Page 1
Salient Features of the Universe• Homogeneity and isotropy for 6000 Mpc > x > 100 Mpc
• Universe expanding uniformly
• ordinary matter is more abundant than ordinary antimatter
• chemical composition is roughly 75% H, 25% He, + trace
• thermal background of radiation with T~3K
• nearly scale invariant, adiabatic CMB fluctuations
• hierarchy of lumpy structure from 1 kpc to 100 Mpc scales
• matter is a minority (1/4x) of all energy
• ordinary matter is a minority (1/6x) of all matter
• universe is spatially flat
• expansion rate is accelerating
Page 3
Best evidence: we exist !
Page 6
0)(
v
t
0)( 1
pt
vvv
G42
130
a
1vrv
a
a
13
4
rG
Page 7
0)(
v
t
0)( 1
pt
vvv
G42
130
a
1vrv
a
a
13
4
rG
ksclustkk kcHH )(2 22232
Page 8
atk ~~ 3/2
ta
aH
3
2~
Case II: If clustered matter does not dominate:
6.0~~ clustk wherea
kclustkk HH 2322
Case I: Flat, matter dominated Universe 1clust
Page 9
a ~ 1/1000
a ~ 1/5
~ a(t) grows by only 200
Page 12
Salient Features of the Universe• Homogeneity and isotropy for 6000 Mpc > x > 100 Mpc
• Universe expanding uniformly
• ordinary matter is more abundant than ordinary antimatter
• chemical composition is roughly 75% H, 25% He, + trace
• thermal background of radiation with T~3K
• nearly scale invariant, adiabatic CMB fluctuations
• hierarchy of lumpy structure from 1 kpc to 100 Mpc scales
• matter is a minority (1/4x) of all energy
• ordinary matter is a minority (1/6x) of all matter
• universe is spatially flat
• expansion rate is accelerating
Page 13
Best evidence: we exist !
Page 14
Ma
ss d
ensi
ty/c
ritic
al d
ensi
ty
Hubble constant (x 100 km/s/Mpc)
J. Ostriker & PJS, Nature (1995):
Compelling evidence for Low Matter Density
Page 15
J. Ostriker & PJS, Nature (1995):
Compelling evidence for Low Matter Density
Fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave BackgroundAnisotropy
Compelling case for a Flat Universe
Page 16
J. Ostriker & PJS, Nature (1995):
Compelling evidence for Low Matter Density
Compelling case for a Flat Universe
Only possible if there is Dark Energy
Page 17
J. Ostriker & PJS, Nature (1995):
Compelling evidence for Low Matter Density
Compelling case for a Flat Universe
Only possible if there is Dark Energy
… but, then, the dark energy better havenegative pressure
Page 18
Positive pressure
time
ener
gy d
ensi
ty
Page 19
Negative pressure
Matter dominates
time
ener
gy d
ensi
ty
Page 20
J. Ostriker & PJS, Nature (1995):
Compelling evidence for Low Matter Density
Compelling case for a Flat Universe
Only possible if there is Dark Energy
… but, then, the dark energy better havenegative pressure
… but, then, the universe must be accelerating
Page 22
Type IA Supernovae
Page 23
CosmologicalConstant
orQuintessence?
Page 24
V
V
V
V
p
p
pT
221
221
221
221
V
Vpw
221
221
w < -1/3 means KE < V/2
scalar fields
Page 25
atk ~~ 3/2
ta
aH
3
2~
Case II: If clustered matter does not dominate:
6.0~~ clustk wherea
kclustkk HH 2322
Case I: Flat, matter dominated Universe 1clust
Page 27
Observed Features of the Universe• Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on lengths > 100 Mpc
• Universe expanding uniformly
• ordinary matter is more abundant than ordinary antimatter
• chemical composition is roughly 75% H, 25% He, + trace
• thermal background of radiation with T~3K
• nearly scale invariant spectrum of CMB fluctuations
• hierarchy of structure from 1 kpc to 1 Mpc scales
• matter is a minority (1/4x) of all energy
• ordinary matter is a minority (1/6x) of all matter
• universe is spatially flat
• expansion rate accelerating
Page 28
Observed Features of the Universe• Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on lengths > 100 Mpc
• Universe expanding uniformly
• ordinary matter is more abundant than ordinary antimatter
• chemical composition is roughly 75% H, 25% He, + trace
• thermal background of radiation with T~3K
• nearly scale invariant spectrum of CMB fluctuations
• hierarchy of structure from 1 kpc to 1 Mpc scales
• matter is a minority (1/4x) of all energy
• ordinary matter is a minority (1/6x) of all matter
• universe is spatially flat
• expansion rate accelerating
Page 29
Observed Features of the Universe• Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on lengths > 100 Mpc
• Universe expanding uniformly
• ordinary matter is more abundant than ordinary antimatter
• chemical composition is roughly 75% H, 25% He, + trace
• thermal background of radiation with T~3K
• nearly scale invariant spectrum of CMB fluctuations
• hierarchy of structure from 1 kpc to 1 Mpc scales
• matter is a minority (1/4x) of all energy
• ordinary matter is a minority (1/6x) of all matter
• universe is spatially flat
• expansion rate accelerating
Page 30
Observed Features of the Universe• Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on lengths > 100 Mpc
• Universe expanding uniformly
• ordinary matter is more abundant than ordinary antimatter
• chemical composition is roughly 75% H, 25% He, + trace
• thermal background of radiation with T~3K
• nearly scale invariant spectrum of CMB fluctuations
• hierarchy of structure from 1 kpc to 1 Mpc scales
• matter is a minority (1/4x) of all energy
• ordinary matter is a minority (1/6x) of all matter
• universe is spatially flat
• expansion rate accelerating
Page 31
Looking for some problems?
• What is the nature of dark matter?
• What is the nature of dark energy?
• What is origin of supermassive black holes?
• What role does dark energy and cosmic acceleration play?
• Why is the cosmological constant so small?
• What is the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry?
• Is the inflationary theory correct? (or the cyclic?)
• What is the inflaton or cyclic field responsible?
• How far does space extend?
• Is the Big Bang a beginning of space and time?
• Why are there three large spatial dimensions?