Precision-Conservation Agriculture Practices for Small Holder Maize farming Systems of South Asia Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) International Maize & Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) www.cimmyt.org ML Jat Y.S. Saharawat, K. Majumdar Raj Gupta
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S6.2. Precision-Conservation Agriculture Practices for Small Holder Maize farming Systems of South Asia
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Precision-Conservation Agriculture Practices for Small Holder Maize farming
Systems of South Asia
Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) International Maize & Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)
a concept for optimizing crop yields, and economic and environmental benefits
Precision-Conservation Agriculture for Resource-Poor Smallholders
• Appropriate management and correct inputs, sources, amounts, placement, time to increase productivity and profitability sustainably while reducing risk
• Focus on between-field vs. within-field variability; temporal variability (between years)
• Basket of options depending on circumstance
– Precision planting, input application...
– How? Tools and machinery, pocket sensor, leaf color charts…
CA systems have worked in all kind of environments/ecologies
• From the Equator, e.g. Kenya, Uganda to 50ºS, e.g. Argentina, to 65º N, e.g. Finland
• From sea level to 3000 m, e.g. Bolivia,
• Soils from 90% Sand, e.g. Australia, Brazil, to 85% clay, e.g. Brazil (Oxisols, Alfisols)
• From 250 mm of rain, e.g. Western Australia to 2000 mm, e.g. Brazil, or 3000 mm Chile
• Farmers having parcel of acres (South Asia, Africa) to several thousand acres (Australia, Brazil, USA)
Source: Derpsch & Friedrich, (2008)
Global Overview of the Spread of Conservation Agriculture
100
Dustbowl
1930 2000 1950
US
So
il C
on
serv
ati
on
Ser
vic
e
con
serv
ati
on
til
lag
e
du
stb
ow
l
Sib
eria
/US
SR
Fa
ulk
ner
(U
S) –
Fu
ku
ok
a (
Ja
pa
n)
com
mer
cia
l n
o-t
ill/
US
firs
t n
o-t
ill d
emo
nst
rati
on
in
Bra
zil
Old
riev
e/Z
imb
ab
we
ad
op
tion
Bra
zil
pla
nti
o d
iret
o n
a p
alh
a
exp
erim
ents
in
Ch
ina, In
dogan
get
ic P
lain
s
New
boo
st:
Ca
na
da
, A
ust
rali
a,
Kaza
kh
sta
n,
Ru
ssia
, C
hin
a, F
inla
nd
...;
Afr
ica
Arg
en
tin
a, P
ara
gu
ay
;
1980 1990
Fir
st n
o-t
ill
in t
he
US
IIT
A n
o-t
ill re
searc
h
50
Mil
l. h
a
History and Adoption of CA
1970 2010
Source: Friedrich et al (2011)
CIM
MY
T, M
exic
o
Large Farm
PA (Individual Field Focus)
Terrain
Soils
Yield
Potassium
CIR Image
Small v/s large farm Precision Agriculture
Isolated Perspective 2-dimensional
Small Farm PA (Farm, Watershed,… Focus)
Wind Erosion
Runoff
Leaching Leaching
Leaching
Soil
Erosion
Chemicals
Interconnected Perspective
3-dimensional
(From Berry, 2008)
What do we need for Precision-Conservation Agriculture?
• System information/characterization- • Crop varieties, inputs • Field features (biophysical and biological)
• Technologies and machinery • Environmentally, economically, locally adapted • Apply working solutions across regions
• Partnerships, linkages, backstopping • Build bidirectional capacity (technicians and farmers) • Outreach (ICTs, demos, other dissemination tools) • Improve affordability of tools through linkages?
No of Particpating Farmers Area(ha) Seed Produced(MT) Income (lakh)
DMR (ICAR)-Govt of WB-CIMMYT Collaborative work
Innovation Systems, small holder Cooperatives & Single Window Services: Product & Knowledge together for Last Mile Delivery
Local ICAR
Institutes
CCSHAU
State Deptt
of Agri
KVKs
Media
CSISA Hub
(CIMMYT/IRRI)
Private Sector
Young Farmers Forum
Cooperative Society(Participatory adaption
of CA technologies, Service windows,
Farmer meets, travelling seminars,
field days)
CA modules farmers
CA adopters
CA modules farmers
CA adopters
CA modules farmers
CA adopters
Innovative Pathways for Technology Adaptation and Dissemination
Source: CSISA
Precision in access to information/real time access using ICTs: CIMMYT Agriplex
• CIMMYT India has developed a centralized
database management system for decentralized operations (KVKs, CSISA Hubs, PACS and NGOs) for sharing information through mobile phone no-cost SMS service.
• The service has as of now a database of more than 30000 farmers.
• It is an interactive service for the farmers with experts through helpline.
Country
Mobile cellular subscriptions (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
India 81,15,90,000 67.98
Pakistan 10,88,97,387 65.40
Bangladesh 6,86,50,000 46.17
Nepal 91,95,562 30.69
“There are a lot of changes necessary to adopt conservation agriculture, but the biggest change is in the mind”
Franke Dijkstra
Pioneer Brazilian zero tillage farmer. Started 30 years ago