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Catherine of Siena 1
Catherine of Siena
Saint Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D.
St. Catherine of Siena,by anonymous painter, 19th century
Virgin; Doctor of Church
Born March 25, 1347Siena, Republic of Siena
Died April 29, 1380 (aged 33)Rome, Papal States
Honored in Roman Catholic Church; Anglican Communion;
Lutheranism
Canonized 1461, by Pope Pius II
Feast April 29; April 30 (Roman Calendar, 1628–1960)
Attributes Dominican tertiaries' habit, lily, book, crucifix,
heart, crown of thorns, stigmata, ring, dove, rose, skull,
miniature church, miniatureship bearing Papal coat of arms
Patronage against fire, bodily ills, diocese of Allentown,
Pennsylvania, USA, Europe, firefighters, illness, Italy,
miscarriages, people ridiculedfor their piety, sexual temptation,
sick people, sickness, nurses
Saint Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D, (25 March 1347 in Siena – 29
April 1380 in Rome) was a tertiary of theDominican Order, and a
Scholastic philosopher and theologian. She also worked to bring the
papacy of Gregory XIback to Rome from its displacement in France,
and to establish peace among the Italian city-states. She
wasproclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1970. She is one of the two
patron saints of Italy, together with St. Francis ofAssisi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACatherine_of_Siena.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglican_Communionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheranismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar_of_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_heraldryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Order_of_St._Dominichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scholasticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theologianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_XIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avignon_Papacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_the_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisi
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Catherine of Siena 2
Life
The house of Saint Catherine in Siena
Caterina Benincasa was born in Siena, Italy, to Giacomo di
Benincasa,a cloth dyer who ran his enterprise with the help of his
sons, and LapaPiagenti, possibly the daughter of a local poet.[1]
The house whereCatherine grew up is still in existence. Born in
1347, she arrived whenthe black death struck the area; Siena was
badly ravaged. Lapa wasabout forty years old when she prematurely
gave birth to twindaughters, Catherine and Giovanna. Lapa had
already 22 children, buthalf of them had died. Giovanna was handed
over to a wet-nurse, and
presently died, whereas Catherine was nursed by her mother, and
developed into a healthy child. She was two yearsold when Lapa had
her 25th child, another daughter named Giovanna.[2] Catherine had
her first vision of Christ whenshe was age five or six, saying that
Jesus smiled at her, blessed her, and left her in ecstasy. At age
seven she vowedchastity.
Her older sister Bonaventura died in childbirth. Within a year,
the younger sister named Giovanna also died. Whiletormented with
sorrow, sixteen-year-old Catherine was now faced with her parents'
wish that she marryBonaventura's widower. Absolutely opposed to
this, she started a massive fast, something she had learnt
fromBonaventura, whose husband had not been considerate in the
least. Bonaventura had changed his attitude by refusingto eat until
he showed better manners. This had taught Catherine the power of
fasting in close relationships. Sheclaimed to feel "jubilant" when
cutting off her long hair.She would later advise her confessor and
biographer, the Blessed Raymond of Capua, O.P., (who went on to
becomeMaster General of the Order) to do during times of trouble
what she did now as a teenager: "Build a cell inside yourmind, from
which you can never flee." In this inner cell she made her father
into a representation of Christ, Lapa intothe Blessed Virgin Mary,
and her brothers into the apostles. Serving them humbly became an
opportunity forspiritual growth. The greater the suffering, the
larger her triumph was. Eventually her father gave up and
permittedher to live as she pleased.A vision of St. Dominic
strengthened her, though, but her wish to join his Order was no
comfort to Lapa, who tookher daughter with her to the baths in
Bagno Vignoni to improve her health. Soon she fell seriously ill
with violentrash, fever and pain, which conveniently made her
mother accept her wish to join the "Mantellate", the
localassociation of Dominican tertiary Sisters.[3] Lapa went to the
Sisters of the Order and persuaded them to take in herdaughter.
Within days, Catherine seemed entirely restored, rose from bed and
donned the black and white habit ofthe Third Order of St. Dominic.
As a tertiary, she lived outside the convent, at home with her
family like before. TheMantellate taught Catherine how to read, and
she lived in almost total silence and solitude in the family
home.[4] Hercustom of giving away food and clothing without asking
anyone's permission cost her family significantly but shedemanded
nothing for herself. By staying in their midst, she could live out
her rejection of them more strongly. Shedid not want their food,
referring to the table laid for her in Heaven with her real
family.[5]
Catherine had received the habit of a Dominican tertiary from
the friars of the Order, however, only after vigorousprotests from
the Tertiaries themselves, who up to that point had been only
widows.
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Catherine of Siena 3
"St Catherine's mystic communion" by FrancescoBrizzi
In about 1366, Catherine experienced what she described in her
lettersas a "Mystical Marriage" with Jesus,[6] later a popular
subject in art asthe Mystic marriage of Saint Catherine. Other
miracles recounted inRaymond of Capua's biography include her
reception of the stigmata[7]
and her receiving communion from Christ himself.[8] Raymond
alsorecords that she was told by Christ to leave her withdrawn life
andenter the public life of the world.[9] Catherine dedicated much
of herlife to helping the ill and the poor, where she took care of
them inhospitals or homes. Her early pious activities in Siena
attracted a groupof followers, both women and men, while they also
brought her to theattention of the Dominican Order, which called
her to Florence in 1374to interrogate her for possible heresy.
After this visit, in which she wasdeemed sufficiently orthodox, she
began traveling with her followersthroughout northern and central
Italy advocating reform of the clergyand the launch of a new
crusade and advising people that repentanceand renewal could be
done through "the total love for God."[10]
Physical travel was not the only way in which Catherine made
herviews known. In the early 1370s, she began dictating letters to
variousscribes.[11] These letters were intended to reach men and
women of her
circle, increasingly widening her audience to include figures in
authority as she begged for peace between therepublics and
principalities of Italy and for the return of the Papacy from
Avignon to Rome. She carried on a longcorrespondence with Pope
Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration
of the Papal States.
In June 1376 Catherine went to Avignon herself as ambassador of
Florence to make peace with the Papal States, butwas unsuccessful.
She also tried to convince Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome.[12]
She impressed the Pope somuch that he returned his administration
to Rome in January 1377. Following Gregory's death and during
theWestern Schism of 1378 she was an adherent of Pope Urban VI, who
summoned her to Rome, and stayed at PopeUrban VI's court and tried
to convince nobles and cardinals of his legitimacy. She lived in
Rome until her death in1380. The problems of the Western Schism
would trouble her until the end of her life.St Catherine's letters
are considered one of the great works of early Tuscan literature.
More than 300 have survived.In her letters to the Pope, she often
referred to him affectionately as Papa ("Pope" in Italian). Other
correspondentsinclude her various confessors, among them Raymond of
Capua, the kings of France and Hungary, the infamousmercenary John
Hawkwood, the Queen of Naples, members of the Visconti family of
Milan, and numerous religiousfigures. Approximately one third of
her letters are to women.Her other major work is The Dialogue of
Divine Providence, a dialogue between a soul who "rises up" to God
andGod himself, as recorded between 1377 and 1378 by members of her
circle. Often assumed to be illiterate, Catherineis acknowledged by
Raymond in his biography as capable of reading both Latin and
Italian. Another hagiographer,Tommaso Caffarini, claimed that she
could write in her own hand, though the majority of her written
work wasdictated.
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Catherine of Siena 4
Death
The Chapel of Saint Catherine with parts of herrelics in the
Basilica of San Domenico in Siena
St Catherine died in Rome, on 29 April 1380, at the age of
thirty-three,having suffered a stroke eight days earlier.[13] Jesus
is also commonlythought to have died at the same age, and
Catherine's heroine MaryMagdalene is said to have fasted for
thirty-three years.
Over the years Catherine had eaten less and less, claiming that
shefound no nourishment in earthly food. Instead she received the
HolyCommunion virtually on a daily basis. This extreme fasting
appearedunhealthy in the eyes of the clergy and her own sisterhood,
and herconfessor, Blessed Raymond, ordered her to eat properly.
ButCatherine claimed that she was unable to, describing her
inability to eatas an infermità (illness). She would disgorge what
she swallowed, andsuffered severe stomach pains, which she bore
with patience as anotherpenance.
She was buried in the cemetery of Santa Maria sopra Minerva
whichlies near the Pantheon. After miracles were reported to take
place at hergrave, Raymond moved her inside the Basilica of Santa
Maria sopraMinerva,[14] where she lies to this day. Her head
however, was parted
from her body and inserted in a gilt bust from bronze. This bust
was later taken to Siena, and carried through thatcity in a
procession to the Dominican church. Behind the bust walked Lapa,
Catherine's mother, who lived until shewas 89 years old. By then
she had seen the end of the wealth and the happiness of her family,
and followed most ofher children and several of her grandchildren
to the grave. She helped Raymond of Capua write his biography of
herdaughter, and said, "I think God has laid my soul athwart in my
body, so it can't get out."[15]
The people of Siena wished to have St. Catherine's body. A story
is told of a miracle whereby they were partiallysuccessful: Knowing
that they could not smuggle her whole body out of Rome, they
decided to take only her headwhich they placed in a bag. When
stopped by the Roman guards, they prayed to St Catherine to help
them, confidentthat she would rather have her body (or at least
part thereof) in Siena. When they opened the bag to show the
guards,it appeared no longer to hold her head but to be full of
rose petals. Once they got back to Siena they reopened the bagand
her head was visible once more. Due to this story, St Catherine is
often seen holding a rose. The incorruptiblehead and thumb were
entombed in the Basilica of San Domenico, where they
remain.[16]
Sarcophagus of Saint Catherine beneath the HighAltar of the
church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva,
Rome
Pope Pius II canonized St Catherine in the year 1461. Her feast
day, atthe time, was not included in the Roman Calendar. When it
was addedin 1597, it was put on the day of her death, April 29, as
now, butbecause of a conflict with the feast of Saint Peter of
Verona, which wasalso on April 29, it was moved in 1628 to the new
date of April 30.[17]
In the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic calendar of saints,
it wasdecided to leave the celebration of the feast of St Peter of
Verona tolocal calendars, because he was not as well known
worldwide, andSaint Catherine's feast was restored to its
traditional date of April29.[18] Some continued to use one or other
of the calendars in force inthe 1628–1969 period.
On May 5, 1940 Pope Pius XII named her a joint Patron Saint of
Italy along with Saint Francis of Assisi. Pope PaulVI gave her the
title of Doctor of the Church in 1970 along with Saint Teresa of
Ávila making them the first womento receive this honour. In 1999,
Pope John Paul II made her one of Europe's patron saints. She is
also the patroness ofthe historically Catholic American woman's
fraternity, Theta Phi Alpha.
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Catherine of Siena 5
Catherine is alleged to have suffered from anorexia mirabilis,
due to her extreme fasting and disgorging of the mealsshe ate.[19]
Nonetheless she remains a greatly respected figure for her
spiritual writings, and political boldness to"speak truth to
power"— it being exceptional for a woman, in her time period, to
have had such influence in politicsand on world history.
Images
A series of articles onChristian mysticism
ArticlesAspects of meditation • Christian meditation • Christian
contemplation • Hesychasm • Mystical theology • Reflection
on the New AgeEarly period
Gregory of Nyssa • Bernard of Clairvaux • Guigo II13th and 14th
centuries
Francis of Assisi • Dominic de Guzmán • Bonaventure • Catherine
of Siena15th and 16th centuries
Ignatius of Loyola • Francisco de Osuna • John of Avila • Teresa
of Ávila • John of the Cross17th and 18th centuries
Francis de Sales • Pierre de Bérulle19th century
Thérèse of Lisieux • Gemma Galgani • Conchita de Armida20th
century
Maria Valtorta • Faustina Kowalska • Thomas Merton
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anorexia_mirabilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mystic_Marriage.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspects_of_Christian_meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_contemplationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesychasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystical_theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christian_reflection_on_the_New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christian_reflection_on_the_New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_of_Clairvauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guigo_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Dominichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonaventurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_of_Loyolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Osunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Avilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa_of_%C3%81vilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_the_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_de_Saleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rullehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Galganihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concepcion_Cabrera_de_Armidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Valtortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Faustina_Kowalskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Merton
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Catherine of Siena 6
Michele deMeo, "Catherine
of Siena,Patroness of
Europe," 2003,Chapel of St.
James, Churchof Santa Mariasopra Minerva
Domenico Beccafumi, "TheMiraculous Communion of St.
Catherine of Siena," circa1513-1515, Getty Center, Los
Angeles, California
Domenico Beccafumi, "St.Catherine of Siena Receiving the
Stigmata," circa 1513-1515,Getty Center, Los Angeles,
California
"The VirginMary Givingthe Rosary toSt. Dominic
and St.Catherine of
Siena," Churchof Santa Agatain Trastevere,Rome (Bottom
of painting:the souls inPurgatoryawait the
prayers of thefaithful)
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo,"Saint Catherine of Siena",
circa 1746, KunsthistorischesMuseum, Vienna. Austria
Giovanni di Paolo,"St. Catherine of
Siena", c. 1475, oilon tempera. Fogg
Art Museum,Cambridge, England.
"The Mystic Marriage of StCatherine" by an unknown artist,
c. 1340, in Boston.
"St Catherine and the Demons"by an unknown artist, c. 1500,
tempera on panel. NationalMuseum, Warsaw.
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Catherine of Siena 7
"The office of thetaxcollector (biccherna)
of Siena" by anunknown artist, 1451 -
1452, RijksmuseumAmsterdam
In this painting depicted theVirgin giving the rosary to St.
Dominic. In the scene also appearFray Pedro de Santa María
Ulloa,
Saint Catherine of Siena andServant of God, Mary of Jesus de
León y Delgado. The fresco islocated in the Church of Santo
Domingo in San Cristóbal de LaLaguna, Tenerife, Spain.
Notes[1] "St. Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/
cathen/ 03447a. htm). newadvent.org. . Retrieved 1 December
2010.[2] Skårderud, Finn (2008). Holy anorexia: Catherine of Siena.
Oslo: Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. p. 411.[3][3]
Catherine of Siena. Available Means. Ed. Joy Ritchie and Kate
Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
Print.[4][4] Catherine of Siena. Available Means. Ed. Joy Ritchie
and Kate Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press,
2001. Print.[5] Skårderud, Finn. Holy anorexia: Catherine of Siena.
Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. pp. 412–3.[6] Blessed
Raymond of Capua, The Life of St. Catherine of Siena, tr. George
Lamb (Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books, 2003), 99-101.[7] Ibid.,
175-6.[8] Ibid., 286-91.[9] Ibid., 105-7.[10] Warren C. Hollister,
and Judith M. Bennett (2002). Medieval Europe: A Short History, 9th
edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
p. 342.[11][11] Catherine of Siena. Available Means. Ed.
Joy Ritchie and Kate Ronald. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of
Pittsburgh Press, 2001. Print.[12] Warren C. Hollister, and Judith
M. Bennett. Medieval Europe: A Short History, 9th edition, Boston:
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2002. p.
343[13] Farmer, David Hugh (1997). The Oxford dictionary of
saints (4. ed. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press.
pp. 93. ISBN 0-19-280058-2.[14] "Catherine of Siena"
(http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr&
GSln=Catherine+ of+ Siena& GSbyrel=in& GSdyrel=in&
GSob=n& GRid=19919& ). findagrave.com. . Retrieved 1
December 2010.[15] Skårderud, Finn. Holy anorexia Catherine of
Siena. Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. p. 414.[16]
"Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg.
cgi?page=gr& GRid=19918). findagrave.com. . Retrieved 1
December
2010.[17] "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana,
1969), p. 91[18] Calendarium Romanum. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
1969. p. 121.[19] "Anorexia and the Holiness of Saint
Catherine of Siena" (http:/ / www. albany. edu/ scj/ jcjpc/
vol8is1/ reda. html). albany.edu. .
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Catherine of Siena 8
References• Catherine of Siena (1988). Suzanne Noffke. ed. The
Letters of St. Catherine of Siena. 4. Binghamton: Center for
Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New
York at Binghamton. ISBN 0-86698-036-9.• Catherine of Siena
(1980). Suzanne Noffke. ed. The Dialogue. New York: Paulist Press.
ISBN 0-8091-2233-2.• Raymond of Capua (1980). Conleth Kearns.
ed. The Life of Catherine of Siena. Wilmington: Glazier.
ISBN 0-89453-151-4.• Hollister, Warren; Judith Bennett
(2001). Medieval Europe: A Short History (9 ed.). Boston:
McGraw-Hill
Companies Inc.. p. 343. ISBN 0-07-234657-4.•
McDermott,, Thomas, O.P. (2008). Catherine of Siena: spiritual
development in her life and teaching. New York:
Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4547-2.
Further reading• Catherine of Siena (1707–1721) Opere, ed.
Girolamo Gigli. 4 vols. Lucca; Siena• Cross, F. L., ed. (1957) The
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford U. P.;
p. 251• The Dialogue of St. Catherine of Siena, TAN Books,
2009. ISBN 978-0-89555-149-8
External links• Works by Catherine of Siena (http:/ / www.
gutenberg. org/ author/ Catherine+ of+ Siena+ Saint) at Project
Gutenberg• Edmund G. Gardner (1913). "St. Catherine of Siena"
(http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 03447a. htm).
Catholic Encyclopedia.• EWTN Library: Saint Catherine of Siena,
Virgin (http:/ / www. ewtn. com/ library/ MARY/ CATSIENA. htm)•
Letters of Catherine from Gutenberg (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/
dirs/ etext05/ 8ltcb10. txt)• Saint Catherine of Siena: Text with
concordances and frequency list (http:/ / www. intratext. com/
Catalogo/
Autori/ AUT59. HTM)• Drawn by Love, The Mysticism of Catherine
of Siena (http:/ / www. drawnbylove. com)• St. Catherine of Siena
page (http:/ / www. aug. edu/ augusta/ iconography/ catherineSiena.
html) at Christian
Iconography• Divae Catharinae Senensis Vita 15th c. manuscript
(http:/ / purl. stanford. edu/ rm504km6504) at Stanford Digital
Repository
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Article Sources and Contributors 9
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