I II III Sabiston & Spencer Surgery of the Chest Seventh Edition Editor-in-Chief Frank W. Sellke M.D. Johnson and Johnson Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School Chief, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Editors: Pedro J. del Nido M.D. Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School Chairman, Department of Cardiac Surgery Children’s Hospital Boston Boston, Massachusetts Scott J. Swanson M.D. Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery The Eugene W. Friedman Professor of Surgical Oncology Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, New York