Safety, Health and Hazards introduction

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S. Aravinth Vijay Jesuraj; M.Pharm, DPMM, (PhD)

Lecturer, ACMS

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This standard is designed to protectemployees who use hazardous materialson the job.

The legal Standards state that companieswhich produce and use hazardous

materials must provide their employeeswith information and training on theproper handling and use of thesematerials.

Employees have the right to know about

the hazardous materials used in their workarea and the potential effects of thesematerials upon their health and safety.

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HAZARD ² means anything that can cause harm (ex.chemicals, electricity, working from ladder, etc.)

RISK ² is the chance, high or low, that somebody will beharmed by the hazard

HAZARD CONTROL/CONTROL MEASURE ² preventive action

taken to eliminate hazard and risk THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLV) ² represent condition under

which it is believed that nearly all workers may berepeatedly exposed daily without adverse effect.

WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT (WEM) ² is thedetermination of environmental hazards and their

hazardous effects on workers· health, through directmeasurement of the hazards.

ERGONOMICS - Ergonomics was based on the two Greekwords, ergos meaning ´workµ and normos meaning ´thestudy ofµ or ´the principle ofµ. In other words,ergonomics means the law of work.

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Physical hazard

Biological hazard

Direct

hazard

Chemical hazard

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Hazards that are excessive airborne concentrations

of mists, vapors, gases or solids that are in the formof dusts or fumes.

Types of chemical hazards:

Mist

Vapors

Gases

Dust

Fumes

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1. MIST ² are fine particles of a liquid float in air

Exposure:

Splashing

Spraying

Pickling Electroplating

Example:

Hydrochloric

Nitric and Sulfuric Acids

Oil Mist

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2. VAPORS ² substance in a liquid or solid state

(critical temperature higher than 25oC, 1 atm)that volatilize or sublimate depending upon onvapor pressure and become gases Exposure:

Factories and laboratories

Cleaning agents, degreasers, thinners, chemicalreagents, drying agents

Painting

Example: Acetone

Toluene

Isopropyl Alcohol

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3. GASES ² substances in gaseous state. These are normally

compressible, formless fluids which occupy the space of an

enclosure and which can be changed to the liquid or solid state

only by the effect of increase pressure or decrease temperature.

They do not necessary have a warning odor at a dangerous

concentration.

Examples/Exposure:

Hydrogen Sulfide ² oils & gas; pulp & paper; waste water

treatment

Chlorine ² water treatment plants; pulp & paper

Nitrogen Dioxide ² mining; machinery using diesel engines

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4. DUSTS ² refers to the suspension

of solid particles in air Exposure:

Physical properties such as crushing,grinding, shaking and drillingoperations where solid materials are

broken down generates these dusts. Types of dust:

Total dust ² all dust particles presentin the area

Respirable dust ² that fraction oftotal dust which passes through a

selector whose size is 7 microns andbelow in diameter which can beinhaled and deposited in the lungs

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5. FUMES ² solid particles formed from condensation

of substance from the vapor state. Fumes arenormally associated with molten metals where the

vapor from the metal are condensed into solid

particles in the space above the molten metal.

Exposure: Battery making, soldering, electronics, welding,

painting, mining, electroplating

Example:

Lead, Tin manganese, Iron

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Hazards that include excessive levels of

radiation, noise, vibration, insufficientlighting and extremes of temperature and

pressure

Noise

Illumination Extremes of temperature

Radiation

Extremes of pressure

Vibration

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1. NOISE

It is defined as unwanted sound. The level ofnoise in an industrial operation can constitute aphysical hazard to the exposed workers.

The extent of hazard depend not only on theover all noise level but also on the time periodand frequency of the noise to which the workeris exposed and the type of noise.

Types of noise:

Continuous Intermittent Impact

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2.

ILLUMINATION - It is the measure of streamof light falling on a surface. Its unit is lux.

Luminance is the measure of light intensity

coming from a source. It is the exact measure

of light they emit.

Glare occurs when we look into a light which is

brighter than which the eye can adopt to.

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3. EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE

Heat stress is excessive heat load. Extremes of temperature affect the amount of

work that people can do and the manner in which

they do it.

In most industry, the problem is more often hightemperature than low temperature.

Exposure:

Smelters

Steel workers Blast furnace operators

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4. RADIATION

Caused by ultraviolet, infrared, laser and

microwave rays from the electromagnetic

spectrum Exposure to ultraviolet: natural light, arc

welding, drying, and curing process

Exposure to infrared: drying and baking of

paints, varnishes, adhesives, heating of metal

parts for shrink fit assembly

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5. EXTREMES OF PRESSURE The exposure of workers to abnormal air pressure is generally

limited to few occupational areas. It has been recognized fromthe beginning of caisson work (work performed in a water tightstructure) that men working under pressure greater than atnormal atmospheric one are subject to various ills connected

with the job.

Exposure to high pressure Caisson operation, under water

tunneling, diving, sewage construction

Exposure to low pressure Individuals working in high

altitude or mountainous

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6. VIBRATION A body is said to vibrate when it describes an

oscillating motion about a reference point.

IN practice, it is very difficult to avoidvibration. It usually occur because of thedynamic effects of manufacturing tolerances,clearances, rolling and rubbing contactbetween machine parts.

Exposure

Sanders Pneumatic drill Jackhammer drill

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Hazards which includes exposure to bacteria, viruses,

insects, molds, fungi, and parasites.

This can be a direct result of the work being performed or the results of unhealthy conditions in the working

environment.

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Visibility of hazard in a workplace

Unguarded machines

Falling objects

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It can be accomplished through:

Walk-through survey/ocular inspection

Raw materials/by-product/end-product

Processes involved

MSDS/CSDS*

Workers· complaint

Work environment measurement

*-Material Safety Data Sheet

Chemical Safety Data Sheet

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A. Engineering Control

B. Administrative Control

C. Personal Protective Equipment

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ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Engineering controls are those methods that

engineer out the hazard, either by initial design

specifications or by applying methods of

substitution, isolation, or ventilation.

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DMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

General administrative controls are those controlsavailable to the organization that do not directly removethe source of hazard exposure from the workplace.

These controls are usually effective when used with oneof the other control methods previously mentioned.

Examples of general administrative controls availableinclude worker training, monitoring of the work area orthe workers, scheduling workers into the area, goodhousekeeping and preventive maintenance scheduling toassure proper function of the existing controls.

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be

used only as last resort and as temporary measure

until more permanent controls can be installed.

In some cases there is no immediate alternative

and it is an additional protective measure.

However, the safety officer must continue to look

for other solutions where personal protectiveequipment is currently being used.

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