~rzTuvod~o~~asiao…e-book.ram.edu/e-book/p/PS130(51)/PS130-1-1.pdf · ~rzTuvod"~o~~asiao~T~u ... oi~i~vmn%~uai~uin~n~zd~db~uu?g~flua'n~mz?gsau 6bu aws'gotufrn, ......

A' nisEuuf~~~d3uuaw"uuafl~nis~u~faw'olf?l"u~~a~uuindu n h u u fuindou

iiniifGou $.hudouRniil d$au sr sr A' Sumuh-i $ui$si rufounfqruzfounsj~q JU ms!#fuinuuriudouh

~rzTuvod"~o~~asiao~T~u(sls~h~d~~~ii~z~inaiu~Euld14oeii~lsw~ol~5aiu nis

Vif~nnu6u drzmdu i i a r n i s ~ n n s o t u o c ~ s ~ ~ ~ a ~ u E u i i 1 ~ i s i 1 ~ ~ s ~ ~ u c 1 1 ~ d d nirf 4' ~n'nmriiatnisnir~nnso~~~~szinaBuuinuu r i i l f? l" inf~nnisi ioanis~n~so~uaq

m'w 4 ~nuuindu o i~~~~nn;m~iu i5~uiuo~szuuni~a i~~nisdnnso~1udszinaBu $qSu

nitdrz4ainmi qrisinaf iiqnu i iazaa~u~n'~i i lXa6u"i l~i ia~si~i~qlmnisaio~nis

d4 d nonnaaa (Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-1859) d4 i~u .a ladh l f l ~ ld~~nnad16~n~

wdqi~#viinnilnvi~~q.rllliuu~~uu r w i i ~ u w i a ~ ~ I n v i s ~ u u n i 5 1 ~ o ~ n i ~ ~ n n ~ o . ~

luFIlIJ?fll (De la democratle en Amerique) 1'8~ ,

odmulurzwii.rnniazvoqnis~~iaun"u d~l~~d~~uuig~unw?~otu?ni~a'nufild:d

8uniiQsau wionwvhssh (Fedeal State) ~~ui~~~iaznudduTmuioinnsouniad

mauidiitiiu ibu mnuiynn, ninuiniapl' w?oninui8naiu ~fluiu miw-

4 Lr )r

oauuRadQimu (Seine) ElQUflQU lu"oqwaasuoqnwsiao1mi~ns iqoduukud~i

lriui (Tharnes) I ~ O J U O U ~ ~ ? x I ~ v u ~ ~ I I I ~ I . G ~ s ~ (Rhine) d w 4 I aniwnitr~ininmsu~unaufiiwun~d~~u~~nisnlnnso~~aui~un'u dszmndii

o i~ i~vmn%~uai~uin~n~zd~db~uu?g~f lua 'n~mz?gsau 6bu aws'gotufrn, 8uGu. d d ?mC l u ~ m z d d s ~ ~ ~ n d i j ~ i m i i v m u u i n ~ a n n ~ ~ ~ f l u s z u u ~ ~ ~ d u a ~bu Cqnqu clhran

a

WE 5

C

2

% u-- a

P

5 ah u- a

F' - P- C G

a s

.3

h E

a a u- a 2

-w

G

-5

az

Q

nu- s

2

as Q

5' ea

au- s u- C P

h "P

2

as

s

G

Y 4 d 11u3nircmn judrzln~~ufla~Y'uiidau~w~dnazu~aoaina~im~~iu~uni~

1rrrv~nPatlaz8.amu~flu~a'n llqz!#cmndud.rzmaoonlduariunq'ui4d

1. nq'u drzm~qmsiwnr5u11~az~5zue~1ni5dnn5o9~tuu~ar5!d5z~itd!mu

ndu d 1 z m u n ~ u d o J ' n a ~ ~ f l u ~ u ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 o ~ n i ~ ~ d o ~ 5 z ~ utar?d3z~i~d?mui

Jsrnwoa~udida iidrzlnifiiw ~4&lfluhdudrzma{diluni41a5yIn"a~n#au Y

n j d . i r l n i ! # t mi~otuini &nqu nwriuiarisi301i2aB5u diwmtrnz

&/Id lfl~sriu 1uh~l~u#uvotnadfia'~~mariwn5~u ojnqulflud.i:maltsni8ia~(u'id

rzuug.mwnrsutSudrzinflurn i i n z ~ i u m ~ a u d r z i ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ u ? m ~ i n z d s z i ~ ~ ~ ~ u

luylrd lmutawizodw~.rlflun~ud5z~na~S~~ua~m~~uutar?u"uu (Liberalism) & bniwaiun'm ni.rliiec m.rv~n"a~m-&nu nrjudsrmnmdi~!#o'mdiiumulo4!fl~u

4 B nzju1annwu.r (First World) ~ui?4ar~n~iuli/u 1mz~u<iniuiodludium54u'iu~flu B njubnino4 (second world) (acnuiukn~ud~:~n~~u"~tuan'mttu~84nuu"~u~taz~

9 4 nowiiaiin6 k& ni.rldmjukndiah4~uun4maiu~~mnii.~lu~~a9maiu~~1ttuuts?

iiuuiivn judszlna~S~~ua5m84nuu"ua1~tazmauu"au"ard

wic~n~~pn^dun5nuinnii.1'moin1z~uw'wuiniswi~nis~do.~ drrnnihnq~$q!i!fi

19ufiibnjudsz~wnii'~td3 ~i~;~nvazi~u~di~qvaqnrjudsz~wnii'fullivoqnis d z dU

iinwniq?~nnmruunno u n u d w z u n i d d w i nmu&

nisJszawn3iudidsf uni5di1ia"unisdnnro~dszlwalw"~iSudsz'11iir"d!~u

2. n judrrmfldiillu3~nar"9nu~uullaznou~3~arilduwa'n Yklti nisiiwrsn

nouihu'n6dnnsot d5zlw~wfol~uf~89nuia"uu (state socialis&) nrju dsznnnrjun'

no~ii'liiu!X~filouainnjudszlwnTandaoq (Second World) ~ ~ n ^ f i & w ~ ~ u f i ~ n ~ j u A 8 dszlwdanwwuslui~~a~nsiu~8u~du~4~3n"u

2 d u drzm~dlmfidubnjuunno nw%uail?al& (Russian Federation) 4 4

4 4 d 9 0 0 mutfiuy uim6quoqf an4iuno4~u3uam~~az8.jnuid"uu d~&!~iuuiuiudilid"wnismc

nirlrioslCl8szuunou33ia'a61"~iSustu~ainaX3 njudrzmaiu?liiu3n'uii' !Ail6 d.r:rnnaiairol?ldsz'111'11~3u ~mzn jurlszmqlrdmz.1'uoon ocii.rlls$pliu lu

szusu dsz?r12d!flu A , 2' lwq nisddiiYqw lnmvu~uawniw~liiumn'~ni5a'unniuuo.rrzuuwsm

nouu'~u'aiIuawrnw~c11ZumI&;~iIw"?pii q muI~awniwlrZumYX~~un~3ui~~~d A.,

jpaas:: ~~a~awniw1an'iclm!Xdu4maq Tmuiiaw$uira?p~luunun fia~udrzmndknq 4'd u

iiszuoumsdnnsoqTfiuwssan~uG36a6 ~mz i ivu~ f i lw~~~f i lu lanvazunno

3. nrjadszmn~aniaiu (Third World) w~onq'udszn~fffiia'q$wui Y d A

(Developing Countries) n ~ u ~ ~ z ~ ~ 1 ~ d i ~ ~ ~ m n o i n n ~ u w w u ~ ~ ~ a z n ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u w i ~ ~ i u

A' umi1uialuynlidqnisiilioqvuiluuiqk~u 11~ iynun ' ro is l#no~f i ia '~~41u i~an~o~

2 d w 4

launs.riu'l~iuldli&aifmiu i1Pi~duuuuo.rrnrdioimi~nu~u~n~~q3J"uunu~u~~ ' d r r A' u i r n n o n i ~ m n o ~ l u g i u z ~ d o ~ v u X a u ~ z u u ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ j 8 ~ i ~ a z n i ~ ~ u niud~zmat /~ inau~n

huniinoqn juil~nsau~qni3ii3zuuni3dnn~o.r~lri~un.r n'o nirdnnso.rlnu

cla w #au ou'ir'lsbmiu "luniudsztnadniu~u'~iui~d~z~wamuwauini~mi~ia~p1gn^a d B $ 9 u w u 1iaz5qnuld~nq'unnuqlai~aa ~du i~d~zm&u~u~iuzu inauo~uin dsz.aiaudu

d4P dauln~koaouin i lazuaamnaiutd~da~~hin~ iu im~~iubr inavo~n~f l~z~ i~ i51~f i i

cr B o?nfmda (Aristotle) m3~luJa.r 384 d 04 322 %ow n?amnmassv tgu

~ndria$aiadndqj~~quu~i'o.jdi4 q 'Iflnnuiu Alutluahinui, a.r~uai$iwai,

nislioq (Politics) C f 1 A i ~ ~ u ~ ~ n ~ i : ~ ~ z ' ~ u ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ u o ~ a ~ v G ~ 1 a z ~ ~ ' a ~ i ~ u ~ ~ 4 n i ~ t i o ~ d

n ju~dnn~o~f~uf id i~ iud i$1 '~ t~u~~uawi~~un15~~ l i~d~z tnwi ;8o 1n.rdnnso.r (who

rules) d nn5o~fAuliuz lfl (on whose behalf)

lnrdnnsot h~ i iu~6;o inb iuau~dnn5a~~o dnnrawutiiua, n o m a

nu niowaianu r i a u ~ o i a d i i ~ n n . r o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i u ~ ~ ~ E u a ~ ~ e i n w a ~ ~ z ~ u a z d " d ~ ~ ~ ' u

ainni.rdnn.ro4 i i ~ i o d ~ z m a u r l n n u ~ $ u r i a u ~ a a ~ ~ ~ ~ u n i ~ a o ~ ~ u ~ i u i ~ wiotio

mutoqdi$udumraaqlu#iun"~Jl

uinaun i i ~lhnuiuuo.jn junu~iuaufi~ud~~nns~.j~n'~naiu~un.juo~n~ufiu~u

dun i inmi3J lau (Oligarchy) ~uu~lzd~di~uiu~~.jnisdnns~.jnudausauau'i.j~n~ Y

rj,duniidszai3d'lau (Democracy)

o i n f f i ~ ~ a l ~ i ~ a n ~ a t n ~ u ~ ~ a ~ a ' n u m z ~ d n n s o . j ~ i n ~ i n i u l u n o . j I I s z ~ ~ u ~ . j

nr i igd ~ ~ u z ~ ~ . j r i n u a c z ~ ~ n n s a . j o ~ n ~ ~ ~ i s u 6 l d l l u u ~ i u r i u (pliulaufii 1.1) -

dszni~lfiunlio~aisau~.jlunn~'~a~uini#auEuo"wiio~Iunju ,A ild

vlnrzuu& n~unu$dd?u~unisdnns~.jfwufis.jn~ons~~~dinszu?unisni.jnis :da liotfmufis.jj&i'Eu~nazii~iuaufiou n ~unum~iiiuitns.jn~suniiwuEu$ini.jnis

d o 4 (political elite) au&dioi~~n?iuln#3wn'un~ununiuuon liu szuu on^aui

i d l f i u (aristocratic), n j o n o u i ~ i t d .rzuun.rsnl~u~wioszu~~tinnisnsOu~iif~~

1uns~lnriidQzn#iun'u5uszuu loniyniw (monolithic) GO n'auzni.mislflo.jii~i!u.j

huliiu?miihniot~odn'~~z~~n6in'~1f luszuu$uau&riirziin'auzililwnfi.jld 4 4 ~ldaznuiin?iu~~findi~~ainnaiu~'iauuiuin'~uz auEufi&~i1f i l i !u. jnui3n

Y

ainn~u~lu~~ciirju~1dui~in~aiunrju11~az~uniuisn~1u'~u'un'u~~na.jni6iui~ni~nis

l5o.j szuuldud~~wloninl~u"ni.j~a"on$ui~innis~~u'.ju'un'~naiu 7 n ju i f I u s z u u i ,

fifniiuiilisuwynid (pluralistic) (gniw 1)

(Curtis, 1997, p. 3) '

niw 1 Monolithic, Pluralistic LLflz5%1J¶J WSSn

(Curtis, 1997, p. 4)

qnnalmriinivorwaldo~!Xfunisudo~fu iilpiiniwlumrraunrju~~~~nu!~oi~.j

wainwaiulnu%iin juwu"~nrju~fi~~~~no~n'o(~~ugiuzn'nsoudiod nnir'li8iafiiu e '

donislilac unCulurzuu~cazodmulXnisnauqo~vo~fdinirnisdot nirudisu A' cdarni~nirliio~tn"nvu~aunszuaunisin~u8u~ wiinnQwoJiuitflunm~iofln~iu

9 , 4 9 4 Ol r i w 0,

1 ~ i ' ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ d 5 ~ % 1 ~ d ! ~ ~ ( v ' 1 ~ 1 % n 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ' 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ 1 ~ Y 9

npwuiu~udio~dgiu~odnic~~8nqwuiu~u8au n i rnszvhu~ . r~~ ia f ln6U ' i~az8od~n

~ ' o ~ o 1 i u n q w l n e ~ ~ a r i o ~ ~ n n a ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ z u ~ 1 ~ i u i a i ~ n ~ o ~ ~ w u i z ~ ( u diuia~nr i iad

o i a w l n u ~ ~ s z u u r n a ~ a ~ ~ ) . t ~ a w ~ n ~ " ~ n ~ ~ o J (rule of law) I unw i~o~u~ml l az~qnq~

wfoTaenQwuiawiYn (basic law) uot~o5Gu wfoniadnnro~ (Conseil d Y ~ t a t ) l u

4.2 a z ~ u k ~ f i ~ m a d i f s i ~ ~ u ~ s w s l a

~:uul~6rnisdiuiau'uuoiaiiodlud5ztw~1n"!iiiss.rulijuud~uo1wsou

~l ip l ls~iuuo~f~arsu ysllo~lud~z~w~du~~siz~~!iiinir~saanou8~naiu8~io.mish I

t d m n nio~wriziii in jufiiinrju~dn 9 dnrouf~o~lunszuaunirwi~nis~do~du

Y I P W P w

~qluiiazuodrzm~6oian"i9#iiun'u ~zuunisdnnssslu~nln~~uu~uan~fillz I

I

I I e P , ' W a i~uo iu?n i~szuursng (Corporative state) ~ . ~ u h ~ a n ~ f i l l ~ ~ i ~ ~ u u t i a ~ n i ~ d ~ ~ d

9 9 nirliiochu 1luam~nouuaun4~'ila~11'ud~z5~i~ua5muiT"n-~aw"u 1iua5muotniT"a d d

u1rn.a ( K X ~ an. 1818-1883) ~jiY1uw"uu~uszQn#udi~a~'bmunird~a'~vo~vu~u

1~5w-w ~~n~a~~n~~~~nu~"au.r:uuuocnis~u'iiau~u~inttuanonll'~u^n~u'uun~~~~q

nirud~uudiu?d~8qnuw"uui~da ~innaiuniuirn~o~11~aznuuidnaiu8o.jniruoq

i i ~ a ~ f l u (From each according to his ability to each according to his needs) Y

d 7 ~ l ~ w " ~ (Lenin 1870-1924) ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ f ~ 4 l w " ~ f 1 4 ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ d i ~ i ~ l ~ z

wrrn d f l ~ ~ d f GU~UUI& ntinmrdi6~vo~iui6~~ Jrzviid?musaugub

(democratic centralism) ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ f l n n ~ ~ 6 9 ~ 4 4 n ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ' 6 u ~ 1 u d a u - 4 B naitu8twrrns'auh.i ww.nion.au.a~fiinird~a'~?#di~t~~u~ 1917 $u i~udiuliuu

uo~wrmnou5~u^n4)1nii i~k~ludrzi~~~dnn~~.j~auwsrnn~~Gaw"n~ iiaz?rili

wssnnou5aGn4Xau

luoRmnwniwldum wrrnnou~au^n~1~fl~diuionau~uli'~1urz~us'~

lurznurnrw%~lninin$~mr~~azqmniwnrru r?u?dZ~otn'nsnitar'qnuynoq6nr ~m::

vlnZduuuvo.rnirdonirn~uinu8nhu Inu~awizniuldiynnmia"~ (1879-1953) ijmr d d

nauquoditaun

nwmwl~iiumklkauquu'6uuiu~1aznirdiiw"unirv~~wrrnnouGa~n~ - Y * Y ,

d w w B noma~uuluunuyTrdmza'w~on~iuwt i~n~nr iu1an~~~~~o~~au rzuuvoqwrrn .4

nouiiau'afiudrzinaiwaiiioi~ullua uiinimiiu luao.mtuzqdnnro.a (politburo)

~rcqiu~nuiqlSuuoqY~llaznirinumrdau~wdEuiSunirnauquiaun'u gn'nvtuz

iiuinld?#h i j n r o ~ d i u i ~ ~ ~ u a ~ d ~ u ~ n a i . j o ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ n F n ~ d 2 4

nouGaw"n~lsuunir~lmniiuniiua5mn'u%u~ n . ~ . 1960 wrrnnouGaGndlu

szuunisdnnrot~lrilsinouGaw"n6 du luGn2i. nidu i~nzludkamn (luuwiar

i?ai) s i i t~~n~iu i~uo"nrz~~n 'u i iaz i ina . jna iu~~u~~~i~~n 'unwniw~~~u~~auwaiu 9 9 .4 u

nfq uitwrrn 19ii wrrngTrnouuaud (Eumortmunist) l6'drzrn~naiulaooo

orzuaumrdrzvi?d~muiiazu8us'u nir1a"onk41muin5? ~~azuouiuwamr~mi~iiu~ui

ainniria"on~~~i?u~i~~iutuzEuwr~nuo~muii ia '~~~ludiui~Amio~ I

naiudbauida~m~nis~~o~i~azicrsp1gn"a1u~a~ n.cr. 1980 luawrnw * 1.aiiu~l~uiimnsinoonuiainuTuuiun1s~~mnfi~ (glastnost) iiazms ds'uLsta2iriq

l ~ d (perestroika) ~~uu iuu"n i8n noiuilad (Mikhail Gorbachev) $PIUD~TW?UY~ i id

rl~~sn'i~u^uuTeuiu~u6dszno11ld~aunaiu~~diis~ naiuy'cmiitniulumaomouwaiu 9 9 0 4 w e 4

, wuiuiudaz?~;uau~uilunisd~afi~ue,iZoud~ninu n.cr. 1991 noiuiaavl~6qauiuiu Y d Y oz~lnawniwi~an~maie,on~uiZou~uainu n.n. 1991

maza~nj,miqimp1~iia1u~vfiut;liiu~o~adu~ ms~iimilu~iv%aoRinc

imzliiidrzilw3niw ~ ~ m n i s ~ u n ~ o r d a ~ w ~ m ~ u a i n n i s ~ u ~ ~ 1 ~ u u w i ~ i c r s p 1 g f i ' i l T ~ u A' riaunairtlazniu1~msnauqu~mui~lAoui14nn~nmwmsmaimlnrv~iirlnnuu

, A ' riclaiurns~nvmsl~azfis~a~aunin~~nvu IN'ijlnnuu ~imauquwiwuinr&wumEu

IdnomnXo~fiuubuiunis1d~naiuW'uaoJ"u ilazszuulnrv~n'oqnlnri rarliitldnis

InnP?euvoc$ay aJiaais~3u1datiiqia? 1 l a z ~ ~ ~ n i r n s : ~ 1 u 6 i 0 d i ~ n i s ~ ~ ~ u ~ o # a u

nisl~uTuuiunis~~mnYi~.iiilM"nisdn~ro~Tmuwssn~e,uCaw"adwssfiiiiiu~

1tazds:viidbusau~u~i$uamsz~unaix1~#udama~, rnsna~qulu~itrns~de,oam ' A ' rziiunc, i i m r l t i ~ ~ u s z n i i ~ n ~ u ~ ~ a z ~ t u a ~ ~ w i ~ n i ~ i d o ~ i n u , msn6unro.rmra~

nauiipiounaiua.r, ijniroiidsiu~~3mn~i~5au!dS.jnis5win65~irdu'buuiu~o~wi~ d d A a

nir!XXau 1luaGmuirnv-laGu1si1$i'~iS~a.jw~~~ilzXo.j!oi!6nio!d i j n i rd rzGa~n i5

Ison& ~~az~~mwrullmu~ffo~w"drzvivfa~~uwi~?du~~~mus"arzdu i n r q n ? ~ ~ n i q

mr~otuo. ravmn~r~um~fu~~~r~niw ijllul~mai~~uuiiimdu~uai~irw~9vaio 4 w d lld9, ~ n i r ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ n S ~ n a i u ~ i S ~ v i m w u ~ ~ ~ a z ~ ~ i ~ w i l u a ' n ~ w z ~ ~ ~ i z ~ ~ o ~ m w u i n ~ u Iu

irlmmairaril~iq 1 ? k ~ $ ~ u ~ ~ $ z u l l ~ u i ~ 5 ~ ~ z c rq~duc l i na~n iwT~Gum (soviet 4 w

Union) ~ m r l i u r u o ~ a v n i w 1 ~ ~ u ~ ~ Q n ~ ~ ~ u ~ # a u 9 i u z ~ ~ o i n ' ~ u n i mroonrnwlldq

iqgfl3Z (Commonwealth of Independent States) % u ~ ~ o u ~ u a i n ~ ~ n.B. 1991 1 ~ 9 9

ahqlarj&gunirraukau~.jaiai5a~~12u q lu~niovcuzvaau q miiiu k n q l h n v a e $ ~ a i p f a l % (Russian Federation) 0 ~ 1 ~ ~ l ~ z d ! ~ ~ l l 0 d l ~ l ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 4 l ~ ~ l ~ ~ u 8 . j

avniwTgl?umuifiou

r:uuneuriau'a~l~u!XOndS'u~d~uu!dvniunf~~'uri?.rnirlrli/uudiu

uo.rrzuunirdnnrot~uria4nd~~~iaOJi~iQ~u~s'~l~u1u~B191o9uo? sai iGu (Boris

~ a ~ t r i n ) I ~ q 1990 !brzaiu6iui~nis~m~u~a~i*1~nr~~n"ooon!d~5zCu~onvu~in

& i 9 a r r u tllhri$qiiqdulu3 1993 !hf i~~dl luuuo~f lvw'u~~~S'n~~u~#~du

d~:.aii~lmulu&p

a a u l u i u u 4~ nunniwmrdi~.ruin~u~%"ofa~au~iu~u d 4 iuniuIRilu~n1.rua.r A

mlniToq~lumno~szuz~aai 30 7luinllX~ !n"s u ' i i n v t u z t f l u r ~ u u a ~ a n i s ~ G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a-r a 4s

nauqu$lunicl~rv~?icl aaom!do~vamaiu~guojuo~~~iaznu r z u u m r Q a s s c i u rr

n i r ~ i m ~ u l ~ 7 m u i ~ l u ~ ~ o . r n i . r w i i m n ' ~ l u ~ i u n i r ~ n v m r ~ ~ a z ~ m m ~ n r ~ u s A 4 0

wrrnnou~?~n~~~d'iznou#au~uianwuoiuau!03~n"u 5% vocdrzaifir&wum w 4 a

naiuaqinnnm umah %fit$udam 1 i S u n ~ u n ' ~ n ~ i m 6 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ w i ~ n i r l ~ 8 4 n' tnr ruIu

n1.rn-1rliio.r i i a z d o i n a ~ m l i u & l d h t d a i u " ~ 9 7 0 mrdEjldnirmriov9n"cl1Xn5~4~ 4'

I f i ~ ~ r v ~ R a v u i u h o d i ~ r a m ~ ~ a W ~ ~ R K ~ S ~ J I Z Y - I V ~ R L ~ D ~ X ~ (GNP) ~fhUdU n i r n a u q ~ J

rinriauna1.ra~a.r ~niinuo~vriaumrdnn~o~~uai~o~~~a~rzC~o'~~?'~uui~uinuu , a 2'

~iuaunuiiciulumnlon'11uu~wu~1uodi~~~u1#4m mnlon.nriiar'mdau(u"iouin~d~u

k E aa

3 2

'6

c

CS a

e

m

E a aF 'E

3 e

P

=E

5

CCI PTG F -6

6:

3

-us c 2

5 '6

G

94s sC1 'Z W ~ R N A ~ U o i U v o ~ Y u m ~ ~ a o n m ~ ~ u u i ~ ~ s z ~ n ~ l ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ u ~ u ~ i n ~ m B ~ i y 21 U:U

94 4 ilop~u&uii~unaiudsz~nn ' ~ ~ v u i a i l n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n u o i ~ d i n i i E u a ~ u i to oiy 18 "J

~n.rzuuazi iCAi~umwS~n~~uv~~ni~i idau5'auTnum~~~ind~z '11i~u1~~t i i~Sn~~u

1mz5"mquku 1~o~~8~i imn?iu~u?iua inn i~~~nn~~~n~mun~uauo~i~d~ino inwa 'n plo w A ~nru~m~f i7dr jm~lania~~w~~~iauzn 'u

6.1 t~~im~rnw~~1Bnimiu Y

luyn8u 1 vo~m.riinniulu nui9nnnirzd5:nouhu &nu n+muifu 4s de plliu~iumocnmunumnso4~ j 1mz7~idduu~du~mwvo~d~z'11iaulu~iuz~r~~n

I(nnalmuir:lduliuzv89~llnun~u61~w auRi1.r q luirJnu

E d l l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i n d n 1 5 9 1 ~ ~ u " 4 6 d ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ 5 " ~ ~ 6 9 l l ~ ? 8 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ TRU o e a la w i ~ n ~ 8 ~ n u u ^ u u ~ ~ a z ~ ~ u a 5 n ~ ~ u u w ~ u " ~ n ~ ~ ~ u ~ z n i u ~ n ~ n i ~ d ~ ~ n ~ u o i 3 w n " ' 8 1 ' i ~ i i u

A a w imzniutwdidt~uci?uwuqvoq5zuuus5~n (Corporate system) w5orgus~Gn

(Corpotate state) d~~du'~zuund~f lun~uds:~~~ai~u~~u~n"u rzuu$mu wuiuh g?

g ~ ~ a ~ a d s z ~ u a u ' v o ~ ~ n v u o d i ~ ~ ~ n " ~ ~ ~ uird.rzmn iiu dhimnlazurosriu 1$%715 ' c i a ~knmnd.rmini~rninv~n"01~az~~nu1unaiu'5z~u~u lwdoviindi%dudi?llnunin

--

t ~ u ~ h ~ ~ i n ~ u d i u u ' ~ s J ' q $ ~ o i a t d u n ~ ~ ~ n z ~ t u u t ~ u ~ u " i ~ u " ~ ~ u o ~ ~ ~ u ? u d d p l

d5mnr G~Jiil~~m'lda~nnai~~mtnuwttw~3~uo~drztwa1# wrrndnq rinli'lfiiu-

1 ,

(Proportional Representation) 6 1 U ? U ~ i ~ ~ 0 : ~ n ~ l ~ 1 d 1 ~ a ~ t ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ n " ~ W 5 5 n ~ 1 4 ~ R1U

.ad d

~ - ' a r i ~ ~ u o q n - ~ ~ u u l 8 u q i I YCiiu ~ a ~ d 1 1 8 u o ~ ~ f f u ~ - ' n r i ~ u u n ~ n 7 1 u ~ ~ ~ f f u n ~ 0

naiu&~~niruo~drz'~~~vu!X tdiZm.rtiion~~ttaz8mnz~~uulur:uu8ma!audt5uiZ

~iilXtn'mr:uunaiuwrrnni~a!~~n?~~or:uuwaiuwrrn1X P~waimiulnAn'onsiii

~juiawn~ainwaiuw~m ttartguttoeuinitrii~"ju1aain~~uq9ii~uinw5rntZuaj~

fluia~uIiu:~ndi?drigiuzd~n~doun<ifQuiaainw5rnt~ua unthlun judr:

twwtnu~'tuiiu~u"er<itdu4~unt~u ~ ~ l l ~ t ~ ~ d i ? ~ d 1 ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ 9 1 ~ ~ n i 5 ~ f ~ ~ i a ~ ~ ~ f u 4 4

nc nrii~nouoi.rtdduuf3uiadc 55 plurzuz 45 3 vldr:twd~#r:uu8mdaua:ii

wrrnnirtiio~~o~Iur:~udi~q~u'i~doudwrrn uonain$uTYuu%liawdu"qt~fi

looinlw'w.r~ntuauluuiu#iu~~n~~uaiim'l#i~~~luani#au Y d ~ia:m~iis:uumrma"on~~~mw~:t~uizn~u~nn<iiiuEu rzuutiioniq'ld

a m a ~~nuiuocaarnr~um~d~u'~6td~~u~odi~6~ua ??nirtflon$qlda:rzuflmarazinaiu

Y d w n iiiiiiwi.jwuiwsu~~ro~1~rii.ji~uwi.jni5#au iid~uui.jnRw.rrnni.riij~.jiiazniuwa 2 d C( d.rzTuiQan#iuKu du Iunfiu7auiidr:*laiuo~os'uunuw55n(tliaui~u~~oJ"u

4 (german Farmers, party) w.j iQui in~~lq~u~~~d~z'buru"uinni i lut~wff~iu?ni ijniu

dohuni.rrhuC ~ . ~ ~ R I U W ~ J U W ~ T ~ Z M I I U ~ ? Q ~ (Right - to - Life Party) I u & ~ ~ Y

' w.r.rnin.j.jiuiiumniwii~.j.jiu~u~~iw~8uw'uin'uorii.jln#? nui?nw.r.rn$iluwn

dauuioinnwmwin.jriuiiaz6unu'unyu~nd~zuiu 80% uo.jw.r~nAuiainnwniw

in.j.siu?$uiiiuatiu

~ i u o ~ n a i u i i ~ n d i ~ ~ o . j w ~ ~ n n i ~ i ~ o ~ f i u n ~ u w a ~ ~ z 1 u a u " o i e i ~ u 8 u

iiaironainni~raahuo4niunu~.jijnaiui~oluwi.jni5iu"o~u i.jotii~s'auKuw4oin'n

nrillny u~nr?cr.ri~1ifuni~ia"ona'~~o.jw~5ns'aun'unui3nw~~nni~iu"o~azw"i.jius'au

r i u d o i o i ~ u m i ~ ~ ~ o n ~ i i a ~ l ~ ~ ~ i j 6 i u i a l u w i ~ n i ~ i u " ~ ~ i i a z w u i u i u s ' n ~ i w a ' ~ ~ i . j n i ~

$ o d u ~ w~~nm.nijo~azdo~i~a.jwiwa'.jluniliiu"o.j~~o1dlw"d.jidiwui~iiaz

u~uu1u~un14n151~~

w a J ~ z l u r 6 m s ~ ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~55n?w"ylJ?n"w-ar~Yp~~a~?ni wssnaiaui

%..ll&l (Lok Dal)

81i3Ul ~5mdlf04 nib ( ~ u s l i m rot her hood) %id& B J P - ~ V ~ % I

TI%~"UU National Party, Party Quebecois Y

6%8%l; 's Progressive party dn0ltUl Tamil Federal

LF-illY‘U j Janata ~al-5 l . l 1%

fll511li91L~fl - Japanese Liberal Democratic Party, Italian Chistian Democratic Party

nisrn$0ul~a - TANU-LLMWCHIL~U

(Curtis, 1997, p. 2 1 )

riudiiu'unirlunir J f j niru'inpnaicr~JY'~6ul#i~nzni5fiinu~ulauia dia

1. f l u ialus:~ un~czif uufl? (Cabinet government) l$uqdllYu &l8u 4 d a vor&nqu sau&luaosfiu, ddu i~azo'u~iiu#au vqnunaiullmneiir!d~inwo4

B ~ ~ n q v o i h a ~~iwitnis&o4azdzznouo~~unmzf~uum4 uazv4a.rl8un4uvoci~i

wzsnnizlflo~~iiuiunfIuu~?~8uw'aw~in~u nazi3uini$uwssndfi~~a4Ii4uinlu B nrn38~~8~~az~$uaruiGnarniia"8Ggfl8luvmz~Guan'u#au naiulvou b4smii4

ihuuiw islla:diuu^8Gg$~z~w~ua~~du a w 4 ncuziguuazsu~rnvou~aun'uhod~u~

u ^ ~ ~ g ~ ~ I u n i s P 8 ~ 1 ~ w i ~ n i z ~ f l o 4 i~uum?ldnznuiuw"nvou~~nisgllanisu?wis

ciul~smsardaul9uf~uuo1?sau~qgllalu#iunislda4#au

. 2. ' szuudszaiuitufl nwipoluiml$udzz~wnn'l#szuudzzai~i~uii

zau&3nwaiudszmad!#Gi1dl##au fivmzdu6hdsza1ui~u~figiuz~~iwo4

ihuuiwisitn~ldul$ufl#funzlluuu^uu~uwi4nisldo41nufls4l~az~$ufi~i~un1s

u'i%'qt@i dau.rzuuv~~d~~i~aUnai~i.r~~~~fS'i~~oqn~oO3J'udoziod"~ni.rwauwa~u 9 4

~ ~ ~ . I < I ~ ~ Z U U ~ ~ ~ ~ I U I ~ U A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ O J ~ ~ ~

dd a ' 3. ?~uiaim'.risam h.izuuunno rn.iddiuu'~~qlfl~n.rou9"idiuu3~i~

944 bi?uni.roonn~nuiunroun~u~~onaup]~lu#iuni.r~a"~ ~walfidiuu'5Gpdf15i8uflw~ ri 9 s diuioni.rh?ulawiiwo.r~ .rzuud;dulkin~.rziwndiqifi~qnai~i.rmf~iaiu cn.n.

1875-1940) I I ~ ~ f l l l l 3 0 l ~ ~ i / d (t7.n. 1946-1958) ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I . J ~ I T

ii7otlfs"n"~1ihuuiair uazviilfS'iliguia~!da?unq d~~mnynmn~.rorildaiuil~i.r d~auudntiluia8q 102 t[sl iiasy~rnni.rPrigddid~uuiida~ 24 ?A iliau'n^liql{Z

d d pl 1~~:uu~i#~<im~i~~od'unno~iiwu6iuioo~d!muduioind.rz%i%u~i~~o~~ d u w iaso.I&~snsixlnuan'~~mzn#iun"u

9 1 0 r i w s 4. rzuunmz$u?nn (Council goveinment) .iru~njuguim~uw~roUi?u

d A a h d i?o~ i~ i~ i idn 'q~~o~n i iL~9~x l1w 'u6~8d~mi~~~ i i a~s l~4x lnmzfu~n1~6~~nu

ifl"on~~udiau'A^3J'y~~~aun'u?u~~rou~iu~un.rzw~a~6i~ q iiaz&dsmn#aui8u

daurau 1zuunou~au'a6~!#inu~i~zuu60~il# ~uanrnwT~i~urnniuna"~qnamia"u

!~lh:uumz$dnnroq~uw"fivouiaoJn'u1u3tuza'u q rnrioudazd6uui8uni.r5f

~ i ~ ~ ~ i d u d i i ~ i u z i u n ~ w i ~ n i 3 i ~ o 9

~.UZIU~ d i ~ i ~ w f i d ~ ~ u h l d u o t ~ i

unuinll~r6iwio~u'i~?1o~a'~aai d~rm~?h#

1. maii~~R'od.r:yul~d~s'j 89011;, tYfll~~Jfi~9l

2. Ihniriu.ro~diillwri4daryu~~~qS"j laorah, 5nnloa

3. 1flnias'uro~di~lwJ~s"~uum"s .aws"golu?ni

4 n?uqu~uumihuu~7oiIfai~10 ojnqu, Gmiii w?olaiiuwa"nnia I

i

5. lia?udiuu?nis nwfjoluini

6. ; 'q#f l l~s ' lJ~~~d1~~?)115 ~ ~ f l l ~ ~ ~ d ~ m 7. diui14n~wuiu liiouynaruu

8. 88d5iu o'udu, a%wos"llnuA

9. Rnar6iuipuud ~muui i , ~u~aoilmuci Y

l o . k~ru:naaui~mama?oaouniaM"i4iu nnijoiu?ni

uo4s'auia

I I. nial~iulu~iurt/l~udiufi1un"uijuia6~n~u

12. bi~m~fi?~q~~i~m'l(l&q~~#i~~ia~& awigoluim

13. ) I ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ I M ~ Q U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A S Q Q ) ~ ? ~ 4 4 &mu, uqlruaud

~lolrnraui7nir5"gm I

(Curtis, 1997, p. 24)

84nu

(Curtis, 1997, p. 24)

I

I 1

niruioq nto ii?nfiiwssnniruu'o~n"u$us'guia~$unun"1m~udu um:uilun"nulevo.s I

Jrz~nn ilo.rriudrz~nu niritnni quniwouiuir n?irR'nirIT.lnu uinirAiu du 7 tounruo.r GNP

nir~nn: ~nrnaiio

1980-1993 1980-1993 1980-1993 1980-1993 1980- 1993 1980-1993 1980-1993

& n q ~ 13.8 9.9 2.4 3.3 13.5 14.0 30.0 32.5 7.5 6.6 32.9 33.7 38.2 43.4 . . OU 16.4 8.6 2.2 0.4 46.8 0.2 39.5 41.3 9.2

dhlflfl 7.4 6.0 0.9 7.0 14.8 16.1 49.6 45.5 6.8 5.0 15.6 20.4 39.3 45.5

IUD~$U 9.1 6.4 1.9 0.8 19.0 16.8 4.3 45.9 8.7 9.7 12.6 20.4 30.3 33.6

FDR 1980

5 ~ 1 ; ~ 19.8 14.5 2.2 1.6 1.9 7.1 24.2 16.2 48.3 58.0 13.2 16.9

4 4 ~ 18.4 15.8

riin6Tn 2.3 2.4 18.0 13.9 2.4 1.9 18.5 13.0 31.2 113.4 27.6 555 17.4 17.9

(Curtis, 1997, p. 26)

dn-nsoc~~dazdsztnsnis~i~u~u~uuitl~t~mndi~n"M lriu nwi~oluini'lrjiirzuu

nis~szriuqumwt~~qvi~twfiou~utuos~u~~iiuia'~ttm~ ns. 1883 w j o u~eruiunis

lu~iumu~i ie ih douqndszmulur(n~zuuni~dnn~o.j~zijni~ai.j~~wuni.j

m.rvpiie d.joirijrzciun~o~~uani.j~uni~~i.j~~wu~~~~~nii.j~unaiu~z~u au3m.j 8 o, d u

a h q ~m8iuna.jnu nno mrwuiuiunrz~ul~ijn~iu~~~q~i~~8iluni.j~ur~l~n"e, et d ~nirh.j.jiul$uru, n3uquniqzWullo. ~$uqnmrXiiiuii.jdrz~n~lflXQ.jvu lmz

Aiwu~ui~~~rni.rAiumrwa"~rl~~azqfiariwn~~uuo.jdrz~n ilopiTu6dszmddn?iu81a 8 8 et a~inirg~nianrsuo:diu.j~.jYqni~.j~~3m8ou~~azoiniu~9u~~uinuu llaz~idu

A' L.jAiauauluuiuviAluiq~1ni~13~~1~o~nulud~z~nuuo.j~11ulXuinuu#~u

izuiailaplTuoielw?~n'uJqniii4 1 ~ l i iun~ iun iu i .muo. j~1~~0~~17# ~ 1 . j A d 1so.jniiuniiAik4u d r z u i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i i 7 f ~ ~ a z u i.jnf.ji1u ia~7io1e~11aluYqnidi.j nd ~ ~ ~ ~ # i l ~ f l q ~ l ~ ~ . j 8 d i 4 d d 5 ~ ' f l i ' f l ~ f i 1 ~ 1 1 ~ . j ~ f liuniil~urto.jiliiu~i~4n31uariu15~

* 1 et ~ ~ 4 z l u $ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ si?~dl . j l 'h ~ ~ 1 5 1 ~ 1 ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ l Y I a ' 4 ' ~ ~ 5 1 ~ 1 1 8 d 1 . j 5 3 A l ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ n.H.

1970 ~ i i l # ~ n " ~ n i ? z ~ u d o 11az~~~~~~eniu1udrz~nunaiu~11.i.jn~m6~a.jn'u~~~ud

r9u8u 1 izuiaynlnilunaiudrz~nfl~z80.j~~~a ~ o . j w & i i ~ ~ f i d s : ~ ~ u ~ u o . j 6 ~

I' .4 (gross domestic product-GDP) 'I.jnulu~.jiluilJ?Uez8~.jQ6~arzuuni5~~QIIniu~u

d.rzmn ~~onau~uuluuium.rwa'~~~~~azni~Xi~zn$i.jdrzu Il1~iilanYap~u&& a 8ol .r:uuoirh~mzni.r1~u~znii.jd~z1wu~~~anrznudo~uo.j~.jnu~um~3un~z11arnir

8

du im:msArmii.jJrzlnn ~mzuluuiuuati~uia~~in~d~z~~~l~ua"iw'.j~u~~nu

a:7imuisnn~uquna7nol'i.j q indid7klrlifimu

A1#~1u1un1r~ltaa~nufi~44uu~n~ti~~lfiur~+m1~~Q~i~u l.hr ljulnauQ1

oiy, hirwdtiiiuiql. nirqlmqvniw, m.rhuciiif!u~Qnuiim, nisdrzriuilmu /

uazm~drzfiquniw

Miller a991, p. 390) defines politics as "a process whereby a group of people ,

whose opinions or interests are initially divergent, reach collective decisions which are

generally accepted as binding on the group, and enforced as common policy"

~ok~nqvo~iiamofo~~iinis~u"o~lu'li~~o~vo~lnsnulmnunu".jlmudiw"~7

w3o dolfl44on'~liiuuiqodiq nio nismnn.rla nio niruoa~uluuitoii~iaan'u

lfifibF~ui~~#m5fiainni~1~~a~~i(e'o~5~?~u5vo~~~mu~umiud~#na'ia1umood8u \

uial&a d 1 1 a d d d

liouyuuoy.iau19ugqmxIEu ~ m l w n l . i l ~ o ~ ~ ~ t ~ u ~ ~ w n a n L a u ~ ~ o i i # Aristotle

(384-322 BC) ndiai%i "uyu6duc?Plimr~io~Ffiu~44uri5o~~~&a" (man is by A

nature a political animal) gnl.i~fid884fl~n'u a d l

~1az~ha iun ' f i lmz~#~nq~a8 i~~~d4znouFf i~~44uwi%o~~~da 6~.11~unanaiaoin8fli

a~fi8u

odi~i4i;miu mqwallazmaiufioqni4woqmod~ugqmuEudLlmndiqn'od~~ 4 Y n.izuauni.im~ni~~io~Q~~~od~f.oGoodwi~~a"onwo~daod4au f.o.iowoanaqdldudaod4au

4 Y '4 (Public choice) n i d n ~ i n i ~ ~ ~ o d ~ ~ ~ i a z d ~ z ~ w f i o ~ m o ~ w " a i ~ w i ~ ~ o ~ u F u u i u a r i ~ i . r w z ~

2 d ~wsizu%uuiunimi~nrztdodar~wzrz~~u~~maiu#o~ni.rn~o~~uawi~~u~doddau~auvo~ d

drzmficu q ni.riimaiuldiloluuFuuiuari~i4wz (Public policy) wo~l~da~d.rzmfi~ d

n'oni.r~ni~Uiloi#?imulud.rz~wfiCod~vidmaiu~~~?;~ cr9oiimaiu8oio.mi.rou'iqY4 4d 4

d

nisifidulowiqni41ihq n?oumw~n~oin~:uuni.r~~o~Cuuioin#omna~uou

iu~auiiuvo~dau.iauwo~8~muli'u~do~n'fiudu~~&ad~al43J'~$1'un'umulu8~muEu#au

n i . r 6 i ~ i i u w i ~ n i r l ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ d o d d ~ ~ ~ d i o d i a l o d ~ ~ w o ~ o ~ ' o d ~ o ~jl.ium.rdvhlw"f~uiag

6iuiotfoz~~~u1fiw"imiun~wuiu uazaqlm{ii~iimiu~~f.ouiuEodi#

CnuiyuuiwuiIflBlu?ii~ 1~~.ri~uuassuuitm15uniwsauuo~3ir, " is .4 nrz i i uaz n~iui.aouo.ryuw +infimsliioclfiupIliiuuEu I I U ~ ~ A i:o~iPuuBssu

d 9 d B 1 4-9 rn.mirl3~~~nriiuilfl1~nis3~nsiznln~~un~naiu~~o n?iuf8nlmzpolniwuow?wa C a n dowq~nsruwimis~~~~~Tu~u~nn' i~uua81~ luud~squ.auar~n~uuo~w'nun~~u

A cX nwnisliioq a.ruuorjn'~n?iufn'n?iul6~'i1a1u~dwiqiszpIuEv~il~'td1d 53u&di?

qnnailazuluuiu ~laz~~~uo~iiur7namwuo~ds~.aivu~~z~dauiauo~lunszu~u

niswitnislh~ ~ l a z s z ~ u u o . r m s u o % ~ ? p ~ d o s z u u ~ ~ n a ' i a ~ i ~ n # o ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ s (~du uous'u

lu8nho~~dnnso.rdazl4diuia)

lunwknupoln'iwi~nis~~o~, ntu"au ~~arqdttuuuo~wqtnrsu 14% Qu-

, assunitmslu'oq gnciiunofilntjwa~u'odau nszu?unismtil.rnunis~goq dqOnwi%a

uiainwi?uoii~ q luii.rnu ibu nsouni?, h . r~uu , nimi, Bou?nau, mornssu 44.4 ~rnzaadz, iimu, 5 s . a ~ ~~~zmwu"uiuwumliluc lunwCpolu3m'ldittou~i nsouni?

a 4 91 w ~du~ob~nsouiinrzu?unis"uo~~~wu ~lu?iwmrzknlii?iilg'tdn~w~nfiinu~udu

naiuvcuiuiudartmn~uuotsruunis~do~'b~u~~fi~~~unmiuw'91~uiniswi~ A' nisido4 l8fiiudsruiw nn. 1945 ~ ~ o l ~ f i n i s n o i d ~ i s ' ~ i i ~ 7 uuuinniu~~H'ci~

A s A' I n i 7 wmRuuwuiuiudarkRs:uunislioqniuisn~'wu~~uwiqlnsy~~a im:knu

I~~udognmiulali chwquijnirlioqnudi$1"q go !lung l?luo$ (Max Weber) @-a

'18tfisruuir.mulfK4i

rruuynnaltugiu (Charismatic) sruunisldo~~~$uniar~~ini~nis

ldo~i(~i~nnalla:nis~nis~u"udoiota~nna ~mr~a:u?nis'bfiu~ld'iwi~wnis nfo d s luwicninui .iodi~lud&ial&;!lri 5Gdm~uynuo.rlinlms navilwqnuoqn~ntmr

~mro'uTfiGlCluqnuo~~nii'bu

~l~uuin'uuui.r~szn~bdunuiEu1#ili

1. lunjnuiiuu&~a~ d~zvinsd?uh~l~u&Idfino~lu3zuun13i

invm~imzu'ut8u8mdau#i~uin~o~~a"~~mc~dd4zviviSid~~~u (gross national

pmdu~t- GNP) ~u~~nuaI?U~~~d3%~inb~i~iu~ublinni~invm~idudaud8u ilazu'u

idu8~d~u~i.r~'ouuo~wa"mK~.n"d~~vi~1Sido~#u ~uanij01u?niid~~vin5M"i~iu

(Curtis, 1997, p.8)

Curtis, Michael. Introduction to Comparative Government. Fourth Edition. I

Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher Inc., 1997.

~eutsch , Karl W., Dominguez, Jorge I., Heclo, Hugh. Comparative Government :

Politics of Industrialized and Developing Nations. Houghton Mifflin

Company., 198 1.

Grosser, Alfred. Les pays d'Europe Occidentale. La documentation franqaise.

Paris., 1994.

Hague, Rod., Harrop, Martin., Breslin., Shaun. Comparative Government and

Politics: An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998.