Safe Needle Techniques

Safe Needle TechniquesSafe Needle Techniques

Annual Congress of

The American Academy of Ozonotherapy

Dallas, TX

March 29th 2014

Shawn Naylor, DO

OverviewOverview

Needle Stick PreventionManagement of Inadvertent Sticks

Needle Stick PreventionNeedle Stick Prevention

• Major Risks• HIV (most feared)• HBV (more common)• HCV (no treatment)• Approximately 17 others

IncidenceIncidence

• 365,000 injuries occur annually acording to the CDC; worldwide the estimated incidence is 3 million• Most victims are nurses• 70% occur after use and before disposal

An Ounce of Prevention… An Ounce of Prevention… • Never re-cap your needles• Never let your sharps containers overflow• The sooner it gets into the container the

better• Consider sliding-sheath needles• Warn the patient that the stick is coming

Take it slow…

Tips on Needle SafetyTips on Needle Safety

• Wear gloves• A needle that pierced a glove before piercing

the skin is less likely to infect• Don’t bend the needle

• It will behave unpredictably if it comes out of the skin

• Use tissue compression… carefully• Your thumbnail provides some protection

Risk of Transmission of HIVRisk of Transmission of HIV• A review of 23 studies of needle stick injuries

to HCWs exposed to an HIV-infected source in the era before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy found the following:• HIV transmission occurred in 20 of 6135 cases (0.33

percent) • One case of HIV was transmitted out of 1143

exposures (0.09 percent) on the mucosa of the healthcare worker

• There were no cases after 2712 intact skin exposures

Documented SeroconversionDocumented Seroconversion• As of June 2004, 57 HCWs in the United

States had acquired occupational HIV infection as indicated by seroconversion in the context of a percutaneous occupational exposure to an HIV-infected source • To date, there are no confirmed

seroconversions in surgeons and no seroconversions with exposures from a suture needle.

Seroconversion ContinuedSeroconversion Continued

Exposure of source blood to intact skin is considered "no risk”

There are no confirmed cases of HIV transmission in HCW with skin abrasions, cuts, sores or other breaches in skin integrity, but a theoretical risk is estimated at 1/1000

Risk Factors for SeroconversionRisk Factors for Seroconversion• A case-control study of needlestick injuries

from an HIV-infected source (involving 33 cases who seroconverted and 655 controls) found the following risk factors for acquiring HIV:• Deep injury (odds ratio [OR] 15) • A device visibly contaminated with the patient's

blood (OR 6.2) • Needle placement in a vein or artery (OR 4.3) • Terminal illness in the source patient (OR 5.6)

Postexposure ManagementPostexposure Management

• Squeeze the wound to make it bleed • Wash with soap and water• Alcohol is virucidal

Postexposure ManagementPostexposure Management

• Rapid HIV tests are available on site at many facilities

• Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be initiated within 1-2 hours of the exposure• A rapid HIV test result might be back by then

• Zidovudine appears to reduce risk of infection by 80% but is poorly tolerated• Newer 3-drug regimens are considered superior

Postexposure ProphylaxisPostexposure Prophylaxis• Experts currently recommend 3-drug

regimens such as:• tenofovir-emtricitabine with raltegravir• tenofovir-emtricitabine, atazanavir and ritonavir • tenofovir-emtricitabine, darunavir and ritonavir

• Combination antiretroviral therapy is significantly better than zidovudine in reducing perinatal transmission rates from 8% to <2%• A similar reduction is likely in PEP

DURATION OF THERAPYDURATION OF THERAPY

 The recommended duration of PEP is four weeks because ZDV for this duration appeared protective in some studies; however, the optimal duration of PEP is unknown. It is biologically plausible that shorter durations of PEP would be as effective, however current guidelines strongly recommend a four week course

MonitoringMonitoring

• HIV serology should be performed at baseline, six weeks, twelve weeks and six months following the exposure

• Routine monitoring of HIV viral load in an attempt to detect early infection should generally not be performed because of the risk of false positive test results. However, such testing is appropriate in patients who have symptoms suggestive of the acute retroviral syndrome.

Hepatitis BHepatitis B

• Evaluate the patient for Hep B surface antigen and the vaccine-response status of the exposed person• Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with hepatitis B

immune globulin (HBIG) and/or hepatitis B vaccine series should be considered in light of the results of these tests

• In those HCWs who have not been vaccinated HBIG should be administered and the Hep B vaccine series should be initiated

Hepatitis C ExposureHepatitis C Exposure

• The average incidence of seroconversion to HCV after unintentional needle sticks or sharps exposures from an HCV-positive source is 1.8 percent (range, 0-7 percent).

• A study from Japan reported an incidence of HCV infection of 10 percent based upon detection of HCV RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

Hepatitis C Prophylaxis and MonitoringHepatitis C Prophylaxis and Monitoring

• Currently, there is no proven effective preexposure or postexposure prophylaxis for persons exposed to HCV

• The CDC recommends that persons exposed to an HCV-positive source have the following baseline and follow-up testing• Baseline testing for anti-HCV, HCV RNA, and ALT• Follow-up testing for HCV RNA between four and six

weeks after exposure• Follow-up testing for anti-HCV, HCV RNA, and ALT

between four and six months after exposure

ReferencesReferences

www.uptodate.com (“Needle Stick Injury”)http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCa

tegories/WorkplaceSafety/Healthy-Work-Environment/SafeNeedles/NeedlestickPrevention.pdf

www.wikipedia.org