Drilling Operations and the Impact of Site Investigation
Offshore Wind Energy Rotary BeLux30th November 2015 Royal
Waterloo Golf ClubDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind
Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015Dr. Chris
Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.Geotechnical & Engineering Geology
Consultant
Source: Univ. Mass. 1974
Source: WINDFLOAT Website
Sources from top left clockwise: Arup, BIFAB, NREL
Source: BELWIND Website
Atkins - Onshore Facilities and Terminals 31st May 2012
AR5 SYR SPM
IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report
LCOE Renewables Ranges and Averages [IRENA, 2015]Dr. C. R.
Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club
- 30th November 2015
LCOE Ranges [Bloomberg NEF, 2013]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
5000 BCSailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of
wind500-900 ADFirst windmills developed in Persia1300 ADFirst
horizontal-axiswindmills in Europe1850sDaniel Halladay andJohn
Burnham build Halladay Windmill;start US Wind Engine CompanyLate
1880sThomas O. Perryconducted 5,000wind experiments;starts Aermotor
Company1888Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricityin
Cleveland, OHEarly 1900sWindmills in CApumped saltwaterto evaporate
ponds
1941In VT, GrandpasKnob turbinesupplies power to town during
WWII1979First wind turbinerated over 1 MWbegan operating1985CA wind
capacityexceeded 1,000 MW1993US WindPower developed first
commercial variable-speed wind turbine2004Electricity from wind
generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh2013Wind power providedover
17% of renewableenergy used in USHistory of Wind Energy
5000 BC - The history of wind energy is certainly long,
beginning thousands of years ago. It is estimated that as early as
5000 B.C. sail boats were in use on the Nile as boatmen realized
the power of the wind.
500-900 AD - The first windmills were developed in Persia for
pumping water and grinding grain.
About 1300 - The first horizontal-axis windmills appeared in
Western Europe.
1850s - Daniel Halladay and John Burnham worked to build and
sell the Halladay Windmill, which was designed for the American
West. It had an open tower design and thin wooden blades. They also
started the U.S. Wind Engine Company.
Late 1880s - Thomas O. Perry conducted over 5,000 wind
experiments trying to build a better windmill. He invented the
mathematical windmill, which used gears to reduce the rotational
speed of the blades. This design had greater lifting power,
smoother pumping action, and could operate in lighter winds. Perry
started the Aermotor Company with LaVerne Noyes.
The development of steel blades made windmills more efficient.
Six million windmills sprang up across America as settlers moved
west. Homesteaders purchased windmills from catalogs, traveling
salesman, or they built their own. Mills were used to pump water,
shell corn, saw wood, and mill grain.
1888 - Charles F. Brush used the first large windmill to
generate electricity in Cleveland, Ohio. Windmills that produce
electricity started to be called "wind turbines." In later years,
General Electric acquired Brush's company, Brush Electric Co.
1893 - In Chicago, Illinois, the World's Columbian Exposition
(aka the Chicago World Fair) highlighted 15 windmill companies who
showcased their goods.
Early 1900s - Windmills in California pumped saltwater to
evaporate ponds to produce salt for consumption.
1941 - On a hilltop in Rutland, Vermont, "Grandpa's Knob" wind
turbine supplied power to the local community for several months
during World War II. It had 53-meter blades and was the
Smith-Putnam wind turbine.
1979 - The first wind turbine rated over 1 megawatt began
operating. The cost of electricity from wind generation was about
40 cents per kilowatt-hour.
1985 - Many wind turbines were installed in California in the
early 1980s to help meet growing electricity needs and take
advantage of government incentives. By 1985, California wind
capacity exceeded 1,000 megawatts, enough power to supply 250,000
homes. These wind turbines were inefficient compared to todays
turbines.
1993 - U.S. WindPower developed one of the first commercially
available variable-speed wind turbines, the 33M-VS. The final
prototype tests were completed in 1992.The $20 million project was
funded mostly by U.S. Windpower, but also involved Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI), Pacific Gas & Electric, and Niagara
Mohawk Power Company.
2004 - Electricity from wind generation cost 3 - 4.5 cents per
kilowatt-hour.
2011 - Wind power provided 12.8 percent of the renewable energy
consumed in the U.S. In the U.S., wind power produced enough
electricity on average to power the equivalent of over 10 million
homes. 5The NEED Project 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Offshore Wind Turbines Bigger & More Efficient: Too Big?Dr.
C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo
Golf Club - 30th November 2015
EWEA - European Offshore Wind Industry in 2014Dr. C. R.
Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club
- 30th November 2015
Belgian Offshore Wind ProjectsDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.
Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November
2015
7 No.Belgian Nuclear 5.75 GW Doel-TihangeWind Onshore Power @
Peak ~ 1.2 GWWind Offshore Power @ Peak ~ 0.6 GW
Maps: UK Round 3, French & German North Sea/Baltic Sites
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
US Wind Resources and PopulationDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.
Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November
2015
European Offshore Wind Costs [Carbon Trust, 2015]Dr. C. R.
Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club
- 30th November 2015
Offshore Wind Cost Trends Need for ReductionsCost increases
since 2005 due to commodity price rises (mainly steel) and marine
installation costsMonopile costs per kW flat-lining from 1991 to
2008Deeper waters, further out to sea:- heavier and longer
over-designed monopiles & jacket towers- more extensive and
expensive equipment and vessel spreads- higher downtime and weather
standby costsInsistence on known technology leading to lack of
innovation, conservatism, risk aversion on the part of developers
and lenders.Lack of experience in developer organisations; skills
shortage.
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Source: van der Zwaan et al, 2011Source: The Offshore Valuation,
2010
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Offshore Wind; Measurement, Monitoring, Mitigation (2: Bucket
Jacket Foundation)Presentation Oceanology International 2014
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Per Sparrevik
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket
Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
Building the European Offshore Transnational European GridMore
predictable energy output neededConnections to more than one
countryPower trading between countriesViable alternative to onshore
grid constructionConnection to other energy sourcesEconomical grid
utilisation via shared useGreater energy securityInterconnection
capacity means firmer powerSingle European electricity marketDr. C.
R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf
Club - 30th November 2015
Energy Geotechnics New Frontiers: Onshore Facilities and
Terminals Saddlers Hall London 31st May 2012
Offshore Wind in 2015 Denmark, UK & GermanyNorth Sea and
Baltic
Offshore Floating Wind Huge Potential Resource UK ExampleDr. C.
R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf
Club - 30th November 2015
Source: The Offshore Valuation, 2010.
Floating Wind Huge Potential Offshore Wind Resource
Majority of OW developments have been in the Southern North Sea,
a relatively flat shallow water continental shelf, mainly dense
sand, stiff glacial clayey soils & soft sediment filled
paleo-valleys. Not globally representative. Most coastal areas are
steep, rocky, with thin (< 5 to 10 m) soil cover. Piling is
costly for fixed or floating structures. Soils insufficient for
drag or suction caisson anchoring. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.
Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November
2015Source: Statoil Global Offshore Wind 2014
Comparison Oil Drilling Semi-Sub Vs Offshore Wind FloaterDr. C.
R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf
Club - 30th November 2015
The Future: Offshore Floating Wind LeadersHYWINDStatoil
[NO]statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovationPELASTARGlosten
[US]pelastar.comWINDFLOATPrinciple Power
[PO/US]www.principlepowerinc.com/products/windfloat.htmlIDEOLIDEOL
Partners [FR]ideol-offshore.com/enWINFLODCNS-Alstom
[FR]fr.dcnsgroup.com/produit/eoliennes-flottantes/INFLOWEDF-IFP-Nenuphar
[FR]inflow-fp7.eu/floating-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/GICONGICON-Fraunhofer
[DE]gicon-sof.de/en/sof1.html FUKUSHIMAMitsubishi-Hitachi
[JA]fukushima-forward.jp/english/DEEPCWIND30 diverse members [US]
composites.umaine.edu/our-research/offshore-wind/deepcwind-consortium/SANDIASandia
Labs
[US]energy.sandia.gov/energy/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo
Golf Club - 30th November 2015Source: Myhr et al, 2014.
Floating Wind Platforms Semi-Sub - Spar - TLP - Taut BuoyDr. C.
R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf
Club - 30th November 2015
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines [VAWT] Pros and
ConsADVANTAGESOmni-directional- accepts wind from any
directionComponents mounted at sea level- ease of service &
maintenance- lighter weight composite structuresCan theoretically
use less materials to capture the same amount of
windDISADVANTAGESRotors lower at reduced wind speedsCentrifugal
force over-stresses bladesPoor self-starting capabilitiesOften
requires support at turbine rotor topRotor needs removing for
bearings replacementTo date, poorer performance & reliability
than HAWTs
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Closing Thoughts Future of Offshore Wind EnergyAim: Most
Efficient Abstraction of Kinetic Energy From Moving Turbulent Air
[OFFSHORE WIND]How Would That Be Done in 2015 From A Standing
Start? Fixed Structure Top Heavy 3 Bladed Onshore HAWT on Fixed
Steel Towers?>> No. Too Expensive and Subsidy DependentWhat
Will The Global Mix Be Between Fixed Vs Floating?>> Deeper
Waters/Sloping Seabeds >> FLOATING VAWTWill There be a Real
Offshore Wind Gamechanger - or not? Yes there must be soon.>>
[$$$ ECONOMICS $$$]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
References & Links ReferencesDouglas-Westwood (2013), World
Offshore Wind Market Forecast 2013 -2022, 5th Edition.Golightly,
C.R. (2014), Tilting of Monopiles; Long, Heavy and Stiff; Pushed
Beyond Their Limits, Ground Engineering; 2014, vol 47, No. 1, pp
20-23.van der Zwaan, R., Rivera-Tinoco, R., Lensink, S. & van
den Oosterkamp, P., (2010) Evolving Economics of Offshore Wind
Power: Cost Reductions from Scaling and Learning , Amsterdam 2010,
p. 9.The Offshore Evaluation Group (2010), The Offshore Valuation
Report; A Valuation of the UKs Offshore Renewable Energy Resource,
Public Interest Research Centre, p. 108.Maine International
Consulting (2013), Floating Offshore Wind Foundations; Industry
Consortia and Projects in the United States, Europe and Japan; An
Overview, May 2013, p. 45Roland Berger (2013), Offshore Wind Toward
2020; On The Pathway to Cost Competitiveness, April 2013, p.
25.Nature (2010), Supergrid, VOL 468, 2nd December 2010. p. 624
625.LinksEWEA Offshore Statistics 2013
ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA_OffshoreStats_July2013.pdfEC
Marine Knowledge 2020
Databaseec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/marine_knowledge_2020Global
Wind Energy Council Country & Global
Reportswww.gwec.net/publications/country-reportsIRENA Costs
Database; irena.org/costsUK Govt. Offshore Wind Industrial
Strategyhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploadsUSA
Offshore Wind Database: offshorewind.net4C Offshore Wind Database:
4coffshore.comUPWIND EWEA Project Final Report: upwind.euDr. C. R.
Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club
- 30th November 2015
Contact DetailsDr. C.R. Golightly, BSc, MSc, PhD, MICE,
FGS.Geotechnical and Engineering Geology ConsultantRue Marc Brison
10G, 1300 Limal, BelgiumTel. +32 10 41 95 25Mobile: +44 755
4612888Email: [email protected]:
chrisgolightly;Linked In: www.linkedin.com/pub/5/4b5/469
You Pay for a Site Investigation - Whether You do One or Not
Cole et al, 1991.
Ignore The Geology at Your Peril Prof. John Burland, Imperial
College.Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal
Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015