Salient Features of Rajasthan: Geographical Diversities and … · 2019. 9. 19. · Dungarpur (128) Bikaner (60) 68 IMR, based on Census 2001 ... Road Sector in Rajasthan Total Road

Salient Features of

Rajasthan: Geographical

Diversities and Challenges

By

Dr. Jaibala SardanaResaerch Officer

HCM RIPA, Jaipur

Indicators Rajasthan India

Population 6.85 million

(5.49 %)

1,21.06

million

Area in Sq. km. 342,239 (10.45%) 3,287,240

Decadal Growth Rate of Population (%) 21.3% 17.7%

Population Density (Persons per Sq. km.) 200 382

Percentage of ST (%) 13.5% 8.6

Percentage of SC (%) 17.8% 16.6%

Literacy Rate (%) 67.06 74.04

Poverty Head Count Ratio (%) URP based (2011) 24.8 29.8

Institutional deliveries (%) 30 39

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (births per woman) 3.4 2.7

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) (per 1,000 mid-year population) 27.9 23.1

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (per 1,000 live births) 47 40

Under five Mortality Rate (U5MR) (per 1,000 live births) 85 74

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (per 100,000 live births) 388 254

Human Development Index (HDI) Raj : 2008,India : 2006 11th

(15 states)

113

(179)

Profile of Rajasthan and India (Latest years)

Gender Development Gap 31 122

Rajasthan’s Population : 2008 and 2051

Particulars 2008 2051

State Rank Rank

Uttar Pradesh 1 1

Maharashtra 2 3

Bihar 3 2

West Bengal 4 5

Andhra Pradesh 5 7

Madhya Pradesh 6 6

Karnataka 7 9

Rajasthan 8 4

Source : Population Projections for India and States – 2001-2026, Census of India, 2001,

ORGI, India and The Future Population of India : A Long Range Demographic view,

Population Foundation of India and Population Reference Bureau, 2007, Projections

based on Scenario A assuming a replacement level TFR of 2.1

District wise variation in Rajasthan

Selected Indicators Highest Lowest Absolute Gap

Schedule Tribes, Census 2001 (%)

(-/+ indicator)

Banswara

(72.3)Nagaur (0.2) 72.1

Population Density

(Persons per sq. km.)Jaipur (471) Jaisalmer (13) 458

Literacy Rate, Census 2001 (%)

(+ indicator)Banswara (44.6) Kota (73.5) 28.9

Crude Birth Rate, based on Census 2001

(Per 1, 000 Live Births) (- indicator)Barmer (40.0)

Ganganagar

(27.1)12.9

Total Fertility Rate, based on Census 2001

(births per woman) (-indicator)Jaisalmer (5.8)

Ganganagar

(3.4)2.4

Under Five Mortality Rate, based on

Census 2001 (Per 1,000 live births)

(-indicator)

Dungarpur (128) Bikaner (60) 68

IMR, based on Census 2001

(Per 1,000 live births) (-indicator)Banswara (104)

Ganganagar

(53)51

Poverty Head Count Ratio (%)

(- indicator)

Dungarpur

(41.9)

Ganganagar

(8.8)33.1

HDI, 2002 Rank (value between 0 and 1)

(+ indicator)

Ganganagar

(0.656)

Dungarpur

(0.456)0.200

HDI, 2008 Rank (value between 0 and 1)

(+ indicator)

Ganganagar

(0.809)

Dungarpur

(0.409)0.400

Just 1% of India’s water resources!

Hyper–arid, drought prone, landlocked

Most biomass production rain fed

70% population dependent on Agriculture

Low Agricultural Growth

Inadequate infrastructure and industrialization

Our Challenges

5

Dispersed population — high cost of service

delivery

High population growth rate

Feudal Background and History

1/3rd Population- Socially disadvantaged

Low employability skills

Low per capita income: 29% lower than National

Average

Our Challenges

6

7

Drinking Water

Education

Health

Livelihood

Roads

Power & Industries

Agricultural and Livestock

Social Security

MDGs / SDGs

Areas of Concern

Water Sector

9

Water is livelihood issue in Rajasthan.

About 70% people in rural area depend on

Agriculture & animal husbandry for

livelihood

Water & poverty are closely interlinked in

the context of Rajasthan

Water availability would determine the

future course of development of the State

Water: Key to development of Rajasthan

10

It holds 10.45% area, 5.40% population & 18.70%

livestock of the country but has only 1.16% surface

water and 1.72% ground water of the country

Out of 25.7 million ha cultivable land only 7.67

million ha. is irrigated. 65% irrigation is dependent

on ground water and 35% is from surface sources

83% water is used for agriculture, 11% for drinking

water and 6% for industrial & other uses

Water resources are not only scarce but highly

unevenly distributed both in time & space.

Recurrent droughts

Some Facts on Water Resources

Per capita water availability is 640 cum as against

minimum international standard of 1000 cum. With

growing population at fast rate, this is likely to touch

438 cum in 2045 bringing Rajasthan in absolute

scarcity category

98% inter – state resources and 78% internal

resources already utilised

With the exploitation rate of 137%, the ground water

situation is precarious

Climate change has posed new challenges in

managing water

Some Facts on Water Resources

11

12

40% villages/habitations are affected by

quality. 75% of country’s fluoride affected

habitations are in Rajasthan

58 towns get water supply once in 48

hours, 15 once in 72 hours and 9 once in

96 hours

91% drinking water schemes are based on

ground water

Per unit cost is very high due to low density

of population

Drinking Water Supply: Some Facts

13

Uncertainty in availability of water

Inequity in access to water

Low operational efficiency of water resource

system

Depleting ground water resources & deteriorating

quality of water

High cost of services, low cost recovery and low

level of expenditure on O&M

Lack of ownership amongst the stakeholders

Issues related to Water Sector

Education

Education - Challenges

15

Female Literacy Rate – 66.1%

Access

Infrastructure Gaps

furniture, computers, Laboratories, Toilets etc.

Gender Gap

7.3% (primary)

16.5% (upper primary)

High Drop-out Rate

Quality of Teaching

IT Education

Medical & Health

High IMR & MMR

Malnutrition of children

Anemia among women

High Total Fertility Rate

Spread of HIV / AIDS, Malaria, TB & other

diseases

Shortage of specialist manpower, Infrastructure &

Equipment

Medical & Health - Issues

17

Medical & Health - Challenges

Human Resources Problem

Non-availability of Specialists leading to vacancies

Non interest of Health Service providers for Rural Posting

(State addressing through Rural and Hard Duty Allowance)

Skill Up gradation of the health service providers on evidence based practices takes considerable time

Operationalisation of FRUs

Lack of Specialists

Geographical Diversity

Desert /Tribal

To reach every village & halmet is big problem

Medical & Health - Challenges

Cultural Diversity

Need for region specific Communication programs

Gender Based Discrimination to Girl Children

Male Participation in Family Planning

Availability of concurrent data

Most Survey Data are till 2011 and has not take into

consideration the progress undertaken till 2016

Inter-sectoral Convergence

Livelihoods

Hyper-Arid, Drought Prone, Landlocked Area

70% Population depends on Agriculture & Alliedsectors and Low Growth in Agriculture Sector

Disguised Unemployment in Agriculture

High Costs, Poor Designs & Improper Marketing ofRural Products

Low Skill levels of Working Population & theirinability to get good wages

Migration of Vulnerable Population

Inadequate Infrastructure & Low Industrialization

Livelihoods - Issues

21

Roads

Road Sector in Rajasthan

Total Road length in State is 195850 Km.

S.No. ClassificationLength in km.

BT MR GR FW Total

1. National Highways7280 0 0 44 5655

2. State Highways11925 9 21 26 11668

3. Major District Roads 9295 9 37 62 7447

4. Rural Roads103473 2045 44598 3943 148744

TOTAL155821 2063 44656 4075 173514

All New Connectivity works are now taken up under PMGSY

Objective of PMGSY - connect habitations with population

500 and above in General areas

250 and above in Desert and Tribal Areas23

Connectivity Status in Rajasthan - PMGSY

Sanction to connect all eligible unconnected habitations

has been received

Presently, no scheme to connect remaining unconnected

revenue villages not covered under PMGSY

Remaining unconnected revenue villages, not covered

under PMGSY guidelines.

population 250-499 in General areas 2995

population less than 250 in Tribal 591

population less than 250 in Desert 881

Total 4467

State policy to provide road connectivity to remaining all

unconnected revenue villages24

Industries & Power

Industries & Power

Landlocked State – prone to drought – hostile

terrain

Critical Shortage of water

Insufficient infrastructural support particularly for

quantity and quality of power.

Insufficiency of road / rail communications as

well as Customs clearance facilities

Shortage of skilled manpower

Low public sector investment in industry

26

Industries & Power

Modernisation lagging behind global technological

development

Lack of innovative R&D culture – Abysmally low R&D

expenditure by industry.

Lack of R&D, design and marketing support for

Handloom and Handicraft sector

Low private sector participation in power generation

and distribution

Unavailability of coal for power plants

27

Agriculture

Challenges

Natural

Rainfall is highly inadequate and aberrant

61% area lies in arid and semi-arid tracts where soils arehaving poor fertility, Low water holding capacity

One million ha. Area is under problematic soils

Due to scarcity of rainfall, there is limited availability ofground water

The crop suffers from high temperatures and wind velocity

Scarce Water Resources

Only 1.16% of country’s surface water resources

Country’s 1.72% ground water

33% of cropped area irrigated

65% irrigation from ground water. – 70% area irrigated through

wells and tube-wells and 27% irrigated through canals

Continuous fall in ground water and deterioration in water

quality

70% un-irrigated crop area29

Constraints

Lack of retail outlets for agricultural inputs (total

11 thousand retail outlets only)

Lack of power supply

Post harvesting management, Lack of marketing

& processing infrastructure – cold storages,

grading, washing, cleaning, waxing, packing etc.

Low technology adoption by the farmers

Lack of basic infrastructure for marketing of

horticulture crops and vegetables

Low extension of Drip Irrigation System

30

Animal Husbandry

32

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 2007-08

Produce Rajasthan

Rank of

Rajasthan in

India

Milk Prod. (crore Kg.) 953.60 3rd

Egg Prod. (crore No.) 67.3012th

Wool Prod. (crore Kg.) 01.551st

Meat Prod. (crore Kg.) 7.10 8th

Potential of Livestock Sector

2nd highest livestock population in the country

after U.P

Contributes about 10% to State GDP

Provides employment in rural area

Insurance against Drought

Provides nutritional security

State contributes 9% of milk, 30% of Goat meat

& 35% of wool of the total national production.

First in Wool Production in India.

First in sale of Live animals for Meat Production

in India.

Third in per capita availability of Milk in India.

Potential of Livestock Sector

Social Security

Scio-Economic characteristics of tribal and scheduledarea

Low literacy levels specially female literacy (2001)

ST: 44.70%

ST females: 26.20%

ST females (scheduled area): 22.14%

Small size of holdings –

All categories: 3.64 ha.

ST: 1.93 ha.

ST(scheduled area): 1.43 ha.

Social security - Issues

36

Inadequate irrigation facilities

Traditional farm technologies

High degree of indebtedness

Poor cattle breed

High unemployment & absence of skills

Less infrastructure development in scheduled area

Social security - Issues

37

Shortage of special schools / institutions and skilled

manpower for education and special needs of disabled

children

Low number of old age homes

Timely disbursement of scholarships and stipends to

SC/ST/OBC/ Minority to students

Lack of close monitoring for disbursement of loans to

vulnerable groups

Social security - Issues

38

MDGs

Monitorable Targets under MDGs

Social Indicators Unit Year 2006-07 Level Year 2012

India Rajasthan India Rajasthan

IMR Per Thousand 58 67 42 49

MMR Per 100 thousand 301 445 100 148

TFR - 3.0 3.9 2.1 2.1

Mal Nutrition of Children (0-3 Yrs.) Percentage 47.0 50.6 23.5 25.3

Anemia among Women (15-49 Yrs.) Percentage 51.8 48.5 25.9 24.3

Sex Ratio (0-6 Yrs.) Per Thousand 927 909 935 928

Drop-out Ratio in Elementary

EducationPercentage 42.69 59.40 20.00 29.42

Male Literacy Percentage 75.26 75.70 89.8 75.70

Female Literacy Percentage 53.67 43.85 79.8 43.85

Total-Literacy Percentage 64.59 60.43 85.00 66.11

Poverty Rate Percentage 27.8 21.0 12.4 14.71

40

Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)

Drawn from the Millennium Declaration, adopted in

2000 by a vote of 189 member nations

Provide a set of quantifiable, time –bound targets

to be used in measuring country and global

progress

Reflect a multi-dimensional understanding of

poverty as deprivation which extends beyond

income

Not an analytical framework, they are based on the

human development framework

Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2- Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3- Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4 - Reduce child mortality

Goal 5- Improve maternal health

Goal 6 - Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7 - Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8 - Develop a global partnership for development

HEALTH : MDGs

MDG 4 : Reduce child mortality

Target 4a : Reduce by two thirds themortality rate amongchildren under five

MDG 5 : Improve maternal health

Target 5a : Reduce by three fourth thematernal mortality ratio

Target 5b : Achieve, by 2010, universalaccess to reproductive health

HEALTH : MDGs

MDG 6 : Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and

Other diseases

Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the

spread of HIV/AIDS.

Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access

to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all

those who need it

Target 6c : Halt and begin to reverse the

incidence of malaria and other

major diseases

Note: As per XI Five Year Plan, State Govt has set all the targets to be

achieved by year 2012

Mukhya Mantri 7 Point Programme

1. Safe Motherhood

2. Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate

3. Population Stabilization

4. Prevention of Child Marriages

5. Retention of girls in schools at least upto class X

6. Provide Safe and secure environment to women.

7. Economic empowerment of women.

All these Points are part of

Millennium Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)

Drawn from the Millennium Declaration, adopted on

25 September, 2015 by UN member States

Includes a set of 17 SDGs to be used in measuring

country and global progress

To end of Poverty, Fight Inequality and Injustice, and

Tackle Climate Change by 2030.

Reflect a multi-dimensional understanding of

poverty as deprivation which extends beyond

income

Not an analytical framework, they are based on the

human development framework

Sustainable Development Goals

Goal 1 – End Poverty In All Its Forms Everywhere

Goal 2 - End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved

Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture

Goal 3- Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at

All Ages

Goal 4 – Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and

Promote Life Learning Opportunities for All

Goal 5- Achieve gender Equality and Empower All Women and

Girls

Goal 6 – Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of

Water and Sanitation for All

Goal 7 – Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable

and Modern Energy for All

Goal 8 – Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth,

Full and Productive Employment and decent Work for all Goal Goal

Goal 9 – Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and

Sustainable Industialisation and Foster Innovation

Sustainable Development Goals

Goal 10 - Reduce Inequality Within and Among Countries

Goal 11 – Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient

and Sustainable

Goal 12- Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns

Goal 13 – Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change And Its Impacts

Goal 14- Conserve and Sustainability use the Oceana, Seas and Marine

Resources for Sustainable Development

Goal 15 – Protect, Restore and Promote Sustainable use of Terrestrial

Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat

Desertification, and Halt and Reverse Land degradation and

Halt Biodiversity Loss

Goal 16 – Promote Peaceful and Inclusive Societies for Sustainable

Development, Provide Access to Justice for all and Build

Effective, Accountable and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels

Goal 17 – Strengthen the Means of Implementation and Revitalize the

Global partnership for Sustainable Development

Thank You

49