IX
Apr 30, 2020
b i o l o g i a
X I k l a s i
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p i r o b i T i n i S n e b i
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daskvniTi nawili
eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao. tabulebis, cxrilebis, diagramebisa da eqsperimentis Sedegebis analizi.
kiTxvebi
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gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli kiTxva
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modeli
s a r C e v i
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba§1. ujredis sasicocxlo cikli .............................................................................................7mitozi§2. dnm-is gaormageba _ replikacia ....................................................................................11replikaciaSi monawile nivTierebebi§3. hipoTeza: erTi geni _ erTi cila ..................................................................................15§4. genetikuri kodi ......................................................................................................................19transkripciatranslacia§5. usqeso gamravleba ..................................................................................................................26usqeso gamravlebis formebi§6. sqesobrivi gamravlebis formebi ...................................................................................30gametebis agebulebagametogenezimeiozi§7. ganayofiereba ...........................................................................................................................36organizmebis individualuri ganviTareba _ ontogeneziembrionaluri da postembrionaluri ganviTareba§8. ujredTa diferenciacia ....................................................................................................40ujredTa diferenciaciis molekuluri meqanizmi§9. yvavilovan mcenareTa ganayofiereba .........................................................................45§10. parTenogenezi _ qalwulebrivi gamravleba ........................................................50parTenogenezis formebi
II genetika§11. mendelis mier dadgenili memkvidreobiTobis kanonzomierebebi ...........57hibridTa erTgvarobis kanoni niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni§12. dihibriduli Sejvareba ....................................................................................................70mendelis III kanoni§13. genebis SeWiduli damemkvidreba .................................................................................75§14. sqesis genetika ......................................................................................................................82sqesTan SeWiduli niSnebis damemkvidreba§15. genebis urTierTqmedeba ...................................................................................................92arasruli dominirebakomplementaroba, epistazi, polimeriagenTa mravlobiTi moqmedeba§16. memkvidruli cvalebadoba ...............................................................................................100§17. aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba .......................................................................................108
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi§18. bioteqnologia .......................................................................................................................111genuri inJineriagenmodificirebuli baqteriebi§19. genmodificirebuli mcenareebi. maTi miRebis mizani .....................................116genmodificirebuli mcenareebis miRebis teqnologiebigenmodificirebuli mcenareebis gamocda
§20. genmodificirebuli cxovelebi. maTi Seqmnis mizani ......................................121cxovelTa klonireba§21. genmodificirebuli organizmebi da biologiuri ............................................126 usafrTxoeba§22. adamianis genomis proeqti ...............................................................................................130genetikuri testireba medicinaSigenetikuri testireba kriminalistikaSi§23. genuri Terapiis meTodebi ...............................................................................................139veqtoris problemaRerovani ujredebigenuri Terapiis eTika
IV evolucia§24. Sexedulebebi cocxali samyaros evoluciis Sesaxeb ........................................156lamarkis evoluciuri Teoria§25. Carlz darvini .........................................................................................................................160darvinis Sexeduleba xelovnur gadarCevazearsebobisaTvis brZoladarvinis Sexeduleba bunebriv gadarCevaze§26. evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria .......................................................................................170saxeoba. saxeobis kriteriumebipopulacia§27. mikroevolucia .......................................................................................................................175mikroevoluciis faqtorebi: mutacia, populaciuri talRebi, izolacia, genebis nakadi da dreifi§28. bunebrivi gadarCeva ............................................................................................................183bunebrivi gadarCevis formebi§29. organizmTa Seguebuloba _ bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi ...........................188mimikriaqceviTi Seguebulobafiziologiuri SeguebulobaSTamomavlobaze zrunva§30. saxeobis warmoqmnis formebi .........................................................................................198geografiuli saxeobaTawarmoqmnaekologiuri saxeobaTawarmoqmnamakroevoluciaevoluciis damamtkicebeli sabuTebidivergenciuli da konvergenciuli evolucia§31. biologiuri progresi da regresi ...............................................................................209evoluciis mimarTulebebi _ arogenezi, alogenezi, katagenezi
V ekologia§32. ekologia _ samecniero disciplina ..........................................................................212§33. ekologiuri faqtorebi .....................................................................................................215abioturi faqtorebiklimatisinaTle
§34. abioturi faqtorebi ...........................................................................................................222temperaturawyali§35. abioturi faqtorebi ...........................................................................................................228niadagi§36. bioturi faqtorebi ..............................................................................................................236pozitiuri, negatiuri da neitraluri urTierTobebi§37. kvebiTi jaWvebi ......................................................................................................................242kvebiTi qselebi§38. ekologiuri piramidebi ....................................................................................................246ricxvTa, biomasisa da energiis piramidebi§39. populaciis ricxobriobaze moqmedi faqtorebi ................................................253populaciis dinamikapopulaciis homeostazi§40. adamianis populaciis zrda ............................................................................................260§41. biogeoqimiuri wrebrunva ................................................................................................266naxSirbadis cikli§42. azotis cikli ...........................................................................................................................270§43. adamiani da garemo ................................................................................................................273atmosferos dabinZureba§44. wylisa da xmeleTis dabinZureba ..................................................................................283§45. adamianis dadebiTi moqmedeba garemoze .................................................................289mavneblebis kontroliekosistemebis marTva: saTburebi da Tevzebis meurneoba
VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi§46. infeqciuri da arainfeqciuri daavadebebi ...........................................................297paTogenebi _ virusebi, baqteriebi, protistebi, sokoebi, Wiebi§47. daavadebebis prevencia .....................................................................................................302usafrTxo wyaliusafrTxo sakvebi§48. antisxeulebi da imunuri pasuxi ...................................................................................307imunologiis gamoyeneba§49. individualuri da saerTo dacva daavadebebisgan ............................................312mZime infeqciuri daavadebebi: Sids-i da tuberkulozidaavadebebis prevenciaSids-isa da tuberkulozis gavrceleba msofliosa da saqarTveloSi§50. sasargeblo mikroorganizmebi ......................................................................................320sokoebis gamoyeneba puris cxobasa da yvelis warmoebaSiantibiotikebibaqteriebis roli Rvinis warmoebaSi. fermentebis miReba genmodificirebuli baqteriebidan
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§1
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli
mitozi
Tavisive msgavsis warmoqmna, yvela cocxali arsebis aucilebeli Tvisebaa.miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva organizmi sxvadasxvagvarad mravldeba,
gamravlebis safuZveli ujredis gayofaa.ujredis gayofa erTujrediani organizmebisTvis maTi gamravlebis sa
Sualebacaa. mravalujredian organizmebSi ki ujredebis intensiuri gayofa aucilebelia, raTa erTaderTi ujredidan miliardobiT ujredebis Semcveli organizmi ganviTardes. amasTan, ujredebis mudmivi gayofa aucilebelia, raTa axalwarmoqmnilma ujredebma Secvalon daRupuli ujredebi, sxvadasxva dazianebis dros ki aRadginon organoebi da qsovilebi.
eukariotuli ujredis gayofis ZiriTadi xerxi mitozia. mitozuri gayofis Sedegad dediseuli ujredi or Svileul ujredad iyofa.
dediseuli ujredis daniSnulebaa, mitozuri gayofis dros gadasces Svileul ujredebs misTvis da misi saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromosomuli kompleqti. amis misaRwevad mitozis win dediseuli ujredebi didxans emzadebian. mosamzadebel etaps interfaza hqvia. ujredis mitozuri gayofa da interfaza erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. maTi erToblioba mocemuli ujredis sasicocxlo cikls Seadgens.
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli ujredis sicocxlis periodia, warmoqmnidan mis Svileul ujredebad dayofamde.
ujredis sasicocxlo ciklis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia ujredis tipze da mis saarsebo garemoze. baqteriul ujredebs SeuZliaT yovel 20 wuTSi erTxel gayofa, nawlavis epiTelis ujredebs yovel 810 saaTSi, xaxvis
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli
mitozi
interfaza
fesvis wveris ujredebs yovel 20 saaTSi, xolo nervuli sistemis ujredebis umravlesoba arasdros iyofa.
RviZlSi aris ujredebi, romlebic xangr Zlivad imyofebian interfazaSi da mxolod krizisul situaciebSi iyofian. maga liTad, RviZlis nawilis qirurgiuli mo cilebisas, es ujredebi intensiur gamrav lebas iwyeben da swrafad aRadge nen uj re de bis im raodenobas, romelic sa Wiroa am organos normaluri funqcionirebis Tvis.
rogorc ilustraciaze xedav, ujredis sasicocxlo ciklSi mniSvnelovan dros interfaza ikavebs.
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erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi procesi, romelic interfazaSi xdeba. dnmis sinTezia, amitom am fazas S faza uwodes (ingl. Synthesis). dnmis sinTezi interfazis Sua periodSi mimdinareobs.
S fazamde yoveli qromosoma dnmis erTi molekulisgan Sedgeba. dnmis molekulas aqvs unikaluri unari, warmoqmnas Tavisive msgavsi, anu gaormagdes. Tu rogor axerxebs dnmis molekula amas, Sen mogvianebiT gaigeb.
gaormagebis Sedegad yovel qromosomaSi dnmis ori, absoluturad identuri molekula _ qromatidi warmoiqmneba. interfazaSi qromatidebi aburdul Zafebs hgvanan.
interfazis periodebs S fazamde da mis Semdeg G1 da G2 asoebiT aRniSnaven (ingl. Gap _ intervali, naprali). GG1 fazaSi intensiurad mimdinareobs dnmis sinTezisTvis saWiro fermentebisa da sxva struqturuli cilebis sinTezi, warmoiqmneba ribosomebi. am fazaSi ujredi zomaSi matulobs.
G2 fazaSi ujredSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs metaboluri procesebi: sinTezdeba cilebi da atf, ormagdebian mitoqondriebi, qloroplastebi da centriolebi.
Tu mitozuri gayofis mimdinareobisas, mikroskopSi sxvadasxva dros Caixedav, verc ki warmoidgen, rom erTi da igive ujreds akvirdebi, imdenad gansxvavebul suraTs dainaxav.
mitozi uwyveti procesia, romlis yoveli faza SeumCnevlad gadadis Semdgom fazaSi, magram misi aRweris moxerxebulobisTvis mas oTx fazad yofen.
mitozi profaziT iwyeba. is mitozis yvelaze xangrZlivi fazaa. am dros cvlilebebi xdeba rogorc birTvSi, ise citoplazmaSi. birTvi izrdeba moculobaSi, yoveli qromosomis qromatidebi iwyeben spiralurad daxvevas. isini imdenad ixvevian, rom sawyisi sigrZis mxolod 4% xdebian. TiToeul qromosomas ukve gansazRvruli, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli forma aqvs. misi Semcveli qromatidebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia centromerebiT da erT mTlian qromosomas qmnian. interfazaSi gaormagebuli ujredis centris centriolebi Sordebian erTmaneTs da miemarTebian polusebisken. ujredis birTvSi qrebian birTvakebi, birTvis membrana iSleba da birTvis garsi qreba. centriolebidan gamomavali mikromilakebi iwyeben gayofis TiTistaris warmoqmnas. zogierTi mikromilaki birTvidan citoplazmaSi gadmosuli qromosomebis centromerebs ukavSirdeba da isini ujredis centrisken gadaaqvs, zogier Ti ki sawinaaRmdego polusidan gamosul mikromilaks.
am momentidan iwyeba mitozis meore faza _ metafaza, romelSic qromosomebi ekvatorul sibrtyeSi erT mwkrivad ise lagdebian, rom sapirispiro polusebidan gamosuli Zafebi ukavSirdebian TiToeuli qromosomis sxvadasxva qromatids.
rodesac surT, Seiswavlon qromosomebis struqtura, ricxvi, zoma da forma, dasakvirveblad swored mitozis am fazas irCeven, vinaidan qromosomebi yvelaze kargad metafazaSi Canan.
metafazas anafaza mosdevs. anafazaSi Svileuli qromosomebi erTmaneTs scildebian. motoruli cilebiT qromosomebi mikromilakebis `liandagze~ centriolebisken moZraoben. amavdroulad, mikromilakebi mokldebian.Tumca, is mikromilakebi, romlebic qromosomebTan ar arian dakavSirebuli,
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grZeldebian, rasac ujredis formis Secvla mohyveba _ isic grZeldeba.1 ramdeni qromosoma da ramdeni qromatidi iqneba metafazaSi adamianis
ujredSi?amrigad, ujredis sxvadasxva polusze aRmoCndeba erTnairi genetikuri
informaciis Semcveli qromatidebi, anu Svileuli qromosomebi. mitozis bolo faza telofazaa. polusebze miRwevis Semdeg qromati
debis Zafebi iwyeben gaSlas _ despiralizacias. sinaTlis mikroskopSi kargad SesamCnevi struqturebidan isini isev Txel, Zafisebr warmonaqmnebad gar daiqmnebian. TandaTan warmoiqmneba birTvis membranebi, birTvakebi, yalibdeba ori birTvi. or momaval ujreds Soris organoidebic gadanawildebian. telofazis bolos citoplazma iyofa. aqtinis monawileobiT citoplazma uj redis Sua nawilSi viwrovdeba da orad iyofa. sabolood ori erTnairi ujredi erTmaneTisgan gamoiyofa.
2 ramdeni qromosoma da ramdeni qromatidi iqneba adamianis axlad warmoqmnil Svileul ujredebSi?
amrigad, mitozi dediseuli ujredidan iseTi ori ujredis warmoqmnis procesia, romlebic raodenobrivadac da Tvisobrivadac, anu genetikuri informaciis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc erTmaneTis, ise dediseuli ujredis identurebi arian.
metafaza
1
2 3 4
anafaza telofaza
interfaza profaza
interfaza da mitozi
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1. mitozuri gayofis sxvadasxva fazaSi myofi ujredebi Senc SegiZlia dainaxo. amisTvis:
a. qinZisTaviT gaCxvlite nivris kbili da moaTavse wylian sinjaraSi ise, rom misi fuZe wyalSi iyos. sinjara datove 34 dRe.
b. nivris kbils ramdenime 12 sm sigrZis fesvi ganuviTardeba. frTxilad moaWeri am fesvebs wverebi.
g. moaTavse fesvis moWrili nawilebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia ZmarmJava. daaxure Tavi sinjaras da datove mTeli Rame oTaxis temperaturaze.
d. meore dRes pincetiT Zalian frTxilad gadaitane fesvis nawilebi petris finjanSi, sadac gamoxdili wyali asxia. gamocvale finjanSi wyali ramdenimejer.
e. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia marilmJavas erTmoluri xsnari da gaaCere 3 wT 600C temperaturaze.
v. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaridan petris finjanSi, ro melSic gamoxdili wyali asxia. gamocvale finjanSi wyali ramdenjerme.
z. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia fiolgenis reaqtivi da Tavi daaxure. dade gril, bnel adgilas (umjobesia macivarSi) sul mcire, 2 saaTi.
T. amoiRe erTi wveri da moaTavse sasagne minaze erT wveT ZmarmJavaSi.
i. moaWeri wvers bolo 12 mm. darCenili nawili gadaagde.k. daafare anaTals safari mina. preparati moaTavse brtyel ze
dapirze, zemodan daafare ramdenime fena filtris qaRaldi da daaweqi cera TiTiT. ecade, rom safari mina adgilidan ar daiZras.
l. daakvirdi preparats mikroskopis mcire da did gadidebaze da ipove ujredebi, romlebic mitozis sxvadasxva stadiaze imyofebian.
m. Caixate birTvebi mitozis sxvadasxva fazaSi da gaukeTe warwerebi.
periods ujredis erTi gayofidan meore gayofamde ujredis sasicocxlo cikli hqvia. is interfazasa da mitozs moicavs. mito zi ujredis gayofis iseTi xerxia, romlis Sedegad miRebul Svileul ujredebs raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivad erTnairi genetikuri informacia gaaCnia da is zustad iseTia, rogoric dediseul ujreds hqonda.
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1. rasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli interfazaSi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT mitoqondriebis warmoqmna?
2. ujreduli ciklis romel fazaSi Sedgeba qromosoma ori qromatidisgan?
3. adamianis erTi somaturi ujredis dnmis saerTo masa GG1 fazaSi daaxloebiT 6X109 mgia. gamoTvale mitozis bolos erT Svileul ujredSi yvela qromosomis dnmis masa.
4. interfazas zogjer ujredis ciklis mosvenebis periods uwodeben. daeTanxmebi am mosazrebas?
2. suraTze mitozis fazebi araswori TanmimdevrobiTaa ganlagebuli.
1
2
34
CamoTvlili variantebidan romeli asaxavs fazebis swor Tanmimdevrobas? a. 1, 4, 3, 2; b. 3, 1, 2, 4; g. 3, 1, 4, 2; d. 4, 3, 2, 1.
5. diagrama giCvenebs ujredis sasi cocxlo cikls. Seecade amoicno ciklis TiToeuli etapi. daasabuTe, ras efuZneba Seni varaudi.
1. dnmis ramden molekulas Seicavs somaturi ujredis TiToeuli qromosoma profazisa da telofazis stadiebze:
a. profazaSi _ 1, telofazaSi _ 1;b. profazaSi _ 1, telofazaSi _ 2;g. profazaSi _ 2, telofazaSi _ 1;d. profazaSi _ 2, telofazaSi _ 2.
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2. dnmis ramden molekulas Seicavs somaturi ujredis TiToeuli qromosoma metafazisa da anafazis stadiebze:
a. metafazaSi _ 1, anafazaSi _ 1;b. metafazaSi _ 1, anafazaSi _ 2;g. metafazaSi _ 2, anafazaSi _ 1;d. metafazaSi _ 2, anafazaSi _ 2.
3. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli frazebi: telofazas Sebrunebul profazas uwodeben, radgan mitozis
am fazis dros xdeba ................... garsis warmoqmna. ................... despiralizdebian, TiTistaras Zafebi ...................
simsivnis sawinaaRmdego qimioTerapiaSi gamoyenebuli preparati A xels uSlis cila tubulinis polimerizacias, meore preparati B ki _ mis depolimerizacias. axseni:a. ratom aqvT maT simsivnis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba?b. rogor aferxebs preparati A ujredis gayofas?g. mitozis romel fazaze moqmedebs is?d. rogor aferxebs preparati B ujredis gayofas?e. mitozis romel fazaze moqmedebs is?
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli _ life cycle of a cell; mitozi _ mitosis; interfaza _ interphase; qromatidi _ chromatid; profaza _ pro-phase; metafaza _ metaphase; anafaza _ anaphase; telofaza _ telophase.
zrdasruli organizmebis zogierTi ujredebi, magaliTad, neironebi da limfocitebi ar iyofian. maTi ujreduli cikli mTavrdeba apoptoziT _ daprogramirebuli sikvdiliT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi apoptozs organizmis sxva ujredebic eqvemdebarebian.apoptoziT icileben kuds bayayis Tavkombalebi, mwerebis Wuprebi ki zedmet qsovilebs zrdasrul organizmad gardaqmnis. apoptozi exmareba organizms moicilos daavadebuli da daberebuli ujredebi.
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§2
dnm-is gaormageba _ replikacia
replikaciaSi monawile nivTierebebi
pirveli kiTxva, romelic dnmis ormagi spiralis modelis avtorebs daus ves, aseTi iyo: Tu modeli sworad asaxavs dnmis struqturas, maSin axseniT, rogor axerxebs aseTi molekula misi erTerTi mTavari funqciis Sesrulebas _ ujredis mitozuri gayofisas, Svileul ujredebs gadasces masSi arsebuli genetikuri informacia?
3
31
2 2
dnmis gaormageba uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT
1. nukleotidebi; 2. Zveli jaWvebi; 3. axali jaWvebi.
j. uotsonma da f. krikma kidev erTi Tamami da uCveulod martivi hipoTeza wamoayenes. maT dauSves, rom ujredis gamravlebisas dnmis molekula or polinukleotidur jaWvad iSleba da Semdeg ujredSi arsebuli nukleotidebisgan TiToeul maTganze axali jaWvebi Sendeba. ase miiReba dnmis er Ti molekulisgan misi msgavsi ori erTnairi dnmis molekula, romelsac Svileuli ujredebi Rebulobs.
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
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dnmis molekulas gaormagebis unari aqvs. ferment helikazas moqmedebiT dnmis molekula or jaWvad iSleba. TiToeul jaWvze ferment dnmpolimerazas moqmedebiT axali, Svileuli jaWvebi Sendeba.
1957 wels f. stali da m. mezelsoni Seecadnen eqsperimentulad gamoecadaT j. uotsonisa da f. krikis Teoriuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dnmis molekulas gaormagebis unari aqvs. dnmis replikacias f. stali da m. mezelsoni baqteriebSi akvirdebodnen. mecnierebi baqteriebs azotis mZime izotopis _ 15Nis Semcvel sakveb areSi amravlebdnen (A). maTi azriT, am pirobebSi baqteriebSi unda warmoqmniliyo mZime azotiT `datvirTuli~ dnmis molekula. is gacilebiT mZime unda yofiliyo baqteriebis im dnmTan SedarebiT, romelic Cveulebriv azots _ 14N Ns Seicavs. Semdeg maT A baqteriebi gadahqondaT 14N Nis Semcvel sakveb areSi da oci wuTiT ayovnebdnen (B). am drois ganmavlobaSi baqteriebi erTxel gayofas aswrebdnen.
dReisTvis es hipoTeza mravali eqsperimentiTaa dadasturebuli. ukve sa yovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom dnms aqvs unikaluri unari, warmoqmnas zustaDd Tavisi msgavsi meore molekula, anu gaormagdes. cnobilia am procesis monawile yvela nivTiereba, romelzec j. uotsonsa da f. kriks warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT.
Zalian martivad Tu aRvwerT, dnmis gaormagebis rTuli procesi Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs moicavs:
1. specialuri fermenti _ helikaza (ingl. Helix _ spirali) dnmis or jaWvs Soris arsebul wyalbadur bmebsa da am bmebiT `gakeril~ ormag spirals or polinukleotidur jaWvad Slis;
2. calkeuli Tavisufali nukleotidebi, romlebic yovelTvis arian birTvSi, `eZeben~ Sesabamis komplementarul mewyvileebs TiToeul jaWvze da maT wyalbaduri bmebiT ukavSirdebian;
3. fermenti _ dnmpolimeraza kovalenturi bmebiT `gadaakerebs~ erTmaneTs axlad mierTebul nukleotidebs da axal `Svileul~ jaWvebs warmoqmnis.
4. gaormagebis procesis damTavrebis Semdeg miiReba nukleotiduri Sedgenilobis mixedviT absoluturad identuri dnmis ori molekula. TiToeuli maTgani erT `Zvel~ da erT `axal~ `Svileul~ polinukleotidur jaWvs Se i cavs.
dnmis gaormagebis process replikacia uwodes (ingl. Replication _ aslis aReba, gadaReba).
replikacia Zalian hgavs ukve arsebuli Targis mixedviT raRac axali masalis Seqmnis process. Zveli jaWvi TiTqos erTgvari Targia _ matrica axali jaWvisTvis. aseTi tipis reaqciebs matriculi reaqciebi ewodeba.
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amis Semdeg mecnierebi gamohyofdnen dnms baqteriebis A da B jgufidan da acentrifugebdnen. centrifugirebis Sedegi ase gamoiyureboda:
warmoidgine, rom am samecniero jgufis erTerTi wevri xar. CaerTe eqsperimentis daskvnebis gamotanis procesSi.
1. sqematurad warmoadgine uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT, A baqteriebis 15N-is Semcveli dnmis gaormageba 14N-ian garemoSi. wiTeli da lurji feris xazebiT aRniSne A da B Bbaqteri ebis dnmis ormagi spiralis `mZime~ da `msubuqi~ jaWvebi.
2. centrifugirebis principebidan gamomdinare, dnmis molekulis romeli maxasiaTebeli gansazRvravs sinjaris fskeridan misi fraqciis (zoli sinjaraSi, romelic dnms Seicavs) dacilebis manZils?
3. ratom `damsubuqda~ B baqteriebis dnm?
mecnierebma eqsperimenti gaagrZeles _ daayovnes B baqteriebi kidev 20 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 14Nian sakveb areSi (C). gamoyves maTgan dnm da daacentrifuges. centrifugis sinjaraSi ori fraqcia warmoiqmna.
4. Seadgine B baqteriebis dnmis replikaciis sqema C baqteriebis warmoqmnisas, uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT.
C A B
A
A B
B
14N15N
BA
A B
dnm
dnm
dnm
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5. Seadare C baqteriebis dnmis jaWvebi A da B baqteriebis dnmis jaWvebs.
6. am monacemebis mixedviT, mosalodneli iyo aseTi mdebareobis ori fraqciis gaCena centrifugis sinjaraSi? axseni, ratom?
7. gauZlo Tu ara uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezam eqsperimentul gamocdas?
namdvilad xdeba dnmis erT `Zvel~ jaWvze meore `axali~ jaWvis aSeneba?
8. warmoidgine, rom mogitanes centrifugis sinjara (X), romelSic baqteriis dnm garkveul pozicias ikavebs. Seadare X dnmis centrifugirebis Sedegi A, B, C baqteriebis dnme bis centrifugirebis Sedegs da gvipasuxe: rogori azotis Semcvel sakveb areSi mravldeboda es baqteria?
ilustracia asaxavs dnmis replikaciis process. moniSne masze: a. azotovani fuZeebi;b. wyalbaduri bmebis adgili;g. ferment helikazas moqmedebis adgili;d. ferment dnmpolimerazas moqmedebis adgili;e. `Svileuli~ jaWvi.
replikacia _ replicationhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio22.swf
CAX B
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