Safe and Healthy with Sustainable Mobility

Safe and Healthy with Sustainable Mobility

Assist. Prof. Vedran Kirincic, PhD

[email protected]

Sustainable energy / Mobility expert

Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia

https://www.linkedin.com/in/vedrankirincic/

2

Global EU

Source:

https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector#licence

https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_10-point_plan_European_Green_Deal.pdf

Greenhouse gas emissions

73.4% of

transport

94.6% of transport

60.6% of road transport

* All CO2 equivalent

3

Decarbonising the Road Transport

Source: Transport & Environment 2020_12_Briefing_feasibility_study_renewables_decarbonisation.pdf

https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2020_12_Briefing_feasibility_study_renewables_decarbonisation.pdf

4

Lifetime raw material consumption: EV battery vs petrol car

Source: Transport & Environment, From dirty oil to clean batteries - Batteries vs. oil: as systematic comparison of material requirements, 2021

https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2021_02_Battery_raw_materials_report_final.pdf

Batteries second life

Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12398-020-00273-x

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/li-ion-batteries-second-life-energy-storage

5

Norway

Source: Norwegian EV policy

https://elbil.no/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/EVS30-Charging-infrastrucure-experiences-in-Norway-paper.pdf

How often do you charge? Source: Norwegian EV owner survey 2017

Most important EV incentives according to Norwegian EV owners. Question: Select the 3 most important EV incentives. Source: Norwegian EV owners survey 2017

6

Croatia

Source: EIHP Energy in Croatia – Annual energy report 2019

Croatian Bureau of Statistics, https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/Pokazatelji/Transport%20i%20komunikacije/Transport%20-

%2002%20cestovna%20infrastruktura,%20obujam%20cestovnog%20prometa.xlsx

CO2 emissionsEnergy consumption

41%101.84 PJ

Fuel consumption

by transport modeVOLUME OF ROAD TRAFFIC (NATIONAL VEHICLES),

BY TYPE OF VEHICLE, Vehicle-kilometres, million2014. 2015. 2016. 2017. 2018.

Total 22.480 24.136 26.047 26.974 28.237

M1: Passenger cars 18.262 19.444 20.809 21.473 22.322

M2/M3: Buses and coaches 276 304 328 335 351

N1: Goods vehicles up to 3.5t MPW 2.058 2.311 2.623 2.803 3.138

N2: Goods vehicles between 3.5t and 12t MPW 336 334 341 338 334

N3: Goods vehicles over 12t MPW 1.162 1.345 1.545 1.626 1.670

L1/L2/L6: Mopeds 148 148 142 130 126

L3/L4/L5/L7: Motorcycles 173 184 201 217 241

T5: Tractor on wheels 65 66 60 51 54

7

Source: EIHP Energy in Croatia – Annual energy report 2019

Croatia

The number of passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants

Structure of cars by fuel type

CO2 emissions from energy subsectors

EU-27 = 503

Final energy consumption

by means of transport

M1 km (k) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

CVH 12.75 12.51 12.70 12.81 12.68 12.54

8

Transport sector in Croatian cities

Specific annual energy consumption in the

transport sector (MWh / inhabitant)

Specific annual CO2 emissions in the

transport sector (tCO2 / inhabitant)

Number of public transport lines Number of EV charging stations

(per 1000 inhabitants)Source: Analysis of the readiness of Croatian cities for a green (energy) transition in 2021.

Decarbonising the Road Transport

Rollout of charging points for ECVs – Trend over time in the EU (2019)

Charging points for EVs per country,

plus percentage of EU total (2019)

Normal and fast charging points, by country (2019)

ACEA, MAKING THE TRANSITION TO ZERO-EMISSION MOBILITY 2020 PROGRESS REPORT

https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/ACEA_progress_report_2020.pdf

EV market share / charging points per 100 km of road*,

by country (2019)

HIGHEST EV purchase incentives1. Romania (up to €11,500)

2. Croatia (up to €9,200)

3. Germany (up to €9,000)

Real time tracking of available funds on the EPEEF websiteCall opened:

10.06. at 8:00Call temporary closed:

10.06. at 15:43Reserved funds:

HRK90 million (€12 million)

Reopening of call:

24.06. at 8:00Call closed:

24.06. at 9:00Reserved funds:

HRK1,8 million (€0,2 million)

-

5.000.000

10.000.000

15.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

-

20.000.000,00

40.000.000,00

60.000.000,00

80.000.000,00

100.000.000,00

120.000.000,00

8:0

8:1

08

:20

8:3

08

:40

8:5

09

:09

:10

9:2

09

:30

9:4

09

:50

10:0

10:1

01

0:2

01

0:3

01

0:4

01

0:5

01

1:0

11:1

01

1:2

01

1:3

01

1:4

01

1:5

01

2:0

12:1

01

2:2

01

2:3

01

2:4

01

2:5

01

3:0

13:1

01

3:2

01

3:3

01

3:4

01

3:5

01

4:0

14:1

01

4:2

01

4:3

01

4:4

01

4:5

01

5:0

15:1

01

5:2

0

Application input intensity during call

Source: Policy on e-mobility incentives in Croatia, Aleksandar Halavanja, FZOEU, EMOBICITY 5th Project Workshop

vozimoeko.fzoeu.hr

11

Croatia EU

Source: European Alternative Fuels Observatory – EAFO https://www.eafo.eu/countries/croatia/1727/summary/compare

TOTAL NUMBER AF VEHICLES

Electricity

TOTAL NUMBER AF

INFRASTRUCTURE

Electricity

GDP per capita

14,936.10 USD

12

Croatia EU

Source: European Alternative Fuels Observatory – EAFO https://www.eafo.eu/countries/croatia/1727/vehicles-and-fleet/compare

Plugin Electric Vehicles per public charging point

Market share new registrations M1

Fleet percentage of total fleet M1

13

Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation

Source: EIHP Energy in Croatia – Annual energy report 2019

EEA Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/co2-emission-intensity-6#tab-

googlechartid_googlechartid_chart_111_filters=%7B%22rowFilters%22%3A%7B%7D%3B%22columnFilters%22%3A%7B%22pre_config_date%2

2%3A%5B2018%5D%7D%3B%22sortFilter%22%3A%5B%22index_2018%22%5D%7D

Where are we?

14

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

2019: CRO 424, EU 569; PGZ >550

Source: Eurostat, Transport Development Strategy of the

Republic of Croatia (2017-2030), ACEA

JOINT SECAP Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

15

Kastav, Opatija, Cavle, Matulji, Viskovo

Source: JOINT SECAP Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 2021

Public

buildings

Commercial

buildings

Residential

buildings

Municipal

vehicles

Public

transport

Commercial

road transport

Public

lighting

JOINT SECAP Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

16

Kastav, Opatija, Cavle, Matulji, Viskovo

Source: JOINT SECAP Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, 2021

Public

buildings

Commercial

buildings

Residential

buildings

Municipal

vehicles

Public

transport

Commercial

road transport

Public

lighting

The City of Rijeka SECAP

17

Source: The City of Rijeka SECAP, 2020

2008 2014 2018

Natural gas

Fuel oil

Electric energy

Compressed natural gas

LNG

Gasoline

Diesel

Thermal energy from

district heating systems

Public lighting

Transport

Buildings

Baseline Emissions

Inventory - BEI

EnerMOB - Interregional Electromobility Networks for intERurban low carbon MOBility

18

Source: A.Carollo: EnerMOB IPA Conference 2019 Project overview

The project budget: 1,222,513.63 EUR

PGZ budget: EUR 222,745.17

EnerMOB - Interregional Electromobility Networks for intERurban low

carbon MOBility

19Source: County of Primorje-Gorski Kotar

Charging stations (2x22 kW AC) for electric

vehicles have been developed in the framework of

the EnerMOB project.

Three AC charging stations have been installed and

are operating in attractive tourist and traffic locations in

Rijeka International Airport, Municipality of Fužine

and on island Rab in the port Melak.

Installation of charging stations for electric vehicles

has created conditions for greater use of electric

vehicles in the County of Primorje and Gorski Kotar,

which leads to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions

generated in road transport, increased energy

efficiency and reduced dependence on other energy

sources.

With the implementation of the EnerMOB project, the

County is more accessible and enables greater

mobility of the local population and visitors.

EnerNETMob - Mediterranean Interregional Electromobility Networks for

intermodal and interurban low carbon transport systems

20

The Mediterranean program covers many regions and cities that

do not have developed policies for sustainable mobility, and

given the growing growth of electric cars at both European and

national and regional levels, it is necessary to systematically

develop long-term strategies. So far, small infrastructure

networks have not been consolidated in the EU to allow further

movement of battery-powered electric vehicles. The

EnerNETMob project seeks to address the needs of these two

challenges of a lack of charging infrastructure and common

standards.

The overall goal of the project is to develop, test and promote

sustainable electromobility plans, based on common standards

of the electric transport system at the transnational level, by

connecting a regional network of electric charging stations, in

order to achieve greater mobility between cities and regions in

the Mediterranean.

The project budget: 5,742,802.10 EUR

PGZ budget: 415,875.00 EUR

21

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County – charging infrastructure

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

Area (km2) 3.588

Population (2011) 296.195

Density (/km2) 83

Charging stations 60+

EV and PHEV ~500

Source: ZE Mobility

22

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in the County of Primorje-Gorski Kotar in 2017 and 2018

2017

2018

Category and description Type Year 2017 Year 2018 Change 2018/2017

Vehicle

number

Category

share

Vehicle

number

Category

shareRelative Absolute

L1 - A two-wheeled light motor

vehicleElectricity 20 20.83% 43 24.29% 115.00% 23

L5 - Motor tricycle Electricity 1 1.04% 3 1.69% 200.00% 2

L6 - Light quad bike Electricity 1 1.04% 2 1.13% 100.00% 1

L7 - Heavy quadricycles Electricity 31 32.29% 39 22.03% 25.81% 8

M1 - Motor vehicles intended for

the carriage of passengers with a

maximum of eight seats in

addition to the driver's seat

Electricity 21 21.88% 45 25.42% 114.29% 24

M1 - Motor vehicles intended for

the carriage of passengers with a

maximum of eight seats in

addition to the driver's seat

Hybrid

vehicle with

external

charge

13 13.54% 19 10.73% 46.15% 6

N1 - Motor vehicles intended for

the carriage of goods with a

maximum mass not exceeding

3,5 tonnes.

Electricity 9 9.38% 26 14.69% 188.89% 17

Total 96 100.00% 177 100.00% 84.38% 81

Source: Center for Vehicles of Croatia (CVH)

The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (eng. EPEEP, cro. FZOEU)

2014-2019 (national figures): financial support of 14.6 M euro for 3.530 vehicles

23

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County vs rest of Croatia

6,34%

93,66%

Area

PGZ Rest of CRO

6,89%

93,11%

Population (2011)

PGZ Rest of CRO

3,77%

96,23%

Number of electric and hybrid vehicles

PGZ Rest of CRO

18,90%

81,10%

Number of sockets

PGZ Rest of CRO

19,85%

80,15%

Number of charging station locations

PGZ Rest of CRO

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

PGZ Rest of CRO CRO

Ratio vehicles for charging / charging locations

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

PGZ Rest of CRO CRO

Ratio vehicles for charging / sockets

* The EU’s Directive on Alternative Fuel Infrastructure – DAFI, 2014.

*

24

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County projections

Primorje and

Gorski Kotar

county Parameter 2020 2025 2030

Basic

scenario

AC sockets 146 268 298

DC sockets 13 21 23

Total sockets 159 289 321

Number of charging

stations (pillars) 120 231 264

Number of locations 62 110 122

Moderate

scenario

AC sockets 206 330 348

DC sockets 27 44 46

Total sockets 233 374 394

Number of charging

stations (pillars) 180 299 323

Number of locations 92 126 134

Dynamic

scenario

AC sockets 263 402 403

DC sockets 35 46 54

Total sockets 298 447 457

Number of charging

stations (pillars) 226 361 375

Number of locations 116 126 164

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2020. 2021. 2022. 2023. 2024. 2025. 2026. 2027. 2028. 2029. 2030.

Basic scenario

Number of charging stations (pillars) Number of locations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2020. 2021. 2022. 2023. 2024. 2025. 2026. 2027. 2028. 2029. 2030.

Basic scenario

AC sockets DC sockets

Belgrade 580

km

Budapest 530

km

Milano 540

km

Wien 530 kmMunich 570 km

Krk in Europe

Bratislava 600

kmBruxelles 1350

km

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

Nu

mb

er

of

resi

de

nts

dom. stanovništvo korisnici vikendica turisti

19,500 locals

50,000 owners of weekend houses (weekenders) in top season

52,000 registered nights in top season or 4 M annually

30,000 objects, 10,000 used regularly, 20,000 occasionally

Area 410 km², coastline 200 km

KRK in numbers

locals weekenders tourists

27

Source: “Interdisciplinary strategy

of zero emissions for integrated

development of the island of Krk”,

igr AG, Ponikve Eko Otok Krk,

Croatia, 2012.

The island of Krk – 2030 strategic aims

Steps towards zero GHG emissions

15%45%100%

Initia

lsta

te

15%

Energ

y s

avin

g

15%

30%

Inve

stm

en

ts

pro

fita

ble

o

ve

r

a s

ho

rt te

rm

Futu

re e

ner

gyn

eces

siti

es

To

tal o

f

en

erg

y

sa

vin

g

2030

Necessities covered by renewablesources (wind, sun, bio-mass)

Energy saving by rising the public awareness – 15%

Economicaly profitable investments in energy efficiency– 30%

Tota

l of energ

y s

avin

g

-45%

2012 2020 2025

112 GWh/A

62 GWh/A

Wind

Solar

eMobility

ELECTRIC CHARGING STATIONS

12 charging stations (7 municipalities)

127.300 Euro, EPEEP fund: 64.200 Euro (40%)

2 x 22 kW

IEC 62196 Type2 Mode 3

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

10 electric vehicles 207.452 Euro,

EPEEP 88.346 Euro (30%)

Source: Ponikve Eko Otok Krk

Charging stations on the island of Krk – no range anxiety!

29Source: Main electrotechnical project for charging stations at the island of Krk, E.G.S.-

ELEKTROGRADITELJSTVO d.o.o., 2016.

Number of charging sessions

Source: Ponikve Eko Otok Krk

2018: +65,24%

2019: +50,96%

Baska* Dobrinj* City of KrkKrk -

PonikveMalinska Omisalj Punat Vrbnik Airport Total

2017 147 227 484 258 225 214 309 168 25 2057

2018 406 762 662 390 349 328 302 165 35 3399

2019 567 1359 858 692 686 422 242 180 125 5131

2020 686 114 869 422 347 346 307 333 99 3523

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Remarks:

2019: charging station in Silo (Dobrinj) was out operation for several months

2020: 1/1/2020-30/9/2020

Conversion of ICEV to EV

• Established conversion team for electric

vehicles E-mobile team Krk

• Employees of Ponikve eko otok Krk and

external experts

• Equipped auto mechanic workshop for

conversion of vehicle

• EPEEP fund subvention of 7.544 Euro

• Conversion started in 2015, finished in 2016

31Source: Ponikve Eko Otok Krk

32

Analysis of the transport system of the island of Krk

• Top three categories ccontribute to CO2 emissions (93.51% in total):

- M1 – small passenger vehicles (up to 8 passengers)

- N1 – transport vehicles ≤ 3500 kg

- N3 – transport vehicles >12000 kg

• Simulated scenarios:

- S1: EV 0-100 % in all categories, RES 0%

- S2: EV 0-100% in all categories, RES 0-100%

- S3: EV 0-100 % in the category M1, RES 0%

- S4: EV 0-100% in the category M1, RES 0-100%

- S5: EV 0-100 % in the categories M1 and N1, RES 0%

- S6: EV 0-100 % in the categories M1 and N1, RES 0-100%

• Remarks:

- penetration of EV (S1, S3 and S5) saves CO2, theoretically up to 58.5 % (S1)

- additional penetration of RES (S2, S4 and S6) saves CO2, theoretically up to 100%

- S2 is not realistic in the short term period (technical and financial factors)

- more realistic scenarios for CO2 savings: 74,9 % (S4) and 86.7 % (S6)

• Recommendations:

- penetration of EV in the categories M1 and N1 (numerous models, standard infrastructure, funding);

- penetration of RES – PV systems, WPP – generation of EE for local consumption

Source: “Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) for the island of Krk - Interdisciplinary study of electromobility at the island of Krk

and the mobile phone application”; Faculty of Engineering, Sensum and Molekula for Ponikve eko otok Krk Ltd, Croatia, 2017.

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

90,0%

100,0%

Scenarij 1

Scenarij 2

Scenarij 3

Scenarij 4

Scenarij 5

Scenarij 6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

The mathematical model of the island of Krk power system – Smart Grid

33

A part of the mathematical model of the island of Krk power system

modeled in the software package NEPLAN

Source: D. Variola, V. Kirincic, D. Frankovic, R. Prenc, “Modeling of the power system of the island of Krk,”

CIRED 13 – 16.5.2018, Opatija, Croatia, 2018.

34

Krk Bike & Krk Hike mobile apps

Source: “Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) for the island of Krk - Interdisciplinary study

of electromobility at the island of Krk and the mobile phone application”; Faculty of Engineering,

Sensum and Molekula for Ponikve eko otok Krk Ltd, Croatia, 2017.

Available @ Google Play, App Store, https://www.krkoutdoor.com/

35

Bike sharing system on the island of Krk

• 8 charging locations

• 10 zones with 10 sockets

each

• Ministry of tourism

107.803 Euro

• Domestic provider –

vehicles, charging

equipment, software

Source: Ponikve Eko Otok Krk

Number of sessions in 2020

May June July August September October

Cyclotourism on the island of Krk

4-ISLANDS-MTB-RaceBicycle highway on the island of Krk 15 km

E-mobility support and strategic documents

Workshops for pupils of the High School in Krk on the topic of

sustainable development, renewables and electromobility

https://www.skolskiportal.hr/clanak/2879-zele-afirmirati-ideju-o-krku-kao-energetski-neovisnom-i-ucinkovitom-otoku/

Energy transition of the Cres-Losinj archipelagoTransport on Island

Sea transport - public

Sea transport - commercial

Residential buildings

Tertiary sector

Industry

CO2

Source: Plugshare, TRANSITION PLAN TOWARDS CLEAN ENERGY – CRES - LOSINJ

ISLANDS https://euislands.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/CRESLOSINJ_FinalTransitionAgenda_20191118.pdf

Energy transition of the Cres-Losinj archipelago

Source: TRANSITION PLAN TOWARDS CLEAN ENERGY – CRES - LOSINJ

ISLANDS https://euislands.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/CRESLOSINJ_FinalTransitionAgenda_20191118.pdf

Energy transition of the Cres-Losinj archipelago

Source: Examples of energy transition in the Cres-Lošinj archipelago https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92Jk6MNjn2o

Challenges and opportunities

https://www.strujnikrug.hr/electric-car-buying-guide/

https://www.strujnikrug.hr/ev-chargers/

Mobility As A Service - MaaS

44http://www.bipformaas.it/what-is-maas-lets-learn/

https://maas-alliance.eu/homepage/what-is-maas/

„The key concept behind MaaS is to put the users at the core of transport services, offering

them tailor made mobility solutions based on their individual needs. This means, for the first

time, easy access to the most appropriate transport mode or service will be included in a bundle

of flexible travel service options for end users.” The European Mobility as a Service Alliance

Overview of transport network companies by region

45https://www.adlittle.com/en/insights/report/rethinking-demand-mobility

Providers of free floating micro mobility services within Europe

46https://maphub.net/Augustin/micro

Mobility As A Service - MaaS

47http://www.bipformaas.it/what-is-maas-lets-learn/

https://fleets.chargetogether.org/article/mobility-as-a-service/

48

Public transport during pandemic in Croatia

eBike-sharing system

City of Rijeka

49

4 locations

28 e-bikes

1,5 Eur/h

March April May June July August September

Total: 3758

Number of sessions in 2020

Use of e-bikes by tariffs (hours)

Total: 3758

The fast, affordable way to ride.

50

NUMBER OF

SCOOTERS

NUMBER OF

SESSIONS WITH

SCOOTERS

BOLT SCOOTERS IN

CROATIA 2021

Rijeka, Varazdin, Osijek

electric scooter rentals

City of Rijeka

51

10 starting locations

Free floating model

200 scooters

0,1 Eur/min

NUMBER OF

SESSIONS

AVG NUMBER OF

SESSIONS PER SCOOTER

electric bike rentals - City of Split

52

280+ bikes

50+ stations

http://www.i-sharelife.eu/en/news/

http://www.i-sharelife.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/5-OSIJEK-BROCHURE-EN.pdf

https://www.avantcar.hr/car-sharing/

Avant2Go car sharing

What is Avant2Go vehicle sharing?

• Quick and easy car rental - anytime.

• Payment only when using the vehicle.

• Electricity and insurance already

included.

• In your neighborhood and city, for

airport transfers,…

• State-of-the-art electric vehicles for any

rental period.

• No vehicle ownership and maintenance

costs.

• Service using a mobile application.

Locations:

• Dubrovnik

• Zagreb

• Dubrovnik Airport

https://www.total-croatia-news.com/business/24832-figures-demonstrate-uber-s-strength-in-croatia

https://www.tportal.hr/biznis/clanak/ove-brojke-najbolje-docaravaju-koliko-je-uber-postao-mocan-u-hrvatskoj-foto-20180125

https://hrturizam.hr/en/ovog-ljeta-cak-115-tisuca-turista-koristilo-uber-u-hrvatskoj/

Uber in Croatia

Future of mobility

https://baxcompany.com/insights/from-car-owning-to-ride-sharing-how-maas-could-change-the-way-we-travel/

On-demand mobility market evolution

57https://www.adlittle.com/en/insights/report/rethinking-demand-mobility

Expected timeline for MaaS development and adoption

58https://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=31868, Roland Berger

Future of mobility

https://medium.com/iomob/mobility-as-a-service-maas-and-mobility-on-demand-mod-via-blockchain-64e36a2f6676

Why Mate Rimac is working on electric robotaxis

https://techcrunch.com/

„...electrification will not change anything concrete. The real

revolutionary change will not be brought by electric cars.

Smartphones have changed our lives, and we can expect the

same in the future with cars: changing mobility will change our

lives… Market change refers to vehicle ownership as well as

autonomy. In such a scenario, people will no longer buy or own

cars, but will use them and pay only when needed.” – Mate

Rimac, conference Auto2030

Mobility & Transport Arena

61

https://woom.zone/category/topics/mobility-transport-arena/

Free webinars

Safe and Healthy with Sustainable Mobility

Assist. Prof. Vedran Kirincic, PhD

[email protected]

Sustainable energy / Mobility expert

Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia

https://www.linkedin.com/in/vedrankirincic/