S upskie Prace Biologiczne - arch.apsl.edu.plarch.apsl.edu.pl/spb/pliki/nr13/07.pdf · 98 cetes (percent nitrogen) act as a reducing agents of natural soil. With environmental and
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agricultural production. Investing financial resources in the organization of produc-
tion of organic fertilizer from poultry manure will improve the economic efficiency
of enterprises in a comprehensive profile of poultry, and in terms of agriculture. It is
known that a combination of organic (poultry manure) and mineral (ecological
sorbent glauconite) compounds can be obtained organic and mineral, or as they are
called humic fertilizer. This type of fertilizer combines the advantages of organic
and mineral types. Content in the composition of mineral salts of humic fertilizer
helps detect early action, and combined with the organic component – to provide the
full range of plant nutrients. Moreover, humic fertilizer significantly improve the
physical and chemical properties of the soil, allowing it to maintain the fertility and
strengthen its activities in various microbiological processes.
Key words: motor and industrial scavenge oils, oil products, regeneration, specifi-
cation, glauconite
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiological studies show that poultry meat and eggs are important sources for
consumers’ exposure to pathogens. There is a focus in many countries to reduce the
level of human illness from food-borne pathogens (Luber 2009). Extended-spectrum
β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has been documented in food-produ-
cing birds, including chickens, and for unknown reasons the prevalence has increased
significantly during the last decade. With E. coli as a major opportunistic pathogen in
chickens and with a potential for zoonotic transfer to human beings, ESBL-producing
E. coli represents a major risk both to poultry production and to human health (Olsen
et al. 2014). For example, the prevalence, diversity, and antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and associated risk factors on 341
pig, chicken, and duck farms in Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam) were
investigated by Tu and co-workers (2015). The unusually high prevalence, the pre-
dominance of mixed-species farming without adequate biosecurity, and the abundance
of vectors (rats) suggest that control of NTS on farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam
will be particularly challenging. These researchers have demonstrated an exceptionally
high prevalence and high diversity in NTS serovars across farms. Of the three species
investigated, ducks had the highest NTS prevalence although pigs were associated
with the highest levels of MDR. Levels of AMR were considerably high for most an-
timicrobials investigated, except for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and
third-generation cephalosporins (Tu et al. 2015).
Blaak and co-workers (2015) have discerned the contribution of poultry farms to the
contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and there-
with, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. ESBL-
producing E. coli were detected at all investigated laying hen farms (n = 5) and broiler
farms (n = 3) in 65% and 81% of poultry faeces samples, respectively. They were de-
99
tected in rinse water and run-off water (81%), other farm animals (79%), dust (60%),
surface water adjacent to farms (57%), soil (55%), on flies (15%), and in barn air (6%).
The highest prevalence and concentrations in the outdoor environment were observed
in soil of free-range areas at laying hen farms (100% of samples positive, geometric
mean concentration 2.4 × 104 CFU/kg), and surface waters adjacent to broiler farms
during, or shortly after, cleaning between production rounds (91% of samples positive,
geometric mean concentration 1.9 × 102 CFU/l). The diversity of ESBL-producing E.
coli variants with respect to sequence type, phylogenetic group, ESBL-genotype and
antibiotic resistance profile was high, especially on broiler farms where on average 16
different variants were detected. At laying hen farms on average nine variants were de-
tected. Sixty percent of environmental isolates were identical to flock isolates at the
same farm. The highest proportions of ‛flock variants’ were observed in dust (94%),
run-off gullies (82%), and barn air (67%), followed by surface water (57%), soil (56%),
flies (50%) and other farm animals (35%).The introduction of ESBL-producing E. coli from poultry farms to the environment may pose a health risk if these bacteria reach
places where people may become exposed (Blaak et al. 2015).
In the outdoor farm environment, ESBL-producing E. coli were frequently de-
tected in soil and surface water. Other farm animals when present at the poultry
farms, as well as flies, were also shown to carry ESBL-producing E. coli. Overall,
the prevalence in soil was higher at sites that were visibly influenced by poultry fae-
ces, e.g. free-range areas, sites near manure transport belts, near manure storage
sheds, near dung heaps and near a rinse water storage container. Both the detection
frequency and the average concentrations in soil were higher at laying hen farms
compared to broiler farms, which was largely attributable to the inclusion of free-
range areas at laying hen farms (which were not present at the broiler farms). Broiler
but not laying hen farms significantly contributed to the contamination of surface
water, as evidenced from the statistically significant higher prevalence and average
concentrations in water adjacent to broiler farms compared to remote sampling sites.
This difference appeared largely associated with the cleaning of broiler farms be-
tween two production rounds (i.e. every six to seven weeks). The high prevalence of
ESBL-producing E. coli in free-range areas suggests that run-off from such areas
represents a source of surface water contamination as well. This is supported by the
observation that one of the three positive surface water samples obtained in the vi-
cinity of laying hen farms was adjacent to a free-range area. In this water, ESBL-
producing E. coli was detected with the same identity with respect to phylogenetic
subgroup, sequence type, ESBL-genotype, and ABR profile, as isolates detected in,
amongst others, free-range soil and poultry faeces. The other two positive surface
water sites were in the proximity of a barn ventilation fan and a manure storage
shed, and also these waters contained isolates that were present in poultry faeces and
other environmental matrices at the corresponding farms (Blaak et al. 2015).
Moreover, Sasaki and co-workers (2014) have confirmed that poultry products
packed at poultry processing plants have already been contaminated with Listeria
monocytogenes and that poultry products contaminated with L. monocytogenes are de-
rived from broiler flocks infected with L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was iso-
lated from 16.8% of chicken breast products and 2.3% of chicken liver products. In
contrast, L. monocytogenes was isolated from the pooled fecal content sample from
100
only 1 (4%) of 25 flocks and was never isolated from any pooled dropping samples
collected from 25 farms (Sasaki et al. 2014).
Heyndrickx and co-workers (2002) have collected on the prevalence of salmonel-
la at different stages during the life cycle of 18 broiler flocks on different farms as
well as during slaughter in different poultry slaughterhouses. A clear decrease of the
relative importance of the first production stages was demonstrated for the salmonel-
la contamination of the end product, whereas horizontal transmission of salmonella
to broilers during rearing and to broiler carcasses in the slaughterhouse was shown
to be the main determinative factor. Ten of the 18 flocks received a salmonella-
positive status with the highest shedding occurring during the first 2 weeks of rear-
ing. The shedding of the animals was significantly negatively influenced by the use
of subtherapeutic or therapeutic doses of antibiotics. The intake of portable material
in the broiler house was identified as the most important risk factor for horizontal
transmission. Significant associations were found between the contamination level
of a flock and hygiene of the broiler house, feed and water in the broiler house and
both animal and non-animal material sampled in the environment. No correlation
was found between contamination during the rearing period and contamination
found after slaughtering. The presence of faecal material in the transport crates and
predominantly the identity of the slaughterhouse seemed to be the determining fac-
tors for carcass quality (Heyndrickx et al. 2002). Moreover, no slaughterhouse was
able to avoid contamination of carcasses when Campylobacter-positive animals
were delivered (Herman et al. 2003).
The purpose of this study was the evaluation of accelerated neutralization of
fresh poultry manure by using ecologically clean natural mineral glauconite and re-
ceipt of this organic and mineral fertilizer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The chemical formula of glauconite is K (Fe3+, Fe2+, Mg, Al+)(OH)2(AlSiO10) · nH2O.
The composition of glauconite also includes P, Ca and a wide range of trace elements.
Features of the structure provide a large active surface area (96-140 m2/g) and high cation
exchange capacity (26-41 mEq/100 g). The contents of major oxides in glauconite (%):
Investing financial resources in the organization of production of organic fertilizer
from poultry manure will improve the economic efficiency of enterprises in a compre-
hensive profile of poultry, and in terms of agriculture. It is known that a combination
of organic (poultry manure) and mineral (ecological sorbent glauconite) compounds
can be obtained organic and mineral, or as they are called humic fertilizer. This type of
fertilizer combines the advantages of organic and mineral types. Content in the com-
position of mineral salts of humic fertilizer helps detect early action, and combined
with the organic component – to provide the full range of plant nutrients. Moreover,
humic fertilizer significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil,
allowing it to maintain the fertility and strengthen its activities in various microbiolog-
ical processes.
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