Safety in Mines BY DR. P. S. PAUL
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Safety in Mines
BY
DR. P. S. PAUL
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Introduction
Mining is a hazardous professionassociated with high level of accidentsand injuries
For example, in Indian coal mines thefatal and serious bodily injury rates per1000 persons employed for the years2005 and 2006 were 0.30, 0.35 and 2.78,1.84 respectively
Several causes starting from personal tosociotechnical factors are responsiblefor such high injury experience rates in
mines
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.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
1950 1957 1964 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 2006
Year
F a
t a l i t y
a n d
S e r
i o u s
I n j u r y r a
t e s
Series1Series2
Year-Wise Fatality and Serious Injury Rates per 1000 Persons Employed in Indian Coal Mines
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Chapter – 01
Safety terms and definitions;Occupational Hazards of Mining
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Safety terms and definitions
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Safety
This is the conservation of human life and its effectiveness,and the prevention of damage to items as per mission
requirements.
OR
Safety is the degree of freedom from risk and hazard inenvironment such as a mine.
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Accident
This is an unplanned and undesired event in a sequence ofevents, that occurs through a combination of causes; it resultsin physical harm (injury or illness) to an individual, damage toproperty, a near-miss, a loss or any combination of these
effects.
Q. Why do accidents take place in mines?
A: Accident causation is a complex process. But generally
these are caused due to Unsafe Acts and Unsafe conditions . A
combination of factors at the same moment may lead toaccident causing injury or persons may escape without anyinjury.
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Unsafe Condition
This is any condition, under the right set of condition, maycreate accident.
Unsafe Behavior
Unsafe This is the manner in which an individual conductshimself/herself that is unsafe to himself/herself or others.
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Hazards
This is the source of energy and physiological andbehavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively,results in harmful occurrences.
SafeThis is protected against any possible hazards.
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Hazards in Mines
This is the source of energy and the physiological andbehavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively,
results in harmful occurrences
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Conveyors
Hazards in Underground Coal Mine
Geologicaldisturbance
Inadequateventilation
Explosivesand fires
Occupationalhazards
Inrushesof water
Transportsystems
Deficiency of management
commitment
Personal andsocial hazards
Strata and
roof control
Dyke Fold Fault
Temperatur
e
Irrespirable
atmosphere
Respirable
dust
Humid
atmosphere
Explosive
atmosphe
re
Flammable
dust
Explosives Spontaneous
combustion
Haulage or
locomotive
Shafts Free-steered
vehicles
Lifting Machines Noise Contact
with
electricity
Slip and
fall
A
Inadequate
training
Inadequate
supply and
maintenance
of equipment
Inadequate
supervision of
work place
before and
during work
Absenteeism of
supervisor(s) at
night shift work
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A
Personal
attitude
Demographic Societal
characteristics
Age Experience OccupationSex Management
worker
interaction
Supervisor
worker
interaction
Co-workers
relationships
Risk
taking
Negative
affectivity
Depression Impulsiveness Unsafe work
behavior
Job
dissatisfaction
Job
stress
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Chapter - 2
Accidents and their classification;
and
Statistics of Fatal and Seriousaccidents in Indian Coal as well as
Metalliferous Mines(Upto 2006)
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What accidents come under the purviewof the Mines Act?
What accidents are not included in thestatistics published by the CIM?
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Classification of Mine Accidents/Injuries
Fatal: Which results in death of one or more person
Serious: Which results in serious bodily injury to one or more
person. Serious bodily injury is defined as an injurywhich involve the permanent loss of any part of the
body or permanent loss of or injury to the sight orhearing or any permanent in capacity or fractures ofany bone or joints.
Reportable: Which results in reportable injury to one or moreperson. Reportable injury is defined as any injuryother than a serious bodily injury which involves theenforced absence of the injured person from work
for a period of 72 hours or more.
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Minor: Which results in minor injury to one or more
person. Minor injury is defined as any injuryother than a serious bodily injury which involves theenforced absence of the injured person from workfor a period exceeding 24 hours but, less than 72hours.
Classification of Mine Accidents/Injuries (Contd.)
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Accidents
DisastersMajor
Accidents
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Conclusion
Average death rates due to the coal mine accidents are 114 per year.
Whereas, in Delhi alone over 2000 deaths are reported annually in
traffic accidents
But, we can not conclude from the above figure that walking or driving on the streets of Delhi is more risky than working in coal
mines.
In order to evaluate the chances of a person being killed or injured at
work in a mine or a factory, on the road, in the air, in the water, it is
necessary to evaluate to evolve a common yardstick by which the
standards of safety in different industries or elsewhere can be
measured.
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Sl. No
Dates of
Accident
Name of Mines Fatalities Cause
1 12/07/1952 Dhemomain 12 Roof fall
2 05/08/1953 Majri 11 Inundation
3 14/03/1954 Damra 10 Explosion of fire damp.
4 10/12/1954 Newton Chikli 63 Inundation
5 05/02/1955 Amlabad 52 Explosion of fire damp.
6 26/09/1956 Burra Dhemo 28 Inundation
7 19/02/1958 Chinakuri 175 Explosion of fire damp.
8 20/02/1958 Central Bhowra 23 Inundation
9 05/01/1960 Damua 16 Inundation
10 28/05/1965 Dhori 268 Coal dust explosion
11 11/04/1968 West Chirmiri 14 Premature collapse of
workings
12 18/03/1973 Jitpur 48 Explosion of fire damp.
13 08/08/1975 Kessurgarh 11 Roof fall
14 18/11/1975 Silewara 10 Inundation
15 27/12/1975 Chasnala 375 Inundation
Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)
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16 16/09/1976 Central Saunda 10 Inundation
17 04/10/1976 Sudamdih 43 Explosion of fire damp.
18 22/01/1979 Baragolai 16 Ignition of fire damp
19 24/08/1981 Jagannath 10 Water gas explosion
20 16/07/1982 Topa 16 Roof fall
21 14/09/1983 Hurriladih 19 Inundation
22 13/11/1989 Mahabir 6 Inundation
23 25/01/1994 New Kenda 55 Fire/suffocation by gases
24 26/09/1995 Gaslitand 64 Inundation
25 06/07/1999 Prascole 6 Fall of roof/collapse of
workings
26 24/06/2000 Kawadi 10 Failure of OC bench
27 02/02/2001 Bagdigi 29 Inundation
28 05/03/2001 Durgapur Rayatwari 6 Collapse of
partings/workings
29 16/06/2003 Godavari Khani-7LEP 17 Inundation
30 16/10/2003 GDK-8A 10 Roof fall
31 15/6/2005 Central Saunda 14 Inundation
Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)
T d f F t l d S i A id t i C l Mi i I di
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Trends of Fatal and Serious Accidents in Coal Mines in India
Year Fatal accidents Serious accidents
Accidents Fatalities Accidents Injuries
1995 137 219 757 813
1996 131 146 677 723
1997 143 165 677 725
1998 128 146 523 560
1999 127 138 595 650
2000 117 144 661 707
2001 106 141 667 720
2002 81 97 629 650
2003 83 113 563 578
2004 90 99 599 608
Average per
year 114 141 635 673
Note: (i) Lignite is included in coal.
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Chapter - 3
Frequency Rates and Severityof Accidents (With Case Study)
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The usual practice is to calculate the
deathrates and injury rates on the basis of:
i. 1000 persons employedii. 3-lakh manshift worked
iii. Million ton of coal produced
To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons employed
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To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons employed,
it is necessary to know the actual figures of average daily
employment in mines.
Frequency rate (FR) for fatal, serious and reportable injuries
can be calculated as follows:
No of fatal injuries
FR/Fatal = ------------------------------------ 1000
Average daily employment
No of serious injuries
FR/Serious = ------------------------------------- 1000
Average daily employment
No of Reortable injuries
FR/Reportable = ------------------------------------- 1000
Average daily employment
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Frequency Rate (FR) per 3 lakh manshift workedcan be
calculated as below:
No of injuries
FR/ 3 lakh Manshift worked = ------------------------------- 3,00,000
Total Manshift worked
No of injuries
FR/ Million ton per of coal produced =-------------------------- 106
Total coal produced
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One basis of measurement of safety performance is the frequency
of accidents, another is their severity. Severity rate can be
calculated as follows:
Mandays lost 1000Severity = ------------------------------------
Average daily employment
Mandays lost 300000
Or = -------------------------------------
Total Manshift worked
Mandays lost 106
Or = -------------------------------------
Million ton of coal produced
Severity Index:-----
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Severity Index:
Severity Index (SI) can be calculated based on following
formula:
(300F + 10S + R) 100,000
SI = ---------------------------------------Man-shift worked
F = Number of deaths
S = Number of serious injuries
R = Number of Reportable injuries
The weightage of 300:10:1 for fatal, serious, and reportable injuries was
perhaps arrived at by estimating relative manshift lost by each type of
accidents. A modified approach has been established by the DGMS andis as follows:
(50F + S ) 105
SI = ----------------------------
Man-shift worked
A id P
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Accident Proneness:-----
Though FR and SI values can be taken to identify accident
proneness of mines; however, it is preferable to compute
Arithmetic mean (AM) and Geometric mean (GM) of SI usually for five years periods to identify accident prone mines. The DGMS
uses the arithmetic mean for identifying the accident proneness.
Accident proneness indices are defined as follows:
n
AM = SI/n
i=1
n
GM = ( SI )1/n
i=1
Both frequency rate and severity rate indices are useful
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Both frequency rate and severity rate indices are useful
measures of safety performances of mines.
These indices generally are used to identify the accident
proneness of mines and based on these indices accident
proneness of the same mine may vary.
To incorporate both frequency and severity rate, a combined
index (CI) has been proposed, where CI is defined as:
FR SI
CI = --------------------
1000
where, CI = Combined Index
FR = Frequency Rate Index
SI = Severity Index
Case study (from 1995-2004)
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Case study (from 1995 2004)
Average Yearly Fatal/Serious Injuries in Indian Mines
Place of
employment
Average daily
employment
Average number
persons killed per year
Average number
persons seriouslyinjured per year
Below
ground2,58,000 110 493
Opencast
workings 75,000 18 71
Above
ground 1,35,000 13 109
Total 4,68,000 141 673
Calculate the Frequency Rates, Severity Index as per DGMS,
and Combine index of Coal Mine Accidents in India.
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Chapter - 4
Basic Causes of AccidentOccurrence;
and
Cause wise Accident Analysis
(from 1995-2004)
Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence
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In order to identify the root causes of accidents, it is a
common practice to safety professional to find out thefactors associated with accidents.
The DGMS classification of accident causes is as follows:
1. Ground movement2. Transportation Machinery (winding in shaft)
3. Transportation Machinery (Other than winding in shaft)
4. Machinery other than Transportation Machinery5. Explosives
6. Electricity7. Dust, gas and other Combustible Materials8. Fall (other than fall of ground)
9. Other causes
Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence
Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
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Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
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Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
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Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
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Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)
Statistical accident/Injury analysis
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Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Methods of Statistical accident/InjuryAnalysis
Bivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Statistical accident/Injury analysis
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Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Statistical
accident/Injuryanalysis
Place-wise Cause-wise
Occupation-wise Body parts-wise
Shift-wise
Statistical accident/Injury analysis
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Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Place-wise analysis based on
Belowground
Opencast
aboveground
Shift-wise analysis based on
Morning Shift
Evening Shift
Night Shift
Statistical accident/Injury analysis
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Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Cause-wise analysis based on
Fall-of-Object
Fall-of-Roof
Fall-of-Side
HaulageLoading-of-Coal
Slip-and-Fall
Tools-and-Machines
Transportation of Machine
Others
Statistical accident/Injury analysis
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Stat st ca acc de t/ ju y a a ys s
Body parts-wise analysis based on
leg
Finger
Back
HandKnee
Thumb
Foot
Head
Others
Statistical accident/Injury analysis
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Stat st ca acc de t ju y a a ys s
Occupation-wise analysis based on
Fall-of-Object
Fall-of-Roof
Fall-of-Side
HaulageLoading-of-Coal
Slip-and-Fall
Tools-and-Machines
Transportation of Machine
Others
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Statistical Accident Analysis – ACase Study
By
Dr. P. S. Paul
(Published in IM&E Journal, 2001)
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Frequency of mandays lost due to accidents/injuries
for the case study mine during 1993-’96.
Mandays lost (day/days)
Frequency Percent
1
2
3-5
5-15
>15
19
93
30
61
32
8.09
39.57
12.77
25.96
13.62
Mandays lost/injury
Mininmum: 1
Maximum: 172
Average: 10.51
Total mandays lost: 2533
F f i j i d d l t b d ti /j b titl f th
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Occupation/
job title
Frequency Percent
Mandays lost
Mandays lost
per injuryMinimum
mandays lost
Maximum
mandays lost
Total
mandays lost
Miner/ Loader 100 41.49 1 172 1230 12.30
Haulage-
Worker
28 11.61 1 79 243 8.67
Piece-rated-
worker
27 11.20 2 114 298 11.04
Mech./elec.-
fitter/helper
18 7.47 1 75 183 10.17
Support-
personnel
17 7.05 2 150 180 10.59
Other-face-
worker
10 4.15 1 33 99 9.90
Driller/exp.
-carrier
5 2.07 1 2 12 2.40
Supervisory-
staff
4 1.66 2 3 13 3.25
Other-worker 32 13.28 1 56 275 8.89
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on occupation/job title for the case
study mine during 1993-‘96
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on cause of injury/accident type
for the case study mine during 1993-‘96
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Cause of injury/
accident type
Frequency Percent
Mandays lost
Mandays lost
per injury
Minimum
mandays lost
Maximum
mandays lost
Total
mandays lost
Fall-of-object 24 9.96 1 150 386 16.08
Fall-of-roof 20 8.30 2 144 379 18.95
Fall-of-side 10 4.15 2 96 199 19.90
Haulage 26 10.79 1 23 166 6.38
Loading-of-coal 53 21.99 1 114 557 9.94
Slip-and-fall 41 17.01 1 172 406 9.90
Tool-and-
machine
33 13.69 1 44 230 6.97
Transport-of-
material
12 4.98 1 19 82 6.83
Other 22 9.13 1 25 127 5.77
for the case study mine during 1993- 96
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Frequency of injury based on occupation and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for
the case study mine during 1993-’96
Cause of
Injury
Occupation
Group
Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other
object roof side of coal and and of materials
fall machine
Miner/loader
Haulage-
worker
Piece-rated-worker
Mech./Eeec.-fitter/helper
Support – personnel
Other-face- worker
Driller/exp.- carrier
Supervisory-staff
Other- worker
8 12 7 4 48 12 3 1 5
(8.00) (12.00) (7.0) (4.00) (48.00) (12.00) (3.00) (1.00) (5.00)
3 1 0 7 0 7 7 3 0
(10.71) (3.58) (0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (25.00) (25.00) (10.71) (0.00)
0 0 0 4 0 3 11 5 4
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (14.82) (0.00) (11.11) (40.73) (18.52) (14.82)
2 0 0 5 0 4 6 0 1
(11.11) (0.00) (0.00) (27.78) (0.00) (22.22) (33.33) (0.00) (5.56)
6 1 0 3 3 3 0 1 0
(35.29) (5.88) (0.00) (17.65) (17.65) (17.65) (0.00) (5.88) (0.00)
2 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 1
(20.00) (30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (10.00)
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
(20.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00)
0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
(0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (75.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
2 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 10
(6.25) (6.25) (9.38) (6.25) (6.25) (18.76) (9.38) (6.25) (31.25)
Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured
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Body part Frequency Percent
Mandays lost
Mandays lost
per injuryMinimum
mandays lost
Maximum
mandays lost
Total
mandays lost
Leg 83 34.44 1 172 1264 15.23
Finger 56 23.24 1 33 265 4.73
Hand 20 8.30 1 73 242 12.10
Back 17 7.05 1 114 282 16.59
Knee 14 5.81 1 13 61 4.36
Thumb 10 4.15 2 18 51 5.1
Foot 8 3.32 1 96 208 26
Head 7 2.91 2 3 15 2.14
All other 26 10.79 1 44 145 5.58
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured
for the case study mine during 1993-‘96
Frequency of injury based on body parts injured and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation forthe case study mine during 1993- ’96
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Cause of
Injury
Body part
Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other
object roof side of coal and and of material
fall machine
Leg
Finger
Hand
Back
Knee
Thumb
Foot
Head
All other
8 8 5 7 27 14 5 3 6
(9.63) (9.63) (6.02) (8.54) (32.93) (17.07) (6.09) (3.66) (7.32)
3 2 1 8 13 1 16 7 5
(5.36) (3.57) (1.79) (14.29) (23 .21) (1.79) (28.56) (12.50) (8.93)
0 2 0 6 1 6 3 0 2
(0.00) (10.00) (0.00) (30.00) (5.00) (30.00) (15.00) (0.00) (10.00)
4 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 3
(23.53) (11.77) (5.88) (5.88) (17.64) (11.76) (5.88) (0.00) (17 .65)
2 0 1 3 0 4 1 0 3
(14.289) (0.00) (7.14) (21.43) (0.00) (28.57) (7.14) (0.00) (21.43)
3 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0
(30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (10.00) (30.00) (20.00) (10.00) (0.00) (0.00)
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0
(12.50) (37.50) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (12.50) (12.50) (0.00) (0.00)
0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1
(0.00) (33.33) (0.00) (0.00) (16.67) (33.33) (0.00) (16.67) (14.29)
3 1 0 0 5 9 5 1 2
(11.54) (3.85) (0.00) (0.00) (19.23) (34.62) (19.23) (3.84) (7.69)
Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries
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Chapter - 5
Investigations intoAccident and Accident
Report
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Investigations into Accident(Part-I)
The primary purpose of accident investigation isto identify the causes and circumstances leading
to the accident so that suitable measures may be
taken to further accident of similar type.
Accident Investigation
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Accident Investigation
a successful accident investigation must answer
three questions:1. What happened?
2. How it happened?
3. Why it happened?
and to serve as a basis of prevention, a fourth
question:
4. How it can be prevented?
Accident Investigation
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Accident Investigation
Procedure:
Collection of basic information
Inspection of the site of accident
Preparation of accident site plan by the surveyor Examination of records, reports, plan etc.
Examination of materials, equipments etc. and their
testing, if required. Examination of Witness
Analysis of evidence: Identification of the unsafe acts
and condition
Collection of basic information
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Collection of basic information
Date and time of accident
Name, age, sex and nature of job of the victim
Details of Vocational training undergone by the
victim
Place of accident
Apparent cause of accident
Details of the mine working and operations
related to the accident
System of supervision and name of the
supervisors
Inspection of the site of accident
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spect o o t e s te o acc de t
Observation of the minutest details at the accident
site All materials and objects found at the site should
be noted
The position of the victim(s) and the eye-witnessshould be recorded
The enquiry officer should himself draw a sketch
plan of the accident site showing all the details
Preparation of accident site plan by
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Preparation of accident site plan by
the surveyor
They should prepare an accident plan (R.F. of
100:1) showing all the details of the accident site
Examination of records, reports, plan etc.
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Examination of records, reports, plan etc.
A close examination relating to the accident isessential to ascertain:
– The general system of work
– Awareness of lurking dangers – Promptness in dealing with defects and dangers
– Status of safety prevailing prior to the accident
– Availability and effectiveness of supervision
Examination of materials, equipments
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Examination of materials, equipments
etc. and their testing, if required.
These should be examined by experts, and if
necessary, be tested at a reliable laboratory
Examination of Witness
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The witness should be examined in a definite
sequence The witness should be examined individually
and separately
All eye-witness should be examined at thesite of the accident
The inquiry officer should not disturb the
emotional and verbose witness but allowthem to speak
If conflicting statements are made by different
witness, the should be re-examined
Analysis of Evidence
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Analysis of Evidence
The inquiry officer should analyze
systematically all the recorded evidence in thelight of his own observations at the accident
site.
He should point out the contraventions of the
statutory provisions and should identify the
unsafe acts and unsafe conditions thatresulted in the accident
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Accident Report(Part-II)
STRUCTURE OF THE ACCIDENT REPORT
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The report should be detailed under the following heads:
IntroductionBackground information
Events prior to accident
Occurrence of the accidentRescue and recovery
Inspection and enquiry
Analysis of evidenceCauses of the accident
Responsibility
Recommendations
ACCIDENT REPORT
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As a safety officer, put up a report of enquiry and investigation into a fatal accident
due to fall of roof in a depillaring area killing two loaders on spot.
From : ---------------- , Safety Officer,
---------------- Colliery.
Dated, 30th November, 2009
To
The Manager,----------------- Colliery,
Sir,
Ref. Your letter No. A/E – 235 dated 17.08.2008
I am submitting herewith a report on roof fall accident that occurred on 15 th
September, 2008 at about 10 p.m. in the depillaring district in ----------
seam at ------------ colliery and resulted in death of two loaders namely, -------------- and --
------------.
Encl. Inquiry Report. Yours faithfully,
(Signed)
ACCIDENT REPORT
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Chapter - 6
In-depth Study of Accidents dueto Multivariate Cause
(with case study)
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Work
Injuries
Demographics
•Age
•Experience
Negative Personality
•Impulsivity
•Risk Taking
•Negative
Affectivity
•Depression
Social Support
•Co-Worker
Support
•SupervisorySupport
•Management
Worker
Interaction
Safety Environment
•Safety Training•Safety practice
•Safety Equipment
Availability and
Maintenance
Work Hazards
•Physical Hazards•Production Pressure
Job Dissatisfaction
Job Stress
Safe Work Behavior
Determinants of work injuries in mines
Reliability and Validity Test of the Collected Data
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Identified factors No. of questions
asked to the mine workers
No. of questions
retained after reliability and validity
test
Reliability
Risk taking
Negative affectivity
Job Dissatisfaction
Impulsivity
Depression
Job stress
Safety training
Safety practice
Safety equipmentavailability and maintenance
Co- worker’s support
Supervisory Support
Management workerinteraction
Production pressure
Physical hazards
Safe work behavior
11
15
13
12
5
12
8
27
9
7
7
14
4
15
8
9
11
12
8
5
8
6
19
8
5
7
10
4
11
8
0.82
0.83
0.83
0.71
0.65
0.67
0.66
0.80
0.72
0.64
0.71
0.84
0.79
0.65
0.67
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Age
5855
5351
4947
4543
4139
3735
3331
2927
2523
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Group
NAG
AG
Miners’ Age (in Year)
Number of AG Respondents in
excess of NAG
Number of NAG Respondents
in excess of AG
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers
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Negative Affectivity
31.0029.00
27.0025.00
23.0021.00
19.0017.00
15.0013.00
11.00
30
20
10
0
Group
NAG
AG
Respondents’ scores on Negative Affectivity
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
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Job Di ssatia facti on
36.0034.00
32.0030.00
28.0026.00
24.0022.00
20.0018.00
16.0014.00
12.00
20
10
0
Group
NAG
AG
Respondents’ scores on Job Dissatisfaction
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
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Physi cal Hazards
37.00
32.00
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
13.00
11.00
30
20
10
0
Group
NAG
AG
Respondents’ scores on Physical Hazards
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
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Management Worker Interaction
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
30
20
10
0
Group
NAG
AG
Respondents’ scores on Management Worker Interaction
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)
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Bivariate and MultivariateLogistic Regression Analysis
Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories
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Characteristic Variables CategoriesCoefficient β
(estimate)
P-Value
(Significance)
Crude OR
e β (95% CI)
Demographic
Age
AGE0RC --
0.557
--
0.019
1
1.74 (1.10-2.78)AGE1
ExperienceEXP0RC --
0.51
--
0.033
1
1.67 (1.04-2.67)EXP1
Negative
Personality
ImpulsivityIMP0RC --
0.956
--
<0.001
1
2.60 (1.63-4.15)IMP1
Negative
Affectivity
N_A0RC --
1.24
--
<0.001
1
3.45 (2.15-5.55)N_A1
Risk Taking
RISK_TK0RC --
0.99
--
<0.001
1
2.70 (1.69-4.31)RISK_TK1
Depression
DEPR0RC --
0.48
--
0.038
1
1.62 (1.03-2.56)DEPR1
Safe Work
Behavior
Safe Work
Behavior
SA_W_BEH0RC --
-0.65
--
0.006
1
0.52 (0.33-0.83)SA_W_BEH1
Job Stress Job StressJOB_STR0RC --
0.76
--
0.001
1
2.14 (1.35-3.41)JOB_STR1
Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)
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Characteristics Variables Categories Coefficient β
(estimate)
P-Value
(Significance)
Crude OR (e β)
(95% CI)
Job
Dissatisfaction
Job
Dissatisfaction
JOB_DIS0RC --
0.95
--
<0.001
1
2.59 (1.63-4.12)JOB_DIS1
Work Hazards
Production
Pressure
PROD_PR0RC --
0.13
--
0.56
1
1.14 (0.73-1.80)PROD_PR1
Physical
Hazards
PHY_HRZ0RC --
0.87
--
<0.001
1
2.39 (1.50-3.79)PHYHRZ1
Safety
Environment
Safety
Training
SAF_TR0RC --
-0.52
--
0.028
1
0.60 (0.38-0.95)SAF_TR1
Safety
Practice
SAF_PRC0RC --
-1.34
--
<0.001
1
0.32 (0.20-0.52)SAF_PRC1
Safety
Equipment
Availability
and Maintenance
SA_EQUP0RC --
-0.72
--
0.002
1
0.49 (0.31-0.78)SA_EQUP1
Social Support
Co-Worker
Support
CO_SPRT0RC --
-0.31
--
0.195
1
0.74 (0.46-1.17)CO_SPRT1
Supervisory
Support
SUP_SPRT0RC --
-0.87
--
<0.001
1
0.42 (0.26-0.67)SUP_SPRT1
Management
Worker
Interaction
M_W_INT0RC --
-0.95
--
<0.001
1
0.39 (0.24-0.62)M_W_INT1
Predictor categoricala variables r Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Multivariate Logistic Regression Results Predicting Work Injury
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DemographicsAgeExperience
Negative personality
Impulsivity
Negative affectivity
DepressionRisk taking
Safe work behavior
Safe work behavior
Job stress
Job stress
Job dissatisfaction
Job dissatisfaction
Work hazards
Production pressurePhysical hazards
Safety environment
Safety training
Safety practice
Safety equipment availabilityand maintenance
Social support
Co-worker support Supervisory supportManagement worker interaction
Predictive accuracy (%)
Total R 2
R 2
0.27***
0.25***
0.21***
0.37***
0.08 0.35***
-0.22***
0.17***
0.31***
0.17***
0.24***
-0.25***
-0.36***
-0.30***
-0.08 -0.27***
-0.29***
0.41
0.19
56.7
0.026***
0.026***
0.75*
0.15
0.41
1.03***
-0.14 0.59**
67.3
0.189***
0.163***
0.77*
0.13
0.35
1.11***
-0.29 0.39
-0.34
-0.22
0.48*
69.3
0.206***
0.017**
0.70*
0.22
0.40
0.92***
-0.09 0.41
-0.42
-0.25
0.48*
0.41
0.57**
69.3
0.228***
0.022**
0.75*
0.15
0.50
0.90***
-0.16 0.38
-0.30
-0.12
0.55*
0.40
0.53*
0.46
-0.52
-0.24
68.3
0.241***
0.013
0.76*
0.15
0.55
0.93***
-0.18 0.36
-0.26
-0.12
0.53*
0.39
0.52*
0.47
-0.48
0.27
0.19 0.14
-0.34
68.7
0.244***
0.003
Note. For Models 1 – 6, standardized regression coefficients (β) are reported. * P < 0.10, ** P 0.05, *** P 0.01.
a category (0) represents the reference group. For example, AGE (0) is the reference group of age variable. The parameter (β) for AGE (1) is estimated with reference to AGE (0).
C ffi i t P V l Adj t d OR β)
Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories
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Characteristic Variables CategoriesCoefficient
β (estimate)
P-Value
(Significance
Adjusted OR (e β) (95% CI)
Demographic
Age
AGE0RC --
0.76
--
0.078
1
2.14 (0.91-4.10)AGE1
ExperienceEXP0RC --
0.14
--
0.732
1
1.16 (0.50-2.69)EXP1
Negative
Personality
ImpulsivityIMP0RC --
0.55
--
0.168
1
1.73 (0.79-3.76)IMP1
Negative
Affectivity
N_A0RC --
0.933
--
0.014
1
2.54 (1.21-5.35)N_A1
Risk TakingRISK_TK0RC --
0.36
--
0.279
1
1.44 (0.75-2.76)RISK_TK1
Depression
DEPR0RC --
-0.18
--
0.566
1
0.83 (0.44-1.56)DEPR1
Safe Work
Behavior
Safe Work
Behavior
SA_W_BEH0RC --
-0.26
--
0.428
1
0.78 (0.41-1.46)SA_W_BEH1
Job StressJob
Stress
JOB_STR0RC --
-0.12
--
0.772
1
0.89 (0.40-1.97)JOB_STR1
V i blCoefficient β P-Value Adjusted OR (e β)
Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)
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Characteristics Variables Categories Coefficient β
(estimate)
P Value
(Significance)
Adjusted OR (e )
(95% CI)
Job
Dissatisfaction
Job
Dissatisfaction
JOB_DIS0RC --
0.53
--
0.092
1
1.71 (0.92-3.17)JOB_DIS1
Work Hazards
Production
Pressure
PROD_PR0RC --
0.39
--
0.192
1
1.49 (0.83-2.68)PROD_PR1
Physical
Hazards
PHY_HRZ0RC --
0.52
--
0.073
1
1.69 (0.95-3.00)PHY_HRZ1
Safety
Environment
Safety
Training
SAF_TR0RC --
0.47
--
0.188
1
1.60 (0.80-3.22)SAF_TR1
Safety
Practice
SAF_PRC0RC --
-0.48
--
0.239
1
0.62 (0.28-1.38)SAF_PRC1
Safety
Equipment
Availability
& Maintenance
SA_EQUP0RC --
0.27
--
0.483
1
1.30 (0.62-2.73)SA_EQUP1
Social Support
Co-Worker
Support
CO_SPRT0RC --
0.19
--
0.545
1
1.21 (0.66-2.22)CO_SPRT1
Supervisory
Support
SUP_SPRT0RC --
0.14
--
0.729
1
1.15 (0.53-2.49)SUP_SPRT1
Management
Worker
Interaction
M_W_INT0RC --
-0.34
--
0.433
1
0.72 (0.31-1.65)M_W_INT1
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Age 1.000
Exp 0.816 1.000
Work injury 0.271 0.249 1.000
Impulsivity -0.143 -0.085 0.214 1.000
Negative affectivity -0.114 -0.078 0.373 0.600 1.000
Depression -0.046 -0.059 0.084 0.183 0.409 1.000
Risk taking -0.001 0.033 0.349 0.467 0.586 0.224 1.000
Safety training 0.074 0.060 -0.251 -0.577 -0.444 -0.112 -0.464 1.000
Safety practice 0.052 0.040 -0.358 -0.607 -0.521 -0.251 -0.668 0.523 1.000SEAM* -0.024 -0.056 -0.296 -0.350 -0.404 -0.277 -0.557 0.344 0.653 1.000
Job stress -0.103 -0.054 0.169 0.630 0.672 0.375 0.568 -0.543 -0.600 -0.460 1.000
Co-worker support 0.118 0.087 -0.078 -0.456 -0.315 -0.084 -0.349 0.300 0.501 0.368 -0.375 1.000
Supervisory support 0.042 -0.001 -0.269 -0.600 -0.547 -0.285 -0.660 0.631 0.716 0.560 -0.660 0.357 1.000
M_W_INT** 0.053 0.012 -0.292 -0.588 -0.515 -0.295 -0.627 0.543 0.799 0.673 -0.659 0.451 0.817 1.000
Job dissatisfaction 0.001 0.026 0.306 0.386 0.475 0.347 0.524 -0.436 -0.573 -0.625 0.617 -0.215 -0.653 -0.665 1.000
Physical hazards 0.094 0.107 0.238 0.301 0.329 0.211 0.424 -0.200 -0.497 -0.514 0.455 -0.251 -0.465 -0.511 0.482 1.000
Production pressure 0.113 0.124 0.169 0.119 0.240 0.413 0.424 -0.293 -0.362 -0.385 0.398 -0.099 -0.542 -0.466 0.507 0.459 1.000
Safe work behaviour 0.055 0.010 -0.217 -0.368 -0.303 -0.362 -0.370 0.166 0.539 0.307 -0.258 0.361 0.396 0.387 -0.288 -0.172 -0.181 1.000
Mean 37.34 14.58 0.50 16.02 20.88 8.707 18.58 13.22 39.67 15.73 16.82 12.86 14.91 20.36 23.54 24.10 8.78 20.27
Standard deviation 9.01 9.25 0.50 4.12 5.95 2.55 5.41 3.27 7.53 3.93 3.99 2.18 3.68 5.44 6.16 4.36 2.82 2.99
* Safety Equipment availability and maintenance ** Management workers interaction
Correlation coefficient 0.113 indicates 0.05 probability level of significance
Correlations amongst the Major Variables for Accident Path Model
Age X 1 Demographic0 99*
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Experience X 2
Demographic1
Work Injury X 3 Work Injury2
Impulsivity X 4
Negative affectivity X 5
Depression X 6
Risk Taking X 7
Negative Personality
3
Job Stress X 11
Co-Worker Support X 12
Supervisory Support X 13
Management Worker Interaction X
14
Safety Training X 8
Safety Practice X 9
Safety equipment Availabilityand Maintenance X 10
Safety Environment
4
Job Stress
5
Job Dissatisfaction X 15
Physical Hazards X 16
Production Pressure X 17
Safe Work Behavior X 18
Social Support
6
Job Dissatisfaction
7
Work Hazards
8
Safe Work Behavior 9
0.99*
0.82*
1.00
0.70*
0.72*
0.40*
0.78*
0.61*
0.85*
0.70*
1.00
0.48*
0.88*
0.90*
1.00
0.71*
0.65*
1.00
[* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance]
Path Diagram of Measurement Model
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Demographic 1.00
Work injury 0.29* 1.00
Negative personality -0.10* 0.41* 1.00
Safety environment 0.04 -0.42* -0.94* 1.00Job stress -0.09 0.17* 0.86* -0.73* 1.00
Social support 0.06 -0.30* -0.91* 0.83* -0.75* 1.00
Job dissatisfaction 0.01 0.31* 0.65* -0.75* 0.62* -0.70* 1.00
Work hazards 0.17* 0.30* 0.67* -0.77 * 0.63* -0.78* 0.73* 1.00
Safe work behavior 0.04 -0.22* -0.51* 0.49* -0.26* 0.48* -0.29* -0.26* 1.00
* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance
Structural Correlations among Latent Variables Presented in theMeasurement Model for Injury/Accident Causation
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Job Dissatisfaction4
Work Injury
6
Safety Environment 1
Safe Work Behavior
5 Negative Personality
3
Job Stress 2
Work Hazards 1
Social Support
2
Demographic 3
-0.24*
0.69*
-0.39*
-0.65*-0.06
0.05
-0.02
-0.03
0.38*
-0.25*
-0.37*
0.37*
-0.40*
0.08
-0.01
0.26*
0.29*
-0.14*
0.08*
0.76*
0.87*
0.40*
0.22*
0.37*
[* indicates 0.05 probability level of significance]
Accident Model Path Diagram
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Chapter - 7
Measures for ImprovingSafety
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Chapter - 8
Cost of Accidents
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Chapter - 9Introduction to SafetyManagement
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Risk
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Risk
This is a measure of the likelihood and severity of a negative
effect to environment, equipment/property, or the health.
The phase of evaluation is realized by estimating theprobability of an unwanted event occurring (P) and theconsequences of that event (D). Mathematically,
Risk (R) = P x D
The sign x expresses the function according to the kind ofevaluation. It can be a matrix or product. The risk index,particularly when estimating human risk to safety and healthmay vary according to human exposure to specific sites orsources.
Component of Risk
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RiskComponent
Threats
Consequences Resources
ModifyingFactors