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Rural and UrbanCommunitiesChapter 13 of Textbook
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Unit II Content
The origin of man and society / Early beginning ofculture and society (Ch. 3)
Nature and types of culture / Adaptations to culture
(Ch. 6)
The nature, characteristics and types of society (Ch. 4)
The rural and urban communities (Ch. 13)
Intergroup relations and problems (Ch. 5)
The changing society and its contemporary issues /
Globalization and social movements (Ch. 20)
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RURAL?URBAN?
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The rural community life
A slow-paced and less stressful life: Folks are less tolerant on social issues
Emphasis on the important values, of helpingothers, salvation, and leisure
Well-paying employment opportunities are lessexperienced
Innovations and changes that originate in thecity are diffused in the rural communities
(Brinkerhoff et al, 2005)
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Philippine rural communities
Small population that fits primary group
interaction Economic activities: revolve around
agriculture, fishing, mining, and the like
Mutual helpfulness and neighborliness are
manifested in various situations (ex.Bayanihan)
Relationships: traditional yet meaningful,personal, and intimate
(Palispis, 2007)
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Rural culture in the Philippines
Religiosity is intertwined with animistic beliefs
The presence of strong influence of religion:
manifested in their belief in the power of the
unknown and occurrence of miracles
Prime importance is given to fiestas or annualfestivitieswhich are not only religious in nature
but also familial.
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There is a strong kinship system
attached to the complex set or norms
values that permeates the ruralcommunities social dynamic pattern of
interaction
Gemeinschaft(by Ferdinand Toennies) manifestation of a more personal and
permanent relations with primary groups
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Development of cities
Urban sociology: Believed that permanent human
settlements started at about 8000
BC
But the emergence of fullydeveloped cities arose at about3500 BC in the western part ofAsia, the Sumerian civilization inMesopotamia (now Iraq)
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Some of the earliest cities in
history:
Memphis in ancient Egypt (3200 BC) Major cities in Pakistan (between 2500
and 2000 BC)
Cities in Europe (2400 BC)
Cities in China (1850 BC)
Cities in Africa (1000 BC)
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Pre-industrial cities
Rome the largest pre-industrialcity in history (as attested by the
richness of its culture and history)
Fall of the Roman empire = declineof the image of the pre-industrial
city
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Characteristics of pre-industrial
cities
Small population due to high deathrates, crowded housing, hazards
from plagues and fires
Limited food supply Difficulty in migration to city
BUT: have a strong sense ofidentity and belongingness (senseof community)
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Industrial Cities
Drastic changes occurred (oftenlinked to urbanization) Migration to urban and suburban areas
Huge growth in technology resulted
in the rise of streamlined commercialcitiesin the 19th century Shift from agriculture to
manufacturing activities
Use of machines in factories andindustries
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In less-developed countries Cities grow rapidly due to population
growth even without migration from
the countryside.
Some growing cities were not really
industrial centers but administrative
areas
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Urbanization / growth of cities
[Growth of] cities are products ofpeoples adjustment to the natural
environment by effecting changes
to overcome natural barriers
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Urban economic models
Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model
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Concentric zone model
Developed by Ernest W. Burgess inthe 1920s
Model adheres to structure of a
typical city with a business districtas its core or center.
The center is made up of variouskinds of office buildings and shops
Ex. Chicago, Illinois
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Sector model Introduced by Homer Hoyt in 1939
Significance of terrain and transportation route isemphasized
Residences of a particular type and value tend to
grow outward from the center in a wedge-shapedsectors with the more expensive residentialneighborhoods situated along the higher groundnear lakes and rivers or along particular streetsthat stretch in one direction or another from thedowntown area.
Ex. San Francisco, CA and Seattle, WA
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Multiple nuclei model
Deveoped by Chauncy Harris and EdwardUllman in 1940
City with numerous centersof development. The centers are based on specializedactivities to meet the needs of urban folks
(ex. Central business district for commercialand financial activities; bright light districtsfor recreation, medical complex, governmentcenters)
Ex. Boston, Massachusetts
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Urban community life
Modernization and innovation usuallystarts in the urban communities
More employment opportunities
Growth and development areconcentrated in urban setting
Gesellschaft relationship areimpersonal and superficial due to thecomplex and quick-paced living.
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Negative feature of urbanization
Louis Wirth (1938)
People still keep and value primary
ties, BUT they manifest emotionaldistance towards strangers
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Other problems confronting urban
communities
Pollution (air, noise, and otherhazards)
Employment(unemployment andunderemployment)
Higher crime rates Squatting (informal settlers)