S9086-G1-STM-020

NAVAL SHIPS’ TECHNICAL MANUAL

CHAPTER 223VOLUME 2

SUBMARINE AND DEEPSUBMERSIBLE STORAGE

BATTERIES(SILVER-ZINC BATTERIES)

THIS CHAPTER SUPERSEDES CHAPTER 223, VOLUME 2 DATED 1 OCTOBER 1977

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C: DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED TO U.S. GOVERNMENTAGENCIES AND THEIR CONTRACTORS; ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATIONAL USE (1OCTOBER 1977). OTHER REQUESTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT WILL BE REFERRED TOTHE NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (SEA-03Z61).

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: DESTROY BY ANY METHOD THAT WILL PREVENT DISCLO-SURE OF CONTENTS OR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DOCUMENT.

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1REVISION 1

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PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND.

1 SEP 1999

CERTIFICATION SHEET

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TITLE-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter/Paragraph Page

223 SUBMARINE AND DEEP SUBMERSIBLE STORAGE BATTERIES(SILVER-ZINC BATTERIES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-1

SECTION 10 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-1

223-10.1 DESCRIPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-1

223-10.2 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-1

223-10.3 MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-1

223-10.4 BATTERY THEORY, REACTIONS, AND PHENOMENA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-2223-10.4.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-2223-10.4.2 REACTIONS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-2

223-10.5 CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-2

223-10.6 VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-3223-10.6.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-3223-10.6.2 USE OF THE MANUFACTURER’S TECHNICAL MANUAL. . . . . . . . 223-3223-10.6.3 VOLTAGE MONITOR.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-3223-10.6.4 OVERCHARGE CONDITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-4

223-10.7 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-4223-10.7.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-4223-10.7.2 EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT ELECTROLYTE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-4223-10.7.3 EFFECT OF OVERFILLING ELECTROLYTE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-5

223-10.8 HEAT GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-5223-10.8.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-5223-10.8.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CHARGE ACCEPTANCE.. . . . . . . 223-6223-10.8.3 EFFECT OF CELL CONFIGURATION LAYOUT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-6

223-10.9 GAS EVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-6

223-10.10 CELL REVERSAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-6

223-10.11 CAPACITY LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-7223-10.11.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-7223-10.11.2 NATURAL CAUSES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-7223-10.11.3 INDUCED CAUSES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-7223-10.11.4 MECHANICAL CAUSES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-8

223-10.12 INTERNAL CELL SHORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-8

223-10.13 SPILL ANGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-8

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TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued


223-10.14 BATTERY CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-9223-10.14.1 DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-9223-10.14.2 BATTERY LOCATION AND DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-9

223-10.15 PRESSURE COMPENSATION IN EXTERNAL BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10

223-10.16 CELL EXTERNAL DESIGN AND COMPONENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-14

223-10.17 CELL INTERNAL COMPONENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-15223-10.17.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-15

223-10.17.1.1 Positive Electrode.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-15223-10.17.1.2 Negative Electrode.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-15223-10.17.1.3 Additives.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-16223-10.17.1.4 Separator Materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-16223-10.17.1.5 Electrolyte Composition.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-16223-10.17.1.6 Electrolyte Effect.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-17223-10.17.1.7 Electrolyte Adjustment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-17223-10.17.1.8 Electrolyte Protection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-18223-10.17.1.9 Firewalls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19

223-10.18 INTERCELL CONNECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19223-10.18.1 NR-1 AND ALL SAFETY AND EMERGENCY BATTERIES.. . . . . . . . 223-19223-10.18.2 DSRV, DSV (MAIN BATTERIES). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19

223-10.19 BATTERY BOX COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19223-10.19.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19

223-10.19.1.1 Battery Box (Main Batteries).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19223-10.19.1.2 Battery Cover.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19223-10.19.1.3 Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-19

223-10.20 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20223-10.20.1 CELL VOLTAGE MONITORING SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20223-10.20.2 VOLTMETERS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20223-10.20.3 AMMETERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20223-10.20.4 AMPERE-HOUR METERS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20223-10.20.5 HYDROGEN DETECTORS IN INTERNAL BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). . 223-20223-10.20.6 GROUND DETECTOR.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20223-10.20.7 TEMPERATURE SENSORS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20

223-10.21 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20

223-10.22 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20

223-10.23 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-20

223-10.24 GUARANTEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-21

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223-10.25 ACTION IN CASE OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-21

223-10.26 FINAL CAPACITY TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-21

SECTION 11 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-21

223-11.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-21

223-11.2 SAFETY EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-22223-11.2.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-22223-11.2.2 FACE SHIELD AND GOGGLES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-22223-11.2.3 RUBBER GLOVES AND NEOPRENE SHEETING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-22223-11.2.4 INSULATED TOOLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-22223-11.2.5 VASELINE OR PETROLATUM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-22223-11.2.6 FIRE RETARDANT ENGINEERING COVERALLS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-22223-11.2.7 FIRST AID MATERIALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-22223-11.2.8 GLASS BEAKER OR LARGE TEST TUBE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-23223-11.2.9 RAGS OR TOWELS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-23

223-11.3 HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-23223-11.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-23223-11.3.2 ELECTRICAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-23223-11.3.3 GROUNDS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-23223-11.3.4 HYDROGEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-24

223-11.3.4.1 Concentration and Safety.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-24223-11.3.4.2 Ventilation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-24223-11.3.4.3 Fire Hazards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-24

223-11.3.5 ELECTROLYTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-24223-11.3.5.1 Use.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-24223-11.3.5.2 Protective Clothing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-25223-11.3.5.3 Antidotes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-25

223-11.3.6 SEAWATER.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-25223-11.3.7 MERCURY (DSRV ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26223-11.3.8 HOT SHORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26

SECTION 12 SHIPMENT, STORAGE, AND PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT . . . . . . . . 223-26

223-12.1 SHIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26

223-12.2 NEW CELLS AND BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26223-12.2.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26223-12.2.2 DRY, UNCHARGED CELLS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26223-12.2.3 WET CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26223-12.2.4 CRATING NEW CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-26

223-12.3 INSPECTION UPON ARRIVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27223-12.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27

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223-12.3.2 NOTIFICATION OF MANUFACTURER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27223-12.3.3 DAMAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27223-12.3.4 EQUIPMENT NEEDED.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27223-12.3.5 REMOVING CELLS FROM PACKING CASE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27223-12.3.6 DRY CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27223-12.3.7 WET CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-27

223-12.4 STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-28223-12.4.1 DRY STATE STORAGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-28223-12.4.2 WET CHARGED STATE STORAGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-28223-12.4.3 WET DISCHARGED STATE STORAGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-28223-12.4.4 LONG WET STORAGE (CHARGED OR DISCHARGED) (NR-1 ONLY).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29

223-12.5 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.5.1 DISCHARGE OF WET CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.5.2 DISCHARGE CAPACITY.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.5.3 VOLTAGE CUTOFF.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.5.4 USABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.5.5 UNUSABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29

223-12.6 DESTINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.6.1 USABLE BATTERIES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29223-12.6.2 UNUSABLE BATTERIES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-29

223-12.7 PACKING AND PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-30

223-12.8 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-30

SECTION 13 PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-30

223-13.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-30

223-13.2 ELECTRICAL (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-30

223-13.3 ELECTROLYTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-30

223-13.4 HYDROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31

223-13.5 PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31223-13.5.1 FILLING CELLS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31223-13.5.2 ASSEMBLING BATTERY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31223-13.5.3 FORMATION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31223-13.5.4 CELL INSTALLATION MATERIAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31

223-13.6 INSTALLATION OF NR-1 BATTERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31223-13.6.1 OLD BATTERY REMOVAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31

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223-13.6.2 NEW CELL TESTING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-31223-13.6.2.1 Leakage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-32223-13.6.2.2 Dielectric Test.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-32223-13.6.2.3 Wedging and Numbering.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-33223-13.6.2.4 Intercell Connectors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-33223-13.6.2.5 Voltage Monitor Leads.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-33223-13.6.2.6 Level Indicators.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-33223-13.6.2.7 Temperature Sensors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-33

223-13.7 TESTING AFTER INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-34

223-13.8 PLACING BATTERY IN SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-34

223-13.9 OIL AND DYE FILLING FOR EXTERNAL BATTERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-34

SECTION 14 OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-34

223-14.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-34

223-14.2 BATTERY VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35

223-14.3 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35223-14.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35223-14.3.2 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35223-14.3.3 GROUND RESISTANCE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35

223-14.4 BATTERY TEMPERATURE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35223-14.4.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35223-14.4.2 AIR-COOLED BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-35

223-14.5 JUMPERED CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36

223-14.6 OPERATING PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36223-14.6.1 OVERVIEW.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36223-14.6.2 OPEN CIRCUIT STAND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36223-14.6.3 CONNECTED TO DC BUS (NR-1 ONLY).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36

223-14.7 CHARGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36223-14.7.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-36223-14.7.2 WHEN TO CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-37223-14.7.3 NORMAL CHARGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-37223-14.7.4 OVERCHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-37223-14.7.5 PARTIAL CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-37223-14.7.6 FLOAT (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-37223-14.7.7 EQUALIZING CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-38

223-14.7.7.1 Individual Cell Charging.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-38223-14.7.8 CHARGE RATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-38

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223-14.7.9 CHARGE EFFICIENCY.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-38223-14.7.10 VOLTAGE LIMITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-39

223-14.8 DISCHARGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-39223-14.8.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-39223-14.8.2 DISCHARGE RATE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-39223-14.8.3 VOLTAGE LIMITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-39223-14.8.4 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-40223-14.8.5 DISCHARGE DURATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-40223-14.8.6 DISCHARGE EFFICIENCY.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-41223-14.8.7 PARTIAL DISCHARGES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-41223-14.8.8 STATE OF CHARGE OF A PARTIALLY DISCHARGED BATTERY. . . . 223-41223-14.8.9 DETERMINATION OF STATE OF CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-42

SECTION 15 MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-43

223-15.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-43

223-15.2 CAPACITY MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-43

223-15.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-43

223-15.4 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-43

223-15.5 STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.1 VOLTAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.2 CAPACITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44

223-15.5.3.1 Level Indicators.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.3.2 Proper Level.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44

223-15.5.4 GROUND RESISTANCE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.5 METERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.6 VENTILATION SYSTEM (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.7 CELL SEALS (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44223-15.5.8 BATTERY SEALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45223-15.5.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45

223-15.5.10 MAINTENANCE DISCHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45

223-15.6 SHIPBOARD ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45223-15.6.1 VOLTAGE CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45223-15.6.2 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45223-15.6.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45

223-15.6.3.1 Clean Indicators (NR-1 Only).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45223-15.6.3.2 Check Levels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-45223-15.6.3.3 Adjust Levels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-46

223-15.6.4 GROUND RESISTANCE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-46223-15.6.5 METERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-46

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223-15.6.6 VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-46223-15.6.7 CELL SEALS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-46223-15.6.8 BATTERY SEALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-47223-15.6.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-47

223-15.6.10 FLASH ARRESTERS (NR-1 ONLY).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-47223-15.6.11 ELECTROLYTE ENTRAINMENT ELIMINATORS (DSRV AND DSV). . . 223-47

223-15.7 PROLONGING BATTERY LIFE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48223-15.7.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48223-15.7.2 OPEN CIRCUIT VS FLOAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48223-15.7.3 TEMPORARY STORAGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48223-15.7.4 LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48223-15.7.5 PERIOD OF INACTIVITY - ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-48

SECTION 16 BATTERY FAILURE AND CORRECTIVE ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48

223-16.1 FAILURE CAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48

223-16.2 ACCELERATION BY IMPROPER TREATMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-48

223-16.3 ELIMINATION OF FAILED CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-49

223-16.4 CAPACITY LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-49223-16.4.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-49223-16.4.2 CAUSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-49

223-16.5 LIMITING CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-49

223-16.6 INTERNAL SHORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50223-16.6.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50223-16.6.2 DETECTION OF SHORTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50

223-16.6.2.1 Charged Stand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50223-16.6.2.2 Float. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50223-16.6.2.3 Charge.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50223-16.6.2.4 Discharge.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-50

223-16.6.3 VERIFICATION OF SUSPECTED SHORTS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51223-16.6.3.1 Charged Stand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51223-16.6.3.2 Float. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51223-16.6.3.3 Charge.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51223-16.6.3.4 Discharge.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51

223-16.6.4 ACTION TO BE TAKEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51223-16.6.4.1 Slow Short.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-51223-16.6.4.2 Hot Short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-52223-16.6.4.3 Troubleshooting Diagram.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-52

223-16.7 RESTORING BATTERY CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-53223-16.7.1 CAUSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-53

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223-16.7.2 PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-53

SECTION 17 INSPECTION AND REPAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-54

223-17.1 PREPARING NEW CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-54223-17.1.1 SPARE CELLS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-54223-17.1.2 ELECTROLYTE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-54

223-17.2 FILLING SPARE CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-55

223-17.3 FORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-55223-17.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-55223-17.3.2 INITIAL CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-56223-17.3.3 DISCHARGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-56223-17.3.4 RECHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-56

223-17.4 INSTALLATION OF SPARE CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-56

223-17.5 FLASH ARRESTER (NR-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57223-17.5.1 CLEANING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57223-17.5.2 REPAIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57223-17.5.3 REPLACEMENT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57

223-17.6 REDUCING GROUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57223-17.6.1 RESISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57223-17.6.2 CLEANING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57

SECTION 18 BATTERY RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57

223-18.1 EQUIVALENT CYCLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-57

223-18.2 TYPES OF RECORDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.2.1 VOLTAGES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.2.2 CHARGING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.2.3 DISCHARGING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.2.4 MONTHLY REPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.2.5 BATTERY RECORD BOOK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58

223-18.3 BATTERY RECORD BOOK INSTRUCTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-58223-18.3.2 ENTRIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-59223-18.3.3 COPIES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-59223-18.3.4 NEW BOOKS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-59223-18.3.5 COVER PAGE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-59223-18.3.6 SECTION A - REMARKS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-59223-18.3.7 SECTION B - CONDENSED SUMMARY OF CHARGES. . . . . . . . . . 223-59

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223-18.3.8 SECTION C - SUMMARY OF TEST DISCHARGES AND TRIAL RUNS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-60

223-18.3.9 SECTION D - MAINTENANCE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-60223-18.3.10 SECTION E - CELL FAILURE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-61223-18.3.11 SECTION F - CHARGE AND DISCHARGE LOG.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-61223-18.3.12 SECTION G - DAILY ICV LOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-61

A. INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-0

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

223-10-1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-1

223-10-2 BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-9

233-10-3 TOP NUT TORQUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-14

223-10-4 ELECTROLYTE SPECIFICATIONS (45% KOH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-17

223-15-1 METER ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-44

223-18-1 ABBREVIATIONS FOR REPORTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-60

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page

CERTIFICATION SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-2

223-10-1 Typical Discharge Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-5

223-10-2 Typical Charge Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-5

223-10-3 Silver - Zinc Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-10

223-10-4 Silver-Zinc Battery Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-12

223-10-5 Installation of Battery Scanner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-13

223-10-6 Electrolyte Level Indicator (Permanently Installed). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-15

223-14-1 Capacity (%) Vs. Discharge Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-40

223-14-2 Discharge Efficiency Factor Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-42

223-16-1 Troubleshooting Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-53

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NOTE

THIS CHAPTER HAS BEEN REFORMATTED FORM DOUBLE COLUMNTO SINGLE COLUMN TO SUPPORT THE NSTM DATABASE. THE CON-TENT OF THIS CHAPTER HAS NOT BEEN CHANGED.

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CHAPTER 223

SUBMARINE AND DEEP SUBMERSIBLE STORAGE BATTERIES (SILVER-ZINC BATTERIES)

SECTION 10

GENERAL

223-10.1 DESCRIPTION

223-10.1.1 The silver-zinc battery differs considerably from the more familiar lead-acid battery, and to someextent from other alkaline batteries such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-iron. In the uncharged state, negative elec-trodes consist of zinc-oxide on a silver grid, and positive electrodes consist of sintered silver powder on a silvergrid. Plates of opposite polarities are separated by several layers of semi-permeable membrane material. Theelectrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), a strong alkali. The energy available from silver-zincbatteries is several times that achieved with a lead-acid battery of equivalent size or weight.

223-10.2 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

223-10.2.1Table 223-10-1lists abbreviations and symbols used in discussion of the silver-zinc battery.

Table 223-10-1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviation Term

AAhCO2

EIICVKKOHkWhmAMFVMJMPamVOHPKPP/NRVVCO

AmpereAmpere-hourCarbon dioxidePotential (in volts)Current (in amperes)Individual cell voltageHydrogen distribution factorPotassium hydroxideKilowatt-hourmilliampsMinimum Final VoltageMegajouleMegapascalmillivoltsHydroxyl ionPurple′K’ Type Fire ExtinguisherPart NumberResistance (in ohms)Volt(s)Voltage cutoff

223-10.3 MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS

223-10.3.1 Conversion of U.S. customary units of measurement to the International System of units (SI) is inaccordance with Metric Practice Guide, ASTM-E 380. Rounding of converted quantities to the proper number of

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223-1

significant digits is intended to be consistent with required precision. Where great precision is not required, con-version is approximate. NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 1 (Appendix A) carries conversion tables to be used asneeded.

223-10.4 BATTERY THEORY, REACTIONS, AND PHENOMENA

223-10.4.1 GENERAL. Although a storage battery supplies electrical energy on discharge, it stores chemicalenergy, rather than electrical energy. On discharge, chemical energy stored in the battery is converted to electri-cal energy which is delivered to an external circuit. Active materials in the battery are converted during dischargeto inactive materials which cannot supply electrical energy. To restore the battery to a condition in which it againcan supply electrical energy, the battery is subjected to electrical energy from an outside source. Current is forcedthrough the battery in a direction opposite to the discharge current flow. This reconverts inactive material to activematerial so it again can deliver electrical energy. This is known as battery charging.

223-10.4.1.1 The direction of current flow in the external circuit connecting the battery terminals is convention-ally defined as being from positive terminals on discharge, and to positive terminals on charge. Electrical energywhich must be supplied to charge any battery, from completely discharged to a fully charged condition, is alwaysgreater than the energy the battery will supply on discharge.

223-10.4.1.2 The energy (kWh) efficiency of the silver-zinc cell is approximately 75 percent. On the other hand,the coulombic (Ah) efficiency of the silver-zinc cell is normally 95 to 98 percent. This is considerably higher thanthe efficiency of lead-acid, nickel-iron, or nickel-cadmium systems.

223-10.4.2 REACTIONS. Reversible (⇐⇒) chemical reactions which occur on charge and discharge areshown by the following simplified equation:

The above equation shows that zinc is converted to zinc-oxide at the negative electrode during dischargewhile divalent silver oxide (AgO) is converted to silver (Ag) at the positive electrode. An intermediate conver-sion is not shown in the equations. On discharge, divalent silver oxide (AgO) is converted to monovalent silveroxide (Ag2 O) then to silver metal, and on charge, silver is converted to monoxide silver, then to dioxide silver.

223-10.5 CAPACITY

223-10.5.1 Cell capacity is expressed as the number of ampere-hours available for discharge, at a certain dis-charge rate, to a specific voltage cutoff. Ampere-hours are calculated from the discharge rate in amperes, andduration of discharge in hours. Life of the battery is determined from its total ampere-hour output. Total number

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of ampere-hours discharged during the life of a battery is a measure of the amount of useful work done by thebattery. In normal operation, the capacity loss is mainly due to the negative plates’ loss of active material fromparts of the electrodes.

223-10.5.2 Under certain types of operation, such as successive very low rate discharges, the rechargeability ofpositive electrodes may be reduced. The battery should be discharged from a fully charged condition to the lowvoltage limit as prescribed by its manufacturer. This helps to recover full capacity.

223-10.5.3 Moderate to high rate shallow discharges are good for capacity maintenance.

223-10.5.4 When the battery is not in use for short periods (see paragraph223-12.4.2), it is better to have thebattery charged than partially discharged. For longer periods of inactivity, see paragraph223-12.4.3or223-12.4.4.

223-10.6 VOLTAGE

223-10.6.1 GENERAL. After the cell has been charged according to the manufacturer’s instructions and chargeis secured, voltage will drop quickly to 1.85 - 1.86 V. The 1.86 voltage level is attributed to the higher silveroxide (AgO) in which silver has a valence of two. If the cell is discharged enough to eliminate most of the highersilver oxide, the cell open circuit voltage drops to about 1.60 - 1.62 V. Discharge voltage is less than open cir-cuit voltage by an amount approximately proportional to the current. A continuous discharge from the fullycharged condition will result in a high initial voltage less than 1.86 V, which drops to a relatively constant valueafter about 25 percent discharge. This constant value is called the plateau voltage and is less than 1.60 V. Oncontinuation of the discharge, voltage remains constant until the cell is about 90 percent discharged, thereafter,voltage drops sharply. Typical discharge voltage curves are shown inFigure 223-10-1.

223-10.6.1.1 Charge voltage is higher than open circuit voltage. If the cell was deeply discharged before thecharge, voltage should be about 1.7 V at the start, rising sharply to about 1.95 V and then, more slowly, towards2.0 V. If the current is maintained constant, voltage rises sharply to the limiting voltage (seeFigure 223-10-2).This last rise corresponds to the beginning of oxygen evolution from positive electrodes.

223-10.6.2 USE OF THE MANUFACTURER’S TECHNICAL MANUAL. The manufacturer’s technicalmanual gives the curves and data for a full battery, based on actual values from cells during early cycles. Initialvoltage is read within five seconds of the time when the load is applied. It is lower than the open circuit voltageby an amount equal to the voltage drop due to current and battery resistance. In figuring the battery voltage atthe one-hour rate, two percent was allowed for the voltage drop in terminal-to-bus connections or in the bus con-nections and switches between battery and load. Average voltage is useful in calculating power output of a fulldischarge to the proper cutoff voltage. Plateau voltage is that flat portion of the discharge curves which includesmost of the discharge. Final voltage is one of the two low voltage limits for the battery and serves as one of thedischarge cutoff points, varying for each discharge rate as shown in the curve. The other cutoff point is the mini-mum voltage any cell reaches at a given discharge rate.

223-10.6.3 VOLTAGE MONITOR. A voltage monitor is part of ship’s electrical system. Its primary functionis the continuous scanning of cell voltages during charge and discharge and indication of the high and low Indi-vidual Cell Voltage (ICV) of the battery. Although discharges can be continued until the first cell reaches 1.0 Vindependently of the discharge rate, the minimum voltage (shown typically in the discharge characteristics in the) must be observed. This margin provides an operational safety factor and takes into account time required to

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scan the battery. Continuing a discharge may result in cell reversal and subsequent generation of heavy gassing,resulting in electrolyte spewage. A secondary but important use of the battery monitor is in detection of internalshorts as the battery ages. This is discussed in paragraph223-16.7.

223-10.6.4 OVERCHARGE CONDITION. Late in the life of the battery, negative electrodes tend to limit cellcapacity. Continuation of the charge after a cell has reached the designated cutoff voltage is termed overcharge.Overcharge must be avoided because it contributes to hydrogen evolution and leads to dendritic growth of nega-tive active material into the separators, called zinc penetration. Zinc penetration of the separator will cause inter-nal shorts. Zinc penetration actually is a function of negative plate potential rather than cell potential, but the lat-ter is the only value readily measured in the field.

Critical negative plate potential at which zinc penetration begins is not reached when charging at low rates.Relatively high voltages observed at times on cells within a battery during float or low rate charging are attrib-utable to high internal resistance, and do not place the negative electrode at the critical potential. If approved byNaval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEASYSCOM), a higher cutoff voltage may be used under these conditions.

223-10.7 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHANGE

223-10.7.1 GENERAL. The height of the electrolyte in a cell is important for proper operation. There must besufficient electrolyte for electrochemical reactions (see paragraph223-10.4.2), yet not so much as to promote zincbridging (see paragraph of223-10.17.1.7.2) or electrolyte spillage through the vent. Most of the electrolyte isabsorbed into electrodes and separators.

223-10.7.2 EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT ELECTROLYTE. If insufficient electrolyte is available, chargeacceptance is reduced. The only measurable level is that of the free electrolyte. Levels rise during high rate(charge or discharge) operation; they recede during open circuit stand. Levels also rise as voltage rises at the endof a charge. Electrolyte level change is related partially to displacement of the electrolyte by trapped or occludedgas in, or at, the electrodes, but the main cause is displacement of water during charge from inside the positiveelectrode bags to outside the positive bags. The process is reversed during discharge. The only electrolyte levelmeasured is the level outside electrode bags.

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223-10.7.3 EFFECT OF OVERFILLING ELECTROLYTE. Electrolyte must not be allowed to overflowbecause such overflow may cause a low battery-to-ground resistance. Additionally, it may also lead to terminal-to-terminal on intercell shorts. A continuous path of electrolyte on terminals of adjacent cells will cause them todischarge through the electrolyte. Therefore, electrolyte levels must be checked frequently to ensure that they areneither too high nor too low.

223-10.8 HEAT GENERATION

223-10.8.1 GENERAL. Heat generation in a battery results from internal resistance of the cells and current not

Figure 223-10-1 Typical Discharge Curves

Figure 223-10-2 Typical Charge Curves

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used for electrochemical conversion. Heat also is generated in intercell bussing and cell terminals. Little heat isdissipated to ambient because of the close proximity of cells. Heat build-up in a cell is not desirable because itis detrimental to cell life.

223-10.8.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CHARGE ACCEPTANCE. As battery temperature increases,charge acceptance increases. In addition, there is also an increase in gas evolution and deterioration rate oforganic separator materials. The silver-zinc battery does not have a temperature rise at the end of charge, sincecharge is terminated when gassing starts.

223-10.8.3 EFFECT OF CELL CONFIGURATION LAYOUT. In some batteries, the cell configuration layoutis such that center cells are usually hotter than outside cells. If charged in this condition, some electrical unbal-ance of the battery will develop. Normally this will correct itself during a periodic float for maintenance. How-ever, if the discharge has been at a high rate, allow a few hours for temperatures to equalize, when possible,before beginning a charge.

223-10.9 GAS EVOLUTION

223-10.9.1 Gassing characteristics of silver-zinc cells are appreciably different from those of lead-acid cells. Thegassing rate is not a factor in determining the end of a charge since the silver-zinc cell normally requires noovercharge with its accompanying heavy gas production. As a consequence, battery temperature is not normallyhigh at the end of charge.

223-10.9.2 A small amount of gas representing self-discharge is evolved from silver-zinc cells at all times. In thenormal charging procedure, negative plates are not charged to the point where they begin to gas hydrogen. Verylittle oxygen is produced by positive plates, except at the end of a constant current charge.

223-10.9.3 Charge and discharge inefficiencies as well as self-discharge reactions produce gas. Reaction rates, aswell as volume of gas, increase with a rise in temperature. Since electrodes are in a tight pack, gas escapes slowly.

223-10.9.4 Gas produced during high rate discharge and open circuit stand is principally hydrogen, resultingfrom chemical interaction between negative active material and the electrolyte. The ideal float current is equiva-lent to the cell’s self-discharge rate. If voltage is higher, charge energy will go into heat and gas, once one elec-trode or both positive and negative electrodes are fully charged. Voltages and, consequently, gassing rates canvary from one cell to another during float. No toxic gases are produced. The wet separator materials have a slightodor.

223-10.10 CELL REVERSAL

223-10.10.1 Cell reversal results when a cell is discharged considerably beyond the normal cut-off voltage. Ifdischarge is continued and cell voltage is permitted to approach zero, current flowing through the battery willcontinue to flow through the zero voltage cell and will result in a change in relative polarity of the terminals ofthat cell. As current continues to flow, a voltage will develop across the terminals of that cell, opposite to thenormal voltage. A cell in this condition is said to have experienced cell reversal. A reversed cell will gas vigor-ously.

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223-10.10.2 When reversed, if positive plates have less capacity than negative plates, which is the usual case,the cell will evolve hydrogen. If the opposite is true, and the negatives are limiting, the cell will evolve oxygen.Any cell, after a long enough reversal, will evolve both gases.

223-10.10.3 Cell reversal should be avoided because of temperature buildup and electrolyte spewage with thevigorous gassing. Proper use of ICV monitoring equipment, and securing discharges at the minimum final volt-age will prevent cell reversal.

223-10.11 CAPACITY LOSS

223-10.11.1 GENERAL. Capacity loss is a common mode of failure for silver-zinc batteries. There will be aninitial loss within a few cycles, followed by a very gradual loss for the remainder of usable life. Two causes ofcapacity loss are discussed in the following paragraphs.

223-10.11.2 NATURAL CAUSES. Natural causes relate to the inevitable degradation of cell materials withtime and cycling. As cells age, there is a loss of active material, either by shedding or by migration into the sepa-rator. Furthermore, the remaining active materials suffer progressive passivation, due to changes in materialstructure. Very old cells may experience slow shorts which would appear as capacity loss.

223-10.11.3 INDUCED CAUSES. Although losses from natural causes are usually irreversible, there are oth-ers that are induced which may be corrected by a change in procedure. Some of these induced causes aredescribed in the following paragraphs.

223-10.11.3.1 If float voltage is too low to overcome normal self-discharge, it will fail to keep the cells in a per-manent state of full charge; in the worst case they may lose as much capacity as if they were standing on opencircuit.

223-10.11.3.2 If the amount of electrolyte in cells is insufficient for any reason (filled with improper amount,leakage, gassing due to overcharge or too high a float voltage), cells will have poor charge acceptance, whichresults in low capacity. If the insufficiency is acute, cells may suffer permanent damage, in which case capacitylosses will become irreversible.

NOTE

DSRV, DSV only: If cells are pressure-compensated with oil, insufficient electro-lyte will allow oil to coat the tops of the electrodes, resulting in capacity loss.The amount of loss depends on how much of the electrode area is coated withoil.

223-10.11.3.3 The silver-zinc battery, as any other battery system, will lose capacity when charged and dis-charged at temperatures lower than the normal range of room temperature (16° to 30°C (61° to 86°F)). Lossesare not significant on discharge unless the temperature drops below 0°C (32°F) because of heat generated by thebattery; furthermore, any such losses are fully recovered as soon as the battery is restored to room temperature.Charge acceptance is markedly reduced at lower temperatures and would appear as capacity loss. This effect isreversible.

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223-10.11.3.4 Cells or batteries discharged at very low rates (50-hour rate or lower) to the cutoff voltage maynot accept a normal recharge. This could result in a permanent loss if done repetitively, but is generally recover-able if recharged at a rate comparable to the rate at which the battery was discharged. Whenever possible, avoidvery low rate discharges.

223-10.11.3.5 After an open circuit stand of several weeks or more, there is a capacity loss. It may take up tothree cycles to recover full capacity.

223-10.11.4 MECHANICAL CAUSES. Capacity losses also may result from a variety of causes which areinfrequent and are the effect of gross battery mistreatment. They are:

a. Electrode or electrode tab breakage due to extreme levels of shock or vibration

b. External short circuits

c. Intercell current leakages due to electrolyte pools covering terminal areas of two or more cells

d. Exposure to unusually high temperatures

223-10.12 INTERNAL CELL SHORTING

223-10.12.1 An internal short is any low resistance electrical connection between a positive and a negative platewithin a cell. It may involve one or more pairs of adjacent plates. Since all plates of like polarity are in parallel,the energy of the entire cell may be dissipated through the short, instead of doing useful work as part of the bat-tery.

223-10.12.2 Shorts seldom break once they are made. They often increase in intensity with time or cycling dueto degradation of the adjacent separator by localized heating at the short. Every short varies in degree from everyother, but a distinction is sometimes made in action required between a short which is vigorous enough to boilthe electrolyte (hot short), and one which is not (mild short). A mild short may become hot if the affected cell isused during charges and discharges; therefore, it should be isolated from the battery circuit.

223-10.12.3 Any one or a combination of factors can promote an internal short. A mild short could result fromzinc bridging over the top of the separator (see paragraph223-10.17.1.7.2). Zinc dendrites tend to grow throughthe separator, particularly if a cell is overcharged.

223-10.12.4 Still another factor is chemical deterioration with time and temperature of the cellulosic separator inthe electrolyte, regardless of cycling. Growth of sizable potassium salt crystals (oxalate and others), usually atpositive electrode sites, places the separator under pressure points and may cause physical deterioration of theseparator.

223-10.13 SPILL ANGLE

223-10.13.1 Spill angle is defined as the angular displacement from the vertical position beyond which electro-lyte will flow out of the cell in a plane perpendicular to either the width or length dimension of the cell (corre-sponding to pitch or roll). The cell is designed for no-spill at a 45° angle. Even in an extreme condition wherethe electrolyte level could be relatively high, such as discharge at the 1-hour rate or a long charge, spill anglewould still be 45°.

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223-10.14 BATTERY CONSTRUCTION

223-10.14.1 DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION. Batteries consist of series-connected cells of amplenumber to provide a desired nominal voltage for the system. Each manufacturer provides individual identifica-tion and instructions for the silver-zinc battery, which is designed for a specific use. For submersible vehicles,batteries may be located either internal or external to the pressure hull and, thus, will vary accordingly in design.In this text, a battery mounted external to the submarine pressure hull is referred to as an external battery. A bat-tery mounted internal to the hull is referred to as an internal battery.

223-10.14.1.1 Cells for battery installation are delivered wet, formed, and charged in certain instances, dry inothers. Spare cells are delivered dry and unformed.Table 223-10-2lists characteristics of silver-zinc batteriesused in deep submergence vehicles. Physical containment of the individual cells of a battery varies according toits use. (Refer to the specific description of the appropriate battery or cell in the manufacturer’s technical manualfor more information.)

Table 223-10-2 BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

Battery Types Main BatteriesSafety and EmergencyBatteries

Navy Designation:Location:

DSV(External)

DSRV(External)

NR-1(Internal)

DSV(Internal)

DSRV(Internal)

Specification: DOD-B- 24594 24505 24507 24531/5 24531/2Batteries per vehicle 2 2 1 2 1Cells per battery 57 per box

(30V and 60V)76 150 18 17

Guarantee:MonthsAh Discharge

1826,000

1822,000

2426,000

121,500

123,000

Dimensions (mm):Cell lengthCell widthCell height

14095496

107107480

121116480

N/AN/AN/A

N/AN/AN/A

Battery lengthBattery widthBattery height

1,213940610

238103191

575132177

Mass (kg) (wet)Max mass per cellMax mass per battery

14-

11.51045.0

14.6-

- 11.4

Electrical CharacteristicsNominal Capacity (Ah)Battery Minimum Voltage (V)Battery Maximum Current (A)

75025 and 50200

700100300

850210275

302030

701880

223-10.14.2 BATTERY LOCATION AND DESIGN. The construction of a typical silver-zinc battery is shownin Figure 223-10-3. Individual silver-zinc battery components are shown inFigure 223-10-4. Finally, Figure223-10-5depicts the installation of a silver-zinc battery scanner.

a. Batteries installed internally (inside the ship)

1. NR-1. The main battery consists of individual cells connected in series and installed in the ship batterycompartment.

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2. DSV. The safety and emergency batteries are supplied as individual cells connected in series, the wholeassembly taped.

3. DSRV. The safety and emergency battery is provided fully assembled in a box.

b. Batteries installed externally (pressure-compensated)

1. DSRV, DSV. Both box and cover of the envelope are constructed of laminated fiberglass, the cover havinga positive slope from all edges toward the center. Connectors or stuffing tubes are provided for the mainpower cables and the ICV cables.

223-10.15 PRESSURE COMPENSATION IN EXTERNAL BATTERIES

223-10.15.1 Pressure compensation is accomplished by filling the upper part of each cell, plus all voids in thebattery box, with a nonreactive oil. The battery is then connected to a compensator which is part of the vehicle’sequipment. The compensator is also filled with oil and varies in volume with existing pressure.

223-10.15.2 As the vehicle descends into the sea and pressure increases, oil moves from the compensator intothe battery box to make up for the volume reduction in the system. There is virtually no pressure differentialacross the walls of the battery box, but all cell and battery components may experience large compressive forces- the magnitude depending on the depth. At 1800 meters (5900 feet), these compressive forces amount toapproximately 18 megapascals (MPa) (2610 psia).

Figure 223-10-3 Silver - Zinc Battery

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223-10.15.3 Cells are open directly to the oil in the upper part of the battery box and the oil moves freely in andout of cells with pressure changes. The major part of the volume change with pressure is the compression of thegas in, or occluded on, the porous plates. As pressure increases, oil moves further down into the cell but, bydesign, will not reach the active area of the plates at any time if electrolyte is kept at proper level.

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Figure 223-10-4 Silver-Zinc Battery Components

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Figure 223-10-5 Installation of Battery Scanner

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223-10.16 CELL EXTERNAL DESIGN AND COMPONENTS

223-10.16.1 Cells are designed so the electrolyte will not spill from the vent at angles to 45 degrees. Activatedcells should not be laid on their sides; rough handling cannot be permitted. Components of a cell are describedin the following paragraphs.

a. Cell Jar. Cell jars are molded out of high-temperature thermoplastic material polysulfone (PS) a tough, rigid,high strength plastic material which does not soften up to 150° C (302° F).

b. Cell Cover. Cell covers are molded out of the same thermoplastic material, polysulfone (PS). Where required,the cover contains openings for terminals, electrolyte level indicator, flash arrester, electrolyte entrainmenteliminator, vent, and safety equipment.

c. Cover-to-Jar Seal. The case-to-cover bonding is done with an epoxy-type or solvent adhesive compound.

d. Cell Terminals. Cell terminals are threaded-type terminals which are made to accommodate large flanged ter-minal nuts. In general, terminal material is silver-plated brass or copper. The flat washer and nut on top of thecell must never be removed in the field because they maintain the seal; removing them also could permit theterminal to slip out of the seat in the underside of the cover and the plate tube may twist upon retightening.The top nuts are used to lock intercell connectors to terminals. These nuts should be torqued as described inTable 223-10-3:

e. Metal Insulation. NR-1. except for the top contact surface of terminals, all exposed metal surfaces of the cellcover components are insulated with an electrical insulating material such as epoxy-polyamide coating. DSRV,DSV (main batteries). Rubber insulated quick-disconnect intercell busbars are used (see paragraph223-10.18).

f. Electrolyte Level Indicator. NR-1. an acrylic plastic device, inserted in a level indicator opening in the cover,shows level conditions without opening the cell vent (seeFigure 223-10-6). DSRV, DSV. levels are checkedand adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer’s service manual.

g. Flash Arresters. NR-1. a flash arrester limits access of air to the cell, prevents flame in the vicinity of the bat-tery cover from igniting the gas under the cover, and serves as a removable plug for cell servicing. DSRV,DSV. none.

h. Electrolyte Entrainment Eliminator. NR-1. none. DSRV, DSV. an electrolyte entrainment eliminator (alsocalled bubble-breaker) is a device (mounted on the cover vent) which diffuses hydrogen bubbles, allowing gasto escape and electrolyte to flow back into the cell.

i. Valve. NR-1. a valve is installed on the cover vent and sealed to the cover with an O-ring. DSRV, DSV (safetyand emergency batteries only). valve is installed on the cover vent and sealed to the cover with an O-ring.

j. Temperature Sensor. NR-1. has pilot cells with special holes in the terminals to accept temperature monitor-ing probes. DSRV, DSV. none.

k. Cell Marking. The manufacturer’s serial number is stamped on the cover with lot number indicated on thecase, near the bottom. In addition, cell position number in the battery is attached to the cover.

Table 233-10-3 TOP NUT TORQUE

Main Batteries

NR-1: 170-180 in-lbs.DSRV, DSV: 40-60 in-lbs.Safety and Emergency BatteriesDSRV DSV: 35-40 in-lbs.

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223-10.17 CELL INTERNAL COMPONENTS

223-10.17.1 GENERAL. Internal cell components are described in the following paragraphs.

223-10.17.1.1 Positive Electrode. A positive electrode is made of sintered silver powder over a silver metalcollector. The material is porous, having less than half the density of the equivalent thickness of metal, and hasa large active surface area. As the electrode is cycled (charged and discharged), silver particle size changes, andtherefore its electrical characteristics change. For example, during low rate discharges, sizable clumps are pro-duced which decrease active area and increase the difficulty of charging the mass. Silver metal is virtuallyinsoluble in the electrolyte but the oxides produced during charge have a measurable solubility. Higher tempera-tures increase rate of reaction between silver oxides and separator material. Silver deposition in the separator,which may become electronically conductive, can shorten cell life. As much as twenty percent of the activematerial may be lost from positive electrodes over the cell lifetime, thus contributing to capacity loss.

223-10.17.1.2 Negative Electrode. A negative electrode is made of zinc oxide mix, spread over a silver grid.The zinc oxide mix contains a small amount of additive to minimize corrosion of the zinc and therefore mini-mize hydrogen evolution. (See paragraph c. below.) There is more negative active material in a cell than isrequired by the cell capacity. In early life, cell capacity is limited by positive plate capacity while late in life, cellcapacity is limited by negative plate capacity.

Figure 223-10-6 Electrolyte Level Indicator (Permanently Installed)

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223-10.17.1.2.1 The negative is considerably more soluble than the positive and, due to concentration gradientsdoes not replate uniformly upon recharge. There is a tendency for zinc metal to be lost from the upper part andthe edges of the electrode, and replated toward the bottom. This effect reduces active electrode area and increasescurrent density. This phenomenon is called″shape change.″

223-10.17.1.2.2 Another characteristic of the negative plate which becomes a factor in cell life is zinc dendritegrowth. This does not occur until the negative electrode potential exceeds the critical potential (see paragraph223-10.6.3). It is one of the reasons a charge is secured as soon as any cell reaches the cutoff voltage for thatparticular charge rate. The other reason for observing the cutoff voltage is that at least one of the polarities, posi-tive or negative, has reached the point beyond which little if any more charge is accepted but instead, goes intoformation of gas and heat. Some zinc metal escapes the confines of the separator, does not replate, reduces nega-tive plate capacity, and forms gray masses of spongy zinc randomly inside the cell. These masses are harmlessunless direct contact between positive and negative plates is established.

223-10.17.1.3 Additives. A small amount of the following additives is incorporated at the time of the negativeelectrode manufacture:

NR-1 NAVSEC-1

DSV (Main Battery) MercuryDSRV/DSV (Safety and Emergency Batteries) NAVSEC-1DSRV (Main Battery) Mercury

Mercury is introduced as mercury oxide in the zinc oxide mix. It amalgamates with the zinc during the firstcharge. It increases the potential at which the cells begin to evolve gas. Benefits are a marked reduction ofhydrogen evolution from self-discharge and better wet charged stand life. However, it creates a potential person-nel hazard if the mercury vaporizes during hot shorts. Elimination is being considered; the mercury substitute(NAVSEC-1) will be used, as in the other batteries.

223-10.17.1.4 Separator Materials. Two types of separator materials, described as follows, are in most silver-zinc cells: interseparator and main separator.

223-10.17.1.4.1 The positive or negative interseparator is a thin non-woven nylon felt placed around each elec-trode as if it were a bag. It is called Pellon (from Pellon Corp.). It serves as a physical separation between theelectrode and the cellulosic material, as well as providing electrolyte space near the electrode surface. The mainseparator consists of several layers of cellophane-type material and acts as a semipermeable membrane, retard-ing silver migration and zinc dendrite growth. It is assembled as a bag containing the positives and a″U″ con-taining the negatives. A strip of microporous polypropylene film is placed between the two layers of cellulosicseparator adjacent to positive plates in the upper four inches of the cell. This is intended to give physical strengthabove the electrode top where cellulosic-material deteriorates with time.

223-10.17.1.4.2 In NR-1 and DSV batteries, a layer of asbestos or equivalent fire-retardant material is insertedbetween each set of consecutive positive and negative electrodes. Frequently, it is located after the first cellulo-sic layer adjacent to the positive electrode. Its purpose is to prevent any short from becoming violent or hot, thusserving as a possible fire-retardant.

223-10.17.1.5 Electrolyte Composition. Electrolyte used for filling the cells is an aqueous potassium hydroxide(KOH) solution of 45 1 percent KOH by mass with no additives. Maximum concentration of impurities allow-able in the electrolyte prior to filling is listed inTable 223-10-4.

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223-10.17.1.6 Electrolyte Effect. Although it is not shown in the simplified equations for cell reactions, elec-trolyte plays an important part in the electrochemistry of the silver-zinc cell. Its reactions at positive and nega-tive plates are equal and opposite so there is no net change in electrolyte composition between charge and dis-charge. Consequently, specific gravity measurements cannot be used to determine state of charge, as with thelead-acid battery, and are not required for the silver-zinc battery. Although the percentage of KOH used for fill-ing is specified as 45±1 percent, the percentage of KOH after a few days soaking in the cells, and after cycling,stabilizes at a value much lower; typically in the range of 34 to 36 percent. This is due to the fact that the potas-sium ion is preferentially tied (reacts) to cellulosic material (cellophane-type) in the cell, leaving a more dilutesolution as free electrolyte.

NOTE

No adjustment is necessary or required except when periodic make-up is requiredby adding only KOH solution and not water.

223-10.17.1.7 Electrolyte Adjustment. Normally, neither the positive nor the negative electrode reaches fullgassing potential when charged to the prescribed voltage cutoff. Therefore, little water is lost through electroly-sis in that type of operation.

223-10.17.1.7.1 With float operation, however, cells continually are charged at a low rate and periodic makeupis required. Even though it is water that is lost in electrolysis, water is not used for makeup. It destroys the cel-lulosic separator, especially on the top of the electrode pack, because it does not mix readily with the electrolyte.Electrolyte, such as was used in the initial fill, is added when makeup is needed. This does not increase totalalkalinity appreciably since carbonation and separator degradation reactions reduce the available hydroxyl ionswith time.

223-10.17.1.7.2 Electrolyte cannot be allowed to remain above the separator top. The zinc negative partially dis-solves during discharge and replates during charge. In replating, it is deposited as a loose sponge which growsout into the electrolyte. If separators were continuously submerged, this zinc could grow up from the top of thenegative plate, cross over the separator tops and down to the positives. Such an electrical bridge could short thecell. To forestall this, the electrolyte is allowed to rise above the separators during charge only at the end of thecharge when the voltage makes its short rise. This period is too brief for the zinc to electroplate a bridge betweennegatives and positives.

NOTE

DSRV, DSV only: DSRV and DSV cells have electrolyte above the top of theseparators all of the time. Each has a 2-inch separator above the electrodes toprevent bridging. This level is necessary for level variations due to pressurecycling.

Table 223-10-4 ELECTROLYTE SPECIFICATIONS (45% KOH)

Impurities Maximum Concentration (in ppm)

Potassium carbonate 200Chloride (as Cl) 20Sulfate (as SO4 ) 5Nitrogen compounds (as N) 2

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Table 223-10-4 ELECTROLYTE SPECIFICATIONS (45% KOH) -

Continued

Impurities Maximum Concentration (in ppm)

Ammonium hydroxide precipitate 20Phosphate (as PO4 ) 1Antimony 0.25Arsenic 1.60Barium 0.15Beryllium 0.05Chromium 1.30Iron 2Manganese 0.05Molybdenum 0.05Nickel 0.25Selenium 0.15Silicon 19Sodium 200Titanium 0.15Vanadium 0.05Heavy Metals (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo,Pb, Sb, Sn)

4

Carbon 1100Sulfur 2.05Phosphorous 0.35Reducing material See note below

Note

Reducing material shall be determined at 75°C± 5°C in anacid medium by a maximum of 1.5 ml of 0.001 normalpotassium permanganate solution reacting completely withreducing material contained in a 10 ml sample of KOHsolution.

223-10.17.1.8 Electrolyte Protection. Electrolyte allowed to stand exposed to the air tends to form potassiumcarbonate with the carbon dioxide (CO) in the air. Electrolyte drums must be kept closed when not being usedand access of air to cells must be minimized by lightly taping or capping the vent holes when flash arresters,level indicators, or electrolyte entrainment eliminators are not in place. Do not cap tightly, however, because thecells evolve gas, and pressure may build up. It is important that sufficient amount of electrolyte always is presentto keep the cellulosic separator from drying out, losing its physical strength, and becoming a weak area where ashort could begin.

NOTE

For external batteries (DSRV and DSV) only: It is important that there always besufficient electrolyte present to keep the oil from reaching the plates when thebattery is under pressure or during long periods of open circuit stand. Parts of theplates soiled with oil lose their corresponding capacity temporarily until the oilis washed out by the electrolyte after a few cycles. Electrolyte level checks and

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adjustments are required, along with the capacity check, to ensure the level is atoptimum. Typically, oil is difficult to remove once it is allowed to impregnate theporous electrodes. Thus, oiled plates may cause permanent damage.

223-10.17.1.9 Firewalls.

NOTE

NR-1 and DSV Main Batteries: contain internal firewalls which extend across thebottom and up the four sides to above electrode height. These firewalls are madeof sheet asbestos or equivalent fire-retardant material encased in plastic bags.

NOTE

DSRV Main Battery: cells do not use firewalls.

223-10.18 INTERCELL CONNECTORS

223-10.18.1 NR-1 AND ALL SAFETY AND EMERGENCY BATTERIES. Intercell connectors consist ofsilver-plated copper bus bars which bridge the appropriate cell terminals.

223-10.18.2 DSRV, DSV (MAIN BATTERIES). A rubber-insulated quick-disconnect connector is used (seeparagraph223-10.16.1.

223-10.19 BATTERY BOX COMPONENTS

223-10.19.1 GENERAL. Components of the battery box are described in the following paragraphs.

223-10.19.1.1 Battery Box (Main Batteries). For DSR and DSV, the battery box is constructed of fiberglass. Adrain port is provided at the bottom of one side. The upper lip of the box consists of a gasket flange to whichthe battery cover is bolted.

223-10.19.1.2 Battery Cover. For DSRV and DSV, the battery cover is constructed of fiberglass and has a posi-tive slope from all edges toward the center. The edge of the cover consists of a flange which mates to the bat-tery box. Manhole covers provide access to the inside.

223-10.19.1.3 Oil. For DSRV, DSV (Main Batteries), an approved mineral oil is used to fill the upper part ofeach cell and all voids in the battery box. In conjunction with the vehicle’s compensator system, it distributes thepressure of the sea equally on all components within the battery. Such an oil must be relatively unaffected by andnonmiscible in seawater, and a strong alkali. It must possess good dielectric properties, and maintain a low vis-cosity at deep ocean temperatures. A small amount of an approved blue dye is added to make it readily distin-guishable from electrolyte and other types of oils. The procedure for adding oil is described in paragraph223-13.9.

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223-10.20 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT

223-10.20.1 CELL VOLTAGE MONITORING SYSTEM. This system scans individual cell voltages (ICV)and provides a signal if any cell’s voltage is outside the preset limits of the high and low voltage detectors.

223-10.20.2 VOLTMETERS. Voltmeters are used for monitoring battery potential.

223-10.20.3 AMMETERS. Ammeters are used for monitoring battery loads.

223-10.20.4 AMPERE-HOUR METERS. An installed ampere-hour meter shows decreasing ampere-hours dur-ing charge and increasing ampere-hours during discharge, except for DSRV’s which have separate unidirectionalampere meters for charge and discharge.

223-10.20.5 HYDROGEN DETECTORS IN INTERNAL BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). The hydrogen analyzersamples any one of several parts of the vehicle including the gas leaving the battery well.

223-10.20.6 GROUND DETECTOR. The ground detector is used to measure resistance to ground.

223-10.20.7 TEMPERATURE SENSORS. These resistance-type devices are installed, as required, to measurecell temperatures.

223-10.21 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING EQUIPMENT

223-10.21.1 Battery charging and discharging equipment consisting of resistive loads designed for individualcells or batteries, are used in the charging and discharging procedures outlined in this chapter.

223-10.22 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED

223-10.22.1 The battery manufacturer provides, as a part of the instruction book, a detailed breakdown of equip-ment supplied.

223-10.23 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED

223-10.23.1 Certain other equipment, not supplied by the battery manufacturer, is required for safe and efficientoperation of the battery. Some of the equipment included in this category is as follows:

a. Wedging

b. Intercell connector

c. Circuit breakers

d. Fuse

e. Meters

f. Ground detection equipment

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g. A ventilation system

h. Cell and battery voltage monitoring equipment

i. Hydrogen detectors

j. Safety equipment

223-10.24 GUARANTEE

223-10.24.1 Submarine and deep submersible main storage batteries and renewal elements are always guaran-teed by the manufacturer for a term of service life stipulated in the contract under which delivery was made. Thisguarantee begins with the date the battery is filled and charged, or two years from date of manufacture, which-ever occurs first.

223-10.24.2 The guarantee is enforceable against the contractor, if the capacity of the battery as a whole or acertain number of individual cells (as given in the specifications) falls below 70 or 80 percent (as applicable) ofrated capacity prior to expiration of the guaranteed period, provided failure is not due to violation of approvedinstructions. Specific guarantee terms and details are given in each manufacturer’s service manual.

223-10.24.3 It is important that operating and maintenance personnel become familiar with the guarantee periodcovering their particular batteries and that no violation of existing instructions or good engineering practice beallowed to invalidate guarantees.

223-10.25 ACTION IN CASE OF FAILURE

223-10.25.1 Whenever it becomes apparent that the batteries as a whole, or individual cells, will not fully meetthe guaranteed life, a report covering the deficiencies in detail shall immediately be forwarded to NAVSEA.

223-10.26 FINAL CAPACITY TEST

223-10.26.1 A final capacity test shall be run to determine the battery capacity at time of removal, whether ornot the battery has been shown previously to have less than required capacity. This capacity test shall be madeas near as possible to the time of removal but not more than two weeks before the battery is unbussed (see para-graph223-14.8.4).

SECTION 11

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

223-11.1 GENERAL

223-11.1.1 Numerous precautions must be observed in operating and handling silver-zinc storage batteries toensure the safety of personnel and prevent damage to batteries.

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223-11.1.2 Practices which result in rapid deterioration of a battery increase the probability of accidents whichmay cause injury to, or loss of, personnel. All precautions, therefore, are to be considered as ultimately contrib-uting to safety of personnel, even when the immediate purpose is to prevent damage to the battery.

223-11.2 SAFETY EQUIPMENT

223-11.2.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHER. Use only CO2 type extinguishers.

CAUTION

Purple K (PKP) type extinguishers are not to be used on battery fires exceptin cases of extreme emergency.

223-11.2.2 FACE SHIELD AND GOGGLES. Use face shield and goggles when handling electrolyte, or whenin the vicinity of a cell which is vigorously shorting.

223-11.2.3 RUBBER GLOVES AND NEOPRENE SHEETING. Use sheeting to blanket any exposed electri-cal hardware not required for actual service or maintenance operations in progress.

223-11.2.4 INSULATED TOOLS. Use only tools made of materials which are not electrically conducting, orwhich have been insulated except for a small area where surfaces must be exposed.

CAUTION

Metal tools may create a short across points with different voltages, causingdamage to contact surfaces, or more serious casualty. Absence of insulationalso could cause a spark which might start a hydrogen fire near the cell vent.

223-11.2.5 VASELINE OR PETROLATUM. These materials may be used as lubricants and as an aid in seal-ing gaskets.

223-11.2.6 FIRE RETARDANT ENGINEERING COVERALLS. Wear fire retardant engineering coverallswhen handling silver-zinc storage batteries. These provide flash and fire resistivity, one-piece covering, and arepreferable to wool and rayon fabrics, which are vulnerable to deterioration by alkali.

223-11.2.7 FIRST AID MATERIALS. The following should be immediately available when cells or electrolyteare being handled:

a. Water

b. Eye wash bottle

c. Vinegar or citrus fruit juices

d. Olive oil

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e. Cetapred ointment or equivalent

f. Rags or toweling (see paragraph223-11.2.9)

223-11.2.8 GLASS BEAKER OR LARGE TEST TUBE. One of these should be available when checkingelectrolyte of external batteries. Sample of liquid drawn from the cell is viewed in a beaker or large test tube todetermine presence or absence of electrolyte in the sample. Do not return sample to cell.

223-11.2.9 RAGS OR TOWELS. Cotton is preferred over wool or rayon, which are susceptible to attack bystrong caustics.

223-11.3 HAZARDS

223-11.3.1 GENERAL. Hazards associated with silver-zinc storage batteries exist while batteries are beingcharged, discharged, handled or worked on. Hazards are due primarily to the following:

a. Energy stored in battery

b. Hydrogen evolved from cells

c. Concentrated potassium hydroxide

d. Electrical shocks caused by completing an electrical path to ground

e. Voltage differences between adjacent cells within the battery

223-11.3.2 ELECTRICAL. Beginning with the first charge, care must be taken that a cell or battery is not acci-dentally shorted. Several thousand amperes could be drawn for a limited time through a short. Arcing with onlya few hundred amperes could ruin terminal contact surfaces. For example, a charged 150-cell battery will show280 V across its terminals, and could show 240 V even after being discharged and placed on open circuit.

223-11.3.2.1 Electrical leakage paths, whether to ground or to a point in the battery, may furnish a return pathfor current from another ground on any of a vehicle’s power or lighting circuits.

223-11.3.2.2 Such paths may arise from seawater, spilled electrolyte, or electrolyte which is carried out of cellsas fine droplets with evolved gas. Electrolyte entrainment eliminators are designed to minimize electrolyte carry-over. It is important that any electrolyte spillage is cleaned up immediately.

223-11.3.3 GROUNDS. Grounds are a hazard to personnel working on batteries if contact is simultaneouslymade with either the ship’s structure or the sea, and with a live conductor. Ground readings should be checkeddaily when vehicle is operating, and also prior to working on battery. The battery must not be operated if groundresistance value is less than 100,000 ohms, or 50,000 ohms with two batteries in parallel. For any battery, resis-tance to ground of less than 500,000 ohms requires maintenance at the earliest opportunity (see paragraph223-15.6.4).

223-11.3.3.1 When performing maintenance, open as few battery access covers as required at one time, andblanket cells not being worked on with a neoprene sheet to prevent accidental shorting. Use only insulated toolsand flashlights. Personnel should know and follow the electrical safety instructions contained inNSTM Chap-ter 300, Electric Plant - General .

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223-11.3.3.2 Never mate or de-mate connectors, ICV leads, and intercell connectors with current flowing.De-mated connectors shall be capped or otherwise insulated. A charge must be secured if battery ground is lessthan 100,000 ohms. If an abnormality occurs, secure battery until abnormality is corrected or it is determined safeto continue.

NOTE

For external batteries: Draining some liquid from the battery box periodicallywill help maintain good resistance to ground, since both electrolyte and seawa-ter are heavier than oil and tend to settle to the bottom of box.

223-11.3.4 HYDROGEN.

223-11.3.4.1 Concentration and Safety. Hydrogen concentration in any area must be kept below two percent atall times to prevent explosion. A mixture of at least four percent of hydrogen and air will burn if ignited by sparkor flame. Mixtures containing greater than eight percent hydrogen will explode with increasing force as hydro-gen concentration rises. Inasmuch as a spark to ignite the mixture is nearly always possible in a submarine (NR-1), safety consists of preventing hydrogen concentration from too closely approaching the flammable limit. Themaximum safe concentration is determined by the K factor of the submarine (NR-1).

223-11.3.4.2 Ventilation. Some hydrogen is being evolved from batteries at all times, whether they are beingworked or not, so the battery area should be well ventilated. No smoking or equipment which could generate aspark should be permitted in the immediate vicinity of a battery.

223-11.3.4.3 Fire Hazards. When the cell headspace is open (for example, prior to filling an external batterywith oil), any spark in the vicinity of the cell could set off a fire in the headspace of the cell. Overcharging oroverdischarging (reversing) a cell sharply increases the rate of hydrogen evolution. This not only increases pos-sible hydrogen fire hazard, but also has unfavorable effects on battery life.

CAUTION

Always have a CO2 type fire extinguisher readily available when batterywell is open. Do not use PKP type except as a last resort.

223-11.3.5 ELECTROLYTE

223-11.3.5.1 Use. Do not use any electrolyte other than that supplied with the battery or as described in para-graphs223-10.17.1.5through223-10.17.1.8Other types of electrolyte will destroy the battery.

WARNING

If electrolyte is accidentally allowed to contact skin, eyes or clothing, affectedareas must be flushed immediately with generous quantities of fresh waterand affected clothing removed immediately. Electrolyte is concentrated

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Warning - precedespotassium hydroxide (KOH). Use safety equipment and extreme cautionbecause severe, painful damage can rapidly result from acute exposure tothis alkali.

CAUTION

Electrolyte corrodes aluminum and glass, but not steel or most plastics.

223-11.3.5.2 Protective Clothing. Preferably, a full face shield made of plastic should be worn to avoid splasheson the face. Gas-tight safety goggles must be worn for protection of the eyes as a minimum precaution. Well-fitting protective clothing must be worn to avoid skin contact when handling electrolyte. (See paragraphs223-11.2.2, 223-11.2.3, and223-11.2.6for additional guidance.)

223-11.3.5.3 Antidotes. If electrolyte is taken internally, administer large amounts of water or milk, followedby a weak acid solution such as vinegar, lemon juice, or orange juice. Give careful attention to outer tissues suchas mouth and lips, and wash with large amounts of fresh water. Olive oil, one teaspoon at a time, may be givenfrequently by mouth and applied to all burned areas.

WARNING

Do not induce vomiting. Obtain medical attention at once.

223-11.3.5.3.1 If electrolyte comes in contact with skin, immediately wash the area with large quantities of water.Alkali is not easily rinsed from skin, but continuous flushing with water is preferable to using a further irritantsuch as dilute acid. Obtain medical attention at once.

223-11.3.5.3.2 If electrolyte comes in contact with eyes, immediately flush the eyes with plentiful amounts ofwater, using an eye wash bottle. Flush eyes continuously for a minimum of fifteen to twenty minutes, makingcertain that eyes are open and that water is flushed under upper and lower lids. Be certain eyes are rotated dur-ing flushing to ensure complete removal of electrolyte. After flushing is completed, obtain medical attentionimmediately. Where medical attention is not available, and within one-half hour after flushing, use Cetapredopthalmic ointment. This first aid treatment must be followed by medical treatment as soon as possible.

NOTE

Do not store electrolyte in umarked containers or bottles.

223-11.3.6 SEAWATER. Every effort should be made to keep seawater out of battery cells (external batteries)or battery well (internal batteries). Although anything short of completely flooding the battery area will not causeimmediate loss of power, resistance to ground could be reduced below safe limits. Seawater is not compatiblewith cell components.

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223-11.3.7 MERCURY (DSRV ONLY). DSRV batteries may contain a small amount of mercury in the nega-tive electrode. This may vaporize during a hot short and some may be carried out of the cell in gas or boilingelectrolyte.

WARNING

Avoid contact with or breathing mercury vapors in the immediate area of acasualty.

223-11.3.8 HOT SHORT. Electrolyte may boil in a cell which has a hot short. Water vapors coming from thecell may carry caustic droplets or mist. An Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA) should be used in the batterytank to aid breathing in the event a hot shorted cell is emitting smoke. Appropriate protective clothing must beused if personnel need to be in the immediate vicinity of a hot shorting cell.

SECTION 12

SHIPMENT, STORAGE, AND PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT

223-12.1 SHIPMENT

223-12.1.1 Where special instructions are issued covering shipment and storage, they shall be followed in pref-erence to instructions contained in this chapter.

223-12.2 NEW CELLS AND BATTERIES

223-12.2.1 GENERAL. Spare cells for batteries normally are shipped dry and unformed. Complete cells orbatteries, ready for installation, are shipped in one of two conditions, depending upon individual contracts. Theseconditions are described in the following paragraphs together with requirements for crating new cells for ship-ment.

223-12.2.2 DRY, UNCHARGED CELLS. When shipped dry, cells do not contain electrolyte, and are tempo-rarily sealed against damp air.

223-12.2.3 WET CELLS. When shipped wet, cells are completely assembled, contain electrolyte, are eitherdischarged or charged, and are ready for installation. Wet cells should always have the electrode face side of thecell case supported to prevent cells from swelling and cracking the cell jar.

223-12.2.4 CRATING NEW CELLS. All cells are shipped in secure packing cases. For shipment involvingwater transportation, the packing case is provided with iron slings for hoisting. Packing cases are plainly markedto indicate contract number, type, consignee, number of cells, and case number. Cases containing instructions forfilling and initial charging are so marked. Tops of cases which contain spare cells are painted gray and are markedSPARE.

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223-12.3 INSPECTION UPON ARRIVAL

223-12.3.1 GENERAL. When a battery arrives at a naval shipyard, an inspector familiar with storage batteriesshall be detailed for inspection. When a battery arrives at a private shipyard, the Supervisor of Shipbuilding shalldetail an officer familiar with storage batteries.

223-12.3.2 NOTIFICATION OF MANUFACTURER. The battery manufacturer shall always be notified ofinspection date and may have a representative present if he so desires.

NOTE

Whenever possible, inspection should be conducted prior to or during removal ofbattery from carrier, in order that breakage resulting from rough handling duringshipment may be definitely established.

223-12.3.3 DAMAGE. Should damage be discovered after unloading, the carrier and the cognizant inspectorof naval material for the manufacturer should be notified at once.

In the case of batteries which have been shipped unusually long distances, or where rough handling in ship-ment is deemed probable, the row of cells at each end of the car or compartment must be given especially care-ful inspection, since these are most likely to be damaged. Inspection should be conducted as outlined in para-graphs223-12.3.4through223-12.3.7.

223-12.3.4 EQUIPMENT NEEDED. Prior to handling or inspection of cells, the cell-lifting gear and othernecessary equipment must be at hand and properly rigged. See NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 1 for description andillustrations of required equipment.

223-12.3.5 REMOVING CELLS FROM PACKING CASE. Remove the outer case of cells where double box-ing is used. Care shall be taken to thoroughly brush off any packing material from top of inner packing case, toprevent entry into cell. Inner cover shall not be removed until this has been done.

223-12.3.6 DRY CELLS. Inspection of cells shipped dry shall proceed as follows:

1. Loosen packing case covers and lift them off carefully.

2. Examine cell tops for possible breakage of jar and cover.

3. Take special care in inspection of jar corners.

4. Lift cells from packing cases when damage is suspected.

5. Inspect for breakage of jar and cover, and for condition of terminal posts.

6. Replace cell in packing case.

7. Secure packing case cover.

223-12.3.7 WET CELLS. The following procedure details the inspection required for cells shipped wet:

1. Loosen packing case covers and lift them off carefully.

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2. Examine tops of cells for possible breakage of parts, with special attention to jar corners.

3. Examine packing cases for signs of jar leakage or loss of electrolyte by spillage in transit.

4. Remove jars from packing cases for further examination when breakage is suspected.

CAUTION

When a cell is removed from a packing case or otherwise not given side sup-port, bulging of jars occurs, particularly in warm weather, resulting in apermanent set. This set in a jar may render installation impossible.

5. Leave cells in packing cases, with packing case covers in place, until ready to lower into vehicle, or into thebattery box, if no suspicion of leakage is present.

6. Remove filling vent cap or flash arrester and note height of electrolyte. Pay special attention to any cell inwhich level of electrolyte is markedly lower than in surrounding cells.

NOTE

If a broken or leaking jar is found, the cell shall not be used, and must bereplaced.

7. In case of loss of electrolyte by spilling, refill to normal level with some electrolyte used for initial filling ofspare cells (see paragraphs below).

Inner packing cases containing spare cells should not be opened for inspection until the cells are to beinstalled, unless there is reason to believe that damage has occurred. Sealing of dry cells is necessary to avoidentrance of excessive moisture. When the average level of electrolyte in all cells has fallen below the minimumpermissible level, electrolyte must not be added until cells or battery have been submitted to a charge and placedon float for at least 24 hours.

223-12.4 STORAGE

223-12.4.1 DRY STATE STORAGE. Spare cells are shipped dry and uncharged. They may be stored up tothree years in a level, dry place having a temperature range from 55°C (41°F) to 20°C (68°F) with occasionalexcursions to 40°C (136°F). It is important that cell vents be covered at all times to keep moisture from enter-ing the cell, and to limit access of air. Cells are shipped with vent holes plugged. For cells equipped with flasharresters, it is important that the shipping seal under the flash arrester be in place during storage, and removedupon activation.

223-12.4.2 WET CHARGED STATE STORAGE. If activated batteries or cells are to be stored less than 60days, leave them fully charged. If the stand is more than 30 days, prior to using battery, place it on float (seeparagraph223-14.7.6) for 48 hours or until current is down to one ampere. Check voltages twice a week on unitsbeing stored charged. If fully charged battery cell voltage drops below 1.84 V within two weeks, the cell is short-ing. It shall be discharged immediately, and not put back into use. Store below 21° C (70° F). Provide ventila-tion in the area where cells or batteries are stored to prevent build-up of hydrogen concentration. Individualsilver-zinc battery service manuals should be consulted for charging and discharging details.

223-12.4.3 WET DISCHARGED STATE STORAGE. If activated batteries or cells are to be stored more than60 days, discharge until first cell reaches voltage cut off. Discharge at medium to low rate (5- to 10-hour rate).

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If cells are to be removed from ship, discharge prior to removal. Leave cells or battery on open circuit. To reac-tivate, charge using a normal charge, followed by float. Store below 20°C (68°F).

223-12.4.4 LONG WET STORAGE (CHARGED OR DISCHARGED) (NR-1 ONLY). See paragraph223-15.2.1. It should be noted that in long wet discharged storage, the electrolyte level may appreciably drop,thus admitting air causing carbonation of electrolyte and deterioration of the separator tops. It is advisable to pre-vent or minimize such contact with open air. (See paragraph223-15.7.3for procedure).

223-12.5 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT

223-12.5.1 DISCHARGE OF WET CELLS. A discharge-in-ship procedure is advantageous. It is safer tohandle and remove used cells in the discharged state, and more economical to discharge the entire battery in theship rather than on the dock, where discharge equipment is lacking. DSRV and DSV batteries may be dischargedafter removal from the ships, since discharge load banks are available.

223-12.5.2 DISCHARGE CAPACITY. If the discharge can be done within the last 30 days prior to removal,the battery should be charged, then discharged as indicated for a test discharge, (seeSection 14) after all failedcells have been jumpered out. This procedure will establish battery capacity at the end of its useful life, for futurereference or possible guarantee claim (see paragraph223-10.24).

223-12.5.3 VOLTAGE CUTOFF. If the battery cannot be properly charged, it should be discharged at the 8- to10-hour rate, to a voltage cutoff of 1.3 times the number of cells in series, or, to the first cell to reach 1.3 V,whichever occurs first. If individual cell voltages cannot be monitored, because of defective voltage monitoringequipment or connectors, use only the battery cutoff voltage.

223-12.5.4 USABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS. When applicable, batteries or cells are shipped in the dis-charged or charged state. As required, batteries shall be discharged as directed in paragraphs223-14.8.1through223-14.8.3. Individual cells shall be discharged at the eight-to ten-hour rate to voltage cutoff of 1.2 V per cell.

223-12.5.5 UNUSABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS. When destined for scrap and silver reclamation, batteriesand cells shall be further discharged at the 20-hour rate to less than 0.5 V per cell (0.5 x the number of cells fora battery), and drained of electrolyte, prior to disposition. When cells are permanently connected, as in DSRV orDSV batteries, clean the vent of each cell to ascertain that the opening is free (electrolyte level indicators shouldbe removed, if removable) so the cell can vent freely if a cell reverses during discharge. Caution should be takenagainst possible electrolyte carry-over (gloves, eye protection). Remove any trace of free electrolyte from top ofcells or batteries prior to shipment.

223-12.6 DESTINATION

223-12.6.1 USABLE BATTERIES. Destination of usable batteries shall be given on a case-by-case basis byNaval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA).

223-12.6.2 UNUSABLE BATTERIES. After discharging, unusable batteries or cells shall be turned over to thelocal Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office (DRMO).

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223-12.7 PACKING AND PACKAGING

223-12.7.1 If original containers are available, batteries should be repacked in such containers; if not available,containers should be constructed in accordance with the appropriate ship type battery specification. The nearestsupply center should be able to provide assistance and guidance regarding container construction. It will be use-ful and economical to salvage and retain all original containers for this purpose.

223-12.8 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

223-12.8.1 Batteries or cells should always be in the upright position when shipped, because of possible spillageof electrolyte (potassium hydroxide) which is corrosive and hazardous to personnel when in contact with the skin.Usable batteries or cells shall be shipped in temperature-controlled van type trailers (motor carrier), with air-ridesuspension because of the sensitive and fragile nature of the equipment. Temperature range must be maintainedbelow 30°C (86°F). Batteries or cells for scrap shall be shipped by the most economical overland mode of trans-portation.

SECTION 13

PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION

223-13.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

223-13.1.1 To ensure safety of personnel and machinery, the following precautions must be observed. ReviewSection 12for proper handling of silver-zinc storage batteries.

WARNING

Injury or death could occur from an accidental short of the battery.

223-13.2 ELECTRICAL (NR-1 ONLY)

223-13.2.1 Follow standard safety procedures for working with high voltage equipment. Before working in bat-tery well, verify that battery is disconnected from the ship. Remove only one battery well access cover at a time.Prevent foreign objects from entering battery well.

223-13.3 ELECTROLYTE

223-13.3.1 Electrolyte for silver-zinc batteries is a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). Anti-dotes must be available in event of accidental electrolyte spillage. Use safety equipment and extreme cautionbecause severe, painful damage can result rapidly from acute exposure to this alkali. If electrolyte is accidentallyallowed to contact skin, eyes, or clothing, affected area must be flushed immediately with generous quantities offresh water, and affected clothing removed.

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CAUTION

Activated cells contain a flammable hydrogen-oxygen mixture in the upperportion of the cell.

223-13.4 HYDROGEN

223-13.4.1 Hydrogen concentration must be kept below two percent at all times. Maintain good ventilation inthe battery area, and keep sparks and flame away from cells, especially when service openings are being used.Review NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 1, Section 9 for details on prevention of hydrogen fires and explosions.

223-13.5 PREPARATION

223-13.5.1 FILLING CELLS. Cells for ship installation as a battery are normally filled by the manufacturer.See paragraphs223-17.1through223-17.2for precautions used in preparing spare cells.

223-13.5.2 ASSEMBLING BATTERY. Assembly of NR-1 and DSV batteries is done by the installing activity.The DSRV battery is assembled by the manufacturer.

223-13.5.3 FORMATION. Cells for installation as a battery and DSRV batteries normally are formed by themanufacturer before delivery. See paragraphs223-17.1through223-17.2for information on spare cells.

223-13.5.4 CELL INSTALLATION MATERIAL. Check the manufacturer’s shipping list to ascertain that allrequired components are included. Insure that extra flash arresters, O-rings, level indicators, bubble breakers, cellmarker blanks, electrolyte adjustment devices, and other needed parts are on hand during installation.

223-13.6 INSTALLATION OF NR-1 BATTERY

223-13.6.1 OLD BATTERY REMOVAL. Proceed as follows:

1. Discharge the old battery as indicated in paragraphs223-12.5.1through223-12.5.3. If a few cells are shortedor have appreciably less capacity than the remainder of the battery, jumper these out of the circuit and con-tinue discharge to VCO.

2. Remove intercell connectors, wedges, and cells. Verify that all objects are removed from battery well, that itis clean, and that the well liner is intact.

223-13.6.2 NEW CELL TESTING. Remove new cells from shipping crate. To do this, cut the metal strapswhich hold covers in place.

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CAUTION

Cells are fully charged and must not be shorted, allowed to be knocked over,or dropped in handling. Do not loosen tie rods or remove cells until ready tocheck and test them.

223-13.6.2.1 Leakage. Air-pressure testing should be done in shipping crate before loosening tie rods. Prior toinstallation, check each cell as follows:

1. Remove flash arrester and replace it with pressure cap adapter.

2. Plug level indicator hole with level indicator or stopper.

3. Provide means of restraining plug so it does not blow out under pressure.

4. Connect a low pressure air supply, with a pressure gage, to adapter nipple.

5. Apply not more than 14 kilopascals (2 psi) air to cell.

6. Shut off input after pressure stabilizes.

NOTE

Pressure in cells must not decrease more than 1.5 kilopascals (0.2 psi) within oneminute. If leak cannot be stopped, cell must be replaced.

223-13.6.2.2 Dielectric Test.

1. Provide a test circuit (see Figure 223-19, NSTM Chap 223, Volume 1) consisting of:

a. A 200 V minimum direct current source

b. A suitable voltmeter (with range of not over 500 V) with an internal resistance of about 50,000 to 100,000ohms

c. A 200 to 300 ohm variable resistor

d. Three lamps

2. Provide a tank large enough to contain the jar, and enough water so height of water is 25 mm below jar top.If tank is wood or plastic, supply a metal strip extending from the rim down into the solution which partiallyfills the tank.

3. Conduct the test as follows:

a. Fill tank partly with water and add sufficient salt to make dilute solution.

b. Lower cell into tank slowly, particularly when testing first jar, to ensure water does not come over the topof jar and onto the cover.

NOTE

Height of water should be 25 mm below top of jar when cell is resting on thebottom of tank. It will be necessary to add water, as well as salt, from time totime.

c. Connect one side of voltage source, in series with resistor, to metal tank or grounding strip.

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d. Connect other side of potential source to voltmeter terminal.

e. Test circuit by touching a test probe, connected to the other voltmeter terminal, to the metal tank orgrounding strip connected through the lamps to voltage source.

4. If voltmeter gives a reading approximately equal to source voltage, test circuit is ready for use. If voltmeterreading is zero or only a small fraction of source voltage, leave lamps connected to tank, but interchange volt-age source leads, connect to lamps and voltmeter, and test again.

5. After test circuit has been tested and found suitable for use, test the cell in the tank by touching voltmeter testprobe to one of the cell terminals. In the absence of cracks or leaks in the jar, no deflection should be observedon voltmeter. If deflection is observed, do not assume that a leak through the jar exists. Check the voltmeter-to-test probe lead to make sure it is everywhere insulated. Wash and dry entire cover and top edges of jar tomake sure reading was not due to surface leakage caused by moisture. If deflection is still obtained, the jarhas a leak and should be rejected.

6. After testing, wash and dry the cell before installation. Place each cell in the battery tank. Verify that cells arepositioned with polarity as shown in manufacturer’s service manual.

223-13.6.2.3 Wedging and Numbering. Wedge cells securely. Wedging should not distort cell jars. Numbereach cell according to its battery position. Plastic disks supplied in installation kits should be cemented in placeon cell covers in locations where they can be seen with bus-bars in place. A record should be kept of the num-bered disk and corresponding serial number, which is both stamped on top of one terminal post and stenciled onthe side of cell.

223-13.6.2.4 Intercell Connectors. Terminals should be clean and free from burrs before installation of inter-cell connectors. Torque terminal nuts to the torque recommended in the manufacturer’s service manual. Intercellconnectors should be as high off the top of the cell as possible.

NOTE

NR-1 only: Intercell connectors should have oversized holes for ease in makingconnections. If an intercell connector does not fit readily, use another with theproper distance between holes, or ream the holes in the intercell connector to fit.Do not force a fit with a drift pin or other such means.

CAUTION

Hammering is prohibited.

223-13.6.2.5 Voltage Monitor Leads. Connect the intercell voltage monitor leads from battery scanner to cor-responding intercell connectors.

223-13.6.2.6 Level Indicators. Flush the cell head space as described in manufacturer’s service manual.Remove a level indicator plug. Select proper type level indicator for the particular cell. Coat O-ring and imme-diate adjacent area of the level indicator with petrolatum or vaseline and carefully insert indicator into the holevacated by level indicator plug. Check and record electrolyte levels but do not adjust at this time.

223-13.6.2.7 Temperature Sensors. Install temperature sensors as indicated in manufacturer’s service manual.

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223-13.7 TESTING AFTER INSTALLATION

Prior to placing a battery in service, take a ground and ICV reading to ensure proper connections and polari-ties. Make the following checks after installation of the battery:

1. Verify that battery temperature monitor is calibrated and that the system is operating correctly, as specified byoperating instructions for temperature monitor.

2. Check all intercell connections for voltage drops (to do this, discharge battery for a time sufficient to checkvoltage drop across each connection, by placing voltage probes on corresponding terminals).

3. Input connections with a voltage reading exceeding the average value after battery terminals have beenallowed to cool.

NOTE

NR-1 only: Primary cause for high readings is undertorqued terminal bolts. Ifinspection shows that bolts were torqued correctly, connection should be disas-sembled, cleaned, checked for burrs, and reassembled.

If the subsequent voltage drop test is still high, terminals should be checked carefully, and connection reas-sembled and reinspected.

223-13.8 PLACING BATTERY IN SERVICE

223-13.8.1 An equalization type charge will be the first electrical operation (see paragraph223-14.7.7). Checkand record electrolyte levels within one hour after terminating charge. Withdraw electrolyte only if necessary.Electrolyte level adjustment should be made as in paragraphs223-17.3, after batteries have run the equivalent ofabout two cycles. If this cycling prior to leveling includes any high rate cycle, check level periodically in cellswhich showed a high level during the check in the previous paragraph of223-13.8(above).

223-13.9 OIL AND DYE FILLING FOR EXTERNAL BATTERIES

223-13.9.1 An approved mineral oil is used to fill all voids in cells and battery. Packets of blue dye are usedwith the oil. One packet of an approved blue dye is to be added to each drum of oil to facilitate visually distin-guishing between electrolyte and oil. Add contents of dye packet to not less than 0.25 liter of oil and stir for sev-eral minutes. Let stand for 30 minutes. Stir dye mixture again and then pour into 200 liters of oil. Roll the drumto facilitate mixing. If the dye is in bulk form rather than in packets, use 1.25 milliliters per 200 liters.

SECTION 14

OPERATION

223-14.1 GENERAL

223-14.1.1 This section deals specifically with battery operation relative to charging and discharging in actualuse. Certain general principles applicable both to charge and discharge are treated in the following paragraphs.

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223-14.2 BATTERY VENTILATION

223-14.2.1 Every battery evolves some hydrogen at all times (see paragraph223-10.9). The amount of gasevolved is a function of battery temperature. Sparks and open flames shall be kept away from the battery. Venti-lation shall be provided in the battery well. One exhaust fan should be adequate in the battery well, but exhaustgas should be sampled frequently for percentage of hydrogen, and ventilation increased if necessary. A chargenever shall be initiated until the atmospheric analyzer is set to sample battery exhaust, at least one ventilating fanis operating, and hydrogen concentration in the system is below one percent. Neglect of battery ventilation cre-ates serious danger of explosion.

223-14.3 SAFETY

223-14.3.1 GENERAL. Safety of personnel must be maintained during all battery operations. Special instru-ments are provided to detect development of certain unsafe conditions. However, strict adherence to specifiedprocedures by qualified operators is the only method of ensuring safety for all personnel.

223-14.3.2 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS. Personnel responsible for supervision and operation of the bat-tery must meet specific qualification requirements.

223-14.3.3 GROUND RESISTANCE. Danger of electric shock by simultaneously making contact with groundand a live conductor is decreased as the resistance to ground is increased. Every effort shall be made to keepground resistance as high as possible. In addition, ground resistance measurements shall be made before perform-ing work which involves touching a cell terminal. Refer to the battery technical manual or MRC for ground mea-surement instructions. When disconnecting cells, take care to insulate all parts of the body from ground by usinga rubber sheet over parts of ship’s structure with which contact can be made. In this way, even if the batteryshould accidentally ground during the working period, it is not likely that personnel will simultaneously contacta live terminal and ground. Safety precautions and instructions discussed inSection 11shall also be followed.

223-14.4 BATTERY TEMPERATURE CONTROL

223-14.4.1 GENERAL. During discharge, battery temperature should not be permitted to exceed 65°C (150°F)except in emergency conditions. Temperature will be highest during a high rate discharge. Consult the manufac-turer’s service manual for highest discharge rate that can be used. Charge acceptance is reduced at lower tem-peratures and higher charge rates.

223-14.4.2 AIR-COOLED BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). Operations in warm water generally impose difficul-ties caused by high battery temperatures. Battery ventilation systems are designed to furnish adequate airflow todilute hydrogen to a concentration below two percent during charges, but they do not provide sufficient coolingto prevent battery electrolyte temperatures in excess of 65°C (150°F) under all conditions of operation. Coolingproduced by ventilation is mainly derived from evaporation of water from the electrolyte.

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223-14.5 JUMPERED CELLS

223-14.5.1 A cell may be jumpered out if an internal short circuit is suspected. Jumpering out means bypassingthe cell by disconnecting the cell from the circuit and interconnecting the adjacent cells. Jumper cables shall pro-vide good electrical connection for a low resistance path. A poor connection can result in high voltage drop acrossthe jumper cable that will affect cell voltage readings.

223-14.5.2 Short circuiting positive and negative terminals of a shorted cell to jumper the cell shall not be done.

223-14.5.3 A jumpered cell may be returned to service when its problem has been favorably resolved (that is,examination does not disclose an internal short). This may be done, however, only if jumpered cell and batteryare at the same state of charge.

223-14.6 OPERATING PROCEDURES

223-14.6.1 OVERVIEW. Procedures for operating a battery in two different modes are given in the followingparagraphs.

223-14.6.2 OPEN CIRCUIT STAND. Whenever operations permit, place the battery on open circuit stand asthe preferred mode for maximizing battery life in a discharged state.

223-14.6.3 CONNECTED TO DC BUS (NR-1 ONLY). Whenever a battery is connected to the DC bus to pro-vide standby power, the battery is maintained on float (see paragraph223-14.7.6) with a very low charging cur-rent sufficient to compensate for self-discharge. Prolonged float is not recommended. As operations permit, thebattery can be trickle-discharged for no more than ten percent of its rated capacity, then recharged by float charg-ing.

223-14.7 CHARGING

223-14.7.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. A battery is charging when electric current converts activematerial which can later deliver electrical energy. If the cell is internally shorted, however, heat or gas is gener-ated with part or all of the current passing through it in the charge direction. Effective charge is only that por-tion of the current which is forming active material. Proper charging is an important factor in determining lifeand performance of a storage battery.

223-14.7.1.1 Charge acceptance is influenced by several factors. Among these are battery temperature, chargerate, and battery’s immediate past history. Charge acceptance is appreciably reduced at lower temperatures andhigher charge rates. Even though ampere-hour efficiency is greater than 95 percent over several cycles, any singlecharge may accept more or less than the previous discharge.

223-14.7.1.2Section 16deals with failure modes, such as internal shorts which develop in cells. Shorts are mostlikely to occur during charge and are usually detectable before they become serious by abnormal individual cellvoltages.

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223-14.7.1.3 A cell whose voltage is below 1.86 V during float, or is declining during charge would be suspect.The latter is not necessarily true in the period immediately after cell voltage makes the break up from +1.7 to the+1.9 V level, since voltage will peak and then come down a few hundredths of a volt onto a plateau (seeFigure223-10-2). Suspected shorts should be verified as discussed in paragraphs223-16.6.3.1through223-16.6.3.4. Afully charged cell with an open circuit voltage of less than 1.85 V should be suspected of being shorted.

223-14.7.1.4 State of charge of a silver-zinc cell cannot be determined by measuring the specific gravity of theelectrolyte even when such measurement is feasible. Therefore, hydrometer readings are not taken. If a cell’svoltage is 1.85 V or greater on open circuit, the cell is at least 90 percent charged. A reading of 1.6 to 1.84 Vindicates that cell is from 50 to 90 percent charged. A reading of 1.59 V or less indicates that a cell is from 0 to50 percent charged. Capacity remaining in a partially discharged battery is determined as in paragraphs223-14.8.8.

223-14.7.2 WHEN TO CHARGE. As a general procedure, a battery should be charged immediately followinga discharge, when it is operationally feasible. Capacity maintenance is better if the battery is placed on open-circuit stand in a fully charged condition rather than in a partially discharged condition. Also, charge acceptanceis better on a warm battery than on a cold one, so the charge should be scheduled accordingly, when possible.

223-14.7.2.1 If a battery is partially discharged, or if discharge is interrupted, the battery need not be charged ifdischarge will be resumed within 24 hours. Ampere-hour records may be helpful in determining the capacityobtainable after partial discharge.

223-14.7.2.2 After partial or interrupted discharge of less than 50 percent of rated capacity and if discharge willnot be resumed within 24 hours, the battery should be charged.

223-14.7.3 NORMAL CHARGE. A normal charge is defined as a routine modified constant current chargegiven during ordinary cyclic operation to restore a partially or fully discharged battery to a substantially fullycharged condition. Constant current charges are run in two or more steps. Current is maintained until any cellreaches first the voltage cutoff value for that particular charge rate (seeFigure 223-10-2). There must be at leastone hour open circuit stand or float between the two charge rates for the second rate to be effective. See manu-facturer’s manual for specific details.

223-14.7.4 OVERCHARGE. For silver-zinc cells, overcharging is defined as continuing the charge after it hasreached specified cutoff voltage for the charge rate being used. Overcharge is undesirable and must be avoided.

223-14.7.5 PARTIAL CHARGE. Partial charge is one terminated before any cell in a battery reaches first itsrecommended cutoff voltage. Partial charges are not detrimental to a silver-zinc battery, but full charges shouldbe the rule if operations permit.

223-14.7.6 FLOAT (NR-1 ONLY). A battery is said to float when connected to a constant potential sourcewhose voltage is slightly higher than the open circuit voltage of the battery. A battery can be floated at any stateof charge.

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223-14.7.6.1 Set the low alarm at 1.85 V during floating a fully charged battery. If necessary to float a partiallydischarged battery, set low ICV alarm at 1.6 V or 1.85 V depending on ICV of lowest cell. During float, reducecurrent to keep all cells below 2.00 V. Overall battery voltage must be reduced to maintain high cells below 2.00V, as occasion demands.

223-14.7.6.2 When a battery is first placed on float, there will be initially high current decreasing as battery volt-age increases. Current must be restricted by regulating applied float voltage to a value given in manufacturer’sservice manual.

223-14.7.6.3 Because the silver-zinc battery has two levels of charge voltage, initial charging voltage from afully or partially discharged condition is only 1.6 V, and maximum float voltage cannot be applied without pro-ducing a very large charge current. Normally a discharged or partially discharged battery would be placed oncharge. If float is necessary, float voltage must be set low enough to conform to the maximum current restrictionstated in manufacturer’s service manual.

223-14.7.6.4 Extended float is detrimental to battery life and capacity maintenance. As operations permit, floatperiod should not exceed seven days without an open circuit stand period of at least 24 hours.

223-14.7.7 EQUALIZING CHARGE. With silver-zinc batteries, an equalizing charge is defined as a modifiedconstant potential procedure where the constant potential portion is at the float voltage. It may be used with apartially or fully discharged battery and conducted in accordance with manufacturer’s technical manual.

223-14.7.7.1 Individual Cell Charging. Even with an equalizing charge, some cells may exhibit a lower volt-age than the majority of cells on charge or on float. In this case, prior to considering these cells as shorted ordefective and replacing them, they should be checked further. They may be only undercharged. They should berecharged separately and individually until they reach the designated voltage, then checked on open circuit standto determine if they show signs of a slow short, by monitoring their open circuit voltage over a few hours (drop-ping from 1.86 V). This procedure may keep good cells, which may appear to be defective, in service, thus pro-longing the entire battery life.

223-14.7.8 CHARGE RATE. Most charges will be run at constant current to voltage cutoff. Cutoff depends oncharge rate being used. No charge rate is too low for a silver-zinc battery if time is available, providing it is highenough to more than make up for normal self-discharge.

223-14.7.8.1 The amount of ampere-hours returned to the battery can be nominally computed as the product ofcharging rate and time in hours run. Ampere-hour meter indications give more accurate readings because fluc-tuations in voltage/current have been taken into account. However, neither method provides a completely accu-rate total of ampere-hours input, because at any charge rate the current is generating heat and gas as well asreturning energy to the battery. Generation of heat and gas is due to the internal resistance of the battery. There-fore, as charging rates increase, more energy is being used to generate heat and gas in proportion to energy beingused to return capacity to the battery.

223-14.7.9 CHARGE EFFICIENCY. Charge efficiency (Kc ) can be determined from the ratio of the actualampere-hour output (Aho ) to the indicated or calculated ampere-hour input (Ahi ):

Kc = (Aho ) / (Ahi )

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For example, the ampere-hour input reading from a meter or calculated from a charge at 60A for five hoursis 300 Ah at the end of the charge. A test discharge to cutoff voltage yields at 285 Ah, then charge efficiency at60A is:

Kc = 285/300 = 0.95 or 95 percent

If actual efficiency factors are observed to be less than those expected, then it is likely that the battery isbecoming unbalanced (cell voltage spread is high) and records of cell voltages should be carefully checked forcells which may be degraded.

223-14.7.10 VOLTAGE LIMITS. Charges are secured when any cell in the battery reaches first its voltage limitfor the particular charge rate in use. Continuing charge after a cell reaches cutoff value overcharges the cell, gen-erates additional heat and gas, causes electrolyte spewage, and promotes internal shorts. High cell detector shallbe operating whenever a battery is charging. It will provide an alarm when any cell reaches the preset cutoffvalue.

223-14.8 DISCHARGING

223-14.8.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Manufacturer’s discharge characteristics tables show serviceratings as well as final voltages. It should be noted that battery performance depends on several factors, animportant one being battery life (time, cycles, and total ampere-hours discharged). Therefore, neither data in thetables nor curves will represent battery performance at all times during battery life.

223-14.8.1.1 If a battery reaches final battery voltage for a particular discharge rate or if any cell reaches finalcell voltage (minimum cutoff voltage), the discharge must be secured. Otherwise, the cell will shortly reverse andenergy going through it will generate only heat and gas and excessive electrolyte spewage. This does not createan immediate casualty condition (except possible grounds), but is detrimental to cell life.

223-14.8.1.2 Capacity is expressed in ampere-hours, time on discharge multiplied by average current. A battery’scapacity at any particular time is the number of ampere-hours it can deliver before reaching the low voltage limit.

223-14.8.2 DISCHARGE RATE. Battery discharge rates, commonly referred to either in amperes or by num-ber of hours a specific rate nominally can be sustained, are given in manufacturer’s service manuals. Note thatless energy is available at higher rates, due to the lower voltage and reduced ampere-hour capacity.

223-14.8.3 VOLTAGE LIMITS. Curves inFigure 223-14-1are based on service ratings and data from cells inearly cycles. Headings and significance of various items are discussed in Section 1 of this chapter’s volume 1.Discharges must be secured when any cell reaches the VCO for the specific discharge rate. Voltage is lower athigher discharge rates and also at lower temperatures.

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223-14.8.3.1 The battery ICV monitor must be operating whenever the battery is discharging. Once all cells havereached the long, relatively stable voltage level below 1.6 V, any cell reading 0.06 V less than the next lowestcell might have a short. During a discharge, this deviation may be detected by setting the low voltage alarm to1.40 V, with subsequent lowering to the minimum cutoff voltage for the rate in use after the first alarm at 1.40V. On a partially discharged battery, set the low ICV alarm at 1.60 V.

223-14.8.3.2 If operationally feasible, let the suspect cell stand on open circuit for an hour. If voltage is drop-ping during the last 30 minutes of that hour, a short is indicated. If the stand is not feasible, monitor the rechargeon this cell and its performance on charged stand or float. A short should be handled as described in the para-graphs of223-16.6.4.

223-14.8.4 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE. Battery condition is to be checked by using a test discharge todetermine actual capacity. Test discharge should follow a period of float (see paragraph223-14.7.6) to balancecells and equalize cell temperatures. Limiting voltage, which determines when the test discharge is secured,depends on design, capacity rating against which discharge output is compared, and actual discharge rate used.At least the last one-fourth of the test discharge, therefore, should be run at a fairly constant rate in accordancewith applicable discharge procedure for the battery.

223-14.8.5 DISCHARGE DURATION. The length of time that a battery can be expected to maintain a dis-charge at any given hourly rate is shown on the battery curves and data plan (Figure 223-10-1). These data arebased on service ratings. The battery may possibly exceed rated time of discharge for the first 10 to 20 percentof its life. After that, discharge time will gradually decrease, higher rate discharge times decreasing somewhatmore rapidly than lower rate discharge times.

223-14.8.5.1 As in charging (see paragraph223-14.7.8), heat and gas also are generated in discharging a batterybecause of internal resistance of the battery. At high discharged rates, therefore, less total energy is delivered thanat low discharge rates.

Figure 223-14-1 Capacity (%) Vs. Discharge Rates

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223-14.8.6 DISCHARGE EFFICIENCY. Discharge efficiency Kd can be determined from the ratio of totalampere-hours delivered at a selected rate Ah (at x-hour rate) to total ampere-hours delivered at the ten-hour rateAh (at 10-hour rate):

Kd = Ah (at x-hour rate)/Ah (at 10-hour rate)

For example, assuming a value of one for the ten-hour rate output, any higher rate such as one-, three-, orsix-hour rate, yields a lower output than the ten-hour rate.Figure 223-14-1illustrates discharge curves corre-sponding to discharge capacity percent vs. discharge rates.

223-14.8.6.1 For discharge rates, a curve plotting the above efficiency factors versus rate (seeFigure 223-14-2)would immediately give any intermediate value desired.

223-14.8.7 PARTIAL DISCHARGES. A partial discharge is one terminated before the first cell in a battery ortotal battery voltage reaches recommended cutoff voltage. Partial discharges are not detrimental to silver-zincbatteries when recharged in accordance with paragraphs223-14.7.1through223-14.7.3and223-14.7.5.

223-14.8.8 STATE OF CHARGE OF A PARTIALLY DISCHARGED BATTERY. Specific gravity of electro-lyte does not change appreciably and, therefore, is not used to determine state of charge or discharge. Voltagefurnishes a definite and conclusive indication of a state of complete discharge since the low voltage limit is thecriterion which determines when a discharge shall be stopped. However, for a battery which is only partly dis-charged, voltage is a far less certain guide to the state of discharge.

223-14.8.8.1 There is no suitable relationship between discharge voltage, the amount of capacity remaining inthe battery, and discharge rate.

223-14.8.8.2 Indication of state of charge is best gained from the ampere-hour meter. This instrument isbi-directional, showing an increasing number as ampere-hours are discharged and a decreasing number duringcharge. The ampere-hour meter reads directly the ampere-hours discharged when meter is zeroed at full capac-ity. The ampere-hour meter may be zeroed any time full capacity is achieved. Ampere-hour meters must bechecked and calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy. Cumulative meter errors are minimized by frequentzeroing as described above.

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223-14.8.9 DETERMINATION OF STATE OF CHARGE. After a battery has been partially discharged at asingle rate or at any combination of rates, the length of time that a discharge can be expected to continue at newdesired rate is found as follows (assuming that all temperatures are normalized to 25°C (77°F)):

a. Algorithm.

1. Determine the ampere-hour output for each partial discharge (number of ampere-hours taken out of thebattery).

NOTE

Ampere-hour output is found from reading the ampere-hour meter or from thecurrent and time duration of the partial discharge.

2. Divide, for each partial discharge, ampere-hour output by the efficiency factor corresponding to the currentof the partial discharge.

3. Add all outputs so corrected.

4. Subtract the total obtained in step 3 from ampere-hour output at the ten-hour rate.

5. Find residual capacity at desired rate, by multiplying the result of step 4 by efficiency factor correspond-ing to desired rate.

6. Divide the resulting figure by desired rate to find the residual time.

b. Example. Assume that a battery has a capacity output of 875 Ah at the 10-hr rate (87.5 A). Since it was lastfully charged, the battery supplied 350 Ah at the 5-hr rate (170 A), then 200 Ah at the 3-hr rate (250 A). Howmuch residual capacity and time are left at the 2-hr rate (340 A)?

c. Solution. Let us convert all outputs to the 10-hr rate using the efficiency factor curve ofFigure 223-14-2: 350

Figure 223-14-2 Discharge Efficiency Factor Curve

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Ah at the 5-hr rate is equivalent to 350/0.96 = 365 Ah 200 Ah at the 3-hr rate is equivalent to 200/0.93 = 215Ah Total extracted at the 10-hr rate is 365+215 = 580 Ah. Remaining at the 10-hr rate is 875-580 = 295 Ah.Converting back to the 2-hr rate, the remaining capacity is:295 Ah x 0.91 = 268 Ahi.e. 268 Ah/340 Ah = 0.79 hr = 47 minutes

NOTE

All above calculations are rounded off. They only give estimates within 10 to 15percent.

SECTION 15

MAINTENANCE

223-15.1 GENERAL

223-15.1.1 Maintenance, as used here, includes battery capacity maintenance as well as physical checks andadjustments. The silver-zinc battery requires a minimum of maintenance, but some items are critical.

223-15.1.2 Maintenance procedures included in this section supplement the Planned Maintenance System (PMS)where installed. Preventive maintenance, including schedules of test, inspections, and overhaul cycles, shall beconducted in accordance with the appropriate MRC’s.

223-15.2 CAPACITY MAINTENANCE

223-15.2.1 Capacity maintenance is enhanced by the precautionary measures as follows:

a. No cells should be left with terminals shorted.

b. The battery should be kept on open circuit stand; nearly or fully charged is preferable to float charging. If lefton open circuit for a long time, the battery should be left in a discharged state, which is preferable to a chargedstate. (See paragraph223-12.5.4)

c. The battery should be charged in the temperature range of 21° to 38° C (70° to 100° F).

223-15.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

223-15.3.1 Preventive maintenance includes reducing the probability of grounds developing. Any electrolytespilled or dripped in servicing should be wiped up immediately.

223-15.4 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

223-15.4.1 When the vehicle is deployed, maintenance may not be feasible in accordance with MRC’s. Everyeffort should be made, however, to perform maintenance as near as possible to scheduled times.

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223-15.5 STANDARDS

223-15.5.1 VOLTAGE. When checked during open circuit charged condition, every cell should show at least1.85 V. When checked during float, every cell must read 1.86 V or more. These requirements are part of the shortdetection procedure discussed in paragraph223-15.6.1.

223-15.5.2 CAPACITY. Capacity will be well above rated capacity in early life and decline with use. Rate ofdecline will depend on how the battery is used.

223-15.5.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. The following paragraphs describe indicators and procedures for check-ing electrolyte level.

223-15.5.3.1 Level Indicators. In NR-1, acrylic indicators are used. An auxiliary indicator consists of an elec-trical contact device used if there is a problem with the installed indicators or if there is a need to know the levelat greater depth in a cell. Indicators must give a positive reading of level. If there is any doubt about the observedreading, an indicator must be removed and cleaned.

223-15.5.3.2 Proper Level. Consult the manufacturer’s service manual for electrolyte level as a function of cellvoltage. Prior to level check, indicators must all be cleaned to minimize possibility of reading error.

223-15.5.4 GROUND RESISTANCE. A battery must not be operated if its resistance to ground is less than100,000 ohms, or 50,000 ohms in parallel, excluding auxiliary equipment. If it is less than 500,000 ohms, itrequires maintenance (see paragraph223-15.6.4).

223-15.5.5 METERS. All meters used with battery and cells have scales and accuracies specified in manufac-turer’s technical manuals. Meters capable of accuracy shown inTable 223-15-1shall be used.

Table 223-15-1 METER ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS

1. Voltage Cells Battery

Open CircuitChargeDischarge

+/- 1 mV+/- 10 mV+/- 20 mV

+/- 0.1 V+/- 0.5 V+/- 0.5 V

2. AmperageGeneralLow Rate

+/- 3 A+/- 0.02 A (in 0-5 A range)

3. Ampere-Hours+/- 2%

223-15.5.6 VENTILATION SYSTEM (NR-1 ONLY). Selector valve and all sampling lines to the hydrogendetector must be clear. Hydrogen analyzer operation and calibration must meet equipment manufacturer’s stan-dards. Battery exhaust fans must operate without undue noise or vibration. Battery well covers must fit tightly.

223-15.5.7 CELL SEALS (NR-1 ONLY). Flash arresters shall have no cracks in plastic parts or aluminumoxide ring. There shall be no evidence of carbonate in the ring. Cover or case and terminal or cover seals shallnot have carbonate blooms which indicate a crack or leak.

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223-15.5.8 BATTERY SEALS. Battery box or cover gasket and sealing surfaces must be clean and free of for-eign materials.

223-15.5.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS. Cover, terminals, and cover fittings should be clean to ensure thatbattery ground resistance remains high.

223-15.5.10 MAINTENANCE DISCHARGE. When the battery is fully charged and not used, it may be desir-able to discharge it at approximately the 5-hour rate to at least 50 percent depth once every month when thevehicle is operating. Recharge with a normal charge (see paragraph223-14.7.3). This will prevent the electrolytelevel from receding too low and will help keep the electrolyte in proper places uniformly within electrode poresand separators.

223-15.6 SHIPBOARD ACTION

223-15.6.1 VOLTAGE CHECK. This check is made only on a fully charged battery. If a cell voltage is low, bythe criteria defined in paragraph223-15.5.1, check its voltage at the cell terminals or fuse box. This eliminatesa possible high resistance in the line or erroneous readout by the high detector. If low voltage is confirmed, thecell is shorting and should be handled as discussed inSection 16.

223-15.6.2 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE. As closely as possible, precede the capacity test discharge witha recording of all ICV’s (paragraphs223-18.2.1through 223-18.2.4) cleaning of level indicators (paragraph223-15.6.3.1), checking of electrolyte levels (paragraph223-15.6.3.2), meter check (paragraph223-15.5.5), acheck of ventilation equipment (paragraph223-15.6.6), cell seals (paragraphs223-15.5.7and 223-15.6.7), gen-eral cleanliness (paragraph223-15.6.9), and flash arrester or bubble breaker condition (paragraph223-15.6.10).The float, in connection with the level check, will help equalize cells to nearly the same temperature and correctelectrical imbalance. Voltage and meter checks will give confidence in the results.

223-15.6.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHECK. Electrolyte levels and indicators shall be maintained asdescribed in the following paragraphs.

223-15.6.3.1 Clean Indicators (NR-1 Only). Remove each level indicator in turn by lifting and rotating. Care-fully wipe any deposited material from the exposed ends of the acrylic rods using a clean dampened lint-freecloth or towel.

223-15.6.3.2 Check Levels. Electrolyte levels shall be checked after maintenance discharge and charge (para-graph223-15.5.3) with the battery on float (paragraph223-14.7.6) and within 48 hours after ending a normalcharge. Refer to manufacturer’s service manual for instructions on checking and interpreting the indications ofinstalled indicators.

WARNING

When a procedure involves inserting a dipstick into electrolyte and remov-ing it, take care that strong caustic is not allowed to contact operator’s skinor be dripped on the cell top. Wash skin immediately with generous quanti-

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Warning - precedesties of water and wipe up any electrolyte dripping. Also, wipe off auxiliarylevel indicator when procedure is finished.

The capability of checking levels by an auxiliary level indicator is also provided for some batteries. See bat-tery manufacturer’s service manual for details.

223-15.6.3.3 Adjust Levels. Adjust levels if necessary after the level check. Use only 44 to 46 percent potas-sium hydroxide (KOH) as per specification ofTable 223-10-4. Refer to the manufacturer’s service manual.

223-15.6.3.3.1 For NR-1. All adjustments are made with the battery on float within 48 hours of ending a normalcharge.

223-15.6.3.3.2 For DSRV and DSV. Electrolyte levels are adjusted during secondary rates or maintenancecharges after vacuuming the cell to remove gas bubbles. To ensure correct electrolyte levels, no gas bubblesshould be trapped inside the cell, otherwise a false reading will occur. Adjustments are made after the mainte-nance discharge and charge (paragraph223-15.5.10).

223-15.6.4 GROUND RESISTANCE. If ground resistance is less than 500,000 ohms, the top surface of cellsand the intercell connectors shall be thoroughly cleaned. This shall be accomplished, as soon as possible, by wip-ing them free of alkali, water, and other materials, using clean dry cloths. If resistance to ground is below 100,000ohms, the battery must not be operated. In DSRV the ground resistance may be greater than 200 megohms.

223-15.6.5 METERS. Replace meters which cannot be brought within calibration limits (see paragraph223-15.5.7).

223-15.6.6 VENTILATION. Clean gas lines and valves as required, service fans, and repair battery well sealsif leaking.

223-15.6.7 CELL SEALS. Look for cracks in cover-to-jar joint. If the cell is leaking, cracks will usually showwhite due to electrolyte carbonation.

a. If a leak around the cover is suspected:

1. Replace flash arrester assembly with a pressure cap adapter. (NR-1)

2. Restrain level indicator or it may blow out. (NR-1)

3. Apply air pressure, recommended by manufacturer’s service manual to the cell via pressure cap nipple forone minute.

4. Close off input air.

5. Note pressure in cell.

b. If pressure drops more than 1.5 kPa (0.2 psi) in one minute, locate leak. If point of leakage is not readilydetermined visually, pressurize cell and carefully paint a soap solution over the cover. If leak is between coverand jar wall, or other potted areas, clean and reseal as recommended by the manufacturer. If the leak is at ser-vice opening of cover, replace the O-ring. If this is not adequate, coat contacting surfaces with a grease suchas Petrolatum or KEL-F.

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223-15.6.8 BATTERY SEALS. Wipe and inspect battery box or cover gaskets and sealing flanges for foreignmatter or damage. Replace gasket if damaged.

223-15.6.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS. Any electrolyte, dirt, or carbonated material on cover or fittingsshould be wiped off with a cotton rag or towelling dampened with water. Do not use wool or rayon as they aresusceptible to attack by the electrolyte.

223-15.6.9.1 For external batteries, drain liquid from the box (during semiannual maintenance period) until onlyoil is being removed. If there is considerable foreign matter in the box, drain all the liquid and flush box withwater. This will help eliminate seawater and alkali.

NOTE

Be sure that flushing water does not enter the top of the electrolyte entrainmenteliminators.

223-15.6.10 FLASH ARRESTERS (NR-1 ONLY). Flash arresters with cracks must be replaced with new units.If there is carbonate on the O-ring, clean as described in paragraph223-17.4.1.

WARNING

Use care in disposing of used entrainment eliminator material, as it shouldbe assumed to contain alkali.

223-15.6.11 ELECTROLYTE ENTRAINMENT ELIMINATORS (DSRV AND DSV). Electrolyte entrainmenteliminators (or bubble breakers) are not potted in place.

1. Remove them and cap cell vent holes with loose stoppers or tape to prevent extraneous material getting intocells. Do not seal tightly since some gas will evolve.

2. Wash plastic parts and O-rings with water, removing all traces of alkali. If the entrainment eliminator bodywas not removed from the cell, wipe inside with a swab dampened with water and then wipe dry.

3. Insert new material in plastic housing. This is supplied in rolls already treated with indicator. In handling, suchas when cutting the proper length for an entrainment eliminator, some indicator may be shed as a white pow-der. This should not be cause for alarm since sufficient material will adhere to give the desired color changewith alkali.

4. Stuff the material into plastic body starting with one end of the strip to give a random crushed effect.

5. Install top cap. If entire entrainment eliminator was removed for cleaning, check to be sure O-ring is undam-aged and seat in the cell cover is clean.

6. Screw breaker firmly into cell cover.

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223-15.7 PROLONGING BATTERY LIFE

223-15.7.1 GENERAL. The four following recommendations are intended to maximize battery life. Theyshould be applied when and to the extent they are operationally feasible. They may conflict with maximumcapacity maintenance, but length of battery life is considered to be the more critical of the two considerations.

223-15.7.2 OPEN CIRCUIT VS FLOAT. During inactive periods, not anticipated to exceed 60 days, let bat-tery stand charged on open circuit. If inactive period may exceed 60 days, discharge the battery and let stand dis-charged on open circuit.

223-15.7.3 TEMPORARY STORAGE. Store the battery charged on open circuit, keeping it as cool as possible(the optimum storage temperature is 20° to 41° F). Never permit it to stand in direct sunlight; instead, provideshade and as cool an area as possible.

223-15.7.4 LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE. Battery life will be prolonged if the battery is kept cool. Iffacilities are available, store battery at a temperature between -7° and 5°C (20 and 41°F). Schedule reactivationso the battery has at least one day to warm to room temperature prior to use. There is little or no advantage instoring unactivated cells cold, but activated cells, whether stored charged or discharged, are preferably storedcold. Tape the vent to reduce access of air but do not seal tightly since some gas will be evolved. (See paragraph223-12.5.4.)

223-15.7.5 PERIOD OF INACTIVITY - ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. If the battery has been inactive, do notcheck levels until after it has run one or two cycles (see the last paragraph of223-12.3.6). Check electrolyte lev-els during or at end of periods when the battery has been active rather than after periods of inactivity.

SECTION 16

BATTERY FAILURE AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

223-16.1 FAILURE CAUSES

223-16.1.1 Failure of main storage batteries is usually attributable to either age or working and may be expectedfrom the following conditions:

a. Deterioration of negative electrode (zinc shape change)

b. Internal short circuits due to silver and zinc penetration through separators

Batteries are guaranteed for age (number of months from wet down) or operation (life cycles).

223-16.2 ACCELERATION BY IMPROPER TREATMENT

223-16.2.1 These conditions of failure may be accelerated by lack of proper treatment. Therefore, conformanceto this manual and the manufacturer’s service manual is imperative to obtain maximum life consistent with goodmaintenance.

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223-16.3 ELIMINATION OF FAILED CELLS

223-16.3.1 Normally in silver-zinc battery installations, failed cells are replaced as they fail. Cells which failprematurely may be jumpered out of the battery circuit and not replaced. Operating a cell with a slow short canlead to a″hot short.″ Prior to jumpering out a cell, its previous history should be analyzed to determine whetherpoor performance is due to mechanical failure, improper reading, fuse, or bad voltage lead. When a cell is jum-pered out, it should be noted on the battery report with a proper notation specifying reasons for taking this action.

223-16.4 CAPACITY LOSS

223-16.4.1 GENERAL. A common mode of failure with silver-zinc batteries is capacity loss due to cycling.An initial drop to near rated capacity will occur, and then a gradual loss. The rate of gradual loss will be indi-cated by capacity test discharges.

223-16.4.2 CAUSES. Some capacity losses can be attributed to degradation of cell materials, and loss or pas-sivation of active materials with time and cycling. These generally are irreversible. Other capacity losses are aresult of the way the battery is operated. Examples of detrimental operation are as follows:

a. Electrolyte being too low in cells

b. Charges being done with battery at low temperatures

c. Float voltage insufficient to make up for normal self discharge

d. Battery otherwise abused electrically or physically

A single cell may limit the entire battery and need treatment as described in paragraph223-16.6.4.1. Manyof these types of losses can be recovered.

223-16.5 LIMITING CELL

223-16.5.1 Charge or discharge shall be terminated under the present system whenever any cell in the batteryreaches a specific cutoff voltage and data recorded in accordance with paragraph223-18.3.11. A battery cutoffvoltage is also supplied, but in practice a single cell normally limits an operation. However, it is not necessarilythe same cell in each cycle. If a particular cell begins to limit consistently and battery capacity reaches a pointat which it is no longer acceptable, the limiting cell requires special treatment as follows:

1. Determine whether the cell is shorting by observing its voltage as discussed in paragraph223-16.6.2. If a shortis verified (see paragraph223-16.6.3), act in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of223-16.6.4.

2. If the cell limits discharge but not charge, charge the battery. Continue the charge on the problem cell usingan auxiliary charging source which can be connected across the cell. A low charging rate is adequate.

3. If the cell limits both charge and discharge, establish first that electrolyte level is high enough so the full areaof plates can work. Remove flash arrester (NR-1) and visually determine that there is electrolyte in the cell.Auxiliary level indicator also can be used to check electrolyte level. Adjust level if necessary.

4. In either case, if the cell continues to limit, discharge it, jumper it out of the circuit, and replace it as soon aspracticable.

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223-16.6 INTERNAL SHORTING

223-16.6.1 GENERAL. Several factors, singly or in combination, permit a low resistance connection to beformed between a positive and a negative electrode. In most cases, this condition is irreversible and the cell mustbe replaced. Shorts vary in intensity, however, and this will determine the action required. Detection of shorts,verification of suspected shorts, and remedial action are discussed in the following paragraphs.

223-16.6.2 DETECTION OF SHORTS. Shorts can usually be detected from cell voltage readings. Therefore,the key to early detection of developing shorts is proper use of battery voltage monitoring equipment. On occa-sion, this equipment may give a spurious reading. Always compare at least two successive readings. Ensure thatvoltage monitoring equipment is calibrated and accurate. Should a high resistance develop between a cell and theoutput of the scanner switch, an incorrect low reading would result. Voltage shall be measured at cell terminalsto verify the reading. When a battery is on open circuit, resistance between a cell terminal and the point wherevoltage monitor lead is attached to intercell bus will not affect cell reading. During charge and discharge, how-ever, this resistance may be significant at cells on one side or the other of the transducer, due to the additionallength of intercell connector, and must be taken into account. Continuously scan the voltage of every cell in thebattery and record reading at least once during every 24 hour period. This includes time when a battery is onopen circuit or float. If a cell’s voltage begins to drop when remainder of cells are maintaining a constant or ris-ing voltage level, a short may be present. Personnel are thereby alerted to monitor that particular cell and con-firm or disprove the possible short (see paragraphs223-16.6.3.1through223-16.6.3.4).

223-16.6.2.1 Charged Stand. A cell is suspect if voltage drops to 1.85 V or less. Rate of drop depends on themagnitude of the short and state of charge of the cell. If the battery is partially discharged, rather than fullycharged, three days may be required for voltage to decrease from 1.85 to 1.84 V. A sizable short usually will showup within 48 hours on stand. Immediately after any full charge, a cell ICV should read at least 1.86 V. Anythingless is sign of a short and action must be immediately taken in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of223-16.6.4.

223-16.6.2.2 Float. Voltage of less than 1.86 V during float of a fully charged battery is indication of a short.To get such a voltage, the magnitude of discharge through the short plus self-discharge must be greater than thefloat current. Cell voltage may show erratic readings. Any cell showing a voltage of 1.86 V or less or erraticreadings during float charge, and, having been verified that the battery is fully charged (paragraph223-16.6.3.2),must be immediately isolated from the battery circuit and action taken in accordance with the applicable para-graph(s) of223-16.6.4.

223-16.6.2.3 Charge. During most of a charge, cell voltage is near one of two voltage plateaus. These plateausor levels vary with charge rate and age of cell, but are in the +1.6 and +1.9 V range. There is a transition periodbetween voltage levels in which voltage may peak and fall back normally. The low voltage limit alarm, whenproperly set, may indicate a shorting cell. Furthermore, if the battery is only partially discharged, the first (1.6 V)level may be short or non-existent. Set low alarm 0.02 V below the voltage of the lowest cell on each voltagelevel. Allow 15 to 30 minutes after the last cell makes the break upward, from first to second level, before read-justing low alarm. If a cell activates the low voltage alarm and continues to decline through several successivereadings, the cell is probably shorted. Stop charge, verify in accordance with paragraph223-16.6.3.3, isolate thecell and take action in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of223-16.6.4.

223-16.6.2.4 Discharge. Normally, the low voltage alarm is set to terminate discharge when any cell reachesvoltage cutoff for the rate being used, independent of short detection procedures. When a cell limits discharge,

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it does not automatically mean that a cell has a short, since it could be out of balance for other reasons. After allcells are on the long relatively flat portion of the discharge curve, if one cell is 0.060 V or more lower than thenext lowest cell, a short is suspected.

223-16.6.3 VERIFICATION OF SUSPECTED SHORTS. If a cell is suspected of shorting as discussed inparagraphs223-16.6.2.1through223-16.6.2.4, the short shall be verified using the checks described in the fol-lowing paragraphs.

223-16.6.3.1 Charged Stand. Check immediate past history of the battery to see if it might be less than fullycharged. Check voltage at the cell’s terminals to see if it differs from that read at ICV monitor. If both checksare negative, the cell is shorting.

223-16.6.3.2 Float. Check the immediate past history of battery to see if it might be less than fully charged. Ifthis check is negative, the cell is shorting.

223-16.6.3.3 Charge. Continue to monitor and record the cell’s voltage. If downward trend continues on opencircuit or float, the cell is shorting.

223-16.6.3.4 Discharge. Voltage may recover somewhat once the load is removed. If voltage of the suspectedcell drops, short is confirmed and the battery should not be recharged. Action must be taken as specified in theapplicable paragraph(s) of223-16.6.4. If, at the end of an hour, voltage has not started down, recharge with fre-quent monitoring using the indications in paragraph223-16.6.2.3as a guide.

223-16.6.4 ACTION TO BE TAKEN. After a short has been verified, appropriate action shall be taken asdescribed in the following paragraphs.

223-16.6.4.1 Slow Short. A cell with a slow short shall be replaced as soon as feasible.

WARNING

Operating a cell with a slow short can lead to a hot short. (see paragraph223-16.6.4.2)

Take the following action as soon as a slow short has been verified or, for external battery powered vehicles,as soon as operations permit.

1. Isolate battery (open circuit).

CAUTION

Don face shield, safety goggles, and gloves.

2. Open battery box (on external batteries).

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3. Unbus cell or use discharge device to discharge it. (Discharge device also may be used before unbussing thecell).

NOTE

Discharge through discharge device at 5-hour rate. Leave discharge device con-nected until voltage measured across the cell terminals is below 0.2 V. If opera-tion is feasible, continue discharge of battery until the shorting cell is discharged.Discharge rate should not exceed the 3-hour rate.

4. Unbus cell (if not done in step 3) and replace shorted cell with a formed and charged spare cell.

NOTE

If it cannot be replaced immediately, jumper it out until such time as it can bereplaced.

5. Make necessary adjustments to ICV panel so all ICV’s can be read on all cells not jumpered out.

223-16.6.4.2 Hot Short. If the short is of such magnitude that voltage is dropping rapidly, or if electrolyte hasbegun to boil and steam, or if smoke is visible, immediate action is required as follows:

1. Isolate battery (open circuit).

2. Open intrarow disconnects on batteries.

3. Increase ventilation to maximum and direct overboard, if possible, on internal batteries.

4. Open battery box on external batteries to allow venting.

5. Don protective items (goggles and gloves as a minimum).

6. Get CO extinguisher, electrolyte antidotes, and vent adapter to site.

7. Open battery cover over shorting cell (internal batteries).

8. Spray with CO if electrolyte has already accumulated on cell top.

9. Remove level indicator and substitute vent adapter.

10. Use tube to lead electrolyte spray into bottle or container.

NOTE

Do not discharge cell. If cell is hot shorting, increasing discharge rate would addheat without appreciably shortening discharge time.

11. Clean adjacent cell tops, if necessary.

NOTE

If cell is not to be replaced immediately, bus over it until such time as it can bereplaced. Be sure ICV’s can be read through the monitor for all cells.

223-16.6.4.3 Troubleshooting Diagram.Figure 223-16-1diagrams actions to be taken for a suspect or shortedcell.

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223-16.7 RESTORING BATTERY CAPACITY

223-16.7.1 CAUSES. Unexpectedly low battery capacity may have resulted from one or a combination of con-ditions. A single cell may be limiting because it is shorting or its electrolyte level is low. Battery electrical unbal-ance may occur because of temperature gradients across the battery (self-discharge and charge efficiency are bothfunctions of temperature). In addition, entire battery capacity may be down due to method of operation.

223-16.7.2 PROCEDURE. Battery capacity is restored as follows:

1. Verify whether the limiting cell or cells are shorting. If a shorted cell is identified:

a. Jumper it out of the circuit and remove it as soon as conditions permit.

b. Fill, form, and install a spare cell.

2. Rebalance battery in accordance with manufacturer’s service manual.

Figure 223-16-1 Troubleshooting Diagram

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3. Check electrolyte levels with battery still on float and current down to less than recommended value in manu-facturer’s service manual.

4. Adjust levels, if necessary. If level is found to be low in cell or cells which limited battery capacity on pre-vious discharge:

a. Add extra electrolyte.

b. Let battery stand on open circuit for a minimum of six hours.

c. Resume float until previously limiting cells reach 1.97 V or more.

d. Withdraw excess electrolyte, if necessary, and secure float.

5. Discharge 50 percent of nominal capacity at five-hour rate.

6. Recharge with normal charge.

7. Discharge at 5-hour rate to VCO.

NOTE

If the same cell or cells limit discharge and appear to be coming down apprecia-bly ahead of the remainder of the battery, replace that cell or cells with spares.Follow instructions inSection 17if a cell is to be replaced.

8. Recharge battery with a normal charge (see paragraph223-14.7.3).

SECTION 17

INSPECTION AND REPAIR

223-17.1 PREPARING NEW CELLS

223-17.1.1 SPARE CELLS. Spare cells are always shipped dry and unformed. Formation may be done in theshipping crate or in another suitable fixture, but under no circumstance should a cell be formed unsupported.Activated cells should not be left unsupported any longer than required for handling in connection with installa-tion, and should never be cycled while unsupported. More than one cell can be activated at the same time.

223-17.1.2 ELECTROLYTE. Personnel working with electrolyte must use adequate safety precautions. Prefer-ably, a full face plastic shield and goggles should be worn to avoid splashes on the face. As a minimum, gastightsafety goggles must be worn for protection of eyes. Well-fitting protective clothing must be worn to avoid skincontact with electrolyte when handled. Synthetics or cotton fabrics are preferable to wool or rayon, which aresusceptible to alkali attack.

WARNING

If electrolyte is accidentally allowed to contact skin, eyes or clothing, affectedarea must be flushed immediately with generous quantities of freshwater(see paragraph223-11.3.4for antidotes).

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CAUTION

Electrolyte for this battery is concentrated potassium hydroxide (KOH solu-tion). It is corrosive to aluminum and slowly attacks glass, but is not corro-sive to steel or such plastics as polyethylene or lucite.

223-17.2 FILLING SPARE CELLS

223-17.2.1 Each cell shall be filled to a designated level, rather than with a fixed amount of electrolyte. A cell’selectrolyte level may be determined by proper use of the level indicator in accordance with manufacturer’s tech-nical manual. The following procedure should be used for filling a spare cell:

1. Identify items in activation kit.

2. Remove flash arrester (NR-1) or electrolyte entrainment eliminator (DSRV, DSV).

WARNING

Once a cell has been filled, its upper portion soon contains a flammablehydrogen-oxygen mixture. Maintain good ventilation in the area and keepsparks and flames away from cells, particularly when service openings arebeing used.

3. Fill cell, using funnel.

NOTE

Add electrolyte until at the end of ten minutes it remains above the top of sepa-rators. Personnel doing the filling must be positioned to stop flow should cellbegin to overflow. Operator should wear a face shield or goggles, and protectiveclothing throughout the filling operation.

4. Wipe up any electrolyte which might have dripped on cover or terminals.

5. Install level indicator. (NR-1 only) (This may be inserted at this point, although it will be removed tempo-rarily while cell is being installed.)

6. Remove cell from its bracing and check it for a possible leaky jar (see paragraph223-13.6.2.1).

7. Rebrace cell jar immediately when test is completed, and cell jar has been rinsed with water.

8. Perform pressure test as outlined in the final paragraph of223-15.6.7.

223-17.3 FORMATION

223-17.3.1 GENERAL. Twenty-four hours after the initial fill, electrolyte should still be above the separators.If it is not, add electrolyte until level is again at or above separator top. Just before beginning the initial forma-

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tion charge, withdraw electrolyte, if necessary, to below separator tops. Accomplish this using the withdrawaldevice provided, following procedure in manufacturer’s technical manual. Use care in disposing of removedelectrolyte.

223-17.3.2 INITIAL CHARGE. An initial charge should begin no sooner than 72 hours, nor later than 30 daysafter the cell is filled. Refer to the manufacturer battery service manual for the recommended minimum soakperiod. Charge until the cell reaches the cut-off voltage recommended by the manufacturer. Secure charge.

223-17.3.3 DISCHARGE. Discharge at the 10-hour rate for 10 hours, or until any cell reaches 1.36 V, which-ever occurs first.

223-17.3.4 RECHARGE. Recharge in accordance with the manufacturer’s technical manual and proceed asdirected in that manual.

223-17.4 INSTALLATION OF SPARE CELLS

223-17.4.1 A battery should be fully charged before installing replacement cells. Installation of spare cells issimilar to installation procedure inSection 13.

1. Attach a blank numbering disc to cell top:

a. Number cell for its position.

b. Record serial number of cell in Battery Log Book.

2. Use cell handling strap to lower cell into correct location.

3. Replace any adjacent cells removed.

4. Verify cell polarity is correct.

5. Replace wedging.

6. Replace intercell connectors.

7. Torque terminal nuts.

8. Connect intercell voltage monitor leads.

9. Conduct air pressure check (see paragraph223-13.6.2).

10. Check intercell connectors for voltage drop.

NOTE

All connections which had been loosened must be checked.

11. Place battery on float for 72 hours (minimum) to allow all cell voltages to equalize.

12. Check electrolyte level of replaced cell after float.

13. Adjust, if required.

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223-17.5 FLASH ARRESTER (NR-1)

223-17.5.1 CLEANING. Porous domes must be kept clean of carbonate and dirt to allow proper cell ventila-tion. Domes should be cleaned by placing the assembly in water and allowing water to flow through until assem-bly appears clean. Assembly should be dried, either by compressed air or the use of a low temperature (38° to50°C (100° to 122° F)) oven. Cleaning is required semi-annually. Clean and test in accordance with PMS ifapplicable.

223-17.5.2 REPAIR. Field repair of flash arrester is not recommended.

223-17.5.3 REPLACEMENT. Flash arresters are constructed from two or three pieces: a plastic threaded base,a porous aluminum oxide disk or dome, and a plastic top through which level-indicator is inserted (NR-1 only).Pieces are cemented together and have an O-ring to ensure a tight seal against the cell cover. If pieces are crackedor become uncemented, assembly should be removed and replaced with a new spare flash arrester assembly. TheO-ring should be replaced if it becomes cut or slit. A small amount of Vaseline or Petrolatum may be used onscrew base threads.

223-17.6 REDUCING GROUNDS

223-17.6.1 RESISTANCE. Resistance to ground from the battery must be kept high for safe operation of shipand battery. If resistance to ground decreases, as indicated by ground detector, the battery must be cleaned.Spilled or sprayed electrolyte usually is the cause of decreased resistance to ground.

223-17.6.2 CLEANING. While in theory all free electrolyte should be removed from the battery well, in prac-tice it is necessary only to keep the tops of cells clean. It is impractical to remove cells to clean electrolyte fromcell sides and battery well, and if cell tops are clean, no electrical path can be established to sides and bottomof the cells. Cell tops should be washed with cotton dampened with water, and then thoroughly dried. Wheneverpossible, demineralized or distilled water should be used.

SECTION 18

BATTERY RECORDS

223-18.1 EQUIVALENT CYCLES

223-18.1.1 The number of equivalent cycles is calculated as follows:

N = total ampere hours discharged/rated capacity

where rated capacity is that shown on the cover page of the record book (paragraph223-18.2.5).

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223-18.2 TYPES OF RECORDS

223-18.2.1 VOLTAGES. Voltage monitoring equipment must be operating whenever batteries are beingworked. ICV’s of pilot cells must be recorded before starting a test discharge or charge, and periodicallythroughout each of these operations. Hourly readings are adequate during charge and half-hourly readings duringdischarge.

223-18.2.2 CHARGING. ICV and cell number of limiting cell, pilot cells, and cells less than 1.90 V are to berecorded at end of charge, with the power load still on. These data are not to be recorded after securing theoperation.

223-18.2.3 DISCHARGING. For periodic test discharges, record ICV of all cells before securing, when dis-charge is not prematurely limited by a single cell.

223-18.2.4 MONTHLY REPORT. Recorded data from monitoring equipment are discussed in the followingparagraphs. Even though accuracy and reproducibility of some equipment available to read cell voltages mayextend to three places to the right of decimal point, the third place should be ignored during charge and discharge.This includes voltage cutoff values. The third place may be of value on charged open circuit stand in detectinga downward trend in voltage which could mean a short has developed. However, it is the change in voltage whichis important since indicated voltage may include a voltage drop in measuring circuit or an out-of-calibrationmeter.

223-18.2.5 BATTERY RECORD BOOK. A loose-leaf Submarine Battery Record Book, Silver-Zinc Batteryhas been supplied to each vehicle using this type of battery.

223-18.2.5.1 Sections A through E of this record book make up the permanent battery records. Sections F andG are log sheets issued as an aid to taking daily or single operation data. As noted in general instructions on theinside of the front cover, not every column will be applicable to every vehicle.

223-18.2.5.2 Cell temperatures of pilot cells will be available for some batteries. The number of hours and theapproximate average current are to be logged on all maintenance type charges in Section D of battery book.Instructions for each section of record book are given in the following paragraphs.

223-18.3 BATTERY RECORD BOOK INSTRUCTIONS

223-18.3.1 GENERAL. This book shall be used to record the history of the installation, operation, condition,and treatment of silver-zinc storage batteries.

223-18.3.1.1 It is intended primarily for information of commanding officers and for personnel charged withinspection of vehicle battery records, to enable ready detection of any deviation from normal conditions in thebattery as a whole, or in any cell. It also will follow the results of special treatment given to remedy troubleswhich have developed. From data contained in the record book, it will be possible to arrive at a reasonable esti-mate of remaining battery life.

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223-18.3.1.2 The Battery Record Book is in several sections. Each section is introduced by an index page whichincludes any special instructions required for entries in a particular section. Silver-zinc batteries and the vehiclesin which they are used vary considerably in size and mode of operation. Therefore, not every column will beapplicable to every vehicle.

223-18.3.1.3 Since the book is loose-leaf type, pages in each section are to be numbered consecutively in thelower right hand corner, for example, A-1, A-2, ...B-1, B-2, ...and so forth.

223-18.3.2 ENTRIES. Information to be entered will be of two general types: summaries, and operational logs.The summaries, Sections A through E, will be entered in ink and verified by an officer’s signature. The logs, Sec-tions F through G, are detailed data taken during specific operations. These need only be legible and can beinserted directly in the book.

223-18.3.3 COPIES. A copy of all battery correspondence, including periodic reports submitted, should be filedin the manila envelope attached to the back cover.

223-18.3.4 NEW BOOKS. A new record book will be started whenever a battery is replaced. All records per-taining to a battery will be retained until such time as a complete new battery is installed. When battery isremoved, the record book and all related data shall be forwarded to NAVSEA.

223-18.3.5 COVER PAGE. The following information should be entered on the cover:

a. Name of vehicle

b. Battery type

c. Battery technical manual number

d. Date of filling

e. Battery serial number, if assigned

223-18.3.6 SECTION A - REMARKS. In this section, background or summary information of a general natureshould be entered. This would include date of activation; date, manner and place of installation; casualties andrepairs during installation; date of initial instrument calibration; and date and reason for replacement of the bat-tery. Each entry should be dated and signed. Manufacturer’s representative should enter, date, and sign a briefsummary of activity occurring during service visit. Positive elements as well as problems should be included inthe summary. Date of receipt of technical manual revisions, or changes in operating procedures, shall be entered.Record any observations which might be helpful in evaluating battery performance, or which would lead toimproved battery design or installation. Even if in doubt as to the relevance of an observation, record it.Table223-18-1lists abbreviations to be used in reports.

223-18.3.7 SECTION B - CONDENSED SUMMARY OF CHARGES. Using abbreviations fromTable223-18-1, record the following information:

a. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position, (for example F#1 or A#2).

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NOTE

When data from two batteries are recorded on the same sheet, use alternate linesfor each battery.

b. Amount of charge beyond constant current portion in ampere hours.

c. Whether normal, partial or equalization charge (maintenance charges are recorded separately in Section E, butinputs are included in additional charge column of this section, along with M for maintenance or F for float).

Table 223-18-1 ABBREVIATIONS FOR REPORTS

Symbol Position of Battery

S PortForward AftS StarboardSymbol State of ChargeN NormalP PartialE EqualizationM MaintenanceF FloatSymbol ICVO Open CircuitC ChargeD Discharge

223-18.3.8 SECTION C - SUMMARY OF TEST DISCHARGES AND TRIAL RUNS. The following infor-mation should be entered in this section:

a. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position (for example S#1 or P#2).

NOTE

When data from two batteries are recorded on the same page, use alternate linesfor each battery.

b. Correction for starting temperature.

c. Designate limiting cell first, then others that are significantly lower than the remainder of cells in battery.

223-18.3.9 SECTION D - MAINTENANCE SUMMARY. Summarize all maintenance performed. Thisincludes such information as electrolyte level checks and adjustments, maintenance charges, cleaning, and repairs.Scheduled items are listed in most technical manuals. Reference may be made to Sections A or G if detailedinformation is included there. The following information should be noted:

a. Check whether special (unscheduled) or routine maintenance (if routine, indicate technical manual item num-ber, if applicable).

b. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position (for example A#1 or S#2).

c. Note whether battery manufacturer’s representative was consulted. Initial this column.

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223-18.3.10 SECTION E - CELL FAILURE SUMMARY. The following information should be recorded inthis section:

a. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position (for example P#1 or F#2).

b. Refer to cover page for guarantee start date.

223-18.3.11 SECTION F - CHARGE AND DISCHARGE LOG. This sheet is used for recording data duringa single charge or discharge, with asterisks marking items recorded only for charge. The charge data are thensummarized in Section B and the test discharge and trial run data in Section C. Circle either charge or discharge,as appropriate, at top of sheet. ICV set alarm points should be entered at the lower left hand part of sheet beforebeginning charge or discharge. The first set of readings shall be taken with batteries on open circuit or at zerocurrent prior to beginning charge or discharge. When ampere-hours discharged cannot be known accurately, sub-stitute ampere-hours charged throughout. Under remarks, record cell number and voltage of all cells with an ICVof less than 1.90 V at the end of the charge. The following information shall be entered in the charge and dis-charge log:

a. Cumulative time in minutes or hours.

b. Additional pilot cell ICV’s if necessary. (Use separate log, Section G, when recording all cells’ voltages.)

c. Both start and end date, if appropriate.

223-18.3.12 SECTION G - DAILY ICV LOG. This sheet may be used not only for recording daily ICV’s butalso for recording ICV’s periodically during charge or test discharge, and for electrolyte level indicator readings.

Enter:

a. Open circuit, charge, discharge, or float voltages.

b. Average temperature of pilot cells.

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APPENDIX A.

INDEX

Subject Paragraph

AAdditives 223-10.17.1.3Ammeters 223-10.20.3Ampere-Hour Meters 223-10.20.4

BBattery Box (description) 223-10.19Battery Box (Components) 223-10.19Battery (External)Oil and Dye Filling for External Batteries 223-13.9Pressure Compensation in External 223-10.15BatteriesAbbreviations and Symbols 223-10.2, Table 223-10-1Assembly 223-13.5.2Capacity 223-10.5Cleanliness 223-15.5.9, 223-15.6.9Construction 223-10.14Cover 223-10.19.1.2Description 223-10.1Failure Section 16Guarantee 223-10.24Oil 223-10.19.1.3Phenomena 223-10.4Placing in Service 223-13.8Prolonging Life 223-15.7Reactions 223-10.4.2Theory 223-10.4Types Table 223-10-2Voltage 223-10.6

CCapacityLoss 223-10.11Induced 223-10.11.3Mechanical Causes 223-10.11.4Natural Causes 223-10.11.2Maintenance 223-15.2, 223-15.4Test Discharge 223-14.8.4Test (Final) 223-10.26CellCover 223-10.16.bCover-to-Jar Seal 223-10.16.cElectrolyte Entrainment Eliminator 223-10.16.hElectrolyte Level Indicator 223-10.16.fExternal Design and Components 223-10.16Flash Arrester (description) 223-10.16.g

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Subject Paragraph

Internal Components 223-10.17Limiting Cell 223-16.5Treatment of 223-16.5.1.1-4Marking 223-10.16.kMetal Insulation 223-10.16.eNegative Electrode 223-10.17.1.2Positive Electrode 223-10.17.1.1Preparation 223-13.5Reversal 223-10.10Seal Maintenance 223-15.5.7, 223-15.6.7Separators 223-10.17.1.4Shipment Section 12Shorting (Internal) 223-10.12, 223-16.6Detection of 223-16.6.2Temperature Sensor 223-10.16.jTerminals 223-10.16.dValve 223-10.16.iVoltage Monitoring System 223-10.20.iCharge and Charging 223-14.7Characteristics 223-14.7.1Determination of State of Charge 223-14.8.9Efficiency 223-14.7.9Equalizing 223-14.7.7Equipment 223-10.21Float 223-14.7.6Normal 223-14.7.3Overcharge 223-14.7.4Partial Charge 223-14.7.5Rate 223-14.7.8Voltage Limits 223-14.7.10When to Charge 223-14.7.2Connectors (Intercell) 223-10.18

DDamage (Arrival Inspection) 223-12.3Discharge and Discharging 223-10.21, 223-14.8Capacity Test 223-14.8.4, 223-15.6.2Characteristics 223-14.8.1Duration 223-14.8.5Efficiency 223-14.8.6EquipmentMaintenance Discharge 223-15.5.10Partial 223-14.8.7Rate 223-14.8.2State of Charge of a Partially Discharged Battery 223-14.8.8Voltage Limits 223-14.8.3

EEfficiencyof Charging 223-14.7.9of Discharging 223-14.8.6

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Subject Paragraph

ElectrolyteAdjustment 223-10.17.1.7Composition 223-10.17.1.5, Table 223-10-4Entrainment Eliminators 223-15.6.11Hazards 223-11.3Insufficient 223-10.7.2Level Change 223-10.7Level Check 223-15.6.3, 223-15.7.5Maintenance 223-15.4, 223-15.5.10Overfilling 223-10.7.3Protection 223-10.17.1.8Equalizing Charge 223-14.7.7Equipment (Accessory)Not Supplied 223-10.23Supplied 223-10.22

FFailed Cells (Elimination of) 223-16.3Final Capacity Test 223-10.26First Aid Materials 223-11.2.7Flash Arresters (NR-1 only) 223-15.6.10Float Charge 223-14.7.6

GGas Evolution 223-10.9GroundsDetectors 223-10.20.6Resistance 223-15.5.4, 223-15.6.4Guarantee (Battery) 223-10.24Action in case of failure 223-10.25

HHazardsElectrical 223-11.3.2, 223-13.2Electrolyte 223-11.3.5, 223-13.3Grounds 223-11.3.3Hot Short 223-11.3.8Hydrogen 223-11.3.4, 223-13.4Mercury 223-11.3.7Seawater 223-11.3.6Heat Generation 223-10.8Effect on Charge Acceptance 223-10.8.2Effect on Cell Configuration Layout 223-10.8.3Hot Short (hazards of) 223-11.3.8HydrogenConcentration and Safety 223-11.3.4.1Detectors 223-10.20.6Fire Hazard 223-11.3.4.3Ventilation 223-11.3.4.2, 223-14.2

IInspection (Arrival) 223-12.3Dry Cells 223-12.3.6

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Subject Paragraph

Wet Cells 223-12.3.7Intercell Connectors 223-10.18Installation 223-13.6, 223-13.7

JJumpered Cells 223-14.5

MMaintenance Section 15of Capacity 223-15.2General 223-15.1of Meters 223-15.5.5, 223-15.6.5Preventive 223-15.3Schedule 223-15.4Measurement conversion 223-10.3Mercury 223-11.3.7Monitor 223-10.6.3

NNAVSEC-1 223-10.17.1.3NR-1Battery Connected to DC Bus 223-14.6.3Installation of Battery 223-13.6(New) Cell Testing 223-13.6.2(Old) Battery Removal 223-13.6.1Temperature Control 223-14.4Normal Charge 223-14.7.3

OOil and Dye Filling 223-13.9Open Circuit Stand 223-14.6.2Operation Section 14Procedures 223-14.6Overcharge 223-10.6.4, 223-14.7.4

PPacking and Packaging 223-12.7Partial Charge 223-14.7.5Partial Discharge 223-14.8.7Preparation (Battery and Cell) 223-13.5Pressure Compensation (External Batteries) 223-10.15Procedures (Operational) 223-14.6

RRate (Charging) 223-14.7.8Rate (Discharging) 223-14.8.2

SSafety Section 11, 223-13.1, 223-14.3Electrical 223-13.2, 223-14.3.2Electrolyte 223-13.3Equipment 223-11.2General 223-11.1Ground Resistance 223-14.3.3Hydrogen 223-13.4Personnel Requirements 223-14.3.2

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Subject Paragraph

Seal Maintenance 223-15.5.10, 223-15.6.8Seawater (hazards of) 223-11.3.6Shipment 223-12.1, 223-12.2.1, 223-12.3, 223-12.5Destination Guidance 223-12.6Inspection Upon Arrival 223-12.3Packing and Packaging 223-12.7Preparation for 223-12.5Transportation Mode 223-12.8Shorting (Internal) 223-10.12, 223-16.6Detection of 223-16.6.2Spill Angle 223-10.13State of Charge 223-14.7.1.4, 223-14.8.8, 223-14.8.9Storage 223-12.4Dry State 223-12.4.1Long Wet Storage 223-12.4.4Wet Charged State 223-12.4.2Wet Discharged State 223-12.4.3

TTechnical Manual (Use of Manufacturer’s) 223-10.6.2TemperatureControl 223-14.4For Air-Cooled Batteries (NR-1) 223-14.4.2Sensors 223-10.20.7

VVentilation 223-14.2Maintenance 223-15.6.6System Maintenance (NR-1 only) 223-15.5.6VoltageCheck 223-15.6.1Limits (during charging) 223-14.7.10Limits (during discharging) 223-14.8.3Maintenance 223-15.4Monitor 223-10.6.3

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NOTE

TECHNICAL MANUAL DEFICIENCY/EVALUATION EVALUATIONREPORT (TMDER) Forms can be found at the bottom of the CD list of books.Click on the TMDER form to display the form.

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S9086-G1-STM-020

Documents

manufacturers technical manual

obtain medical attention

manufacturers service manual

cell configuration layout

auxiliary level indicator

whichever occurs rst

zinc oxide mix

electrolyte entrainment eliminator