO (consumer products) Ashvini Hiran
The largest producer of caustic soda in India Gujarat Alkalies amp Chemicals (GACL) expects salt prices to increase prices by 15-20
He added that all major players like GACL Indian Rayon Gujarat Fluoro chemicals were on an expansion mode By 2014 GACL will increase caustic soda production by 300 tonne per day from the current production of 1100-1150 tonne per day
9
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
PROFILE amp STATUS OF SALT INDUSTRY
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in
production of Common salt in an extent of about 550 lakh acres
in the Country It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total
number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having
an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture)
55 is large scale producers (having an individual extent of
more than 100 acres) and 45 is medium scale producers
(having an individual extent between 10 and 100
acres)
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones
whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded
during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006 Gujarat
Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States
accounting for about 96 per cent of the Countryrsquos production
Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production
followed by Tamil Nadu (12 ) and Rajasthan (8) The rest 4
production comes from Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa
Karnataka West Bengal Goa Himachal Pradesh Diu amp Daman
10
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Fig-2
Fig - 3
11
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
On an average 62 of the total production is from Large salt
producers followed by small scale producers (36) and rest by
medium scale producers The average annual supplies of salt
for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for
industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones 57 of the salt
for human consumption moves by rail and 43 by road 89 of
the salt for industrial consumption moves by road 7 by rail
and 4 by coastal shipment to various industries when the
total indigenous supplies is taken 69 per cent moves by road
27 moves by rail and 3 by sea
India exports surplus production of salt to the tune of about 25
lakh tonnes on an average During the year 2005 a record
export of 38 lakh tonnes was achieved primarily due to surge of
demand from China Other major countries importing salt from
India are Japan Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea North
Korea Malaysia UAE Vietnam etc
12
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Government of India has adopted the strategy of Universal Salt
Iodisation and Consumption for elimination of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (IDD) in the country under the National Iodine
Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) Iodine is
supplemented in the diet through Iodized Salt for combating
IDD The Programme was started in 1962 initially confining to
Goitre endemic areas but after 1984 it was implemented
throughout the country Thus as on date a significant progress
has been made on Universal Salt Iodization The country
produces about 50 lakh tones of Iodized salt and about 49 lakh
tones of iodized salt is supplied for human consumption against
the requirement of about 54 lakh tones for entire population
The country has created more than adequate salt iodization
capacity of over 110 lakh tones Salt Industry is labour intensive
in the country About 14 lakh labourers are employed daily in
the Salt Industry on an average Salt Commissionerrsquos
Organization has put in place a number of Labour Welfare
Schemes ameliorating the working and living conditions of salt
labourers
13
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
GOVERNMENT OF INDIArsquoS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
SALT INDUSTRY
Salt is a Central subject in the Constitution of India and appears
as item No58 of the Union List of the 7th Schedule which
reads
a) Manufacture Supply and Distribution of Salt by Union
Agencies
b) Regulation and control of manufacture supply and
distribution of salt by other agencies Central Government
is responsible for controlling all aspects of the Salt
Industry Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization an attached
Office under the Ministry of Commerce amp Industry
(Department of Industrial Policy amp Promotion)
Government of India is entrusted with the above
task Government of India has de-licensed Salt Industry
by deleting provisions relating to Salt in the Central
Excise amp Salt Act 1944 vide Finance Bill of 1996-97 In
line with Government of Indiarsquos Policy of Liberalization
14
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
and simplification of Procedures the Salt Cess Rules
1964 have been amended vide Notification NoGSR 639(E)
dated 04092001 Salt Commissionerrsquos Organization
plays a facilitating role in overall growth and development
of Salt Industry in the country The thrust of the Salt
Commissionerrsquos Organization currently is on the following
middot Technological Development and Quality
Improvement
middot Salt Iodization Programe for combating Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
middot Infrastructure Development promoting Salt
Industry
middot Labour Welfare Schemes for Salt Workers
Particularly housing under NAMAK MAZDOOR
AWAS YOJNA
middot Export of Salt
(c) The main functions of the Salt Commissioners Organization
are Leasing of Central Government land for salt manufacture
Planning and facilitating production of salt Arranging equitable
distribution and monitoring the quality and prices Promotion
of technologic a development and training of personnel
Maintenance of standards and improvement in quality of salt
Nodal Agency for monitoring production distribution and
quality control of iodized salt Management of Departmental
lands
15
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
(d) Planning formulating and monitoring execution of
development and labour welfare schemes Construction of
dwelling units for salt workers under Namak Mazdoor Awas
Yojana Promotion of exports and preshipment inspection
Collection of Salt Cess Assignment Fee Ground Rent and other
dues Rehabilitation of Salt Works affected by natural
calamities
HIGHLIGHTS DURING 2008-09
Fig- 4
1 Production of 19151 lakh tonnes of salt during 2008-09
2 Export of 2438 lakh tonnes of salt valuing at about Rs
25407 crore during 2008-09
16
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
3 Two inorganic chemical complexes to produce common salt
for export Potash amp Bromine are under construction in
Kutch District of Gujarat About 86102 Acres of land has been
allotted by the state Government to the private
entrepreneurs
4 Development and Labour Welfare projects worth Rs 7903
lakh were executed during 2008-09 Under Namak Mazdoor
Awas Yojana (NMAY) 4878 dwelling units have been
constructed so far and 114 units are at various stages of
construction The production of Iodised Salt was 5368 lakh
tonnes and 4923 lakh tonnes was supplied for domestic use
200 lakh tones of iodised salt was exported during 2008-09
5 About 90 of the countries population had access to iodised
salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme (NIDDCP)
6 Efforts were made by Salt Commissionerate in co-ordination
with Food and Civil Supplies Departments in various States to
provide access of iodised salt to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
population
7 Establishment of Model Salt Farm (MSF) at Ganjam (Orissa) at
an estimated cost of Rs 1080 lakhs to demonstrate production
of good quality salt
17
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES FOR SALT DEVELOPMENT
1 Labour amp Expenditure On Development And Labour Welfare Works
2 Rehabilitation of salt work damaged due to natural Calamities 3 Labour welfare activities
A Namak Mazdoor Awas YojanaB National Consultation on Salt WorkersC Other welfare and Training Activities
Fig- 5
18
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
SALT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Salt or sodium chloride is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula NaCl for every gram of salt almost 40 per
cent is sodium (Na) the sixth most abundant element on Earth
and a little over 60 per cent is chlorine (Cl) Salt is a white
crystalline compound has low toxicity and is completely non-
flammable Salt is added to food as a flavor enhancer (table
salt) and is a daily diet requirement of humans It is commonly
applied to roads and pavements as a de-icer used as a
feedstock for chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
manufacture both of which are used to made lsquoConsumer-related
end-use productsrsquo such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a plastic
made from chlorine and paper pulping chemicals manufactured
from sodium hydroxide
LAY ndash OUT DIAGRAM OF SALT WORK
20
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Mechanized operations consisting of several interconnected evaporation ponds
and crystallizers In these salt operations ponds can have sizes of a few to
several hundred hectares each with depths of 05 m up to 15 m For a
schematic outline of a typical permanent salt work Sea water is pumped into
the first pond and flows by gravity through the consecutive evaporation ponds
While passing through the pond system salinity levels gradually build up as a
result of evaporation As the salinity increases salts with low solubility
precipitate as carbonates and sulfates Once the sea water has evaporated to
about one tenth of its original volume Fourth evaporator brine is pumped into
the crystallizers where sodium chloride precipitates
Before all sodium chloride has crystallized the mother liquor now called
bittern has to be drained off Otherwise the sodium chloride deposits will be
contaminated with MgCl2 MgSO4 and KCl which start precipitating at this
21
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
elevated salinity The technique of salt production thus involves fractional
crystallization of the salts in different ponds To assure that the different salts
precipitate in the correct pond salinity in each pond is strictly controlled and
during most of the year kept at a constant level
(Fig- 7)
First Stage
The above diagram -3 explains Gradual evaporation of seawater
volume reduced to 37 when density reaches to 10 deg Be
22
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Second Stage
The original volume reduces to 20 The liquid remain
unsaturated till 17 deg Be Some times it is noticed that a
portion of Gypsum and Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
separates out at 12 deg Be
Third Stage-
When concentration reached to17 deg Be the calcium sulphate
(CaSO4 2H2O) begins to separate out in form of thin layer first it
float thereafter settle down at bottom The major portion of
CaSO4 separate out at 17 deg to 25 deg Be
Fourth Stage
Here separation of Sodium Chloride start along with other salt
as impurities of sodium chloride At this stage rate of
evaporation reduces less than 50 of Sweet water As the
evaporation proceeds for every 100 grams of water evaporated
from saturated solution 365 grams of sodium chloride
precipitate The solubility of sodium chloride being 365 grams
at 30 deg C in 100 grams of water the percentage of salt
present in saturated solution would be365 (100+365) =
2674 by weight Thus for every 100 grams of saturated
solution we have 7326 grams water and 2674 grams salt The
fifth sixth and seventh stages are for bittern for the recovery of
by products of Salt
23
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
2) Crystallizers- This is a part of fourth stage only The
crystallizers are the heart of the salt works Hence its best
utilization is most important for a salt works The crystallizers
should give maximum yield best quality salt with minimum
brine consumption It has its own importance It is necessary
that for proper control of quality in addition of checking of sp
gravity density the ca amp mg should also be determined before
charging the brine to crystallizers After charging of brine to
crystallizers it is necessary to continue to monitor the density
and as well as Ca amp Mg in Brine and in salt being precipitate
Normally specific gravity 121 to 125 (density 2517 to 29 deg
Be) maintained in crystallizers It is also very important to
maintain about 20 Cms depth in brine In deep charging
crystallizers the formation of crystal is cubical where as in
shallow charging crystals formation is hollow type Removal of
impurities in cubical crystal is easy in washing plant
a)Wave action
Wave action in Wave action in Deep charging Shallow charging
Deep charged crystallizers get much more wave actions as
compared to shallow charged This artificially increases the
surface area which again helps to increase the evaporation The
surface area increases by about 15 depending on wind
velocity direction and size of the crystallizers The above
figures show wave action in deep and shallow charged
crystallizers
Crystal The shape of the crystal is very important of quality of
salt in deep charging the crystals are solid heavier and do not
retain mother liquor after harvesting impurities are drained out
very fast and at the time of washing also magnesium salts can
24
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
be washed out very fast Whereas in shallow charging it is just
the opposite Crystal is of hollow type which retains mother
liquor after harvesting and it dries up inside the crystal At the
time of washing it takes longer time to remove impurities which
results in washing losses
SALT PROPERTIES
Salt is a chemical compound with the following properties
bull Crystals or white crystalline powder
bull Transparent and colorless in crystalline form
25
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
bull crystallizes in the isometric system usually in the form of
cubes
bull Soluble in water (356g100g at 0degC and 392g100g at 100degC)
bull Slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
bull Melts at 801degC and begins to vaporize at temperatures just
slightly above its boiling point of 1413degC
bull Hardness of 25 on the MOH scale of hardness
bull Specific gravity of 2165
bull non combustible
bull Low toxicity
bull hygroscopic thereby absorbing moisture from damp
atmospheres above 75 relative humidity below which it will
dry out In its natural form salt often includes traces of
magnesium chloride magnesium sulphate magnesium bromide
and others These impurities can tint the otherwise transparent
crystals yellow red blue or purple
Fig - 6
26
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Fig -6 (FLOW CHART PRODUCTION OF SALT)
27
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
28
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
The diagrams of typical type of crystals in deep and shallow charger
Figure 8 Crystal of deep Charging lsquoCubical typersquo
Figure 9 Crystal of shallow charging lsquoHollow typersquo
b) Micro-organisms
The biological system of salt works particularly of crystallizers is
very important In crystallizers it is most concentrated brine
having maximum value as all cost is already incurred hence its
losses by leakage of seepages is definitely erosion of salt works
profit
The biological system helps to develop more algae in salt works
which in final stages in crystallizers becomes of deep red color
Higher column of brine helps in growth of microorganisms The
higher column also gives more dark color shade to brine This
helps to absorb more heat in brine finally this increases the
29
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
rate of evaporation The microorganisms also help to seal the
small leakagesseepages Thus loss of valuable brine decreases
This will help to improve the yield of the salt works Lot of work
is required to be done in this field
SOLAR SALT TECHNOLOGY
30
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Solar Salt Technology is oriented but not limited to the
production of Salt by solar evaporation of brine containing
Sodium Chloride from Sea Water Lake Brine or Underground
Brine By-products including potassium magnesium chlorides
sulfates salts etc could also be obtained by solar evaporation
of the bitterns Bitternrsquos is the remaining brine after the sodium
chloride has been crystallized Solar salt production requires
flat impermeable areas for the construction of the solar ponds
In areas with more than normal acceptable seepage lining could
be used High evaporation and low rainfall are the ideal weather
conditions
Solar Salt Process Description
The Sea Water or Brine is fed and continuously concentrated in
a series of solar evaporation ponds until it reaches the Sodium
Chloride saturation point Some small amounts of iron and
carbonate salt crystallizes in the concentration area between
35 to 16 Be The major amount of Calcium Sulfate crystallizes
between 13 to 235 Be The remaining small amount of Calcium
Sulfate is deposited in the crystallizers as impurities of the
Sodium Chloride
A natural ecological system is developed in the ponds and
varies as a function of the density The ecosystem consists of
fish crustaceans sea grass seaweed brine shrimp brine fly
micro-algae bacteria protozoa halophilic bacteria etc The
natural mat of organic material built on the floor helps in
reducing seepage The saturated brine from the concentration
area is transferred to the pre-crystallizers pickle pond to feed
the crystallizers where 4 to 6 inches per year of salt is
31
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
crystallized Each crystallizer is drained and harvested once or
twice per year The salt is harvested and transported to the
Washing Plant The Washing Operation consists of using
controlled saturated brine with low content impurities to
remove the superficial impurities of the salt A crushing
operation could be added in order to expose internal impurities
to washing if coarse salt is not required The impurities
removed are insoluble calcium magnesium sulfate and
organic The washed salt is stockpiled for further processing
andor shipping The salt is processed on site or shipped by
truck rail andor vessel to its final destination
Solar Salt Technology
Solar technology applies the required techniques for designing
the correct ratio of areas required as Concentrators and
Crystallizers for obtaining high productivity of saturated brine
high productivity of salt and salt quality Solar technology aids
in reducing the production cost and increasing production and
salt quality Lower production cost and higher salt quality are
those elements needed to aggressively compete in the salt
market
High salt productivity and salt quality from the solar salt
operation is obtained by implementing an efficient brine
management to optimize saturated brine production from the
concentration area and optimize salt production in the
crystallization area
The quality of the solar salt is defined by content of sodium
chloride production of premium coarse salt and salt whiteness
32
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
An efficient brine management in concentrators and
crystallizers and an effective washing operation generates the
production of high quality salt
Solar Salt competes with mine salt and evaporated salt It has
been demonstrated that a solar salt
operation can produce the various types of salt that mines
andor evaporated plants can supply with the added advantage
of a low production costs
Bitterns and By-Products
The remaining brine discharged from the crystallizers is called
bitterns Normally the bitterns contain salts of potassium
magnesium bromine sulfates chlorides etc By using solar
evaporation techniques and process by-products-salts are
crystallized by fractional crystallization mixing of brines salt
leaching solar re-crystallization etc These operations are
much less expensive than the conventional methods to produce
say potassium sulfate andor potassium chloride If a market is
available some by-products could be also economically
recovered
TYPICAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN A SOLAR SALT
OPERATION
1048766 Pond System Brine Management
1048766 Solar Salt Production
1048766 Harvesting
33
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
1048766 Washing
1048766 Quality Control and Research
1048766 Salt Stockpiling and Reclaiming
1048766 Ship-loading
1048766 Solar Salt Processing amp Packaging
1048766 Warehousing amp Salt Products Distribution
34
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
35
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
SALT USES
Salt can be used as a feedstock to produce other compounds of
industrial and commercial interest Chlorine compounds of
commercial importance include hydrochloric acid and sodium
hypochlorite Important sodium compounds include sodium
carbonate (soda) sodium sulphate baking soda sodium
phosphate and sodium hydroxide Some of these are described
in more detail below When an electric current is passed
through a strong solution of salt in water electrolysis occurs
and three products are formed
bull chlorine (Cl2)
bull sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
bull hydrogen (H2)
36
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Hydrogen and chlorine gases can be explosive when mixed and
therefore need to be stored separately All three products are
useful individually and they can also be combined together to
make further products Sodium hydroxide and chlorine combine
to form sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) which is widely
used in the home as domestic bleach a stronger solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used as a dairy and industrial
disinfectant Under different reaction conditions sodium
hydroxide and chlorine will react to form sodium chlorate
(NaClO3) this is produced as white crystals that can be highly
explosive or inflammable if mixed with organic matter solutions
of sodium chlorate are widely used as herbicide
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is manufactured by dissolving hydrogen
chloride formed by buring chlorine gas in hydrogen in water
This process produces very pure hydrochloric acid which can be
used safely in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Salt is widely used as a preservative for meats and is employed
in some refrigeration processes in dyeing and in the
manufacture of soap and glass Because they are transparent to
infrared radiation salt crystals are used for making the prisms
and lenses of instruments used in the study of infrared
radiation
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of PVC which is contained
in a vast number of products including blood bags and the tiny
catheters used to help keep premature babies alive
37
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
In some areas groundwater passes through chalk or limestone
before arriving in reservoirs rivers and abstraction wells The
calcium and magnesium carbonates picked up by the water are
not normally harmful but cause lime-scale to build up inside
kettles Boilers and water heaters making them inefficient and
more costly to run
Both industrial and domestic water can be softened
economically using an ion-exchange Process In its original
state the ion exchange polymer or resin carries sodium ions on
its surface this has a strong affinity for larger more highly
charged calcium and Magnesium ions When hard water passes
over the resin the sodium ions are displaced as sodium salts
are more soluble than calcium and magnesium Although
chemical and other methods can bring some control over
hardness only ion-exchange can remove the calcium and
magnesium ions which cause it
When the sodium ions are exhausted the hardness will reoccur
but by passing a concentrated salt solution (brine) over the
resin the calcium and magnesium are displaced by sodium and
the resin reactivated this process is called regeneration
Regeneration is usually automatic either when a certain volume
of water has been used or at a set frequency when the water
softener is out-of-use In industry several resin vessels are
used and one is periodically taken lsquooff-linersquo to avoid
interruption to production In domestic situations regeneration
usually takes place early morning or a twin tank system is
used Modern domestic machines are designed to be highly salt
efficient These require special grades of salt to optimize
38
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
performance The salt is very pure and larger than normal table
salt to produce brine quickly Some machines use salt tablets
produced from compressed salt Softened water is so effective
in dishwasher operation that a softener is often built into the
machine The salt used should be of a dishwasher grade rather
than table salt grade A major use of unrefined salt or rock salt
(halite) is as a highway deicer Weak brine solutions have a
freezing point that is lower than water at about -4oC In
countries where ground surface temperatures seldom fall lower
than this temperature salt can be used to prevent the build-up
of ice on roads Large quantities of salt are stockpiled by local
authorities in such countries for rapid application as required
depending on predicted weather conditions
39
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Capital Budget Model for Salt Harvesting Business
(Jambusar Maliya kandla)
Silent Features
1 Bore well ndash brine (sea water or ocean water)
2 Water is evaporated till reaching 24 degree Celsius it take
approx 7 days
40
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
3 40000 MT (metric Tonnes ) per year in 750 acres ie per
Acre 54 Tonnes
4 There are 12 bore well in 750 Acres ie 1 bore well for 63
Acres 12 to 14 meter pipe power 200 UP Power
consumes 13 lakh per Annum
Salt Harvesting is Semi ndash mechanized ie Mechanical and
Automatic (tucker pock landtractors )
5 Approx 150 workers employed and paid 55 Rs per tone
6 Salt harvesting season is 7 to 8 months in year Salt is sold
within 15 to 20 Km area to major companies such as
Gujarat Alkali Reliance industries etc
7 The present selling price of salt is 750 per metric tonne to
(X) factory + Royalty 9 Rs per metric tones sale tax Rs
250 per tonne
Capital Budget for Salt Harvesting Business
Total Area 350 Acres
Production ndash 20000 MT per Annum
Loan Amount - 15000000 135
ACapital Expenditure
41
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Particulars Amount
1 Land development and constructing Drainage for carrying bore brine INR 13500 per Acre
4725000
2 Cost on Machines -
1 Transformer ndash 200 HP (Diesel) - 1
2 Automatic Tracker ndash 2 machines
3 Pockland ndash 1 Machine
4 Trucks - 2
5 Office amp Residential building
6 Other 10275000
TOTAL COST (A+B) 150000000
Expected Profitability Model for per Metric tone Assumption Production 20000 MT in 350 Acres in first year
AExpenditure per Metric tonne
Particulars Amount in per MT
42
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
(i) Interest on loan 102
(ii) Electricity ndash 6 lakhs per year 30
(iii) Wages 55
(iv) Administration amp other exp 63
(v) Depreciation 50
Total expenditure per Metric tonne
300
B Selling price per MT- 750 PER MT
Particulars Amount in per MT
1Selling price 750
43
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
2Less Total expenditure 300
3 Profit realization per MT 450
4Total expected profit per year 9000000
(c) Revenue forecast for 3 years
PARTICULARS 1ST YEAR 2nd year 3rd year
Sales revenue 1 year 150000002 year 18750000 3 year 22500000
FEASIBILITY STUDY (BUSINESS MODEL )
SILENT FEATURE -
Surat bavi near to Maliya (100 km from gandhidham)
Company name -Asapura Salt work
Land in Acre - 250 Acre
Production -30000Tones Per year
Owner name -Jada (Rajastan)
Brine - Directly from sea temperature of sea brine water 5 degree Celsius
44
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Near to national high way
Time process for manufacturing salt takes - 12 days in hot climate and 18 days in winter season
No of crops in one year - 10 times in one year
No bore well required
No electricity required
Land cost - 4 cr (negotiable)
Lease remaining till year -2018
After completion of lease our company can continue for several year after every 10 year renewal
If we want to sell the land to other party after 6 year the land may increase in double digit ie 8 crs to 10 crs and more
Operation (profitability model )
Capital investment Sr Partculars Amount in Rs1 Land 4 cr2 Machinery cost
Hitachi-1 28 lakhTractor-2 6 lakhTotal 434 cr
Interest on loan 434 cr 135
A Selling price of raw salt per tone is 700
45
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
B Expense
Fixed ampvaraiable Amont in Rs (per tone)i i Interest on loan
135 195
ii labour 70iii electricity per
borewellNil
iv salary for manager 3v maintenance amp other 77
Total expenses 345
C Profit realisation per tone (A-B)
700-345 = 355
D Total sales revenue(30000700)per year
21000000
E Total profit on sales revenue(30000355)per year
10650000
POTENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF SALT INDUSTRY
bull India has very long coast line and out of that Gujarat Coast line is of 1600 Kms
bull In Gujarat in addition to existing salt industry lot of Land available along the side of coast for developing more salt works
bull Climatic conditions are suitable for salt industry
46
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
bull Easy Availability of skilled labours
bull Good Administration of our Govt and their Corporation
bull Our low cost of production
bull Govt supports for critical infrastructure facilities
bull Minor Ports have loading capacity 5000 tons day to 20000 tons day in mid stream loading where as big port like Kandla have achieved the av rate of loading of 25000 tons day We have a big advantage that ships of the capacity from 5000 tons to 100000 tons could be loaded at our ports There is potential for developing more ports as per requirement In south India there is also a big port Tuticorin close to salt manufacturing area
bull Now only 20 industries have gone for mechanization and modernization 50 from balance can also go immediately
bull Average yield of salt works is only 100 tons per hectare This can be increased to 300 tons per annum by adopting modernization
OPPORTUNITIES
The Salt based Industry is concentrated more in Gujarat
Total Saltconsumption for Industries is 65 million tons
annum
bull The New Chemicals Industries are coming up and existing
units are going for major expansions growth is 8
47
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
bull Export Market- 1) Quatar
2) Malaysia
3) Philippines
4) Japan
5) China
6) Vietnam
7) Indonesia
8) Nepal
bull Indiarsquos location is very suitable to supply salt to China Japan
Middle East and to other Asian countries
bull India has potential to increase productivity as well as quality
bull Available manpower
bull Wind Power-largest coastal line of Gujarat has potential to
Generate 5000 MW through Wind Energy The Salt Industry can
make use of this energy jointly through associations
bull Availability of good major and minor ports as well as of good
anchor points
bull To grab the developing market of Middle East
India is a net exporter of Soda Ash and emerging as a
significant regional player The current low per capita Soda
Ash consumption also shows tremendous growth potential
over next few years Unlike to world average of 56
consumption of Soda Ash by the glass industry the Indian
48
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
glass industry only consumes 25 The major share is used
by Indian detergents industry
bull Soda Ash uses in glass amp detergents is 65
bull Glass industry estimated to grow 7 and Detergent
45 over the next 4 years
bull Tightness in the global demand-supply situation expected
bull There is good opportunity to increase export
bull Low per capita consumption leaves a lot of potential to be
tapped
bull Despite the steep drop in duty rates over the years the
industry has been able to effectively compete with imports
and is geared up for further reductions
bull Growth of Soda Ash and Salt industry directly connected
hence good growth in salt demand is expected
CONCLUSIONS amp RECOMMENDATIONS
bull Indiarsquos salt production can be increased considerably by
achieving average yield of 300 tons per hectare and by
developing available large areas in Gujarat
bull Salt quality required to be improved in general in all sectors
small and big to feedgood quality salt to Indian Chlor-Alkali
Industries as well as for export
49
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
bull Salt Industry has very good future hence new entrepreneurs
should grab this
opportunity
Annexure -1
Details of salt department
Sr
no
Name of the
states
Land
under
salt
manuf
acturin
g
Land
under
Deptbl
g
Land
used
for
NMAY
Land leased
for other than
salt
manufacture
Waste land Total
land
Already
declare
d
surplus
To be
declare
d
surplus
50
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
1 Tamil Nadu 17471 61 12 118 - 11 1767
3
2 Andhra
pradesh
17969 51 12 709 - 182 1892
3
3 Orissa 8390 11 3 - - 87 8491
4 West Bengal - 2 - - - - 2
5 Maharashtra 13061 47 - - 359 243 1371
0
6 Gujarat 1860 3 - 4 - 12 1879
7 Karnataka 469 5 - - - 2 476
8 Haryana - - - - 83 83
9 Himachal
Pradesh
133 - - - - - 133
TOTAL 59353 180 27 831 359 620 6137
0
Annex-2
51
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Annex-3
52
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
53
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Annex-4
54
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
55
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Annex-5
56
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
57
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
58
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
59
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Annex-6
60
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Annex-7
Mentioned below are the major equipments used is salt plants Raw Salt Hopper with EM Feeder
Screw Washer
Bucket Elevator
Wet Mill
Elutration Tank
Slurry Pump
Washing Tank
Agitator Assembly
Static Thickener
Belt Conveyor
Iodine Dozing Pumps
Fluidized Bed Drier
Cyclone amp Airlock Valve
Inlet and Exhaust Air Blower
61
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Vibro-screen
Pin Mill
Blender
Product Silo
Received Salt Machine
List of major salt manufacturer in Gujarat
1NAHTA SALT amp CHEMICAL PVTLTD
We introduce ourselves as the one of the major manufacturer exporter and supplier of Industrial Salt Refine Free Flow and Iodized Salt unit of Vibrant Gujarat Combined wealth of experience coupled with industry networking is what gives us an edge over others Our highly reliable and most efficient staff has made us emerge as the most preferred name in the industry With the focus on quality and good business ethics we have earned a prestigious position in this field We manufacture high Quality Refine Free Flow Salt and various industrial grade Salt Our Production unit carefully monitored the thickness of the salt and all the
62
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
chemicals are ensured to be present in perfect ratios The iodine concentration in Refine Free Flow salt is matched to ISO norms and ensure good health and provides remedy to iodine deficiency disordersAddress ldquoNahta Houserdquo BBZ North-56 Zanda Chowk Gandhidham-Kutch(Guj)-370201Ph 02836-234022 327002(O) Fax ndash 02836-220581Mobile - Suresh Nahta09426217011Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09825255845Email nahtasaltyahoocom infonahtasaltcom nahtasaltsalttradeindiacom
2VSFORGINGS
VS Forgings have around 10 year experience in manufacturing of Tablet Salt Salt pebbles Water Softening Salt which made with special care so it dissolved perfectlyWhen it comes to competence in salt matters we are the number one address Apart from excellent product quality we guarantee our customers a rapid and reliable delivery at any time and an always friendly and efficient serviceAddress 208a TP 1 Lipton StreetGanga bazarAnjar - KutchPhone 02836 244110 Mobile 09429082552Year Of Establishment 1997Mobile 09825281972Email visforggmailcom visforgsalttradeindiacom
3SHIV SALT SUPPLIERS
Leading trader of edible saltAddress Sahil ApartmentGandhidham-KutchGujarat-370201Year Of Establishment
63
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
Mobile 09825237382We take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
NAHTA SEA BRINESWe take this opportunity to introduce ourselves as ldquoNAHTA SEA BRINESrdquo to your esteemed organisation We are one of the pioneer organisation in manufacturer and suppliers of all kinds of Salt in India Since 1968 Now our organization wants to bridge the gaps between India and all over the world with the shore up of such valuable clients Time and consistency build loyalty towards our clientsAddress DBZ-South-60 Near Muncipalti OfficeOpp Rotary Bhavan Gandhidham (Kutch)-370201Ph 02836-222443 327510Year Of Establishment 1968Mobile 09426218406Email infonahtabrinescom nahtabrinessalttradeindiacom nahtasaltgmailcom
64
- Received Salt Machine
-
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