Rwanda

Rwanda

Lawrence Ahn

A.P. Music Theory

About 10,000 Square Miles

10,746,311

Hutu (84%)

Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%)

Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%) Twa (1%)

Roman Catholic (56.5%)

Protestant (26%)

Seventh-Day Adventist (11.1%)

Muslim (4.6%)

None (1.7%)

Tribal Religions

(0.1%)

“All these sites are very remarkable when you consider the trauma this country endured 16 years ago during the conflict that took place here.”

– http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat=11

History of Rwanda

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History of Rwanda

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The Tutsis move into Rwanda and start to establish states.

Later dominate the region.

Region was already inhabited by Twa and later dominated by the Hutus (1000 C.E.).

Eth

iopi

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History of Rwanda

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Single Tutsi state ruling almost all of Rwanda.

Headed by king called mwami, who controls Tutsi vassals who rule different regions.

Hutus still make up majority.

History of Rwanda

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1894 Count von Götzen from Germany enters Rwanda.

d

Visits mwami Rwabugiri, but mwami dies 1895.

Political turmoil follows (conflict over succession), and Germans move in from Tanzania 1897.

Rwanda and Burundi colonized into Ruanda-Urundi.

Becomes part of German East Africa

History of Rwanda

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German influence minimal in colony and WWI begins 1914.

Germany invades Belgium.

Belgium retaliates by attacking and taking Ruanda-Urundi in 1916.

Becomes part of Belgian League of Nations as the mandate Ruanda-Urundi. Christian missionary work slowly begins.

History of Rwanda

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1926 – Belgium distributes identity cards to separate Hutus and Tutsis.

Caused racism and a notion that Tutsis were better than Hutus.

≥10 Cows = Tutsi<10 Cows = Hutu

Conflict grows; Hutu Manifesto published 1957.

1959 – the mwami Rudahigwa dies.

1961 – Grégoire Kayibanda wins election.

Party for Hutu Emancipation

1962 – Rwanda declares its independence.

History of Rwanda

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Party for Hutu Emancipation

Hutus would naturally dislike this surrender.

1973 – Kayibanda removed and replaced with Habyarimana.

1986 – Declares that Rwandan refugees fleeing the country can’t return.

1987 – Rwandan exiles form RPF – Rwandan Patriotic Front.

Habyarimana signs peace treaty with RPF 1993.

Intense period of genocide of Tutsis around 1994. RPF now committed to equality and calms the violence by 1999.

Rwandan Environment

• War has damaged environment.

• Overused/infertile soil has made agriculture difficult.

• Soil erosion and overgrazing.

• Deforestation from constant cutting of wood for fuel.

Flora: Mostly savanna grassland.

Fauna: Elephant, Gorilla, Antelope, Crocodile, Lion, Hippos, Cow, Monkey.

Instruments andCulture

• Rwandan Ballet unique to Rwanda.

• “Ballet” – Belgium.• Traditional music mainly

vocal, but instruments often used. Oral tradition.

• Igitaramo – family gathers to dance, sing, and discuss accomplishments of day.

• 5/8 rhythm ( ) unique to Rwanda.

• Dance/music for celebrate.

Ingoma drums made with wood and cow hide.

Inanga – wood, 8 strings from cow hide.

Aerophones (aero = air, phone = sound): Trumpets made of antelope horns, bamboo flutes.

Iron ikembe – Belgians introduced metals; hollow.

Instruments andCulture

• Rwandan Ballet has 3 parts.1. Ballet

2. Intore (Dance of Heroes)

3. Ingoma (Drums) Rwandan Intore Dancers

“Intore” means elite.

Battle cries, celebration of victory.

Instruments andCulture

Professional drum makers use trees and animal hide (cow skin). 1 tree can provide 4-5 drums. Membrane heated to tune.

5/8 Time

1 2 3 4 5

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eow2kewqYK8

(0:30)

Intore

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osyPPI9MdKo&feature=related

Jean Paul Samputu (Pronounced “John”)

Born 1962, songwriter from Rwanda.

Survivor of genocide, working towards peace for his country.

Lost parents and siblings from the genocide.

Became an alcoholic, used drugs.“It was in 2002 when I decided to

forgive – to free myself…the power of forgiveness helped me to overcome the anger and the bitterness…”

-Jean Paul Samputu

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24cZLZEGaoc)

Can sing in 6 languages!

According to Wikipedia: Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Lingala, Luganda, French, English.

Album: Testimony from Rwanda

Singizwa (Praise Be To God) – Christian influence. Try to hear the 5/8 beat.

Ngarambe – Drum beat.

http://www.amazon.com/Testimony-Rwanda-Samputu/dp/B0002VGR0E

(Tambourine)

Western Composer: George Western Composer: George WinstonWinston

Considered New Age Considered New Age Artist.Artist.

New Age Music – New Age Music – gentle, gentle, melodic music originating melodic music originating in U.S. in 1980sin U.S. in 1980s; ; combination of jazz, combination of jazz, folk, and classical music folk, and classical music (Winston doesn’t like (Winston doesn’t like being tagged by this being tagged by this genre; some claim it’s genre; some claim it’s not exactly New Age).not exactly New Age).

New Age – 1980s Western New Age – 1980s Western spiritual movement spiritual movement without adherence to a without adherence to a single, specific single, specific religious doctrine. religious doctrine.

““Relaxing” music. Relaxing” music.

Western Composer: George Western Composer: George WinstonWinston

BackgroundBackground Born 1949. Grew up mainly Born 1949. Grew up mainly

in Montana. Inspired by in Montana. Inspired by R&B, blues, jazz, and rock, R&B, blues, jazz, and rock, began playing organ 1967. began playing organ 1967. Later moved to MI/FL.Later moved to MI/FL.

Switched to acoustic Switched to acoustic pianopiano 1971 after hearing stride 1971 after hearing stride pianists Thomas Waller and pianists Thomas Waller and Teddy Wilson. Developed his Teddy Wilson. Developed his own style at the same time. own style at the same time.

First album 1972 – Ballads First album 1972 – Ballads and Blues.and Blues.

Montana has a variety of Montana has a variety of wildlife (elk, deer, bear, wildlife (elk, deer, bear, moose, waterfowl). Left moose, waterfowl). Left half of Montana is half of Montana is mountainous. mountainous.

Winter Into SpringWinter Into Spring RainRain

(Winston does not limit (Winston does not limit himself to seasons)himself to seasons)

Other Albums:Other Albums: Montana: A Love StoryMontana: A Love Story Gulf Coast Blues & Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions – A Impressions – A Hurricane Relief BenefitHurricane Relief Benefit

Love Will Come – The Love Will Come – The Music of Vince Guaraldi, Music of Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2Volume 2

Left hand repetition.

He will talk about Montana.

6/8 Time.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFM3vMHh9XE

Constant left hand repetition Constant left hand repetition and dynamics (crescendo, and dynamics (crescendo, diminuendo) reflect varying diminuendo) reflect varying intensities of rain.intensities of rain.Single instrument piano – Single instrument piano – produce melody instead of beat.produce melody instead of beat.66//88 time. time.Purpose of music is relaxation Purpose of music is relaxation or entertainment for audience.or entertainment for audience.

Unique 5/8 time signature necessary for dance.

Drums maintain clear beat, inanga and aerophones add a melody.

Historical Impact – Peace after genocide, Christian influence.

Differences

SimilaritiesEnvironmental and Cultural Impact: Cows and savanna grasslands required to form instruments (Samputu). Montana rain influences deep, resonant notes (Winston).

There is no strict beat (Common Time/Alla Breve) because complex time signatures are necessary to produce a feeling of continuity/flow.

Strong bass sound: Lower keys in Rain, drums in Ngarambe.

Citations/Bibliography

http://www.indexmundi.com/rwanda/demographics_profile.html http://www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id=2 http://maps.aridocean.com/maps_of_maryland_en.php http://www.johomaps.com/af/africablank.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/E_MxmxQERO

uumEh9XbYBDQ http://www.webflags.com/flags/r/rwanda.htm http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-LOCATIO

N-SIZE-AND-EXTENT.html http://www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id=2 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm http://peachesaresweet.wikispaces.com/ http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zbEnmGRUIX4UuvG6vr0

BBg

Citations Cont.

http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/press_corner/kenya-rwanda-visit.html

http://www.adventisti.lv/en/about-adventist-logo_en.php http://www.illinoisfamily.org/informed/default.asp?s=754 http://www.maps.com/map.aspx?pid=12324 http://www.in-terre-actif.com/english/fichier/Rwanda_FactSheet.

pdf http://allafrica.com/stories/200909280661.html Cultures of the World: Rwanda http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers/ http://www.sendacow.org.uk/rwanda http://www.rwandahotelguide.com/wp-content/uploads/

2010/04/rwanda7216.jpg

Citations Cont.

http://guitarteacher.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/using-unusual-time-signitures/

http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat=11 http://www.authenticword.org/IssueNo5.html http://www.mapsofworld.com/rwanda/people-culture-festivals/intore-da

ncers.html http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad

24 http://www.kenbrown.info/stokes/wwi_map.htm http://www.midlifegamer.net/2010/03/playing-away-germany/german_fl

ag/ http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_nSAd9u9WA5I/TCxEZqlLTLI/AAAAA

AAAAcc/7_lKmlrkNiQ/s1600/Akagera+031.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qEnQFL9KeAY/S8orqgLjE8I/

AAAAAAAAGAA/j-qwm0R1qVw/s1600/Habyarimana.jpg

Citations Cont.

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html Clipart http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?histo

ryid=ad24 http://www.customdigitalmaps.com/custom-maps/free-maps/afri

ca-map.gif http://img.freebase.com/api/trans/image_thumb/en/gustav_adol

f_von_gotzen?pad=1&maxheight=110&mode=fillcropmid&maxwidth=110

http://www.olny.nl/RWANDA/Archives/rwabugiri.jpg http://hutuandtutsis.wordpress.com/what-is-the-main

-problem-of-our-research/ http://nangamadumbu.tripod.com/ukozivuze/

Kayibanda_Gregoire.jpg

Citations Cont.

http://www.newtimes.co.rw/photos/14138-FRONT-PLANE.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2690/4285463922_e7119e8c05.jpg http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-FLORA-A

ND-FAUNA.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-ENVIRON

MENT.html http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers/Traditiona

l/traditional.html http://www.asza.com/iinanga.shtml http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/3/33/Rwanda_ba

mboo_flute.jpg/200px-Rwanda_bamboo_flute.jpg http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/burundi/ingo

ma.html http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/pic/rwanda/

ingoma.jpg

Citations Cont.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/New+Age+music http://www.newagemusic.nu/george-winston-still-soloing/ http://www.georgewinston.com/us/biography http://www.reedsburg.com/diane/winston.htm http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859751.html http://happyinmontana.com/MAPS/

Montana_Map_Physical_Geography.jpg http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-

03/1206742220_gw_autumn.jpg http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-

03/1206742220_gw_summer.jpg http://img3.nnm.ru/2/8/8/d/6/288d6ce0b0dc46b99f0ec66adb78ff1d.jpg http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-

03/1206742220_gw_plains.jpg http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-

03/1206742220_gw_winter2spring.jpg