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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII
UNIWERSYTET MARII CURIE-SKODOWSKIEJW LUBLINIE
THE TURBULENT EPOCH
II
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MONUMENTA STUDIA GOTHICAt. V
pod redakcj
Clausa von Carnap-Bornheim Jrgena Ilkjra Andrzeja Kokowskiego
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Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skodowskiej w Lublinie
THE TURBULENT EPOCH
New materials from the Late Roman Periodand
the Migration Period
Herausgeber Edition
Barbara Niezabitowska-Winiewska
Marcin Juciski, Piotr uczkiewicz, Sylwester Sadowski
Lublin 2008
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Herausgaber:Barbara Niezabitowska-WiniewskaMarcin Juciski, Piotr uczkiewicz, Sylwester Sadowski
Instytut Archeologii UMCS & Autoren
Adres wydawcyBIBLIOTEKA INSTYTUTU ARCHEOLOGIIUNIWERSYTET MARII CURIE SKODOWSKIEJPLAC MARII CURIE SKODOWSKIEJ 4PL 20-031 LUBLINtel.: 0048-81-5375286e-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-83-227-2970-0
Skad i amanie:Pawe D. Znamierowski
Wydano w ramach Projektu Publikacje rdowe polskich znalezisk archeologicznych(rda do okresu rzymskiego i wdrwek ludw) fnansowanego z IV Programu Dziedzictwo Kulturowe Priorytetu Ochrona zabytkw archeologicznych Ministerstwa Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skodowskiej20-031 Lublin, pl. Marii Curie-Skodowskiej 5, tel. (081) 537-53-04www.wydawnictwo.umcs.euDzia Handlowy: tel./faks (081) 537-53-02e-mail: [email protected]:Petit
WYDAWNICTWO NON PROFIT
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Contents
.................. 7
Jan Bemmann
Anmerkungen zu einigen Kleinfunden der jngeren Rmischen Kaiserzeit
und Vlkerwanderungszeit aus Mieldeutschland ......................................................................... 21
Vujadin Ivanievi, Ivan BugarskiWestern Banat during the Great Migration Period .......................................................................... 39
Jrg Kleemann
Lebten Barbaren in rmischen Villen? Ein Fallbeispiel aus Sdwestungarn ........................... 63
Jerzy Kolendo
Der Vierfu aus dem Frstengrab von Wrocaw-ZakrzwBeutegut oder diplomatisches Geschenk? ........................................................................................ 79
Bartosz Kontny
The latest weapons in the Bogaczewo culture ................................................................................... 87
Bartosz Kontny, Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekua
The late grave from the Wielbark culture cemetery at Weklice, Elblg com., site 7 .................. 105
Piotr N. Kotowicz, Robert FedykLate-Roman Spatha from Lake Soliskie in Polaczyk ................................................................. 113
Magorzata KurzyskaKnochenanhnger aus Brandgrab 44 von Wgrowo, Fdst. 11, Kr. Graudenz ............................ 119
Ulla Lund Hansen
Landlords and Commanders. Discussion of the symbolism, social and economic
background of north European rich male graves in relation to the war booty oerings .......... 127
Henryk Machajewski
Sdzone des Ostseebeckens und der Elbekulturkreis in der spten rmischen Kaiserzeit
und in der frhen Stufe der Vlkerwanderungszeit ...................................................................... 131
Ireneusz Marchelak
Bizorda, site 12. The end of a myth. A selement of the Early Migration Period .................... 161
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Wojciech Nowakowski...............................................................................................................................Die frhesten Steigbgel aus Preuen. Funde vom Grberfeld Widien II im Samland ........ 189
. ............................................................................................................................. .............................. 213
Mirosaw Pietrzak, Franciszek Ronowski, Lidia CymekDoppelkrpergrber in der Wielbark-Kultur am Beispiel des Grberfeldes
in Pruszcz Gdaski, Fdst. 5 ............................................................................................................... 241
Marzena J. PrzybyaDie nordeuropische Hakenkreuzbeln aus der sptrmischen Kaiserzeit .............................. 255
Agnieszka ReszczyskaNew materials from the Migration Period at the selement Trmice-st nad Labem in northwestern Bohemia ................................................................................................................... 285
Mirosaw RudnickiBemerkungen zur Entwicklung von Armbrustsprossenbeln aus dem Territoriumder Olsztyn-Gruppe. Erste Feststellungen ....................................................................................... 291
Sylwester Sadowski
The youngest phase of Wielbark Culture cemetery in Swaryczw, site 1
(Komarw-Osada commune, Zamo district, Lublin province ) ............................................... 303
Erdmute Schultze, Bogdan StrocenOvalfaceierte Keramik eine Untersuchung zur Chronologie der ernjachov-Kultur ......... 315
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 329
Contents
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THE TURBULENT EPOCH
Sylwester Sadowski
The youngest phase of Wielbark Culture cemetery in Swaryczw, site 1
(Komarw-Osada commune, Zamo district, Lublin province)
The site is located in the south-east of Lublin Region, on the south-west edge of the Hru-bieszw Valley, close to its border with Zamo Vale and to the northern outskirts of Grzda Sokalska(g. 1; Kondracki 2002, p. 296-297). It occupies a dune situated in the Sieniocha river valley a le-bank tributary of the Huczwa river, the main water route of the Hrubieszw Valley (g. 2).
This place was rst identied during a eld-walking survey in the late 1980s and it wasdated to the Early Iron Age. Gradually, the sites range has been extended thanks to information onartefacts recovered by metal detecting. At present, the sites area is estimated at 0,5-1 hectare, withpart of the surface overgrown with forest and some of it destroyed by sand extraction pits.
The site earned its place in the literature, thanks to two important nds from the RomanPeriod in the Lublin Region, namely, a hoard of dinars dated to the turn of the 2 ndand 3rdcenturiesAD (Haisig 1950; Dbrowska 1962) and a richly furnished burial of a warrior from the PrzeworskCulture from the 1sthalf of 3rdcentury AD (Kokowski et alii1997; 2004).
The site has been systematically excavated since 2005. Most trenches are located in the west-ern part of the area, where a biritual cemetery of the Wielbark Culture was discovered. So far, up till
Fig. 1. Swaryczw, site 1. Location of the site in the Lublin Region.
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summer 2007, archaeologists have excavated the area of 600 m and they have explored 62 features,mostly connected with the functioning of the Roman Period cemetery. These are both inhumationand cremation burials, as well as remains of hearths and posts, interpreted as parts of wooden struc-tures (g. 3). Chronologically, the cemetery functioned in the period between phase B
2/C1(the oldest
nds of the Wielbark Culture in the Lublin region) and the beginning of the Migration Period (Sa-dowski 2007, p. 152, 156, 168-169).
Two cremation burials (I-II) and some individual artefacts in the culture layer on the site(III-IV g. 3) are connected with the youngest phase of its functioning, namely with the WielbarkCulture in the Late Roman and the Early Migration Period.
Description of artefacts
I. Feature 20/Grave 11 (g. 4; 5: A-B)
Cremation burial was discovered at the depth of 100 cm. The horizontal outline of the burialpit was close to circular (75 cm in diameter), while the vertical outline was hollowed (35-40 cm deep).The pit was lled with grave goods mixed with a big amount of ashes from funeral pyre and withburnt bones. The majority of artefacts (including heavily burnt and fragmented poery, beads andmetal objects) as well as burnt bones and pyre debris, were laid in the pit in an organic container(in a sack?). A clay vase, preserved intact, was placed aside and additionally covered with a largefragment of a clay bowl. All poery in grave inventory was made by hand, burnt to some degree,grey, grey-brown or brown-orange in colour. Many fragments were heavily damaged and only twovessels were preserved intact.Inventory:
1.Vase preserved intact, measurements: height 15 cm; rim diameter 21 cm; height from belly tothe rim 7,7 cm; base diameter 10 cm; slightly excurvate rim; it has three miniature handles, verticallypierced and placed at the belly; it is decorated with strips in the form of bows, with their limbs pointing
Fig. 2. Swaryczw, site 1. Location of the site in the Sienioa river valley.
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down; the decoration is placed on and slightly above the belly (g. 6: 1). 2.Vase with two ribbon-like handles measurements: height 17,4 cm; rim diameter 16,5 cm; height
from belly to the rim 7,5 cm; base diameter 11 cm; slightly excurvate rim; handles placed sym- metrically above the belly and aached to the rims edge; it is decorated with strips in the form of
bows-zigzags placed above the belly (g. 6: 2).3.Bowl measurements: height 8,5 cm; rim diameter 21 cm; height from belly to the rim 4,5 cm; base
diameter 7 cm; slightly excurvate rim; unornamented (g. 6: 3).4.Bowl measurements: height 11,2 cm; rim diameter 20 cm; height from belly to the rim 5,5 cm;
base diameter 7,5 cm; slightly excurvate rim; unornamented (g. 6: 4).5.Miniature vessel measurements: height 7 cm; rim diameter 7,2 cm; height from belly to the rim
3,5 cm; base diameter 2,5 cm; unornamented (g. 5: 1).6.Miniature vessel preserved intact, measurements: height 4,3 cm; rim diameter 5,8 cm; height
from belly to the rim 3,3 cm; base diameter 2,7 cm; with a hollowed base; decorated with bosses
Fig. 3. Swaryczw, site 1. Site plan with features. 1. Certain and probable features of the Wielbark Culture cemetery. A: cremationburials; B: inhumation burials; C: post holes (?); D: hearths (?); E: pyre debris layer (?); F: probable post structure. 2. Other fea-tures. G: Lusatian Culture; H: unidentied and not dated features; I: traces of trees; K: area destroyed by sand extraction pits.
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on the belly (g. 6: 5; 7: 2).7.Biconical clay spindle whorl measurements: height 1,3 cm; diameter 3,3 cm (g. 5: 5).8.Four heavily burnt glass beads, preserved in fragments.9.Cuboctahedron stone bead made of chalcedony measurements: length 1,1 cm; width 0,8 cm
(g. 7: 5).10.A base of imported vessel made of bronze diameter 6,7 cm; decorated on the outside with threeconcentric circles; the inside is smooth; damaged as a result of burning and melting; the edges areuneven, jagged. The artefact has been most probably damaged intentionally and it is not possibleto assess its type more precisely (g. 5: 2; 7: 1).
11.Bronze plaque with a representation of human face (female?) measurements: length 3,55 cm;width 3,35 cm; height 1,5 cm; slightly convex; face is represented in high relief, almost oval in shape,with eyes, nose and lips clearly marked; former delicate facial features and hairdo details havebeen lost in the re. At the edges of the plaque, in line with the eyes, there are two asymmetricalholes (it is dicult to say whether they were intentionally made or appeared as a result of bronze
melting); the underside edges of the plaque are clear and smooth, only in its upper part there is a traceof a missing fragment perhaps a hook or a pin (g. 5: 3; 7: 4).
Fig. 4. Swaryczw, site 1. Feature 20/Grave 11 during exploration.
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Fig. 5. Swaryczw, site 1. Feature 20/Grave 11. Plan (A) and cross-section (B) of the grave; a: light yellow sand; b: lightgray sand; c: ashes from funeral pyre, arcoal and burnt bones. 1: miniature clay vessel; 2: base of bronze vessel; 3: bronze
plaque; 4: iron knife; 5: clay spindle whorl (1: drawn by M. Matyaszewski; 2-3: drawn by M. Gadysz-Juciska; 4-5: drawn byJ. Panek).
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Fig. 6. Swaryczw, site 1. Feature 20/Grave 11. 1-5: clay vessels (1-4: drawn by M. Matyaszewski; 5: drawn by J. Panek).
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Fig. 7. Swaryczw, site 1. Feature 20/Grave 11. 1: base of bronze vessel; 2: miniature clay vessel; 3: iron knife; 4: bronze plaque;5: stone bead; 6-7: unidentied bronze objects.
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12. Iron (surgeons ?) knife measurements: length 6,9cm; max. width 1,4 cm; the blade is uneven and jagged; the back of the knife is smooth and at; the tip istruncated (broken ?); imported object (?) (g. 5: 4; 7: 3).
13.Fragments of two bronze objects, probably a frame ofa buckle and pieces of foil from an unidentied object heavily melted (g. 7: 6-7).
II. Feature 12/Grave 18 (g. 8)
Cremation burial, discovered at the depth of 40 cm (un-der the humus). The horizontal outline of the burial pitwas close to circular (40 cm in diameter), while the verti-cal outline was funnel-like (40 cm deep). The lling ofthe grave was clean, without ashes and charcoals, with
a large amount of heavily fragmented and burnt bones
which were most probably put into the pit in an organic
container.Inventory:
1. Iron buckle oval, with a slightly thickened frameand elongated pin; carrying the re patina; measure-ments: length 1,7 cm; width 2,9 cm (g. 9).
III.Bronze buckle with a thickened frame and elongated
pin measurements: length 3,2 cm; width 3,7 cm; cir-
cular cross-section of the frame; no traces of re (g. 10).
IV.Beak-shaped strap end made of copper or bronze
(?); heavily damaged, preserved in two fragments, theupper part with a rivet from a ferrule length 1,4 cm;width 1,3 cm; the lower part was curved to the right length 2,8 cm; width 1,3 cm; the lower tip of a strap end
is missing; the artefact is at in cross-section; both parts are decorated with zigzag ornament ofwolfs teeth but the ornament is poorly visible (the object is prior to conservation) (g. 11). In thevicinity of this artefact burnt bones were discovered, but no outline of burial pit was found. How -
ever, it is possible that the artefact comes from a destroyed cremation burial.
Analysis of archaeological materials.
The bowl-like vessels discovered in the grave no. 11 are characteristic for the youngerphase of the Roman Period. However, in most cases, it is hard to point to close analogies or to as -certain forms characteristic for the areas occupied by the Wielbark Culture. Two vases discoveredin the grave combine characteristic features of vessels from groups VIB, VIC, and VII according toWogiewicz (1993, pl. 19-20, 23). It is similar in the case of both bowls, whose form and proportionsare close to the vessels in group VIB, VIC and XaA (Wogiewicz 1993, pl. 19-20, 27). The miniaturevessel has analogies in groups XVII and XVIIIA (Wogiewicz 1993, pl. 34-35). A second miniature jar,preserved intact and decorate with bosses on the belly, which should be ascribed to group XVIII.B-C
Fig. 8. Swaryczw, site 1. Feature 12/Grave 18. Plan(A-B) and cross-section (C) of the grave; a: lightyellow sand; b: light gray sand; c: burnt bones.
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is particularly noteworthy, since analogical nds come from the Wiel-bark Culture and neighbouring with Sieniocha valley Masomcz Group(Kokowski 1993, g. 26: 5) 1 . Moreover, in all of the poeries we can discernsome stylistic inuences from the areas of the Chernyakhov Culture (e.g.:
Magomedov 2001, g. 30; 32) and Masomcz Group (e.g: Kokowski 1993,g. 26: 1).
The stone bead, discovered in the grave, represents group LVII type 499 aer M. Tempelmann-Mczyska (1985, p. 88-89, pl. 8; 19: 499).
There were also exceptional imported Roman objects made of metalfound in the grave no. 11. Unfortunately, we cannot determine preciselythe form of the bronze vessel from which the preserved base comes from. Itmight have been a bucket of the Hemmoor type (E 55-66) or a bowl (E 86--108); (Eggers 1951, pl. 7; 9-10). Equally unique is plaque with a representa-tion of womans face. Although the artefact has been badly deformed, again
the closest and nearest analogical nd comes from Masomcz Group sele-ment at Grdek on the Bug, site 6 (Gadysz 2001). According to the author, itis an aach of a bronze vessel, and probably the same function was playedby the plaque from Swaryczw. As it was found in the same burial withbronze base, it is possible that they had constituted two parts of the same vessel. The plaque couldhave been used to decorate the place where a handle was aached. This hypothesis seems quiteprobable, if we accept the suggestion that a base comes from Hemmoor type bucket. According toH.J. Eggers, in type 64 there was a soldered representation of womans face (Eggers 1951, pl. 7: 64).M. Gadysz also mentions other documented cases of cooccurrence of similar plaques with bronzevessels (Gadysz 2001, p. 22-23).
The question of dating of the grave is
not clear. The clay vases and bowl, which aresimilar in shape to those discovered in the grave,appear in the Wielbark Culture in phases B
2/C1
and D (Wogiewicz 1993, p. 26, g. 3). Also thechronology of stone beads of type 499 ts theperiod between phases B
2/C1and the Migration
Period (Tempelmann-Mczyska 1985, p. 88-89,95 tabl. 8; pl. 19: 499). The metal artefacts dis-covered in the grave are practically deprived
of chronologically valid markers, both due tosevere damage and the possibility of longer
utilization. It seems that due to a close neigh-bourhood the search for the source of dating at
the territory of the Masomcz Group is mostappropriate. The miniature vessels from groupXVIIIB-C are chronological markers of horizonF, which is dated to phase C
3(Kokowski 1995,
1On the margin, one should mention that the Sieniocha valley in its eastern part, next to the outlet of the river to
the Huczwa in the area of Czermno, lies within the boundaries of south-western limits of the Masomcz Group. On the otherhand, the sites situated in the vicinity of the cemetery in Swaryczw, probably should be associated already with the sele -ment of the classic Wielbark Culture.
Fig. 9. Swaryczw, site 1.Feature 20/Grave 11. Ironbuckle.
Fig. 10. Swaryczw, site 1. Bronze bule.
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p. 24-25, 30-31, g. 23). A stylistically similar vessel, ornamentedon the belly with impressions of a coil of a bula were discovered,among others, in a cremation grave 33 in Grdek on the Bug(Kokowski 1993, p. 29-30, g. 25-26). There was also a clay, hand-
-made vase, which was deprived of handles, and was similar to ves-sel 1 from the grave in Swaryczw (Kokowski 1993, g. 26: 1). Giventhat the cuboctahedron stone beads made of semi-precious stone
are also markers of horizon F in the Masomcz Group (Kokowski1995, p. 24-25, 30-31, g. 23), then analogically, and quite certainly,grave 11 from Swaryczw should be dated to the Late Roman Pe-riod phase C
3.
So far, it has turned out to be richest in grave goods amongthose excavated on cemetery. Metal objects clearly testify that apart
from everyday objects also luxurious goods reached Gothic selements in the Sieniocha Valley. The
above nds, are not the only imported objects discovered in Swaryczw. The cemetery yielded alsoa bronze anchor-style bula (Ankerbel) from an earlier period, which proves the existence ofcontacts between Gothic cultures in the south-east Lublin region with the Danube provinces.
A somewhat younger assemblage discovered on the site is grave no. 18. Though poorly fur-nished, on the basis of iron buckle close to H11 type aer R. Madyda-Legutko, it can be dated notearlier than the turn of the Late Roman Period and Early Migration Period phase C
3/D1(Madyda-
-Legutko 1986, p. 63-64, 89, pl. 20: 11).The youngest stages of cemetery usage can be determined thanks to loose artefacts found
outside burial features. Bronze buckles with thickened frame type H25 aer R. Madyda-Legutko aregenerally linked with the Early Migration Period (phase D1) in Mid-European Barbaricum(Madyda-
-Legutko 1986, p. 67, 89, pl. 20: 25). Exact dating of a beak-shaped strap end is more problematic,since ornaments of this type are generally dated since phase C
3to the late stage of phase D (Pro-
chowicz 2005, p. 76; Kokowski 2007, p. 29). As far as the artefact from Swaryczw is concerned, weshould probably assume, that it is not earlier than the Migration Period. R. Prochowicz in an articlepresents a nd of analogical strap end from Przeradw and points to a false interpretation of anartefact from grave no. 502A in Cecele, made and decorated in similar fashion (Prochowicz 2005,p. 73-74, g. 1). Strap end from Swaryczw, is decorated in the same style with zigzag ornament ofwolfs teeth.
Biritual cemetery of the Wielbark Culture, discovered in Swaryczw on site 1, seems to beimportant sepulchral sites excavated in the south-east of Lublin region. All stages of this cultures
presence in the Lublin region are represented on the site, from B 2/C1phase to the beginning of theMigration Period. The artefacts analysed in the article point to the youngest stage of its functioning2.They also testify to the range of inter-regional contacts of the Goths on the Sieniocha, kept most prob-ably viathe neighbouring Masomcz Group.
2Apart from site 1 in Swaryczw, during the surface survey (AZP Polish Archaeological Record) ceramics from
the Late Roman Period and the Migration Period was recorded at more than ten consecutive features (g. 12). A vericationsurface investigation within four areas of AZP (90-90, 90-91, 90-92, 89-92) was carried out by the author in 2008 as part of theproject A study of the selement structure in the Sieniocha river valley in prehistory and the Middle Ages, which was sub-sidized by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage.
Fig. 11. Swaryczw, site 1. Beakshapedstrap end.
Sylwester Sadowski
20-031 Lublin Poland [email protected]
Sylwester Sadowski Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skodowskiej Pl. M. Curie-Skodowskiej 4
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Fig.12.L
ateRomanandMigrationPeriodsitesinS
ienioarivervalley.A:selement;B:cem
etery;C:hoard.
1:Wolica
Brzozowa,site7(AZP90-90/100);2:WolicaBrzozowa,site10(AZP90-90/103);3:Zubowice,site1A(AZP90-91/1A);4:Swaryczw,site1(AZP90-91/4);5:Perespa,site16
(AZP90-91/19);
6:Peresp
a,site38(AZP90-91/53);7:Marysin,site21(AZP90-91/79);8:Marysin,site42(AZP90-91/216);9:Zubowice,site5(AZP90-91/146);10:Tuczapy,site35(AZP90-91/320);1
1:Czermno,site
63(AZP
90-92/9);12:Zamynie,site9(AZP90-92/4
6);13:Tyszowce,site25B(AZP90-92/52);14:Perespa,site54(AZP90-92/53);15:Perespa,site58(AZP90-92/59);16:Wojciewka,site8(AZP
90-92/80);17:Czermno,site24(AZP89-92/50);18:Wronowice,site21(AZP89-92/74);19:Wakw,site13(AZP89-92/90).
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Dbrowska T.1962 Przyczynek do znajomoci skarbu monet rzymskich ze
Swaryczowa, pow. Tomaszw Lubelski, WA XXVIII,p. 396-397.
Eggers H.J.1951 Der rmise Import im Freien Germanien, Atlas zur
Urgescicte 1, Hamburg.Gadysz M.2001 Brzowa plakietka z wizerunkiem twarzy kobiecej
z Grdka nad Bugiem, pow. hrubieszowski, [in:] J. Ko-lendo, A. Bursche (eds.), Nowe znaleziska importwrzymskich z ziem Polski II (Neue Funde rmiser Im-porte aus Polen II), Corpus der rmise Funde imeuropisen Barbaricum Polen 2 Suplement,Warszawa, p. 21-25.
Haisig M.1950 Znalezisko rzymskich denarw ze wsi Zubowice, pow.
Tomaszw Lubelski, Sprawozdania PMA III, p. 93--108.
Kokowski A.1993 Grdek nad Bugiem. Cmentarzysko grupy masomc-kiej, [in:] Lubelskie materiay archeologiczne VII,1, Lublin.
1995 Grupa masomcka. Z bada nad przemianami kultu-ry Gotw w modszym okresie rzymskim, Lublin.
2007 Ein extraordinrer Fund aus der spten Vlkerwande-rungszeit im sdstlien Polen, ActaPraehistA 39,p. 25-33.
Kokowski A, Kunierz J., Urbaski A.1997 Grb wojownika kultury przeworskiej ze Swaryczowa
w woj. zamojskim, [in:] Kultura przeworskaIII, p. 141--150.
2004 Swaryczw, pow. zamojski, woj. lubelskie, [in:]J. Andrzejowski, A. Kokowski, Chr. Leiber (eds.),
Wandalowie. Stranicy bursztynowego szlaku, Lu-blinWarszawa, p. 319.
Kondracki J.2002 Geograa regionalna Polski, Warszawa.Madyda-Legutko R.1986 Die Grtelsnallen der Rmisen Kaiserzeit und der
frhen Vlkerwanderungszeit im mieleuropisenBarbaricum, BARIntSer 360.
Magomedov B.V.2001 ernjachovskaja kultura problema etnosa, Mon.
Stud. Gothica I, Lublin.Proowicz R.2005 Znalezisko dziobowatego okucia koca pasa z Przerado-
wa, pow. makowski, WA LVII (2004-2005), p. 73-79.Sadowski S.
2007 Na progu historii. Germascy barbarzycy w poudnio-wo-wschodniej Lubelszczynie, [in:] E. Banasiewicz--Szykua (ed.), Pradzieje poudniowo-wschodniej Lu-belszczyzny, Skarby z przeszoci IX, p. 113-172.
Tempelmann-Mczyska M.1985 Die Perlen der rmisen Kaiserzeit und der frhen
Phase der Vlkerwanderungszeit im mieleuropisenBarbaricum, RGF 43, Mainz.
Wogiewicz R.1993 Ceramika kultury wielbarskiej midzy Batykiem a Mo-
rzem Czarnym, Szczecin.
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Sylwester Sadowski