S2Biom Project Grant Agreement n°608622 S2Biom Deliverable D4.5 Bio2Match: a Tool for Matching Biomass and Conversion Technologies 15 August 2016 Delivery of sustainable supply of non-food biomass to support a “resource-efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe
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S2Biom Project Grant Agreement n°608622
S2Biom Deliverable D4.5
Bio2Match: a Tool for Matching Biomass and
Conversion Technologies
15 August 2016
Delivery of sustainable supply of non-food biomass to support a
“resource-efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe
D4.5
2
About the S2Biom project
The S2Biom project - Delivery of sustainable supply of non-food biomass to support a
“resource-efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe - supports the sustainable delivery of non-
food biomass feedstock at local, regional and pan European level through developing
strategies, and roadmaps that will be informed by a “computerized and easy to use”
toolset (and respective databases) with updated harmonized datasets at local,
regional, national and pan European level for EU28, Western Balkans, Moldova,
Turkey and Ukraine. Further information about the project and the partners involved
This report corresponds to D4.5 Final version of tool for viewing characteristics of
technologies and matching biomass to pre-treatment and conversion technologies. It
has been prepared by:
Due date of deliverable: M36, 31 Aug 2016
Actual submission date: 15 Aug 2016
Start date of project: 01 Sep 2013
Duration: 36 months
Work package 4
Task 4.2
Lead contractor for this deliverable
BTG
Editor Tijs Lammens
Authors Tijs Lammens (BTG), Martijn Vis (BTG), Douwe van den Berg (BTG), Hugo de Groot (DLO), Bas Vanmeulebrouk (DLO), Igor Staritsky (DLO), Bert Annevelink (DLO), Wolter Elbersen (DLO), Berien Elbersen (DLO)
Quality reviewer Martijn Vis (BTG)
Dissemination Level
PU Public PU
PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)
RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services):
CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)
Version Date Author(s) Reason for modification Status
1.0 28 Jun 2016 T.M. Lammens
Compilation of deliverable D4.5 based
on various working documents. Sent to
co-authors with request for feedback.
1.1 22 Jul 2016 T.M. Lammens Adapted on the basis of feedback from
co-authors, sent for final quality review.
1.2 15 Aug 2016 T.M. Lammens Adapted on the basis of quality review. submitted
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 608622.
The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
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Executive Summary
This report describes ‘Bio2Match’, the biomass and conversion technology matching
tool that was developed in S2Biom in task 4.2.
With Bio2Match we aim to provide support for the development of strategies for the
best ways to realise a bio-based economy in Europe. The tool is intended to be user-
friendly to biomass and/or technology experts, but specifically also to other
stakeholders in the bio-based economy, such as for example policy makers or
entrepreneurs. Bio2Match brings together a large collection of data on both biomass
properties and technology characteristics, in an interactive way. It should be able to
help stakeholders in the bio-based economy to gain insight in bio-based value chains
.Bio2Match compares data on both biomass characteristics and technology demands,
in an interactive way to find suitable matches. The tool was built using a database of
conversion technologies (D2.3) and a database of biomass properties (D2.4). It can be
used to match biomass feedstocks to conversion technologies, in order to support
stakeholders in the bio-based economy to identify opportunities for further exploitation
of existing indigenous biomass resources (across borders).
The tool is accessible online, via the S2Biom website.1 In this report the methodology
that the tool uses to match biomass to technologies is described, as well as the way
Ash deformation temperature oC >1200 1000-1200 800-1000 <800
Ash content wt-% d.m. <1 1-3 3-10 >10
Nitrogen content wt-% d.m. <0.3 0.3-1 1-2.5 >2.5
Carbohydrates wt-% d.m. >65 50-65 30-50 <30
Lignin content wt-% d.m. <10 10-25 25-35 >35
Biogas yield m3/ton a.r. >300 150-300 50-150 <50
Digestate has an application Yes n.a. n.a. No
For each technology, the minimum requirements were defined per property, in terms of which
is the worst class that can be handled by that technology. Some processes will be able to
handle only the highest quality (class 1) biomass, while others may be able to handle lower
quality (e.g. class 3 or 4) biomass as well. Such a classification system should help to
determine what type of conversion systems are needed to effectively utilise the available
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biomass types in Europe under competitive conditions. For further details the reader is referred
to deliverable D2.2, ’A selection method to match biomass types with the best conversion
technologies’..
Biomass has physical properties as well, besides the types of fundamental properties that were
described before. One can think of moisture content, particle size, bulk density, etc. These
properties vary widely, and often depend on the method of harvesting with the end-use
application already in mind. The physical properties that were taken into account for the
matching tool are moisture content and bulk density. These are properties for which at roadside
reliable data or estimates were available. They are quite important for the various conversion
technologies, especially thermal conversion, given that the moisture content has a high impact
on the lower heating value of a feedstock. For the physical properties threshold values rather
than a classification system were used.
2.3 Matching methodology
The methodology for the Bio2Match tool was defined on the basis of the classification system
described above, with fundamental characteristics (which cannot easily be modified) and
physical characteristics (which can easily be modified). The procedure that the tool utilizes for
matching each biomass and each technology is schematically shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The Bio2Match tool methodology.
Depending on which type of technology is chosen (thermal, (bio-)chemical, anaerobic
fermentation), the relevant fundamental properties of the biomass are first compared with the
technology criteria (step 1). When each biomass property class has a lower or equal number
than the technology criteria for those properties, there is a fundamental match, and the tool
subsequently investigates the physical properties (step 2). When the values for the main
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physical properties also match, the tool generates the answer “there is a match”, indicated by
a green traffic light symbol. When there is a fundamental match but no physical match, the tool
generates the answer “there is a match, if the biomass receives basic treatment”, indicated by
a yellow exclamation mark. When there is no fundamental match, the tool does not proceed to
step 2, but generates the answer “there is no match”, indicated by a red traffic light symbol.
The way this tool looks in practice and how a user can work with it, is described in the next
section.
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Using Bio2Match
Figure 3. Screenshot overview of the user-interface of Bio2Match (details in the figures below).
The user-interface of Bio2Match is shown in Figure 3. The left two columns are for the selection
of biomass types and technologies. The user can select any number of biomass types and
conversion technologies that he or she is interested in. The central screen (Figure 4) then
shows which technologies match to which types of biomass, based on the methodology that
was described in section 2.2. A green check mark indicates a match, while a yellow
exclamation mark indicates a fundamental but no physical match, and a red cross indicates
that there is no match.
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Figure 4. Detail of the ‘Match’ central screen. Clicking on one of the symbols will reveal more details in the screen below (Figure 5).
The user can then select a single biomass-technology combination to find out why a feedstock
does or does not match to a certain conversion technology. The matching classification system
is visualized in the screen below the central screen (Figure 5) with four blocks per property, in
which green blocks represent the biomass quality that the technology can handle. When e.g.
only the left block (class 1) is green, it means the technology can handle only feedstock of
class 1 quality, when e.g. all four blocks are green the technology can handle all quality
classes. The matching symbol (green ok sign or red cross) represents the actual quality of the
selected biomass. If the symbol is positioned in a green block there is a match and the label
turns green, if it is situated in a red block that means the technology cannot handle that
feedstock quality and the label turns red in the case of a fundamental property or yellow in the
case of a physical property.
Figure 5. Detail of the ‘Matching overview’ screen, for the biomass-technology combination highlighted in Figure 4.
This way the user can quickly identify which biomass property is responsible for a mismatch
between a biomass type and a technology type. In the example of a grate boiler that is
designed for the combustion of wood chips, cereal straw does not match as a feedstock, as
depicted in Figure 4 (the highlighted biomass-technology combination). It can be seen in Figure
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5 that the chlorine content and the ash melting temperature are responsible for the fact that
there is no match between this type of biomass and this conversion technology.
Another outcome could be the case of a match, in which a user may find in the matching
overview screen that a certain biomass type is of such high quality that it would be less than
optimal to use it for a certain technology, because another biomass type of lower quality could
also be converted by that same technology. An example of such a case is shown in Figure 6,
which shows the matching overview pane for the combination of conifer stemwood and
hydrothermal carbonisation. Such findings may help to optimise the use of biomass in a region.
Figure 6. Detail of the ‘Matching overview’ screen, for the biomass-technology combination of stemwood from conifer trees and hydrothermal carbonization (overview not shown).
A feature of the tool is that the user can select which
properties need to be taken into account for the
matching. If an expert user finds that for his specific
case (be it technology or feedstock) a certain
property is not important, he or she can unselect that
specific characteristic in the screen to the top right
(detail in Figure 7), after which the tool recalculates
which technologies match to which types of biomass
without that property being taken into account. Figure 7. Detail of the ‘Matching characteristics’ selection screen.
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Another feature is a product filter, which is situated in
the small screen on the middle right side of the
interface (detail in Figure 8). Here the user can select
which types of products he or she is interested in. For
example only heat or electricity, or in fuels or bio-
based products. This filter then automatically selects
only the technologies that are able to produce those
specific products.
The last feature is the other small screen on the right side,
which is a regions filter (Figure 9). This is a part of the tool
that is linked to another tool on the S2Biom website, which
is a biomass supply database (Figure 10). This database
contains availability data of all the biomass categories that
are in the Bio2Match tool as well. The user can select a
certain region and then link to Bio2Match, which then
automatically filters the biomass types that are relevant for
that specific region.
Figure 10. Printscreen of the S2Biom biomass supply database.
Figure 8. Detail of the ‘Product groups’ selection screen.
Figure 9. Detail of the ‘Regions’ selection screen.
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The tool and the conversion technology database that was described in Deliverable D2.3 are
linked. For all the technologies in the matching tool the user can find more specific data in the
database. An example of which is shown in Figure 11. So when a user identified an interesting
technology for his or her case, he or she can easily look up that same technology in the
database to find more detailed information on for example technology readiness level,
investment costs, labour requirements, etc.
Figure 11. Excerpt of the datasheet of one technology entry in the database.
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Conclusion
With Bio2Match we aim to provide support for the development of strategies for the best ways
to realise a bio-based economy in Europe. The tool is intended to be user-friendly to biomass
and/or technology experts, but specifically also to other stakeholders in the bio-based
economy, such as for example policy makers and entrepreneurs. Bio2Match brings together a
large collection of data on both biomass properties and technology characteristics, in an
interactive way. It should be able to help stakeholders in the bio-based economy to gain insight
in bio-based value chains.
References
M. Vis, R. te Raa, D. van den Berg, H. Knoef, E. Alakangas, J. Karki, A. Uslu, P. Harmsen,
W. Elbersen, S2BIOM Deliverable D2.1, A method for standardized biomass
characterization and minimal biomass quality requirement for each biomass conversion
technology (2015).
W. Elbersen, R. Bakker, P. Harmsen, M., E. Alakangas, S2BIOM Deliverable D2.2, A
selection method to match biomass types with the best conversion technologies (2015).
T. Lammens, M. Vis, R. te Raa, D. van den Berg, J. Kärki, A. Uslu, H. Mozaffarian, P.
Harmsen, H. de Groot, S2BIOM Deliverable D2.3, Database of biomass conversion
technologies (2016).
W. Elbersen, E. Alakangas, B. Elbersen, E. Annevelink, J. Ramirez Almeyda, T. Lammens,
S2BIOM Deliverable D2.4, Explanatory note accompanying the database for standardized
biomass characterization (and minimal biomass quality requirement for each biomass
conversion technology) (2016).
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Appendix A. Overview of conversion technologies in the database
The rationale behind the selection of the conversion technologies was described in deliverable D2.1,
“A method for standardized biomass characterization and minimal biomass quality requirements for
each biomass conversion technology”, as well as which technologies were selected. Table A1
summarizes the conversion technologies that were taken up in the database.
In order to be able to match the technology requirements with biomass characteristics, the different
technologies were categorized into three main categories, all with a different set of specifications, as
described in deliverable D2.2, “A selection method to match biomass types with the best conversion
technologies”. The first category contains thermal conversion technologies, with requirements for
corrosion, ash agglomeration (fouling), ash content, and NOx emissions. The second category contains
both chemical and biochemical processes that have requirements on the lignin, (hemi-) cellulose and
ash content. The third category specifically contains anaerobic digestion, and has requirements for
digestibility and biogas yield.
Each category is further split down into three levels, in order to provide sufficient level of detail to
distinguish each technology. An example of this is for thermal conversion processes: one category
(level 1) is ‘direct combustion of solid biomass’, with subcategory (level 2) ‘fluidized bed combustion’,
and process name (level 3) Circulating Fluidized Bed direct combustion’.
Table A1 Conversion technologies described in the database.
Category Subcategory Process name
Thermal conversion technologies
Direct combustion of solid biomass
Fluidised bed combustion for CHP (steam cycle)
BFB direct combustion
CFB direct combustion
Fixed bed combustion for heat Grate boiler for heat
Fixed bed combustion for CHP (steam cycle)
Grate boiler with wood chips for CHP
Grate boiler with agrobiomass for CHP
Direct co-combustion in coal fired power plants Co-firing in PC
Waste incinerators with energy recovery Grate fired waste incinerator
Domestic pellet burners for heat Pellet boiler for heat
Domestic residential batch fired stoves for heat Batch stove for heat
Gasification technologies
Circulating Fluidized bed for CHP (gas engine) CFB for CHP
Circulating Fluidized bed for IGCC CFB for IGCC
Bubbling fluidized bed for CHP (gas engine) BFB for CHP
Circulating Fluidized bed for syngas production CFB for syngas
Dual Fluidized bed for CHP (gas engine) DFB for CHP
Dual Fluidized bed for syngas production DFB for syngas
Entrained flow for syngas production Entrained flow for syngas
Fixed bed (downdraft) for CHP (gas engine) Fixed bed for CHP
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Fixed bed (updraft), direct combustion Fixed bed, direct combustion
Bubbling fluidized bed for IGCC BFB for IGCC
Bubbling fluidized bed for syngas production BFB for syngas
Syngas platform
Fluidised bed gasification for methanol production Syngas to methanol
Indirect gasification for SNG production Producer gas to biomethane
Fluidised bed gasification for FT-fuels production Syngas to FT-diesel
Fast pyrolysis
Pyrolysis plus boiler for heat and steam
Fresh wood chips to pyrolysis oil
Agricultural residues to pyrolysis oil
Pyrolysis oil to heat
Pyrolysis oil to steam
Pyrolysis and hydrogenation for diesel fuel Pyrolysis oil diesel
Appendix B. Biomass categories in the biomass properties database
Table B1 Subcategories of first level category 1 “Forestry”
Second level subcategories
Third level subcategories
Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name ID Name
11 Production from forests
111
Stemwood from
final fellings
&thinnings
1111 Stemwood from final fellings originating from nonconifer trees
1112 Stemwood from final fellings originating from conifer trees
1113 Stemwood from thinnings originating from nonconifer trees
1114 Stemwood from thinnings originating from conifer trees
12 Primary residues from
forests 121
Logging1 residues from final fellings &thinnings
1211 Logging residues from final fellings from nonconifer trees
1212 Logging residues from final fellings from conifer trees
1213 Logging residues from thinnings from nonconifer trees
1214 Logging residues from thinnings from conifer trees
122
Stumps from
final fellings
&thinnings
1221 Stumps from final fellings originating from nonconifer trees
1222 Stumps from final fellings originating from conifer trees
1223 Stumps from thinnings originating from nonconifer trees
1224 Stumps from thinnings originating from conifer trees 1 In the sense of “Standard” logging residues, thus excluding stamps, on second level 121 and 122 are both “logging residues.
Table B2 Subcategories of second level category “21 Primary production of lignocellulosic biomass crops
Third level subcategories Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name
211
Energy grasses,
annual & perennial
crops
2111 Sweet and biomass sorghum (Annual grasses)
2112 Miscanthus (Perennial grass)
2113 Switchgrass (Perennial grass)
2114 Giant reed (Perennial grass)
2115 Cardoon (Perennial crop)
2116 Reed Canary Grass (Perennial grass)
212
Short rotation
coppice
2121 SRC Willow
2122 SRC Poplar
2123 Other SRC
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Table B3 Subcategories of second level category “22 Agricultural residues”
Third level subcategories Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name
221 Straw/stubbles
2211 Rice straw
2212 Cereals straw
2213 Oil seed rape straw
2214 Maize stover
2215 Sugarbeet leaves
2216 Sunflower straw
222
Woody prunning &
orchards residues
2221 Residues from vineyards
2222 Residues from fruit tree plantations (apples, pears and soft fruit)
2223 Residues from olives tree plantations
2224 Residues from citrus tree plantations
2225 Residues from nuts plantations
Table B4 Subcategories of second level category “23 Grassland”
Third level subcategories Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name
231 Grassland 2311 Unused grassland cuttings (abandoned grassland, managed grasslands not used for feed)
Table B5 Subcategories of “3 Other Land use”
Third level subcategories Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name
311
Biomass from other areas under landscape maintenance
3111 Grassy biomass from landscape maintenance (recreational and nature protection areas, dykes)
3112 Woody biomass from landscape maintenance (landscape elements)
312
Biomass from road
side verges
3121 Grassy biomass from road side verges
3122 Woody biomass from road side verges
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Table B6 Subcategories of second level category 41 “Secondary residues from wood industries”
Third level subcategories Final level subcategories
4121 Residues from industries producing semi -finished wood based panels
4122 Residues from further wood processing
413
Secondary residues from pulp and paper industry
4131 Bark residues from pulp and paper industry
4132 Black liquor
Table B7 Subcategories of “42 Secondary residues of industry utilising agricultural products
Third level subcategories Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name
421
By-products and residues from food and fruit processing industry
4211 Olive-stones
4212 Other by-products and residues from food and fruit processing industry
422
Other industry by-
products utilising
agricultural products 4221 Cotton_acorn
4222 Other industry by-products utilising agricultural products
Table B8 Subcategories of “Waste”
Second =Third level subcategories
Final level subcategories
ID Name ID Name
51/511 Biodegradable municipal waste
5111 Biowaste as part of integrally collected municipal waste: Biodegradable waste of not separately collected municipal waste (excluding textile and paper)
5112 Separately collected biowaste: Biodegradable waste of separately collected municipal waste (excluding textile and paper)