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Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A.

(1)orIpa4fH Ha o6noxKe: JIyu Kap6oHbe

ISBN: 0-8213-4005-0 (HrAaHHe Ha PYCCKOM s3uKe)

ISSN: 0253-2123

PeKBNnUn H3JaHH no KcaTanory BH6JIOTCKH KoHrpecca CIIA:

RusiaW forest policy during transition.p. cm. - (A World Bank country study)

Includes bibliographical references. (p.).ISBN 0-8213-3896-X1. Forest policy-Russia (Federation)-20th century.2. Forest management-Russia (Federation)-20th century.3. Forest products industry-Russia (Federation)-20th century.

1. World Bank. 11. Series.SD629.R87 1997333.75'0947-dc21 97-1111

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xii

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xiii

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111 KBaprTA 1028 1169IV KBapTani 1206 1247

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I KBapTaA 1591 175311 KBapran 1877 1989III KBapTan 2166 2633IV KBapTan 3191 3550

1995

I KBapTaJi 4311 4899I KBapTan 4931 4539

I KBaPTan 4467 4499IV KBapTaJJ 4554 4640

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2

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4

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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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25

Ta6nimia 1: KJiIoCeBbie peKoMeH,aInHH no pe(DOpMHpOBaHHIO

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26

Ta6AHnta 1: KAioqeBhbe peKOMeHAraLHH no ped)OpMHpoBaHHIOinecHoro ceicopa POCCHH (npolAonxKeHHe)

A. HHMpaI ICHOro cexMpa B .VpoL(ecc C,9KOHOMVecKpC4lOpM (HpOqaffrCHHe)

M7poema CoBpeMeHHoe cocToueM f7pcawue amu )7p=&weuc cTpaTewa_____________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ilp_o5 p& w_ __

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* BBOQHTb CXeMbI KpeAHTOBaHHs Hpa3BHTHA TpaAlHUHOHHbIX BHUOBfljeJTeAbHOCTH H peMeceA Ha MeCTHOMYPOBHe

27

Ta6muna 1: KJloeBsbie peKoMeHAa1WHH no ped)opmHpoBaHHIOiiecHoro ceKTopa POCCHH (npoJAoiIKeHHe)

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cocrosHme npeo6pa3oafH __

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28

Ta6nIHia 1: KmIoqCBEue peKoMeHA,agHH no pedXopmmpoBaHHIOnecHoro ceKTopa POCCHH (npoAonixeHme)

B. Hepexoa KpaL4HOHGJHOMy YI77p9eHNO ffecaM (n'po,9a9XeHNe)

npo6neMa CoBpeMeHHoe cocTomnHe l7p4v=awuc,e maw 7pewaiVI e c7pnowwm

3KocHcTeMHoe 3aroToBKa apeBeCHHbl H Bepe,KHoe Hcnojib3oBaHHe * nlepecMoTpeTb HOPMbl H Tpe6oBaHHRynpaBneHHe, 3KoJIorFHecKoe niecHblx 3eMenlb, oco6eHHO no ynpaeiieHHio JiecaMH, oCHoBaHHblxHanpaBjieHHoe Ha Bo3ae HCTBH eapyrHx 3KCnJyaTaUIHOHHbIX Ha KOHueCn UHSX 3KOCHCTeM HOrOCOXpaHeHHe scex orpaciier CHAbHO njioiLuaAei, o6ecneMHBaKoiuee ynpaBJIeHHR MHoroueiieBoronojie3HbIx CBOACTB pa3pywlaloT nieca H BblCOKHt1 YPOBeHb 3auHTbi nonib3oBaHHR, H o6ecnefiHTb HXnieca r1penlTCTBYIOT HX 3KojTorH'eCKHX ueHHocTert; co6JloaeHHe

YAOBJIeTBOPHTCAbHOMY 3KojiorHqecKH, * BBeAeHHe CHcTeMbI peryJupoBaHHSI HBOCnPOH3BOjCTBY 3KwHOMmmeCKH H COUHaBJbHO CTHMYJIHPOBaHH 3IA1AR KOHTPOA1,

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BocnipOH3BoAcTBo EBonbIHue riIoJua1 u BoccTaHoBHTb * OnpeneAnHTb o'epenHocTbAecoB Bbipy6OK H raperi ocTaioTcC npOJYKTHBHOCTb BOCCTaHoBAeHHR jIerpauHPOBaHHbIX

6e3 aocTaTOl'HOrO CyIIeCTBYIOWIHX nAowuaieti Ha oCHoBaHHH OILeHKHBOCnpOH3BOjaCTBa; AerpazHPOBaHHbIX AeCHbIX 3KoJorHqecKHx noCAeACTBHu Hcnoco6bI leco3ar0'ToBKH He 3eMeJb jns BbinoAHeHHA 6yaymuero 3KOHoMH9ecKoro norTeHUHanaCOOTBeTCTBYIOT WIHPOKOMY 3KOHOMH9eCKHX H * BbiueAiTb rOcyUapcTBeHHbie CpeaCTBamcnoAb3OBaHHIO 3KoAorH,ecKHx 3aAaq; Ha BoccTaHoBneHHe cytuecTByiowuHxBo3M0oKHoCTeri cnoco6bl Aeco3aroToBKH aerpauHPoBaHHbIX 3eMeAb BeCTeCTBeHHOrO rlpHBCCTH B COOTBeTCTBHe C COOTBeTCTBHH C BbI6paHHbIMHBo3o6HoBAeHxA HOPMaTHBHbIMH MeTOfaMH rpHopHTeTaMH

BOCnPOH3BOACTBa neca * OrpaHHqlTb H perAaMeHTHpo0aTbpa3Mep cnAoLuHbIx py6 oK HKoHTpOJIHpoBaTb pa6oTbi no BoCflpoH3-BOACTBY PeCYPCOB AAA npelaOrBpaUzeHHHAaAbHerIweA jierpaAauHHrlepecMoTpeTE OCHOBbI BOCnpOH3BOACT-Ba AeCoB H PaUHoHaJibHoro yrIpaBAeHHHMH, BKJIOqHB B HHX KOHuenuHU3KOCHCTeMHOrO ynpaBneHHH

OxpaHa H 3aLUHTa EceroAHo oKojio 1,6 MJIH. loBblueieHe * Pa3pa6a1raTb KoMnAeKcHble c1paTerHHaeca ra necoB noBpeXaaeTcs 3WDCKTHBHOCTH H KaqecTBa MOHHTOPHHra COCTOSHHS1 AecoB H ynp-R

noxKapaMH, HaCeKombIMH H OXpaHbi H 3aULHTbl Aeca 3a a PacwuHpsrTb MexAyHaPOaHoe COTpyJHH-60AC3HSIMH CW1T HCdnOJb3oBaHHs 'eCTBO B o6nacTH nepeja'H TeXHojiorHfl

Heo6XOlHHMbiX TexHonorHi, * YBeAHHmTb nnoWutb Ieco3aLuTHbIXMeTo,aoAorHH H MepOnpWHTHA cornacHo yro'HeHHbIM4)HHaHCHpoBaHHR 3KOHOMHqeCKHM, COUHaJbHbIM H

I 3KoAorHqecKMM KPHTePHRM

29

Ta6AHma 1: KJloqeBbie peKoMeHAaIHH rio pecfopMHPOBaHHIOniecHoro ceKTopa PoccHH (npoAonAXeHHe)

B. PaL(HoHaffM3aIatw rocyaaPCTBCHHA" KaIITAnH&X H 7rKYWDX 3aTpaT

Flpo6neMa CoBpeMeHaoe f7p=&anemwe udu' f7pe.afawMme cTpamnmCOCTOSHUe _ 7JpeO6pA3BORAIl

lAIaHHpoBaHHe, CAa6biR noTreHuLiaA 2u 06ecneIHTb YCAOBHq Ann * AeueHTpaAH3oBaTb cmcTeMyopHeHTHPOBaHHOe Ha Aonrocpo'Horo oueHKH nocAeJCTBHu nAaHHPOBaHHA H BOBjie'b B npoUeccycTogHtBocTb pecypca cTpaTerHmecKoro H3MeHeHHA B nOAHTHKe H KOMnJieKCHoro nAaHHPOBaHHA pecypcoB

nIaHHPOBaHBhH B pacnpOCTpaH51Tb ee Bce 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbie CTOpOHbl,KoHTeKCTe PbIHOMHOH Pe3YAbTaTbl CpeAH Bcex BKA10oaq KOPeHHOe HaceAeHHe3KOHOMHKH; B 3aHHTePeCOBaHHbIX6IoaKeTHoM npouecce opraHii3auHA H nHU,HeT npaBHAbHOrO oTBeTCTBeHHbIX 3apa3rpaHHqeHHH MexKy pa3pa6oTKY H npOBeaeHHeKanBTaAbHbIMH AeCHOI4 nOAHTHKH;3aTpaTaMH H TeKylaHMH o6ecneqHTbpacxo,aaMH, 'TO BeaeT K 3KOHOMH'eCKHXpOHH4eCKOMy nepeKocy paUHOHanJbHbie YPOBHH HB pa3MeCueHHH pecypca cxeMbi oTpacAeBoroB noJb3y npeInpHHTMA, peHHBeCTHpoBaHH5I HHe CnOCo6CTByIOWHUX nOTOKOB pecypCOBYCTOUIMHBOCTH ceKcopa

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HayKa H TeXHHKa BiooKeTHbie jAmi npaBHAbHOrO * PaumoHan3UHpomaTb BbiAeAeHHeorpaHH4eHHR COKPpaTHAH ynpaBAeHJHH AeCHbIMH CpeaCTB Ha HccfeloBaHHS B

KanHTajnoBAolKeHHR B pecypcaMui Heo6xoIIHMo COOTBeTCTBHH C LteASMm ynpaBAeHHs

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TeXHonorHri H MeTOIOBpecypconojb3WBaHHS

30

Ta6nirna 1: KioqeBbie peKoMeHarIXHH 1 no peC)opmHpoBaHHIOJeCHorFo ceicropa PoccHH (ipoAroicKeHHe)

F Pom MmexVHapoAHorv cood6ema

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HeHCTOLAHTeJIbHOCTH K ynpaBemHmio inecoynpaBMeHHa AAR pa3pa6oTKHynpaaneHuIo AecaMH He r'OCyBapCTBCHHbIMH HaLIHOHaibHOAi H perHoHanbHOro6ecneMHsaecTcI a8eKBaTHOA pecypcaMH B JieCHori nojiHTHKH, MeToaOB HTexHH'ecKOA HJnu @HHaHCOBOfl COOTBeTCTBHH C HHAHKaTOpOB 3"4eKTHBHOCTHn OMOWbKO AelKayHaPoaHbhIMU * OnpeJeJnHTb KOHKpeTHbie HanpasneCHHR

AOrOBOpeHHOCTSIMH no nOIHTHKN, HHBeCTHpOBaHUH HoxpaHe CpeJbI Xo3RACTBeHHOA aenTeJbHOcTH,

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TeXHHLieCKaBJ MexAyHapoAHal TeXHHqecKaC CocpeAoToqeHHe * BMecTe C npeAcTaBHTejiMHnOMOlub nOmOILub OXUaTuhacT WHPOKHfl MeCKAyHaPOJHO 3aHHTepeCOBaHHb[X CTOpOH, [OHOpaMH

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paccmaTpHBaeTCA B KOHTeKCTe 3THX KpynHbIX HepeweHHblX npo6neM; npejRJaraeTCsueLiOCTHa5 OCHOBa afiuA pa3pa6OTKH CTpaTerwqecKoro noaxoaa, 3aKOHo:aTeJIbHbIX H

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B aaHHOM aoKmaae riaBHbIM o6pa3oM o6cyxcaaeTcs noJo)KeHHe eJien B CH6HpH H

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* eCHOMY ceIKTOpy B ueJIoM. B aaJnbHeUIweM Heo6xoIHMo npOBeCTH 6onee aeTajibHbieHccJie,aOBaHHAI nO BceMy ceKTopy H no ero oTaeJlbHbIM OTpaCJIAM KaK IAns A3HaTCKOA, TaK H

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32

jiecHoro ceKTOpa CTpaHbI, (r) aoKAaabl Ha KOHKpeTHbIe TeMbi, noarOTOBReHHbie 4iJeHaMH

pa6o0ek rpynnbl, B KOTOPYIO BXOatHJIH4 nHTHaaLuaTb pOCCUiUCKHX cneHuaTiHCTOB no niecy H

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OcHoBHoe BHHMaHHe B HeM cocpCeoToOeHO Ha p5ijae Kj1O4eBbIX npo6fieM, KOTOpbIe

npeHrITCTBY1OT 3KojiorHMecKH, COIIHaBJbHO H 3KOHOMH4eCKH yCTOrYUHBOMy pa3BHTHJO JieCHoro

CeKTOpa H peKOMeHaaLuHRx no COIeIiCTBHIO yCTOW-IHBOMy pa3BHTHIO CeKTOpa B nepeXOAHblH

repHoa.

ao 1989 roaa POCCHa 3aHHMaIa BTOpoe MeCTo no npOH3BOILCTBY

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apeBecl4Hbl B o6beMe CBblweC 300 MHJIAHOHOB Ky6oMeTpOB B roA COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO 6o0iee qeM

2% BaJIOBOrO BHyTpeHHerO HpOayKTa (BBn) POCCHH H o6ecne'qHBaYio 3aHATOCTb

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JieconpOTaYKUHH CHH3HJHCb riMpHepHO aO OAHOR TpeTH OT npC)KHerO ypOBHq. 06'bembi3arOTOBKH apeBecHHbl COKpaTHJnMCb C YPOBHq 375 MJIH. Ky6oMeTpoB (cpeaHeroaoBaq

oLieHKa) B 1989-1991 roaax ao 115 MJIH. Ky6oMeTpOB B 1995 rogy, a corniacHo nporHO3aM Ha

1996 r. o6beMbi npOH3BOaCTBa TaKoro nieca aOJI)KHbl COCTaBHTb 110 MJIH. Ky6oMeTpoB (PHC.

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paHoHax C HH3KHM nOTeHLiUHajioM pOCTa H XpynKHMH YCJIOBHA1MH npHPOAHOA cpeabi,

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3KOHOMH4eCKH aOCTynHbIX peCypCOB.

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(caMble 3Ha4HTejibHbie 3anacbi B MHpe), 15% niiaHeTapHorO Ha3eMHoro yriiepoaHoro nyjia H

75% nOTeHLLHania norjioLueHHSI yriiepoaa BCeMm 6opeaJlbHbIMH YIecaMH MHpa. PoccHiCKHe

nieca HMeIOT OrpOMHOe MHpOBOe 3HaqeHHe TaK)Ke B nnIaHe HX 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HA H

cnoco6HOCTH norAoLLaTb H CB5I3blBaTb yriepoa, oco6eHHO 3TO OTHOCHTCq K 3KOCHCTeMaM

o61HpHblX aeBCTBeHHbIX JIeCOB CH6HpU H IaalabHero BOCTOKa (CnpaBKa 1.1.). BEBponeicKofl 4aCTH PoCCuH B pe3yfJbTaTe 300-ieTHerl HHTeHCHBHOH neco3KCnjiyaTaL4iH

cBbiwe 60% necoB HCnbITaJiH Bo3LIeHCTBHCe npoMbiwiJeHHbIX py6oK H yTpaTHJIH

3Ha,HTeCjbHYIO 'iaCTb CBoero 64opa3Hoo6pa345.

OaHaKO K BOCTOKY OT YpaYIbCKHX rop 6onbWuHe njiomaaiu ,aeBCTBeHHbIX nIeCOB

OCTaKOTCA npaKTHm'eCKH HeTpOHyTbIMH. 3TU o6WHpHbie 3KOCHCTeMbi nPpeaOCTaBJIqlOT OaHy H3

nOCJICeHHX BO3MO)KHOCTeH coxpaHCHH4 yHHKajibHbIX BH,OB, KOTOpbie nO CBOeMy ypOBHIO

pa3Hoo6pa3HA H 3HaeMH3Ma, rpeBOCXO,DIT aHajToruHqHbie BRAbl, cyweCTBYIOIuHe B ApyrHX

.necax yMepeHHOA 3OHbl. Jleca Cu6upu H aaAbHero BocToKa TaKwKe ABJSl OTCS KpynHbIM

PHC. 1.1: 061eMbI JiCcO3aFOTOBOK B POCCHH, 1980-96

400

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350 328

304

300 269

250 238

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150 IIi li119 115

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HcTmomrncu: rocy)apc1ueEHMi KomETeT PO no TamcTmxe u ODeAepaau.aam caiyu6a JecnEoro xo3IcTuS, 1996 r.

34

HaKonHTeJieM yrAepoaa, 'TO O4eHb BaXHO amS rjlo6aflbHoro 6anaHca napHHKOBbIx ra3OB.

CnpaBiKa l.1: rAo6anbHoe 3HameHHe JIecoB POCCuH

06WHpHble, npaKTHqeCKH HenOBpe)KaeHHbIe 3KOCUCTeMbi PoccUHi npegLocTaBJlIoT co6o0 OaHy U13nocJlelHHx Bo3Mo)KHocTeA coxpaHeHmq npipOQHb1X naHIwiad)TOB B MacIwTa6ax, llO3BOJIHK)OUtX c6epeqb y'aCTKHHaCTO5Iuei AeBCTBeHHoH flPHPOAbl U aaTb 3KOJormt4eCKHM npoueccam U nonyJiquHqM HKHX )KHCBOTHblXpa3BHBaTbCM CCTeCTBeHHbiM nyTeM. YHHKanibHbie KOMnfeKCb] BKQOB Ha 5OJIbUOM KaBKa3e H ,aanbHeM BocToKePOccHH no CBoeMy YPOBHIO pa3Hoo6pa31H H 3H1eMH3Ma npeBOCXOa.9T aHanjorHqHble KOMnAeKCbl B iiecaxyMepeHHo4 30Hbi .mo6oro apyroro perUHoa MHpa. POCCHACKHe iieca RBJI$lOTCq TaKoce npfMepoM pa3Hoo6pa31HJqeJoBe'ecKHx KyJ]bTyp, B qaCTHOCTH KyAbTyp KOpeHHbIX )KHTeAeJi Cu6upui U4 )IaAbHero BocToKa (noapo6HocTHCM. B npiAoiceHHH )K).

AMypcKO-CaxanuHcKHu 614operHoH )RaJbHero BocToKa HMeeT oco6oe 3HaqeHHe B CBH3Ui C TeM, oT06o0JbwaA ero qaCTb M36e)Kana KOHTHHeHTaJIbHoro oAeaeHeHHA. 103TOMy 31T4 TreppHTOptuH CTanJ KIMmaTHqeCKHMnpm6e)KHiueM aAn MHorHX BHUOB H nonyJuqUH1, qeM H o6'bscHqeTcH BbICOKUU ypoBeHb 3HaeMH3Ma pacTeH14iU 6ecno3BoHoqHblx (Kiever et al., 1994; Charkiewicz, 1993). noao6&bie nieca HeKoraa noKpblBaIul TeppHTOpHiOKHTaSl, KopeH H 5mnOHH1, HO TaM OHH yxKe B OCHOBHOM yHHqTO)KeHbl. YHHKajibHaH 6Horeorpa(bmqecKa3iHCTopH4$ perHOHa o6%siCHaeT HaniHYHe 3JIeCb Heo6bi4HbIX CoqeTaHHI BH)OB pacTeHHA H )KUXBOTHbIX.YCCYPUICKHUi THrp, aMypCKHr1 neonapA, Ka6apra H rHManaJCKHti Me4BeAb aenJHT 3Xaecb cpeay o6HTaH1H4 c 6ypbiMMeABe,aeM, CeBepHb1M oneHeM H AOCOCeM.

HeTpoHyrble OCTpOBa 6opeanbHbIx iiecoB u apyrHe neca npHTHHapOBOA 3OHbl ToXCe npeaCTaBMIjOT6olbuWyIo ueHHHOCTb WAnH MOHHTopHHra Bo3,aeACTBHt rnIo6albHoro H3MeHeHHA Ki1HMaTa, nOCKOAbKy HXpenpOAyKT14BHoe COCTOAHHe AoJDKHO 6bITb 14HAUKaTopoM nuo6oro ycTouqHBoro nOBbUiweH1H TemnepaTypbl HaBbICOKHX ulipoTax (Nichols, 1993). OrpoMHbue JiecHbie npocTopb1 PoccHu TaKxKe BbInOj1HHOT pOjlb KpynHOrO

HaKOnHTeJs1 yrJlepoaa, KOTOpblUI npeaLcTaBJlSeT OdHy ceRbMylo Bcero Ha3eMHoro yrnepoAHoro nynia 3eM.nH(Koichugina and Vinson, 1993). npH npaB1nIbHoM noaxoae K peryJinpoBaHHlo npoayKTHBHoCTH HacawAeHHA,oxpaHe ijeCOB OT noxcapoB H Bbi6opy cnoco6o0 U CHcTeM Aeco3aroToBKH 3TH Aeca no-npe)KHeMy 6yAyTcnoco6cTBoBaTb MHH1MH3auti1 BbjaejieHHA napHHKOBbIX ra3oB. Ho 6e3 HaaAewKawtux Mep no coxpaHeHHno 3TUXnieCOB H ynpaBjleHH4O HMH, nOBblweHHaS HHTeHCHBHOCTb neconoJIb3oBaHHs H no)Kapbl MOryT o6oCTpUTb

npo6neMbl, CB93aHHb]C c rno6ahlbHbIM HaKonnieHHeM aTMoCd)epHoro yrAepoaa, Bbl3bIBasl BbIcBo6o)KueHHecyLueCTBYO01UHX 3anacoB (Krankina and Harmon, 1994; Krankina and Dixon, 1994; FIRESCAN, 1994).

Jleca PoccHui UMmeOT TaKwCe BaEKHOe 3HaBeHHe AnH MHpOBOIU 3KOHOMUKU ilecHoro ceKTopa. HecMoTpBHa naaeHHe YPOBHH npOH3BOaCTBa c 1980-x roaoB, orpoMHble nnoHuaaa pOCCHUiCKHX neCHblX pecypcoB npti

npaBHJIbHoM ynpaBJIeHHH AOJDKHbI nO3BOJlHTb oTpacJImM JieCHOH npoMbluwJeHHOCTu BHOCUTb 3Ha'4tTeJIbHbl1BKJIa. B pa3B1THe perHoHaJlbHo14 H HauJOHaAbHOPI 3KOHOMUKUK. 9,451 3TorO Heo6XoAHMO co3JIaTb OCHOBY nocoxpaHeHuHO yCTo14tJBOCT1 pecypca, KoTopaR o6ecneqHT coxpaHeHHe 3KoJlorHqecK1x UeHHoCTeC iAecoB 14 UxnpoH3BOLICTBeHHOrO noTeHIHuaJa.

EcJIH npo6IieMbl, oKa3bIBaioumle HeraTHBHoe BO3,ae4CcTBHe Ha neCHOi cecKTop PoccHuu,OCTaHyTCSl 6e3 aOAXKHorO BHHM4aHH5 H He 6yAyT npeanpHHqTbl Heo6XoaUHMbie aeACTBHS CO

CTOpOHbI KaK roCyXapCTBeHHOFO, TaK H4 qaCTHOrO CeKTopa, TO YCJlOBH4I B necax K BOCTOKY OT

YpaRa MOryT HeO6paTHMO yXyAWHTbCA, 'ITO HaHeceT 6OAbWoA yiuep6 3KOJIorFH H3KOHOMH4Ke ,aHHOrO perHOHa.

CerOLaH5 Cq)opMHpOBaj]HCb 6naronp[slTHble yCnOBHuA Ami npoBe,eHHq COBMeCTHbIXLIerCTBHA KaK Ha HaLUHOHajIbHOM, TaK H Ha MeKflyHapOQaHOM YPOBH9X no nepexoAy KpaUHOHaIbHOMy yrpaBseHH[o AeCHbIMH pecypcaMH POCCHH, opHeHTHpOBaHHbIX HacoxpaHeHie H CaMOBOCCTaHOBjieHHe neCOB. CTpyKTypa ceroAHAWSLHel HOjiHTHKH POCCHu Bo6JnaCTH JIeCHbIX peCYPCOB He o6ecne'HBaeT aegeKBaTHOA OCHOBbl AJI BbInOjIHeHHR

MeKLyHapOQHbIX o65I3aTeAbCTB npaBHTeJIbcTBa no oxpaHe oKpywKaloLuer cpeambI,

35

o6ycjioBJIHBaIOT HepeLUHTenJbHOCTb uaCTHbIX HHBeCTOPOB B niiaHe BJo)KeHHA cpeACTB B 3TOTHOTeHUHaJIbHO npHBjieKaTenjbHblti CeKTOp H C03AaeT npenAITCTBHA He TOJlbKO3KOJIOrHqecKoMy, COUHaJlbHOMY H 3KOHOMH'eCKOMy pa3BHTHIO, HO U BbIllOJTHeHIO 3aAaMynpaBAeHHA J1eCHbIMH pecypcaMH. B HaCTOqieM aoKmaae pa3pa6aTbIBalOTCs BapHaHTblpe4OPMHPOBaH4R IOAuHTHK4 necoynpaBneHU4 PoccHu, KOTOpbie npegnara[oTcsA AnJpaccMoTpeHHS npaBHTejibCTBOM cTpaHbi. B AoKmaAe TaKwe paccmaTpuBaeTci nporpaMMaAeRCTBH9, HanpaBJIeHHbIX Ha BOCCTaHOBjieHHe HOpManjbHOrO 4)YHKUIiOHHPOBaHUq CeKTOpa HcoxpaHeHH5 ueLJOCTHOCTH oKpyKaolluefi CpeRbl Ha OCHOBe nepexoAa K paUHOHaAbHOMYynpaBjieHHIo necaMH.

Hau6o0ee Ba)KHbIMH ABnSAOTCS qeTbipe cneLyloLuHe npo6iieMbi:COBepweHCTBOBaHHe H AOBeaeHHe AO HY)KHOFO YPOBHR lp BOMBX OCHOB U CHCTeMblperyn pOBaHKA B o6jiacTH BjiaAeHHA, ynpaBnTeHBI4H H nOJTb3OBaHHA jieCHbIMu 3eMjiHMH,coxpaHeHHe yCTO9NHBOCTH pecypca H uenjOCTHOCTH oApyxaIroIfJc cpeIm, peopraHH3aLURceKTopa C uenbbo o6ecneMeHHiu ero 9KOHOmH*eCKOfl CTa6HJIbHOCTH H xH3HeCnOCO6HOCTH UyKpeniieHHe CHCTeMbi COJ4LSJbHO. 3aCuI1Tbl HaceneHHR CaMb1X YS3BHMbIX patOHOB,

noIIpa3yMeBaiolueH co3AaHHe ajibTepHaTHBHbIX BO3MO)KHOCTeri 3aHSTOCTH H YCAOBH4COXpaHeHHH npeeMCTBeHHOCTH B Tpa2HUH4OHHOM o6pa3e )KH3H4 KopeHHorO HacejIeHHs U eroyKiiagax. 9An peueHHA 3TWX npo6fleM Heo6xOAHMbl: HHTerpaUS IieCHOH nOJIHT4K4 B 6oneeo6WHpHblg npouecc COULHajbHO-3KOHOMH'-IeCKHX pe4DopM, nepexoA K paUHOHaJlbHOMYyripaBneHHlo pecypcaMH, onpeLejleHHe npHopHTeTOB rocyAapCTBeHHOrO HHBeCTHPOBaHHA BiiecHOt ceKTop H co3AaHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOIU1HX YCJOBHri (B rniaHe nOJIHTHK4 H cHcTeMbIperyjIHpoBaHHA) 21J151 fp4BAiMeeHH5 'aCTHbIX HHBeCTHU1Hr.

nIOCKOJIbKy HOJIHTHKa B o6JiaCTH JIeCHbIX peCypCOB SBJISqeTcS o6LeCTBeHHOBaXHbIM npOUeCCOM, TO AAA co3AaHHS COUHajIbHOui 6a3bl WHPOKOU nlOILepxKH ped)OpM,rocy2aPCTBeHHbie AeSTeJi, OTBeTCTBeHHbie 3a ee npOBe2eHHe, AOJDKHbI AeriCTBOBaTb HaOCHOBe OTKpbITOCTH H y4aCTHA B 3TOM npouecce BceX 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX CTOpOH. UAAonpe,eneHHA coaep)KaHHA COUHaHJbHO H 3KOJIorH'eCKH CTa6HUbHbIX pedopM H OLteHKH Upa3pa6OTKH nOJIHTHK4 HeO6xOaiMO npHBJieKaTb KaK MOXHO 60JIbWe 3aHHTepeCOBaHHblXopraHH3aUHi, a TaKxe KopeHHoe HaceiieHHe. AHanHiuTHeCKHKu nO,AXO2, npe,xnaraeMbirl BHaCTO51LeM 2OKJIa2e, MO)KeT nOMO4b POCCHUiCKHM rOCyaapCTBeHHb1M AeATeJl5M npHBHeCeHHU AOROJ1HeHH4r H H3MeHeHHri B CyWeCTBYIOUYIO cTpaTerHio pa3BHTHS4. npu

3Ko0HorHqeCKH H 3KOHOMH4eCKH pauLOHaJIbHOM yrpasBeHHH pecypcbi jiecHoro ceKTopaMOrYT He TOJIbKO COXpaHHTb CBOU rOTeHUHaLn AnA 6niara 6yAyLuLx roKoneHHu, HO Hnpo2AojDKaTb o6ecnequHBaTb HaceiieHHe POCCHuu u ce MHpOBOe coo6UweCTBo UeHHbIMHripoAyKTaMH nieca.

36

A. Hpo6AeMbi iecHor'o ceKTopa

HOC.e,aCTB" Yp3MepHOII 9KCIHyWL(HH JICCOB

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PedopMbi, nlpOBORUHMbIe B KOHiLe 1860-x - Haqane 1870-x roaoB, npIPBeJH B KOHeCHOM HTOre

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POCCHH. B 1918 roAy B 3aKOHoLaTeAbHOM nOpqaKe 6bluiH OTMeHeHbi Bce npaBa 'aCTHOH

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neconpoMbiwAeHHOHi npORyKLUHeg. B Haqane 1930-x roaOBr npeanpHSTHAs necHoro ceKTopa

6bllH BKJIio'eHbl B CHCTeMY ueHTpaJH3OBaHHoro nIAaHHpOBaHH5I, H AAA HUX 6bu114

pacnHcaHbi npoH3BOACTBeHHbie 3aaaHl4A. OaHaKo BMeCTO 6nara AAA Bcerl CTpaHbI 3TO

npHBeIO K HOBOU 3pe ",1o6blx[H" nieca, nOCKOnbKy B TO BpeMA He 6blnO HK

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MOWHOCTH.

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pacwIIHPHACA H CTan BKJlOioaTb COBepweUHCTBOBaHHe TeXHonOFKr4 AeCo3arOTOBK4, MeTO,aOB

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3aFOTOBKY neca, 'lTO6bi OHM MOrIH BbInOAHSITb nPO43BOaCTBeHHbie HOpMbl, H BMeHeHa

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IIOCTHr 369 MHUAHOHOB Ky6HtieCKHX MeTpOB. YBeJHIHJIHCb rinoLiaaH noceBa, riOCa,KH H

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BO3o6HoBJIeHHA, ocylulleHH H yxolla 3a necoM, WTO Tpe6OBajnO OFPOMHbIX KantTaOBJO)KCeHUi

37

B HH¢paCTpyKTypy H HOBYIO TeXHHKY. OAHaKO, 3TH MepbI 6bulH HeAocTaTOqHbI tiTo6blcnpaBHTbCA C BbICOKHMH TemnaMH Bbipy6KM AecoB BO MHorHX Xo3SHCTBeHHbIX paroHax, H BKOH1e 1970-x rOaOB TeMnbl pocTa npOH3BOLCTBa B ceKTope HaqaJIH riaAaTb.

K KOHUY 1980-x rOaOB CeKTOp y)Ke He Mor yaoBEieTBOPHTb CnpOC Ha BHYTpeHHHX

H 3KcnOpTHbIX pbIHKaX, HeCMOTpS Ha AOCTaTO4HO 6onbulHe B03MO)KHOCTH npOMbIllieHHOUinepepa6oTKH. 1ICTO[ueHHe JierKo aocTynHbIX flecoce4HbX nrinoLaaAeri H npo6neMbl 3arOTOBKHH TpaHCnOPTHPOBKH CTanu nPH4HHaMH aaAbHeAiLero cnaaa npOH3BoaCTBa. 4AAsHcnpaBjieHuH noFioAeHOHH OpraHaM necHoro X03S9UCTBa 6buIo ,1aHo npaBo CaMHM 3aHHMaTbCqripoMb1U1AeHHOr4 3arOTOBKOPi neca. nocKonbKy 3aroTOBKa npHHOCHJ1a 3Hal4TeCJbHbie AOXOabI,eti cTaJIo yaenjiTbCH OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe, npH nOMTH nOJIHOM HrHOPHPOBaHHH npo6neMynpaBAneHHA AeCHbIM X03.UiCTBOM. Bo3HuKHoBeHHe eienoro pqaa npo6neM B c4epe 3aUXHTbl UcoxpaHeHHA nIecoB, a TaioKe COUHaJbHO-3KOHOMHMeCKHe HyIUbI, npuBenu K pa3pa6oTKennaHa, npeaycmaTpu4aioLero onpeAeneHHoe pacwiupeHHe rAo[uaaH nIeCHbIX 3arOBeCHHKOBH HaUHOHaJbHbIX napKOB.

npHHHATHe PoccHeu1 HOBoU KOHCTHTYUUUi nocne pacnaga CCCP H riOpBXH)KeHHeK pbIHOM{HOri 3KoHoMHKe B 1991 roiy BbI3BanIH paLHKaflbHbie rTojiHTH'eCKHe, npaBOBbIe H3KOHOMH,eCKHe nepeMeHbl, noTpcIllHe Bce oTpaCJIH 3KOHOMHKH, BKnloqaA neCHou ceKTop.KoHuenLLHAs npoH3BoACTBa, Bbipa6oTaHHaS npH CHCTeMe LteHTpa.J]H3oBaHHoro nIiaH4poBaHH.9,oKa3anaCb HeCOCTOATeCbHOA H nepeCTaJia 34XeKTHBHO 4)yHKUHOHHpOBaTb, TO noBJIeKJO 3aco6o0 pe3KHR criaL IPOH3BOaCTBa H nOBceMeCTHoe o6ocTpeHHe couHBaIbHbIX npo6neM,oco6eHHo B oTajieHHbIX ieCO3aroTOBHTenJbHblX nocenKax Cu6upu H ,H aJ¶bHero BocToKa.

lpniOBOpCWiz B ffCCHOM 3aKOHO/aTaI,CFBC

CTpeMHTeJbHbie H rjiy6oKHe H3MeHeHH5 B 3KOHOMHKe H nOJIHTHKe PoccHHnpHBeAH K ycTapeBaHHIo H noTepe 3j1eKTHBHOCTH CoBeTcKoi4 HopMaTHBHO-npaBOBor 6a3bi4IYHKtHOHHPOBaHHA niecHoro ceKropa. B KaMeCTBe npoMexyTo'-HoH 3aKoHoRaTeAbHori 6a3blAAA ynpaBAeHHA H 3KcnJyaTaUHH iiecoB 6buIK npHHHqTbi "OCHOBbi JIeCHoro3aKoHo,aaTeJIbCTBa POCCHiCKOHa (PeaepalHH" (rIpHHsTbi BepXoBHbIM COBeTOM H BBeaeHbi B,aeACTBHe B MapTe 1993 roaa), 3TOT aOKyMeHT 3aMeHHJI Toraa CTapblfl JeCHOAi KOaeKCPC(DCP. Pa6oTa Haa npoeKTOM HOBoro JeCHoro KoaeKca Ha1aAacb B 1994 roay B nepyBYOoqepe,ab, AAA Toro 4TO6bI OTpa3HTb B iieCHOM 3aKOHoaaTenJbCTBe nohioKeHHS HOBOHiKOHCTHTYUUIH, rIpHHsTOfl B aeKa6pe 1993 roza. OAHaKo ,aaJbHeriwHe KpynfHble H3MeHeHHS BApyrHx cl3epax 3aKOHoaaTeAbHOrH CHCTeMb1 CTpaHbI (H3MeHeHHH B rpa)CiaHCKOM KO,eKce,HOBble npHpOLOOXpaHHbIe 3aKOHbl) H OTCYTCTBHe corJiacHA no apyrHmM OCHOBOrojnarafoLUHMnpaBOBblM BonpocaM (HanpHMep, HO BOnPOCY o co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJHo) Bbi3BaBJH3Ha4HTeJbHyIO 3aaepxKy C npHH5THeM HOBOrO necHoro 3aKOHoRaTeJ1bcTBa. HO COCTOSHHHIOHa 10 aeKa6pq 1996 r., HOBblA 1ecHOr KoaeKC POCCHH ewe He 6bu1 nPHHS1T.]

B OCHOBax JiecHoro 3aKOHoaaTejibCTBa 1993 roza H B npOeKTe HOBOrO JleCHoroKo.eKca (cM. rpHjioXKeHHe B) nogqepKHBaeTCq opHeHTaU[H51 Ha HeHCTOLLHTeCJbHoefleconoib3OBaHHe H oxpaHy oKpyKaioweg cpeabi. CoriacHo CTaTbe 2 ripoeKTa JAecHoroKoAeKca (Hnoib 1996 roAa), necHoe 3aKOHoAaTeCJbCTBO HanpaB.TeHo Ha "o6ecneqeHHe

I OKOHqaTeCAbHbi, BapHaHT KoaeKca nPHHRT rocyaapcTBeHHoB J,yMon 22 SIHBaps 1997 roaa u BsCTynun BcHAy 4 4,cepaisi 1997 r. (npHMemaHHe peaaKTopa pyccKoro H3,aaHiR)

38

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BOCnPOH3BO,aCTBO, HCXOAS H3 nPHHUHnOB YCTOIPIHBOrO ynpaBJIeHH5l J eCaMH H COXpaHeHHSi

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rocyAapCTBeHHbix nporpaMM Ha repHioa c 1994 no 1999 rr. KaK "ynpaBJIeHHe Jlecamu cLenlblO 3ailHTbI 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3Hq JieCHbIX 3KOCHCTeM, perynHpoBaHHA yrnepoaHoro 6loaxpeTa

H o6eCneMeHHS YCTOWIHBOrO pa3BKTHH ZieCHoro ceKTOpa 3KOHOMHKH" (LWy6HH, 1994).

XOTH BPeMeHHbie OCHOBbI iieCHorO 3aKOHOaaTeAbCTBa H COOTBeTCTBYIOT

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co6CTBeHHOCTblO. O,HaKO CnyCTl aeCqTb AHeA COBeT cteaepaumi (BepXHAI nanaTa

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nO.apo6HO paCCMaTpHBaIOTCI B I1pHJIo)KeHHH B).

HecMOTp5 Ha TO, 'ITO 95% TeppHTOPHH JieCHbIX yrOaiiH POCCHU HaXOAHTCS B

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2 rOCy4aPCTBeHHb/1, ACCHO0 4JOHa - 00HW1aA,bHbif pOCCIHCKHR TCpPMHH, 03Ha'alOW10K rOCyaapCTBCHHbJC

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,7CCHOrO X03/lICTBa, B OCHOBHOM, 'C.epa,nbHa cffyx6a RecHoro xo3ickTBa. Okoao 60% o6we# TeppHTOPHfPOCCHM OTHOCHTCH K 3TOMY ePOHaY (60neCe 1o70po6Ho CM. f7pHlfoWeHHe A).3 f1CTOpUYCCKMI, o6 30p MCHOMo 3aKOHo4aRTVfbcTBa PoccHf c 1918 no 1993 rr., ocBeWaIorgu npo6AeMbf,

CBfl3.HHAfe c OCHOBaMH j1ccHoro 3aK0H0aaTenbcTBa 1993 ro4a, HpegacmaB.H TaKxe B: Sheingatiz, Nilsson and

Shvidenko, 1995.

39

o6R3aHHOCTH no niecoynpaBjleHHIo nepeaaloTcs perHoHaM, BKAl0o4aq yCTaHoBAeHHe apeHAHbIXOTHOweHHU, pa3MeLueiHHe H onpeaejieHHe pa3MepOB nIecoceK H CTaBOK roCyRapCTBeHHbIXc6opoB. Ha cMeHy HbIHe cyweCTBYlOLueMy MeTOAY pa3MewleHHSl pecypcoB Ha OCHOBaHHHapeH,AHbIX ,OrOBOpOB Me)KIy co6CTBeHHHKaMH H nOJ1b3OBaTe.Ti5MH pecypca CpOKOM OT OLRHOrO

0 COpOKa aeBqTH JIeT, AOJDKHa nPHXTH HOBaS CHCTeMa apeHAbI. JleCHoe 3aKOHOaaTejbCTBOTaKiKe npef,ycMaTpHBaeT npoTaaxy neca Ha HaLUHOHaJbHbIX H Mex(AyHapOLHbIx ayKILHOHaX,rpOBOAHMb[X MeCTHbIMH aIMHHHCTpauLWSMH npH y4aCTHH $CeaepaJbHOA cAyK6bi niecHoroXO3Sl9CTBa. (IeaeparIbHaA cny)K6a niecHoro Xo3SACTBa AOJDKHa YCTaHOBHTb HOBYIO CHCTeMynHaTe)Kek 3a HcHoJIb3oBaHHe AeCHbIX pecypcoB, cornaaCoBaB ee C MHHHCTepCTBOM3KOHOMHKH POCCHH.

JecHoe 3aKOHOaaTeAbCTBO COaep)KHT Tpe6oBaHHe O BblReJieHHH onpeAej1eHHbIxTeppHTOpHf B HCKYlHOIHTeJIbHoe nOJIb3OBaHHe KOpeHHorO HaceJIeHH5, 4To6bl ynpaBnIAA3THMH 3eMJimiMH, KopeHHbIe )KHTeJIH MOrTH rpoaoniOKaTb BeCTH TpaaHUHOHHblg o6pa3 )KH3HH.Ho rOCKOJIbKY ,O CHX HOP HeT npaBOBOU OCHOBbl, KOTOpyIO aeriCTBHTeJTbHO MO)CHOpeanjH3OBaTb B TeX pagOHax, rae 3eMj1H H peCypcbl HMelOT 6o0ibwoe 3Ha'IeHHe aAs )KH3HHKopeHHOrO HaceJTeHHH, npoaoJnKaeTcs HCTOLLHTeJIbHas HpoMbIwiHeHHaS 3aroTOBKa nTeca.Onper,eneHHe H 3aWHTa npaB KOpeHHorO HaceiieHHI Ha 3eMJIIo H pecypcbI HMelOTKPHTH4eCKH Ba)KHOe 3Ha4eHHe 1nu paUHOHaTIbHOFO yHpaBJIeHHq .IeCHbIMH pecypcamHCH6HpH H aaJ]bHero BocToKa, 3Ty npo6&eMy HCo6Xoo4HMo pa3pelHHTb Ao HaqanaLUHpOKOMacuTa6Horo HHBeCTHpOBaHHq H OCBOeHHq nIeCOB. MeAAyHapoaHas opraHH3auLHATpy,aa (MOT), KOTOpaq npeaocTaBsIAeT POCCHUCKOU (DeaepauHM TeXHHLecCKyiO rOMOLLb 3Anpa3pa6OTKI 3aKOHoaaTeJIbCTBa Ho BOnpocaM KOpeHHorO HaceCeHH4A, o6naaaeTMe)KayHapO1aHbIM OnbITOM H HH1HopMaULHOHHO-TCXHHqeCKHMH B03MO)KHOCTAMH i3a15 rOMOULHB BblHOJ]HeHHH 3TOU 3a3aa4H.

Tpy4HoclH BIOJIHcHHff IPHpOa'OOxpaHHmx 06oV3aTefCJCTB

MeW,yHapOL1Hbie o6s3aTe.nbcTBa POCCHH no oxpaHe oKpy)KaIoLLuer cpeAbl(CnpaBKa 1.2) noMoralOT onpeae1J1HTb o61iyto OCHOBy iieCHOf nOAHTHKH cTpaHbl H 4UeJtH

iiecoyHpaBJeHHsI. Ho H3-3a HeonpeeleneHHoCTH B HauHOHajIbHOR HOJTHTHKe ynpaBjieHHsliiecaMH POCCHH B HacTosiiee BpeMS BO3HHKalOT TpyaHOCTH C BbIlOniHeHHeM 3THXo6z3aTeJbCTB.

Y MHPOBOrO coo6LuecTBa eCTb BeCKHe OCHOBaHH51 135 6ecnOKor4cTBa o 6yaylueMJieCHbIX pecypcoB POCCHH, 3anacbl KOTOpbIX Ho AIo6bIM MepKaM OrPOMHbI (Ta6nHiLa 1.1 HPHc. 1.2). HaBHcaeT yrpo3a 3KoJIorHqeCKOg xerpaaavuH 22% MHpOBOU iTAoLuaaH jnecoB,riOTepH yHHKaJ]bHblX 3KOCHCTeM H 1pyrHX THHOB 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3Hs H Hc4C3HOBeHHA KYJIbTypKOpeHHblX 3THHmeCKHX rpynn. POCCHACKHm 6opealbHble nieca, 3aHHMaiowHe r pHMepHoTaKylO Ke nJIOlUaab, KaK nieca 1jeHTpajibHoi H IO)KHOR AMepHKH, BMeCTe B3slTbie,COCTaBJwi,OT OKOJIO 60% Bcex 6opearIbHbIx iieCOB MHpa H 95% Bcex COMKHyTbix J1eCOBPOCCHH. 9TH .neca HrpalOT Ba)KHYIO POJlb B rAo6afibHoM 6a.naHce yrAepoaa, coriiacHooueHKaM, Ha HX ao.no np4HXOaXHTCA 75% HeTTO-3anacOB yrnepoaa BO Bcex 6opearIbHblX .necaxMHpa (Ta6rn4ua 1.2. H PHC. 1.2). B POCCHH HaXOaqTCA TaK)Ke TeppHTOpHH, KOTOpbieyHHKaJbHbI HO CBOeMy 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3Hlo H qBJ5TIOTC5 aOCTOSHHeM Bcero MHpa. B CBS3H C3THMH H JAPYFHMH KOMHiiCKCHblMH Hpo6JieMaMH, iecHasi nOJTHTHKa H AecHoe XO3,qriCTBOPOCCH4 HMelOT r.no6aibHoe 3HaqeHHe H 3acjyi4(HBa[OT HoaUePAKKH CO CTOpOHblMe)KAyHapO,4Horo coo6u1eCTBa.

40

CnparKa 1.2: 06.l3aTenbCa POCCHH HO BblnOJIHeHHIO MexAyHapOAHbJX corJiawIeHHm no 1 eCHbliM pecypcaM

B Me)KayHapOaHbIX AHCKYCCUBX H CorJiaweHH$x no iiecHoMy Xo3RiCTBy npaBHTeJIbCTBO POCCuu

npeacTaBnJ1eT cDeAepaJibHas cAy)K6a .JecHoro xo3RIlcTBa. rIociie KOH9DepeHUHH OOH no oKpy,KaowueA cpeae H

pa3BHTIIO (UNCED) 1992 roaa PoccHB npUHHMaeT y'acTHe B XeCbCHHCKOM npouecce, MOHpeaJIbCKHX

ceMHHapax no paUHOHaOHbHOMY ynpaBJeHMIO necaMH yMepeHHOA H 6opeaJlbHoA 30H (1993 ron), 3aceAaHHsix

Me)KnpaBHTemcCTBeHHotA pa6o0eui rpynnbi no iiecam MHpa (1994 roA), CO3BaHHb1x KaHaaoA H ManaA3HeA;

BeAeT AmanorH B O0JHMnIHi no KPHTepfHqM H HHAHKaTopaM coxpaHeHHq H ynpaBJeHHR AeCaMH yMepeHHOAi H

6opeanlbHoS 30H (1994 roa), KpOMe Toro, oHa cTaJia OAHHM H3 CnOHCOpOB nptHHfTHS CaHTb5ircKoA AeKJiapaUHH

B paMKax MoHpea,nbcKoro npouecca B mapre 1995 ro,ia. npH 3aKhuo-eHHH Mez.AyHapoAHoro corAiaweHnq no

TpofnHqeCKO apeBeCHHe (snlBapb 1994 roaa) PoccHcKa.i 4OeaepaU9 cTania OAHOA H3 ABaAuaTUi qeTbipeX cTpaH-

noTpe6mTeAeA, KOTOPbIe o6sl3anJcb K 2000 roay nepeATH K pauLIHoHabHoMy H HeHcToIliHTeCJbHoMy

Hcnojib3oBaHHIO co6cTBeHHblx ilecOB. POCCHBI TaKIKe noanHcaJia U paTH(0HUHpoBaJia PaMoqHyIo KOHBeHUHIO no

MeHeHHlo KJnHMaTa H KOHBeHuHIO no coxpaHeHHro 6HoJuonrHecKoro pa3Hoo6pa3Hq. PoccHsl, KpoMe Toro,

HrpaeT 3Ha4HTeJlbHyIo POJib B pa60Te Me)KnpaBHTeJIbcTBeHHo0 rpynnbl cneuJHanHCToB no JiecaM, AelcTByIoue1i

B paMKax KOMHCCHH OOH no yCTotiqHBOMY pa3BHTHIo.

Ta6AHnia 1.1: lH oupA,zib necoB H 3anac ApeBecHHEJ B oTAejibHuX cTpaHaX, 1990 r.

CIpaHa 06li(H 4awfIf neco- 06Mf# 40oIft n 7pOm3Bw- 4afn B rJIO6/IbHNouiV1oiW444.b JIeCOB HIOKPM7 38va9i rJo6anfHoM CTBO I7pON CT5(%)|

(nH. in) Inoiwt AlpCeBWCMH 3Cane MpClCHNM B

Mpa (0%) (MfH. m3) ApeacnHHM 1989-91

(X) (Msw. liv')

POCCiUH 7646 22 82110 21 3756 II

Bpa3HJuiH 566 16 65088 17 262 8

KaHana 247 7 28671 7 179 5

CUWA 210 6 24730 6 508 15

KHTaB 134 4 9789 3 281 8

UH,aoHe3Hsi 116 3 19609 5 167 5

3aup 113 3 23108 6 39 I

CKaHAHHaBHR 53 2 4942 I 109 3

Bce ocTaJIbHb]e 1239 36 125979 33 1542 46

Becb MHP 3442 100 383726 100 3462 100

a UcKnio4an TponH'ecKHe nJIaHTauLiu.6 AaHHbte no TaKHM noKa3aTenAM, KaK InjoaaWH necoB H ofbeMbi nPOM3BOACTBa apeBeCHHbl, npHBeaeHHble B pa3BHqHbIx

HCTO'HHKaX, Moryr oTrjImHaxoTcR Apyr oT Apyra.

HcCTO0HmK: IpoAoBoJIbcTBeHHas H ceCbcKoxo3$IHcTBeHHa9 OpraaH3aUHR OOH ((0AO); HHCTUTYT M4pOBblX peCypCOB, 1994.

PRC. 1.2: HeKOTOpbie XaPaKTHCTHKH COCTORHHU MHPOBblIX H POCCHRCKHXJieCOB B 1990-x rr.

a. MNpoBoe pacnpeaeAeRue nieCOnOKPbITOHl niowazwH B 90-x rr.

KaHazlaCWA 69 POCCHq

KHTag 6% 22%

HHaOHe3HA3%3aHp3% rpa3HuUlsH

npoMUe 16%38%

HcToiuiKN: 'DAO N HncTNTr MNpOBhX peCypCOB, 1994 r.

6. PacnpeienieHme rOAOnOrO 3anaca qHCTOrO yriiepOaa B 3KOC8CTeMaX 6opeaibHblX neCOB, 90-e rr.

KaHa,aa A315NCKa CKaHAHHaBHA

15% 2% 8%

75%

HcToqHnK: BemmaHH, 1995 r.

B. PacupeAejieHxe .iiecHofl nioioua,i 0o TeppnTopHH POCCrnH

,TQajibHHri CH6HpbBOCTOK 41%

37%

EBpon. q,

POcCHH

22%

Hci'o'UmKn: cDeJAepajIhHaa cJywK6a jiecHoro XO3C, 1996 r.

42

Ta6AHIlsa 1.2: OLueHca 3anaca cBq3aHHoro yriiepoARa B 6opeaJbiblX AeCHbIx 3KOCHCTeMaX

(MuIH. TOHH yriiepo,Aza B roiA)

PeC fOH J1ecHue 3KocHcremw BOAIOTa | ARePBCcHe npiyxru | B LcJom

KOaifNecTCio KOJAH- X KOJI- KOJIII-

q7ecmBo qecTBO qecCTo

ATiRcKa 6 1 3 6 < I < I 9 2

KaHa.aa 63 10 26 57 19 33 108 15

Poccusn 493 82 II 24 26 46 530 75

CKaH11HaBUiR 43 7 6 13 12 21 60 8

Bcero 605 100 45 100 57 100 707 100

HCTO'i4HK: Bemmann, 1995.

OIpaH,HvcHHaHl ,aoCTy7lHOCTh H ocffa6fIeHHoc cocTIHMCe JIecHb xpecycoB

OKono 78% U3 764 MJIH. ra noKpblTbIX JIecoM 3eMenjb POCCHH HaXOaHTCS B

CHu6pu (318 MJIH. ra) H Ha )aabHeM BocToKe (279 MJIH. ra), OCTaJbHbie 22% (167 MJIH. ra)

- B EBponeAcKok 'aCTH POCCuH 4 (CM. PHC. 1.2). BOJIbWlHCTBO niecoB, npOl43paCTailLUHX K

BOCTOKy OT Ypa.na, KiiaccmPK1HUHPyIOTCS KaK Takra (6opeaibHble nieca, B COCTaB KOTOpblX

BXOAST B OCHOBHOM XBOriHbie BHtbl), KOTopaJq B Bo3paCTe cnenJOCTH AaeT OT 50 Ky6HtMeCKHX

MeTPOB apeBecHHbl c reKTapa Ha ceBepe, ao 200-250 Ky6wIecKHx MeTPOB c reKTapa Ha fore

Tae)KHOA 3OHbl. npHTyHTapoBbie neca (noaTmn Tae)KHb1X n1eCOB B nepeXoaHOA 3OHe MeC)ay

OTKpblTOU TYHAPOU H U pyrU4M4 Tae)KHb1MH necaMH) o6jlaaaloT HU3KHM rOTCHHuim1oM iAS

npOMbIUwIeHHOrO HPOH3BOACTBa apeBecHHbI. B,Jonb IO)KHblX rpaHH1U Cu6upu U LaajbHero

BocToKa BCTpeqalOTCq TaK)Ce WlHPOKOJIHCTBeHHbie iieca yMepeHHoro nosca. (floapo6Hble

xapaKTepHCTHKH 3THX THrOB nieca npe2CTaBJ1eHbl B npHJInKeHHH A; CM. TaK;Ke KapTy IBRD

27086R).

npu oueHKe 3KOHOMiMeCKOrO nOTeHiutanJa ACcHbIX pecypcoB POCCuH Ba)KHO

YqHTb1BaTb HX B03paCTHY1O CTPYKTYPY H BHIOBOH COCTaB. B 1993 roay 85% o6uieg

fleCOnOKpbITOA4 nnoulaaH B CH6upu H Ha aJ,¶bHeM BocToKe (K Ao 95% - B EBponer4cKori

'aCTH PoccHH) 6buLo 3aHSTO COMKHYTblMH eCTeCTBeHHb1MH apeBOCTO51MH H BTOpU44HbIMH

iiecaMH pa3Hb1X BO3paCTHbIX rpynn (P4c. 1.3). EcTecTBeHHbie (cnenble H nepeCTOikHble) neca

cocTaBnJI5OT 50% OT Bcex COMKHyTb1X ApeBOcToeB B Cu6upu U Ha )janbHeM BOCTOKe U 39% -

B EBponeicKoAi qaCTH PoccHu (Ta6.nHua 1.3). K apyriHM KaTeropuHM JieCHbIX 3eMenJb

4 17o OLcHKaM nwoLuawH ACCOnOKphiTOR TeppCTOpHH COCTaBJIOT OT 735 ao 770 M7H. ra, nlpu 3TOM 7296

9TOk IVoLULH 3aHmThi nota XBOHbliMf mecaMH. 06waq mqowatab cywf PocCff COCToazBAcT 1707,5 MIH. ra. To

ecTb, 45% o6feki iVoL(aaa TeppTfTopffM PoccmH ioKpbiTo jecoM. l7o oL(CHKaM, cpCIHHiA 3anac neca Ha KOpH1O

paBeH 106 M3 /ra. ,Zoi7oqHHTeJbHypo HHlpOpMaL(HIO 0 O aiHaMiKe H mcnmoIb3oBaHHm pOCCffiCKm1X JleCHbJX pecypcoB

MoxHO iIoJIyqHTb u13 pa6oT.: Strakhov auid Pisaren7ko (1996) H Isayev, peai. (1991); no0 cOL1aAbHO-3KOHOMHqecKOI1

oLieHKe 6opeambHbix .eCOB - Pisarenko an7d Strakhov (1996) H Ho nepmCeKTHBaM npo3BQiocTBa, norpe6qeHRnif H

3Kcaopra - Backmian (1996).

Puc. 1.3: PacnpeAeeneHHe nnoui H JieCHbIX 3eMenih B POCCHH no perHoHaM H KaTeropHqM, 1993 r.

a. Pacnpe,eerRenHe o6meA niomiazH JIeCHhX 3eMenii no KaTeropHxm

HecoMKHyBlUHecsl He nOKpblTbTe JiecoMHacazKaeHHu H peeHHbl 3eMjiH

6% 7%

noKphlTble JieCOM 3eMnH87%

6. PacnpeeieeniNe nujoiuaiA .uecHrx 3eMeiE no pernoiaM H KaTerOpKflM

250 .

200 * HnOKpiimie .iecoM200 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3emnuH

~~~~~150 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 HeCOMKHYBLUHecC

HacaKAeHHMR H100

peaUHHbi

_ He InOKphiTbhe50 JICCOM 3eMAH

0

EBponei- 3anannHaA BocToqHas TaJ1bHHiCKO- CH6Hpb CH6mpb BocToK

YpallbcKaa3oHa

HCTOqnHK: .JlecHofl (ona PoccNH, 1993 r.

; *~~ *; *

-~~ 3 * 5 3x tAXg

oi2= ( °C !

i=3 4@ !0

o

1g= S- I~~

45

OTHOCATCS: nHjouaauH, 3aHATbie HeCOMKHYBWIIHMHCR HaCa)KeHHAMH, BKJliOqa5i MOJO,LbieKyJIbTypbl H nHTOMHHKH (2% OT o6weH nAoLuaauH AeCHbIX 3eMenJb B EBponericKori 'aCTHPoccuu H 0,2% - B A3HaTCKOA taCTH), eCTeCTBeHHbie pe,flHHbl (OHU HaXOAA1TCA TOJlbKO BA3HaTCKOr4 'aCTH PoccuH H cocTaBJAIOT 6onee 10% o6iueri njioLuaaH nIeCHbIX 3eMeJb,LanbHero BocToKa), He noKpblTbie AecoM JeCHbIe 3eMJnH, BKnIoxiaq rapu H CyXoCTOH,BbIpy6K4,H nporanIHHbl H nyCTbIPH (3% - B EBponetcKori 4aCTH H 6onee 8% - B A3HaTCKOrtIaCTH PoccHH). KaTeropHH 3eMenJb nieCHoro bOHaa POD nOKa3aHbI Ha PHC. 1.4.

Ta6niuia 1.3: Pacnpe,eAeHHe nIeCHbrX 3eMenb POCCHH nO perHOHaM H KaTer¶OpHUM3eMenb, 1993 rOqA (MIIH. ra)

Peniof PoccH 0611O ) 1no- COMxHYrUC HCCOMKHY- EC7wTC1I-lii4b ifecmwx Hacam(eb Tue Hue

XMenb HmacBxAeiHH peCaHM JlHbcue sMJ 63 JIcHorO nOKpODa

Bcervo n7Ofl- Biup)y6 f7poiaB 1993 Lume -KMB 8 iXhfu/

r. HacaX- 1988 r. nycru-4CHHMJ B pH B1988 r. 1988 r.

EBpona/YpaJi 139,1 132,3 2,7 0,0 4.0 0,2 3,2 0,43anaamHa CUi6Hpb 78,4 73,9 0,4 I,I 3,1 1,0 0,9 0,4

BOCTo0HaS1 CH6Hpb 224,8 200,6 0,4 3,3 20,4 8,9 1,8 0,9JawbHHA BOCTOK 312,9 248,2 0,3 37,0 27,4 16,4 2,5 2,5

Bker,o 755,2 655,0 3,8 41,4 54,9 26,5 8,4 4,2

npiMearie: OTHOCHTCHl TOJlbKO K 3eMJiqM necHoro q&oHHa, HaXoQW1WHMCS1 B BeJ4eHHH Oeaepa)1bHOA c.nyK6bi iecHoroXo3sIAcTBa H ACconpombiLwieHHbtx npeanpmsiTluu. B 1988 roay ewue 94,4 MJIH. ra JlecHbix 3eMejnb ('nO cocTaBJlaeT OKOJIO 10,9%oT o6uleH n.notua.a1), Haxowa4ocb B BeCieHHu Apyrux Cy6beKTOB (FeaepaJ1bHbie BeaoMCTBa ti ceJlbCKOX03R4CTBeHHblenpeanpHRTHA).

UrCTOYHUK: JIecHOri qOHZ POCCHtCKOH dPeaepauHt, 1995.

OCHOBHblMH XBOIHb-IMH nopoaaMH B 3THX niecax SBJTHIOTCS COCHa (HecKonbKo BH,1OB),IHCTBeHHHua, enJb H nHxTa. CpeauH nuHCTBeHHbIX npeo6.naaaloT 6epe3a H OCHHa. 9TH BH4,Ibl

npOH3paCTaIOT KaK B Cu6upH, TaK H Ha AJajlbHeM BOCTOKe, XOTA UX paclpOCTpaHeHUe HCOCTaB JieCOB 3aBHCHT OT yCJIOBHr4 (CM. CripaBKy 1.3). '-To6bi o6ecneqHTb aneKBaTHyioPenPe3eHTaTHBHOCTb 6Mopa3Hoo6pa3MsI H 3aLUHTy XpynKHX yMaCTKOB CPelb1 B paMKaxrpIpo,aooxpaHHbix nHIaHOB, a TaKie 4To6bI HMeTb opmeHTHlpbl Jn5I HHBeCTMPOBaHH51 HnepeCTPOIKH B rpOMbIwAeHHOcT4, Heo6xoaHMo KaK MO)KHO 6o0ee CpO4HO YTO4HHTbnpHpoJy, pacrpOcTpaHeHHe, KaqeCTBO H COCTOAIHHe neCHblX pecypcoB POCCH4. HpaBHnbHbiepacMeTbl H TOqHble aaHHble TaKwe HMelOT cyLUeCTBeHHoe 3HMa4Hme npH rLaHHHOBaHHH HKOHTpOJIe npOMbljwJeHHOr4 aesTeAbHOCTH, OUCHKH 43aKTHMeCKoro noTeHuHazJa nTeCOB HHeHCToLLIHTeJibHoro YPOBH51 py6KH nieca.

Aeca BAAlIOTCH aHHaMH4eCKHMH 6HOjiOri4qeCKHMM CHCTeMaMH. TaKXCe M3BeCTHO,MTO Ha nleCHbie PCcYPCbl BJISHIOT KaK nPHPO,HbIe, TaK H aHTPOnOreHHble 4baKTOPbI. KpoMecnflJowHblx py6oK, KOTOpbIe c 1987 no 1993 rr. HPOBOal4Al4Cb B cpeaHeM Ha mnowaaiH860.000 ra B roL, orpoMHblg YPOH POCCHUACKHM JIecaM, oco6eHHo B CHM6HPH H4 Ha),aJbHeM

46

CnpaBKa 1.3: KpaCHOSiPCKHA m Xa6apoBcKHI Kpaw: KaprHHa pa3Hoo6pa3HsI

)JJHE BbSlCHeHMR psAa BonpocoB perHoHMabHoro pa3Hoo6pa3I4sI B Ka4eCTBe penpe3eHTaTIBHbIX

TeppHTOpHA CH6HpH H )lajibHero BOCTOKa Hcnojwb3oBam, cooTBeTCTBeHHo, KpacHoqpcKHi H Xa6apoBcKiH4

Kpas. B Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae AOMHHHpyiO1' TaKHe KnHMaKCHble BN, KaK enJb H JIHcTBeHHtiua, a B KpaCH0ipCKOM

Kpae 6onee pa3H0o6pa3HbIA BHAOBOA cocTaB, BKnlioqlioWHi cocHy, enb, ntixTy, 6epe3y 1H OcUHy. OTHoCHTeflbHo

BbICOKa5S AoiS nHOHepHbIX BHAOB (6epe3bu H OCHHbI) B KpacHoslpcKoM Kpae bSIBjqeTcCS npSMbiM cneaCTBHeM

HH3KOrO YPOBHA BocnpOM3BOACTBa PeCYPCOB nocn1e nITHaCTH nieT HHTeHCHBHoA necO3KcnnyaTaUHH. B

KpacHo.qpcKoM Kpae cpeHHIA BO3pacT JiecoB - 104 roaa, B Xa6apoBcKoM - 82 roaa. Ho 6o0Jbwas qacTb cnenioro

iieca HaXOaHTCS B KpaAHe oTAaneHHblX paAioHax, KoTopbie, BepOsTHo, HHKoraa tie CTaHyT 3KOHOMH4eCKH

AOCTYnHbIMH HunH OCTaHyTCq 3aKpblTb]MH AnIS 3aroToBKH ApeBeCHHbl no 3KoJIorFHeCKHM npHtH4HaM. CpeaH

.lerKo aocTynHblX JiecoB yBeJIHMHBaeTCh ROJSI MOJIOAHS1KOB, paCTyLUMx p5lAOM c npoMbiwJJeHHb]MH

KoMnfieKcaMH, BLaOJb peK, )KeJie3HbIX Aopor H aBToAopor, HO 6ojbWUHHCTBO H3 HHX aoCTuHHyr BO3pacTa py6KH

TOJbKO iepe3 HeCKOJIbKO aeCSTHJ1eTrHI.

BocToKe, HaHOCRT noxKapbl, HaceKoMble, 6one3HH u 3arpq3HeHHe cpeAbi. Ho 04IHUHajibHbIM

AaHHb1M, B nepHoa C 1984 no 1992 rr. 3TH 4)aKTOpbl Bbl3bIBaJIH nOBpeK,aeHH4g jleCOB Ha

ImoIua,a,H B cpeAHeM 1,6 MnH. ra B roa. HeoHlHuHaJIbHbie oueHKH roBOPAT 0 ropa3,to 6o0ee

BbICOKOM YPOBHe noBpeKLeHHl, Bbl3blBaeMbix pa3j1HMHbIMH4 pa3pyUHTenJbHbIMH 4DaKTopaMH,

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47

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48

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49

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50

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CnpaBKa 1.5: CucTeMa oco6o oXpaH11eMbIX npHpoAHblX TeppwTOpHi POCCuM

POCCH$CKaR cHcTeMa oco6o OXpaHqeMbiX npHpO21HblX TeppHTOpHU COCTOHT H3 leTbipeX KOMnOHeHTOB:

* 3anoBeaHHKu: cTporo oxpaHRembie npHPOaHbie o&fbeKmbl, rae 3anpewueHa mno6as XO3%ACTBeHHaHAeslTelbHoCTb, npeaCTaBoSllu0aS nOTeHUHBabHyIO yrp03y Am1 npHPOaHbIX 3KoCHcTeM. Ceumac BPoccum BoCeMbAeCCT TpU 3anoBeaHHKa, o6waq nfloiuaab KOTOpbiX - OKOIo 28 MJIH. ra (Krever andothers, 1994), T.e. HeMHOrHM 60oee 1% TepplMTOP1H PoccHHI (CM. Kapry IBRD 27086R). B HeaaBHeMyKa3e npe3tueHWa 6buio o6bqBseHO 0 HaMepeHuH npaBHTenbcTba paCIUHpHTb CHCTeMy 3anOBeaHHKOBTaK, qTO6bI oHa BKnJo1aAa 150 3anOBCe2HHKOB H 3aHHMana 3% TeppUTOpHH.

* HaUMOHa.nbHbxe H lpHPO2AHbie nlapKU - 3T0 o6%e1crb oco6o0i 3KoJ1orF4qeCKol, HCTOpHLIeCKOAr H1H

3cTeTH'eCKOA ueHHOCTH, npeAHa3Ha'LeHHbie Am1 3KoJ1orHqeCKHx, peKpeauHoHHbiX, npoCBeTHTeAbcKHX,Hay'HbIX H KynbTypHbIX ueneti. Jn1aHHpyeTcs K 2005 roay paCwHPHTb cyluecTBylOwylo CHCTeMy (24napKa, o6wam nfoulaab - OKOnO 13 MAH. ra) ao ceMmAeCqTH oAHoro napKa (15 MnH. ra).

* OxpaHAeMbie TePPHTOpHH unu11 3aKa3HHKH npeC2Ha3HaLieHbl A11 coxpaHeHH5 KOHKpeTHbix acneKToB6Hopa3Hoo6pa3m51: OT npHPOaHb]X 3KOCHCTeM ao oTnenbHblX BHaoB nocpeaCTBOM coxpaHeHHIM,BocnpOH3BO2aCTBa H BOCCTaHoBjieHHR npHPOAHbIX peCypCOB. 3aKa3HHKH, 3aHMMaloWuHe 11,5 MnH. ra,.qBJ151ITCSr noTeHuHaJbHo 60nee rH6KHM 14HCTpyMeHToM A11 coxpaHeH5 6iiopa3Hoo6pa3HJ9, nOCKOJbKyHx 6obIbwe B KOJHIqeCTBeHHOM OTHOweHIM, mX nerqe co3,4aBaTb, a pe)KHM oxpaHbI npowue npfBOaHTb BCOOTBeTCTBHe C KOHKpeTHbIMH ueHJMH npmpo0ooxpaHHO1i aeSTeC3bHOCTH.

* naM%THHKm npHPOAb1 - 3TO He6OJ1bWHe UCeHHbIe nllppOHbIe o6'beKTbi, KOTOpbIe COXpaH. IOTCSI BCBOeM eCTeCTBeHHOM COCTOSHHU. qacTo 3TH o6feKTbi nfoXo aoKyMeHTHpOBaHbl, t1 Ha UX oxpaHy U

ynpaBaieHHe BbuAenJ1eTcq o0eHb MaJO CpeaCTB.

* B nlpHno;KeHHH 3 coaep)KHTcq 6onee noxtpo6Haq HH4)opMauHs O ceroaHRuWHeM COCTOXHHH CHCTeMbioco6o oxpaHqeMbix npHPOAHbIX TePPHTOPHr4 PoccHH.

1 3TU LgHf5pu U3 pa6omi Krever et al., 1994 pacxo.aTcR c aaHHbMM, i7oJ1yvcHHFbMjf 6aHKoM, corwacHoKOTOPUJM B Poccrn ce1lcac 80 3awoewaHmKoB, 3mHHmf.aoLLHx !VwoLa/b 16 M)7H. ra.

OcHoBblBaRcb HaaDaHHbIX o6UIUpHbIX HCCJieaOBaHHg B paHOHaX Be4H0H Mmepa3OTbl

H Mo,eAH ceBepHoro perHoHa, yMeHble I4HCTHTyTa iieca UM. B.H. CyKaMeBa npeaIaraloTpacluHPHTb 3alI1HTHY1O 3OHy npHTyHApoBbIX necoB, CABHHYB ee rpaHHUY K IOryI, 'TO

51

3Ha,HTenJbHO yBeJI4HHJ1o 6bl 3aU1HLueHHOCTb HeKOTOpbIX HaH6onee xpyrIKHx J1aHK1awbTOBCu6upH H aanbHero BOCTOKa. HaMeMeHHas rpaHHua 3OHbi nOKa3aHa Ha KapTe IBRD27086R.

JlCca Pocciff H rJIo6aiThHmi yTjiepoaHmf 6JInaHc

OrpoMHble ipoCTopbl pOCCHUCKHX JiecOB npeacTaBJlIoT co6o0 KpynHbl HaKorHTeJIbyrilepo,aa, 3anac KOTOPOrO COOTBeTCTBYeT He MeHee OAHOA ceabMOR Bcero Ha3eMHoroyrJlepo.RHoro nyna 3eMJrn (Kolchugina and Vinson, 1993) u oKoJio 75% pacqeTHoronoTeHLIuaia norj1o1LeHHA yrjiepoaa BceMH 3KOCHCTeMaMH 6opeanbHblx iecoB (cM. Ta6nHuy1.2). Jieca PoccHH HrpaIOT 3HaqHTeJIbHYIO POJIb B peryuHPoBaHHH co,ep)KaHAS yrnepoaa BaTMoc4)epe, H nO3TOMY 3acjiy)KHBalOT oco6oro BHHMaHHSI. Eonbomoe BJI4HH[4e Ha yrnJepo0HblI6aJiaHc oKa3bIBaOT HcnoJIb3oBaHi4e, BOCnpOH3BOCTBO H 3aLUHTa niecoB, a TaK)Ke Hx oxpaHaOT no)KapoB. nO o eHKaM HeKoTopbIX y'eHbIX (Krankina and Dixon, 1994), 3aMeHaeCTeCTBeHHbIx JIeCOB necaMH HHTeHCHBHOFO no.Ib3oBaHHA flAnS nIpoH3Bo.CTBa ,apeBecHHbI(c o6opoToM py6KH, paBHbIM 60-100 neT, npH npOBseeHHH o6pa6OTKuI nOsBbI Ha BbIpy6Kax,npo4bHnaKTi4ecKHx H caHHTapHbIX py6oK) np4BoAHT K coKpau1eHIlio o6LUero o6feMa.apeBeCHOA 6lloMaccbl B cpeAHeM 3a o6opoT py6KH Ha 10-25% no CpaBHeHHIO C TaKOBbIM BeCTecTBeHHbIx KopeHHbIX niecax. EoJIbUoe BJIHIHHe Ha BbLiaeAeHHe .necaMH yrJlepo,aOKa3bIBaIOT JIeCHbIe no)Kapbi H ApyrHe pa3pyYHTenJbHbIe ibaKTopbi. CornacHo oueHKaM,ypOBHH nO)KapHbIX 3MHCCUHU yrnepo,a B PoccuH COCTaBJWIOT OT 150 MJIH. T B roxi (Shvidenkoand others, 1995) ao 170-330 MJIH. TOHH yrnepoaa B roa (Krankina and Dixon, 1993).Cor.nacHo pe3yCJbTaTam ccneoBaHHA (Shvidenko and others, 1995), ewe 130-165 MJIH. TOHHyrJiepona B roA BbaejS1AeTCA B pe3ynJbTaTe aerICTBHR apyrHx 6HoT14ecKHx H a6HOTHMeCKHXfaKTOpOB (noMHMo no)KapoB).

no pe3yJIbTaTaM iCccjieaoBaHHi (Krankina and Dixon 1994), oKojio 17% yrnepoaa,BbUensAeMoro necaMH CH6HpH H la.nbHero BOCTOKa, IBJiSiOTCq nO)KapHbIMH 3MHCCHSMH.9TH Ke aBTOpbl CM4TaIOT, 'TO COBepueHCTBOBaHHe CHcTeM OXpaHbl AeCOB OT nO)KapOB UMCHOJIb3OBaHHe HX Ha HeOXBaIeHHbIX B HacTo,rniee BpeM5i Tepp4TOpH5X, npHBe'aeT KcoKpauWeHHIO nWIowaAH rapeu Ha 20% B roa, a 3T0 03HaqaeT coKpaeieHHe yrJlepO,HbIX3MHCCHU npHMepHO Ha 49 MJIH. T B roa. nO MHeHHIO yqeHbIX (Shvidenko and others 1995),npH BBeaeHHH B POCCHH CHCTeM oxpaHbI H 3aiHTbl iieCOB, aHaTioruiqHbIX KaHaACKHM HCKaHAHHaBCK4M, nolKapHbie 3MHCCHH yrnepoaa MoriIH 6bl COKpaT4TbCq Ha ABe TpeTH, a3MHCCHH, BbI3blBaeMbie 6HOTHi4eCKHMH 4)aKTopaMH, Ha OAHY TpeTb. no Hx OLIeHKaM, 3TOnpHBeno 6bl K CHH)KeHHIO o6uero YPOBHH 3MUCCHU npHMepHO Ha 150-170 MJIH. TOHHyrjlepo,aa B rog (CM. TaK)Ke MaTepHajibi KOHc1epeHLuHH E9K/()AO/MOT: ECE/FAO/ILO1996). B nlo6oM cjiyqae, ACHO, 'TO oxpaHa JIeCOB OT nOxapOB nOTeHUHaHJbHO MBJISeTCAO,aHHM 143 HaH6ojiee np5MbiX H 3freKT4BHbIX CpeRCTB CHHuKeHI4A YPOBHeU 3MUCCHUiyrnieKHcIoro ra3a.

E;opeanbHble iieca HrpaIOT Ba)KHYIO pOflb B rjio6aAbHoM yrIiepO,HoM 6a.naHce uKpYFOBOpOTe yrfiepoaa. 3Ty qJYHKUHIO MO)KHO YCHIJITb riyTem paLHOHajibHOrOnecoynpaBJIeHHA, T.e. c nOMOlUbiO Mep, HanpaBJIeHHbIX Ha yBenH4eHHe rnornjo1 eHHR HCBA3blBaHHS yrnepo,aa iecaMH. Ho MHeHHIO yqeHbIX (Shvidenko, Nilsson, Roshkov andStrakhov, 1996), HCnOAb3yeMyio ceg4ac CHCTeMy AeCOBoaqeCKHX MeponpHHTHi MO)KHO3Ha44TenJbHO yCOBepwIJeHCTBOBaTb. HoBa5 CHCTeMa aOJD)KHa BKlio04aTb cAeaytoLUHe Mepbl:nieCOBOCCTaHOBjieHHe Ha Heo6AeceHHb[x BbIpy6Kax H rapsix; 3aMeHa HH3KOnPOaYKTHBHbIX H

52

MHFKOJIHCTBeHHbIX HacaeHIu41; peKOHCTPYKULA KOpeHHbIX HacawKeHtlk;

COBepweHCTBOBaHme 6opb6bl c no)KapaMH, BpeaHTeJIAM4 H 6oAe3HSMH; nrpoBeaeHienpoduHjTaKTHmeCKHX py6oK H pauuoHaOjbHoe HcnHoJb30BaHHe JICCHbIX peCypCOB.

HornoLteHHe H CBA3blBaHHe yriiepoaa B 6opeaJIbHb[x necax siBIAeTcs TeMoH,

Tpe6yioiueru 3Haq4HTeJbHOrO pacwmpeHuA HccJIeCoBaHHl4, H Bce CTpaHbl, BaiaaeioLui4e

6opeanbHbIMH JIecaMH, o6'beaHHlIOT yCHJIHA no KOOPaIIHaUuH aeACTBMA B o6.naCTTH .ieCHOU

HaYKH H ripaKTHKH. PoccHilcKaA )DegepaLuH NOnIHcania H paTH4(HWuPOBaAa PaMo4Hylo

KOHBeHULHIO no H3MeHeH41O KiiMmaTa H KOHBeHLLHio no coxpaHeHH1o 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HA.

3TH KOHBeHUHH o6A3blBalOT qeaepajlbHoe npaBHTenJbCTBO BKTHlOq-ITb B nnJaH yripaBjieHH5

JiecaMH coxpaHeHHe Hx 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3IH, 3aLUHTY 3KOCUCTCM, peryjiHpOBaHHe coIepKaHHA

yriiepo,aa B aTMoc4epe H o6ecneMeHHe yCTOrF4HBOrO pa3BHTHH ceKTopa. Uejin O43LHuHajibHOA

HaUHOHaTIbHO¶ nOHOHTHKH POCCHu He npOTHBOpeCaT ee o6A3aHHocTqM no MeAKfYHapO,LaHbIM

KOHBeHLUHAM, HO IAn aOCTHUKeHHiq nOJIHOrO COOTBeTCTBHS Heo6xoai4Ma HOBaA OCHOBa

JIeCHo noJIHTHKH.

,4OpIWC HCTOYHHKN BOWCffCTBHff Ha OKpy,AalO4IOW cpe,qy

IOJIHTHKa H aeSTejibHOCTb ApyrFX oTpacjieri 3KOHOMHKU oKa3bIBalOT 6o0mbioe

BYI4HHHe Ha COCTOHHHe JieCHbtX pecypCOB PoccHH, oco6eHHO pa3pa6oTKa HecjTqHbIX

MeCTOpow,aeHH4. ,aoporm, nepBOHaMajibHO nOCTpOeHHble LJI5 OCBOeHHS He(TAHbWX

MeCTOpO)JeHHU, yBeJ]HqHBaIOT io)KapoonaCHOCTb H nO3BOJIAIOT Ha HeKOTOPbIX nHJOtaaflAX

BeCTH .JeCO3arOTOBHTeJbHbie pa6oTbl npu 6ojiee HH3KOM YPOBHe iiiaH4poBaHHa,

opraHH3auLH H KOHTpOJIS, qeM Ha O0l3uH4ajIbHO OTBeaeHHbIX IAn 3TOFO IAOLua,AX.

CTpOHTeCjbCTBO aopor H o6OpyAOBaHHe He4TAHbIX CKBa)KHH BJICKYT 3a co6o0u pa3pyuweH4e

MeCTHOH nJIOpbl. JIAJ1M pereHepaUiHu nOMB, H3pC3aHHbIX BZOab u nonepeK TpaHCnOPTHb]MH

cpe,aCTBaMH, noTpe6yloTcs aojirHe roabl, a TeM BpeMeHeM 3KoJIorIHeCKoe HapyLeHHe Mo)KeT

Bbl3BaTb Heo6paTHMylO noTepio 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HA

Pa3pa6oTKa He(TAHbIX MeCTOPOKUHHU co3aaeT nperpanbl Ha nyTAX MIPaoLuHH

AHKHX )KHBOTHbIX H ABjiHeTCA pa3pyWHTeCJbHbIM q3aKTopoM B apyrHx OTHOweHHAX.

MOHTa)KHbie nHjouafaKH DnRA HecfTr5HbIX CKBa)K4H, aopor4, Tpy6oHpOBoAbl, TSDKenJbig

aBTOTpaHCnOpT, 6ypoBble BbIlllKH FOHST )KHBOTHbiX npOY4b, KpOMe TOrO, HKH4e AKHBOTHbie

MoryT nocTpaaaTb H3-3a YHH'TOxeHHH MeCTHOU paCT4TeJIbHOCTH, nIOCKOJIbKy Mexay HHMU

HaeT CHJbHaA1 KOHKypeHLUHA 3a CKyaHyiO 64oMaccy, KOTOpylO aalOT TaHira H TYHapa. [piH

BbDKHraHR14 pa3iHBOB He(DTH nIiaMS, OCTasBjeHHoe 6e3 np4CMoTpa, qacTo pacnpOCTpaHAIeTcA

3a npeaenibI nUUowaaH pa3nHBa. B HeKOTOpbIX paioHax KparHero CeBepa nocnie pa3BeAKH

MeCTOpoaeHKlH4 3eMJIA CTaHOBHTCS Henpi4roAHOA AnR OXOTbl H pbi6HOU JIOBJIH, H He MO)KeT

ywe CJIY)KlTb naCT6HLLtaMH aAs ceBepHoro oJIeHq, ITO CKa3bIBaeTCA Ha )KH3H4 H TpaaMUmH5X

KOpeHHOrO HaceIieHHS5.

B. 9KOHOMHqecKoe 3HaqeHHe JiecHoro ceKrTopa

CorniacHo cyiueCTBY1OLuLe KnaccW43HKaLtH nieCOB npHMepHo 70% HOKPbITOH

JiecaMH TeppHTOpHH CH6upu H LjaajbHero BocToKa CMHTaeTCA HOTeHL1UaHibHOH

3KcnjiyaTaUHOHHoH nnoiua,4bio (rpynna III); OCTaIbHbie 30% juH6o OTHOCATCS K

53

oxpaHAeMbIM TePPHTOPH5IM (rpynna I), J1H60 nOBep)KeHbI onlpeaeJieHHbIM OrpaHH4eHH51M BnniaHe iieCo3aroToBHTeJIbHbIX pa6OT (rpynna 11) (CM. CnpaBKY 1.6 H npHJo)KeHHe A). OKOJIO

CnpaBKa 1.6: PeXUMbl SieCHoro X03.1rCTBa B pa3Hblx rpynnax nIeCOB rocy.apcTBeHHOro JecHoro d4oHAa

J|eca JAeCHoro 4OHaa P4) aeJ]ITCq Ha Tpm 6onbWue rpynnbl, Kaw)aq 43 KOTOpbIX aanee noapa3,aejiqeTcHno YpOBHqM 6Mopa3Hoo6pa3IH3, 3KOJlorH'eCKMM u COUHaJ]bHblM 4y-HKUIIqM.

JAeca nepBouk rpynnbu (21% nnioiuaaH ieCHoro q)OHaa) Ha3blBaioTcq "3aLuHTHblMM" necaMti. JAecanepBoHi rpynnb1 aeAlTCq Ha ceMb KaTeropH1i 3aUl4THOCTM H BKJlioqa]OT He3KcnJiyaTaULmoHHbie neca,BbinOJIHsHUlUHe TaKHe CpeaooxpaHHbie cIYHKUUH KaK oxpaHa BOA U nOqB Ha Bo,4oc6opax H 6eperax peK, 3auMTaOT 3pO3HH, coxpaHeHie J1aHawaq4ToB U apyrMx 3eMeJTb, a TaKKe npmpoaooxpaHHbie H caHHTapHO-O3,aOpOBHTeCJbHble qIyHKUHM, KOTOpbie o6ecnetNBaloTcs JIecaMH 3eJeHOA 3OHbl BOKpyr ropoaoB, ceJeHiu MnpoMblUiJeHHblX o6,beKToB. B 3THX niecax pa3pewUeHbl TOAbKO CaHUiTapHb1e py6KH (Bbipy6Ka gepeBbeB, Bo3pacTKOTOPbIX Ha 50 neT npeBblwIaeT Hx onTHManbHbili BO3paCT py6KH).

JAeca BropoUl rpynnbi (8%) HaXOaqHTC B rycToHaceneHHblx paHoHax, qTO orpaHHqHBaeT Uix noTeHuHaJInpOH3BOXaCTBa apeBecl4HbI. B OCHOBHOM 3T0 3aWUHTHbie neca orpaHH'IeHHoro 3KcnjiyaTauHoHHoro 3HaqeHH4. HaOT,1e1JbHbIX nAOLIaALX 3THX neCOB pa3peellCHbl py6KH rniaBHoro nojib3oBaHH34 npH co6j1oaeHHH npPiHuHnOBHeHCTOLUITeCJbHOrO Hcnolb3oBaHAs, XOTHq Ha HeKOTOPbIX yqacTKax 1 yBCTBHTCeIbHbix neCOB (Hanpilmep,npM6pe)KHblX) 3anpeLleHbI cnfjOWHb1e py6KH.

ieca Tperberi rpynnba (71%) - TaK Hu3blBaeMbie 3KCniyaTauHOHHbie nieca. OaHaKo, HX Ha3HatIeHMe6onbwe OTHOCUTCA K I1paBOBOMY cTaTycy, 'eM K 4)aKTHleCKOMy nlOTeHULHaJy npOMbliwJ1eHHOrO nlpOH3BOaCTBa,InOCKOJIbKy OHM BKJ]ioqalo' KaK 3KoHoMHt4eCKH aocTYynHbie, TaK H HeaocTyrIHbie nieca. BeAeHUe JiecHorox03%H4CTBa 3JIeCb opuieHTHPOBaHO B OCHOBHOM Ha npOMbilJieHHOe nPOI3BOACTBO apeBCCHHbl npulHe3HaqHTeCJbHb]X orpaHHqeHHAx no py6KaM rJiaBHoro noJIb3oBaHH. JAecoynpaBneHHe B 3T"X pailoHax aOJDKHOOCHOBblBaTbCHl Ha npHHumnaX HemCTOLLIHTeCJbHOrO HenpepbIBHO3O ro nOb3OBaHHq H CO6jIoaeHMS1npHpO,aOOXpaHHb1X Tpe6oBaHIH.

90% apeBeCHHbl 3arOTaBnHBaeTCA B niecax III rpynnbl, pac'eTHa1 JiecoceKa TO)Ke

onpe,LeJIAeTcH riIaBHbIM o6pa3OM Ha 6a3e 3TOU rpynnbi nieCOB.

HO7rHHLaJIff HpOH3BO,4CTBa 1pJXBCCHHM

Ha OCHoBaHHlH neC0YCTP0HTeJIbHblX aaHHblx, co6HpaeMblx no KaK.LorlKOHKpeTHOH ealHHHle JlecoyrpaBjieHHs45, $eepajlbHaS cjiy)K6a .YecHoro Xo3sACTBa POCCHHonpeeJlAleT pacqeTHyIo niecoceKy (noKa3aTe.nb o6wuero 6Hojiorw4iecKoro rioTeHu4ana gUl51HeHCTOIUHTejibHOrO H CTa6HnJbHoro jiecononJb3oBaHHSl) IAn BCeU CTpaHbl H aAl1 Ka*KJorooTJ1enJbHoro perHoHa. Ha TeKyiuHr rnInaHOBbflH repHoa YCTaHOBjneHa o6Luas 4jeaepaJbHa51paceieTHas IieCoCeKa, paBHaAI npHMePHo 530 MJIH. Ky6oMeTPOB B roa (B CePeaHHe 1980-xrOILOB OHa COCTaBJIlJIa CBbl11e 800 MnH. Ky6oMeTpoB); Ha aoiio CH6UpU H LaabHero BocToKaFIPHXO,aHTCA OKOJIO 63% OT o6wek pac4eTHof4 niecoceKH (332 MJIH. Ky6oMCTPOB; CM.Ta6.rHuy 1.4). PacqeTHas necoceKa, onpeaexieTcA Ha OCHOBaHHH aaHHb1X o6 H3MeHeHH51X3anaca nieca Ha KOPHIO BO Bcex niecax B LenJoM 3a onpeaejieHHbIA riepHoll (o6blqHo 3a 10leT), BKJliO4a5 3KOHOMHqeCKH HeaOCTynHbIe H He3KCnAyaTa oHHbie riJoLuaaH.

YIIeT HePoCTYnHblX H 3KOHOMHqeCKI4 HeBblrO,aHbIX nrJOLUa,eH, KOTOpblH HHKaK HeOTpa)KaeTCA B fly6JIHKyeMbIX aaHHbIX no pac'eTHOA JlecoceKe, HeH36eKHo BeCeT K

54

3aBblUweHH10 YPOBHS nOJib3OBaHHS, KOTOpblUi MO)KeT "BbiaepxaTb" ,OCTynHaA HJIOWaaab

npoayuHpyoWuHX niecoB, a 3Ha4HT, 3TOT HOKa3aTeSjb He MO)KeT CJIYXKHTb Hage)KHOR OCHOBOU

aAA nnaHHPoBaHHS HeHCTouIHTeAbHOu H paUHOHaAbHOu jieCOX03JqruCTBeHHori aeATeCJbHOCTH.

Li,An coxpaHeHCHq yCTORsHBOCTH pecypca TO4HHoe onpeaenieHHe pac4eTHou AecoceKH HMeeTpelwaioiiee 3HaqeHHe (CM. FAaBy 2 H HpHAoKeH4e A). Ho HMe1oLU0Hec51 AaHHbIe He

HO3BOJInHOT npOBepHTb, HaCKOJ1bKO HeHCTOILUTenJbHb[MH ABJUIlOTCS Cy1ueCTBY1OLUHe HbTHe

YPOBHH ieCoIoJIb3oBaHHR. qTO6bi OrlpeeIjiTETb 3KOJIOrFmeCKH H 3KOHOMH4eCKH

HeHCTOIuHTeJAbHblU YPOBeHb CTa6HnbHoro npO43BOaCTBa apeBeCHHbl, CpO4HO HYXHa 6o0ieeTaeTaJ]bHaA zHHopMarnum no npOayKTsBHOCTH pecypcOB H 3aTpaTaM Ha OCBoeHHe AOCTynHbIX

njioLua,aerl npoLyuHpyioWuHx nieCoB. KpoMe Toro, anA peaT1HCTH4ecKoi outeHKH noTeHuaHaBanpoH3BOACTBa apeBeC4HbI Heo6xoaHMo TOMHO onpeaeJIHTb napaMeTpbl Tex njioluaaerl, Ha

KOTOPbIX B03MO)KHa 3KOjiOrHMeCKM H 3KOHOMH4eCKH HeHCT01UHTenJbHa. JieCOX03 UCTBeHHaH

,ae,qTeJ]bHOCTb. noKa 3TH niapameTpbl He 6yayT onpeaeJieHbl, CyLueCTBYIOWUUHi YPOBeHbpaCHeTHOUi JieCoCeKH POCCuH He MOxceT 6bITb OpHeHTHPOM ,nS YCTOquHBOrO pa3BHTHA

jiecHoro ceKTopa.

)lOHOJIHHTeJIbHy1O npo6JeMy B CBR3H C oLIeHKOfl rIOTeHuHaJIa lIpO03BOaCTBa

napeBeCUHbM npeaCTaBJI5eT "Hacneaue" HcnOJIb3OBaB1IU1XCA paHee MeTOaOB qpe3mepHou

JIeco3KcnJIyaTaLUHH. KaK y)Ke oTMeqaJIoCb, 6onbwas 'aCTb cienbIx n1eCOB HaxoAT4TCq BoT,1aajeHHbIX paioHax, KOTOpbie MOrYT HaBcerlIa OCTaTbCA 3KOHOMH"eCKKH He,fOCTynHbIM4 HAnu

Ta6JiHLAa 1.4: Oi.eHKa 6HoJIorHmecKoro noTeHilHan1a .necoB B pa3HbIX perHOHaX Poccuu(TbicSIqH Ky6oMeTpoB)

PeIwoH POCCHM 06a(as pacqemHag xBoEHHc T7ep,io- M.qrkafrnCTaeHHMe.'ecoceKa JIMCTBCHHfMC

CHi6Hpb 233 286 187 720 - 55 566

jQanbHmA BOCTOK 98 546 81 853 4 187 12 506

EBporna/Ypan 197 575 49 554 5 043 132 078

Bcero 529 407 319 127 9 230 201 050

HCTO4HIHK: JaHHbiC rocyaapCTBeHHoro yqeTa .neCHoro (poHia 3a 1993 roA.

3aKpblTbIMH aniA JIeCo3aroToBHTeAeH no 3KoJ1orFHeCKHM npHMHHaM. A 6oAbluiHcTBo

MOJIOAHIKOB, BbIpOCUHX Ha Bbipy6Kax, HaXOaALLHXCq B 6o0iee aocTyrHbIX parioHax

(He,aaTeKO OT npOMbIwJ1eHHbIX KOMnJ1eKCOB unu BaOflb TpaHCnOPTHbIX MaruCTpaneu),

,OCTHFrHYT BO3paCTa py6KH TOflbKo qepe3 HeCKOnbKO aeCATHAeTUil. KpoMe TOrO, B cny'4ae

npo,aoJuKeHHS HuH ycKopeHHA HHTeHCHBHOH 3arOTOBKH nieca B aOCTYrIHbIX niecax nepBou H

BTOPOU rpynn (oKouo 30% poccHuicKoro iecHoro qoHJIa) npo43Or4HeT 3HaqHTeCJbHa5 noTepAnpHPOAHbIX H COULaHJbHb1X noAe3HocTe ri.

YTO'HeHHe napaMeTpOB ceroaHWlmHero COCTOAHHS4 pecypcHOr 6a3bI

HeHCTOLUHTeJ]bHOIO H pauHoHaHbHOrO IeconOJ1b3OBaHHS ABj15eTCS Heo6XoalHMbIM YCJ1OBHCM

nlo6oUi HMeHoL1eU CMbiCn] OUeHKUI nOTeHLLHaiia rPOH3BOaCTBa 11peBeCHHbI B POCCHH. CPO4HO

Tpe6yeTCs noapo6Has HH4OpMoUuHq nO npOCTpaHCTBeHHOMY pacnpe,aeJleHH4o BO3paCTHbIX

55

KJiaCCOB B 3KOHOM4qeCKH IOCTynHbIX necax, KOTOpble 3KOJIori4qeCKH rlOaXOIST Uqg

YCT0941Boro IpOH3BOACTBa apeBecHHbl. B KOHe4HOM HTore, .nS yCTO P1Boro npoH3BO CTBa,apeBeC4HbI o66l3aTejibHO noTpe6yeTcA KOMnnieKCHoe njiaHHpOBsaHHe HCnOJb3OBaHHq 3eMeflbAAA FIpoH3BOaCTBa jieCHbIX pecypcoB. B 6nuH)Ka4uwee BpeMA ATS 3T'oro Heo6XoaHMo CpO'IHO

npOBeCTH OueHKY COCTOAHHSI neCOB B JToruHeCKHX CbIpbeBbIX 3OHax CyILLeCTBYIOLUHX

npe,aripHATH49, '4TO6bI nOMO4b YCTaHOBHTb HHBeCTHULUHHb1e BO3MO)KHOCTN H orpeaeAIHTbMacuWTa6 Heo6XOaHMOA peopraHH3auLHH ceKTopa.

?pWacim, 3aBHCfI1(HC OT JICcoHpoMMJLleHHo4 IpOAVAWcHH

Ha aojnio neCHor4 npoMbiwHAeHHOCTH PoccuH npH4XOLHTCq oKoJIo 5% o6weroo6beMa rpoMbIwJIeHHoro npoH3BOaCTBa u 7% o6weg 4icAeHHOCTH pa6OTaIOwIIX B

npOMblwJIeHHOCTH. OXHaKO K 1993 roay o61beM BHyTpeHHerO npOH3BoLICTBa apeBeCHbIX

npOIIyKTOB (KpyrAblx JiecoMaTep4ajioB, nu4JIoMaTepHajioB, 4DaHepbi, apeBeCHbIX nFuHT uueAJnOJIo3Ho-6yMa)KHo4 npOaYKU4HH B YCJOBHblx eal4HHuax o6beMa Kpyrnoro .neca) ynan ,ao57% no CpaBHeHHIO C YPOBHeM 1989 roaa. Cnag IpOH3BOACTBa npoonJKaJIcq H B 1994-95rr., ycyry6nsiri npo6JIeMy aeb4UHTa CblpbS xiA aepeBonepepa6aTbIBaIOLUL4x npenl)pHsTHi. 3aHCKYIO,IeHHeM Me6eJIbHoH npoMbIHJIeHHOCTH, Bce KpynHble HpoH3BoXHTeJIHniecorHpoMbiwjieHHOH HpOAYKUHHu nepe)KHBaji4 3HaqHTenJbHoe coKpaumeHHe o6'beMOBnpoH3BOACTBa (CM. Ta6nwuy 1.5). BHyTpeHHee npOH3BOaCTBO OCHOBHbIX BH4IOBneco6yMa)KHorl HPO4yKU14 3a nepBbie n>sTb MecAueB 1996 roaa 6buO HH)Ke, qeM 3aCOOTBeTCTBy1OLUHUi nepHo, 1995 rojaa.

Oco6eHHo CHJIbHbIrH yaap coKpaweHi4e rIpO43BOACTBa gpeBeCHOR npOaYKLIH4HaHecjiO TaKHM OTpaCJSiM, KaK )KHJIHUIHOe H AKeCJe3HOaOPOAKHoe CTPOHTeJIbCTBO. B 1993 ro,ay)HJICTpOU 3aqBI4JI 0 TOM, xiTO HM He XBaTajiO KaK MHHHMYM 10 MIlH. Ky6oMeTpOB.necoMaTepHaYIOB, a rocyaapCTBeHHbie )Keie3Hbie aoporH r1oJIyqHJIH TOJIbKO n1OJ1OBHHYHeo6xo,aHMorO KOJH4qeCTBa aepeBAHHbIX wna1n H Bcero TpeTb aepeBSIHHbIX CBeTo(bOpHbIX

CTOJa6OB. H XOTA aefHULHT 3TUX MaTepHaJiOB, OUeHHBanJCS1 OTHOCHTeJlbHO B03HHKalOLWUX

noTpe6HocTeri repHoaa CHCTeMbI [eHTpajiH3OBaHHOrO nFUaHHpOBaH[4,q KOTOpble C Tex nopMOrJIH H3MeHHTbCA, pe3yJIbTaTb1 HeIaBHHX HCccj1eAoBaH14i nOATBepKwaIOT 3Ha'HTeJIbHbIrU1ae43HLvT CTpOuMaTepuaj1oB (World Bank, 1995) H HeyaoBJIeTBop4TeJ1bHbie o6ibeMbI 3aMeHb1KeAe3HO,4OPO)KHbIX wnan (Holt, 1993).

3KcHopTHmbl aOTeHLghaff

3Ha'HTen]bHa.q 'aCTb o6fero o6feMa npo43BOACTBa apeBeCHoA nIpoaYKLUH3KCUIOpTHpyeTCH H3 CTpaHbl H 5BJIReTCA CyLueCTBeHHb[M HCTO'HHKOM BaJIIOTHbIXnOCTyn.neHHr. KpyrJlble JieCOMaTepHaJIbl, 6yayMH OCHOBHOU CTaTbeii 3KCnOpTa neCHOA

npOAYKU4H, OTnpaBJlqIOTCS B COpOK cTpaH MHpa, a nHioMaTepHanbl, ueenjuolo3Ho-6yMaKHaxH Me6eJbHas UTpOaYKUHR - npHMepHO B CeMbaeCST cTpaH. B nocjieaHee BpeMA KpynHbIMHMf1OpTePOM Kpyrnoro .neca (Henepepa6oTaHHou4 apeBecHHbl) cTana AnOHHR. CornacHoObHuLU4JIbHbIM aaHHbIM, B nepHoa C 1990 no 1992 roa npok30oe.n pe3KH1 cnaa ypOBHA

3KCnOPTHblx nocTynjieHHuu: c 3,87 Mnpa. aoniiapoB CWIA ao 1,49 MAnpa. IaojInapoB ClWA,OCHOBHOU nP14HI HOH TaKoro COKpaWLeH H5 3KCIOpTHbiX nOCTYnh1eHU H BJ11J11aCbKOppeKTHPOBKa KypCa BaJIJOT. C Tex nop o6beMbI 3KCnOpTa apeBeCHoir npOayKUKH

56

Ta6jiAna 1.5: HroTpe6neHHe ,ApeBeCHOI npOpyKIuHH B POCCuH B 1989 H 1993 rr.

(MJIH. Ky6HMecKHx MeTpoB)

j pym,a 7a/swoaTmeIeI 06wevM Io7pc6JeHHr B yCIOBHmX H3MCHeHHe B sejmHHIJBx o6hema KpY"Jorv neca

1989 1993

MaWHHocTpoeHHe 15,0 6,0 - 60,0

rioTpe6HTerIbcKHe TOBapbi 21,0 9,7 - 53,8

CTpoHTenbcTBo 49,0 26,2 - 46,5

)KeAe3Ho2IopowHbie wnaijbi 14,5 7,8 - 46,2

Ue.n.nioJo3a H 6yMara 44,5 24,0 - 46,1

PeMOHT 32,0 17,4 - 45,6

YnaKoBKa 38,0 24,7 - 35,0

Me6ejib 20,3 20,9 + 0,6

nlpoque nOJIb3OBaTeCj 23,0 10,3 - 55,2

Bcero 257,3 147,0 - 42,9

1HCTO'HHK: rOCKoMcTaT Pc1, 1995.

BOCCTaHOBHJIHCb H ,aa)Ke HeCKOJbKO BO3POCJIH (Ta6.iHua 1.6). B 1995 roay o6LuHig YPOBeHb

3KCnOPTHbIX nOCTyninIeHHH BbIPOC ,aO 4,2 Mj1pa. dojnjnapOB CHIA (Ta6nHiLta 1.7 H PHC. 1.5).CaMOA KpynHOH CTaTbCei 3KcHOpTa JiCCHblX npORYKTOB 6bmjla Henepepa6oTaHHas ApeBecHHa

(18,5 MJIH. Ky6oMeTpoB), ee yaeJIbHbIH BeC B o6[eM o6beMe 3KCHOPTa J]eCHOH npOa,YKUHH

COCTaBHZj 25%; 97% 3KCnOPTHPOBanjOCb 3a npeaejibi Coapy)KecTBa He3aBHcHMbIx rocyaapCTB

(CHr). apyrHMH Ba)KHbIMH BHaaMH 3KCnOpTHpyeMOk JieCHOH npORYKIUHH 6blAH

nIHnoMaTepHaJTbI, ueinloJIo3Ho-6yMa)KHaq rpodayKIHq H ra3eTHaq 6yMara. (loniee noapo6HaqHH4jopMauHq no MeCAyHapOaHOH TOPrOB1e JeCHbIMH npOayKTaMi npeacTaBAeHa B

npHHoAoeHHH r).

O,aHaKo PoccHH Mo)KeT coxpaHHTb HunH aa)Ke nOBbICHTb YPOBeHb CBOUX

3KCnOPTHbIX nOCTYrUTeHHI4 OT TOprOBJIH JieCHbIMH npOayKTaM4 3a c4eT yBenm4eHM4H B o6WeMo6beMe 3KCnOpTa ,aonH npOI1YKTOB ,aepeBOnepepa6OTKH, co3,aloLueH ,ao6aBneHHYIOCTOHMOCTb, H COKpaiueHHA ,aOJI KpyrnJblX nIecoMaTepHaTTOB, xITO nTo3BOJn14Jo 6bl eH CHH3HTb

CBOU HOTPe6HOCTH B apeBeCHOM CblPbe U YKPenUTb 3KOHOMUKY Ha MeCTHOM YPOBHe.

HenoBpeAneHHbie MeAneHHopacTyILHe ,aepeBbq B CeBepHbIX perHoHax POCCHH taalOT

LapeBeCHHY C MenJKHM TeKCTYpHbIM PHCYHKOM, y3KHMH rOUHqHbIMH KOJbUaMH H He6oJIbUHMH

xopowIo pacnpeaeAeHHbIMH cy'KaMH. Ha 3apy6e)KHbIx Pb1HKax oIeHb nOflyJnqpHaJIHCTBeHHHLua qnA oco6blX BH,aOB KOHeqHOrO HOJIb3OBaHHS, eCTb TaK)Ke cnpOC Ha enb H

nHXTy, a ApeBeCHHa C paBHOMepHOr4 TeKCTypOH TaKHX BU,D,OB, KaK KOpe1CKH14 Keanp H

57

cU6UpcCKU4U Keap, y)Ke HMeeT pbIHKH C6blTa B 5lnOHHH iU BeJIHKO6pHTaHHH. HpOrHo3bl

cnpoca Ha Pb1HKax EBponbl H rocyaapCTB THxooKeaHcKoro perioHa yKa3blBalOT Ha

yBeJuIH-eHCe aedHLIUTa nOCTaBOK U3 Tpa,LULLHOHHbIX CTpaH - 3KCnOpTePOB IapeBeCHHbi

(TponHlecKoh H yMepeHHoi 30H), 'TO O3HaqaeT BO3MO)KHOCTb pacwUpeH[4,q pblHKOB gjS1

pOCCUUCKHX apeBecHbIx npOayKTOB. flpeKpacHyio riepcneKTHBY AAS 3KcnOpTa M1eeT K1Tau,nOCKOJIbKy TaM ceA4ac YpOBeHb noTpe6neHHA apeBeCHbix npOLyKTOB (BK1lio4as 6yMa;KHyio

npoTIyKUHIo) Ha ,yWHy HaceiieHHlq KpaAHe HU3OK, a C POCTOM aOXOaOB OH aoniOKeH Ha'{aTb

Ta6ntHUa 1.6: 9KCnOpT U3 POCCHH Kpyrjioro neca H HiKAoMaTepHaJIoB, 1992-1995(MJIH. Ky6. M)

9KcnoprTpyeMMe 1992 1993 1994 99H7PO2ZYKTU ____I_________ ____

Kpyrnbir leca 16,90 | 14,20 | 14,85 18,45

rtnuOMaTepHaAbi | 3,80 j 4,60 | 5,40 6,156

Bcero nUiOTHOM | 20,70 | 18,60 1 20,25 | 24,60JApCBeCHHbi j _ I J .

a Henepepa6oTaHHas apeBecliHa6 no oueHKaM.

ICTO0HHK: "3KOHOMHKa u )KM3Hb", 1995 U roCyaapCTBeHHblr TaMoKeHHbilH KOMHTeT P(D.

rOBblwaTbCSI. Ka3aXcTaH H apyrHe rocyRapcTBa IJeHTpaJIbHOr4 A3HH noc.ne BOCCTaHOBJIeHHq

CBOerl 3KOHOMUKH TO)Ke, cKopee Bcero, C(1OPMHPYIOT 3Hal4HTeJIbHbie rOTeHUHaj]bHble pblHKU

gAJA apeBeCHOA npOaYKUH44 143 POCCHu 7 .

ToprOBbIe 6apbepbl, orpaHHM'HBaiowiue 3KCHOPT JieconpoMbiLjieHHOu npO,aYKLH14,

6bmuH 3HatiTe1bHO CHHKeHbI uinu yCTpaHeHbl (CnpaBKa 1.7). OgHaKO, HecMOTPA Ha Ba)KHY1O

pOJIb, KOTOPYIO HrpaeT nIeCHoh ceKTOP B MeACAyHapOaHOfH TOprOBJle POCCUH, 3LaeCb

COXpaHAIOTCA CTpYKTYPHbie 6apbepbl: OT rocyaapCTBeHHorO KOHTpOJI5 B o6JiaCTH

npoH3BOACTBa nieca ao npaBOBOH CHCTeMbi H IIOJIHTUKU B o6.nacTH Hanoroo6jio)KeHt4I,

6aHKOBCKOA aeATeJIbHOCTH H iHuUeH3HpOBaHHSi npen,l4pHHHMaTeJlbCKO4 ReslTeJ1bHoCTM. Bce

3TH 6apbepbl MewalOT pa6oTe MexaH43MOB OTKPbIToro pbIHKa. B J1eCHOM ceKTope nOKa HeT

a,aeKBaTHb1X CHCTeM UHHpaCTpyKTypbl, opraHH3auHH, HHq)OpMau44H H CTHMyJIHpOBaHHS4,

KOTOpbIe Heo6xoatlMbl AAS YCTaHOBjieHHs4 CBo6oL4HbIX PbIHO4HbIX ueH, no5BJ1eHHe wKe TaKHX

CHCTeM 6yjxeT cnoco6CTBOBaTb HpH4Be'eHHIo 3HaqHTenJbHbIX qaCTHbIX HHBeCTHUUH U H

CTa6H4IbHoMy npo43BoaCTBy. Ho B 3TOM KOHTeKCTe HeO6xOai4MO TaKwe pewaTb BCe 6onee

cepbe3Hb1e flpo6JIeMbi He3aKOHHbIX j1ecO3arOTOBOK H TOprOBju apeBecHHOA,

6ecKoHTpoAbHoro 3KCnOpTa Henepepa6oTaHHoro KpyrnIoro Reca H OTCyTCTBHA KOHTpO1RH 3aco6.no,aeHHeM npHpoaooxpaHHbIX 3aKoHoB. KpoMe Toro, Bce 6o0ee Ba)KHoe 3Ha-eHHe AnA5

riojiyT4eH4S H pacwUpeH>HA aOCTyra K PbIHKaM (oco6eHHo B EBpone) 6yxaeT

7 ao0l70fITeH,bHbHAH allWH3 flCPCI7eKTHB TOproBnIH apc7ccHHoi Meay PoccHfeH H 6birnuHMf COIO3Ht7MUpec7y6dIHKaMif AfoxHO HaTH B.: Backiman (1995 and 1996). OLicHKa cnpoca H i7peC27oxeHHR ,e7oBoI apeBecHHbIH 2pyTifx BHa'oB mCCHOgI HpOqAyKiUfH 4aaeTC B: Nilsson7 (1996).

PUc. 1.5: CTpyKrypa H TeH2ReHEIH 3KCNOPTa qecomaTepnaaOB H3 POCCHH

a. CTpyKTypa 3KCflOpTa

,QpyrHe 6yMaIcHhieH3AeJuSI

14%

ra3eTHaa 6yMara Heo6pa6oraHHaa

14% A _ peBecHHa

_ ~~~259%

UejmnOJlo3a FIH.JoMaTepHaAbi

22% 17%

,apyrue H3JaeAHA H3ApeBeCHHbl

8%

6. LIHHaMHKa 3KCnOPTa ApeBec8mi

25| Heo6pa6oTaHHaa apeBeCHHa * HnHAoMaTepHaiblI

20

'15

A1 0

5

0

1992 1993 1994 1995

HCTO'uIHK: rocynapcTBeHUnfl Tamo2iKeHHMI KOMUTTT POCCuu, 1996 r.

59

npHo6peTaTb He3aBt4CHMaf cepTTH(HKaUHlA necHoU npOaYyKLLi4 C uenJblO KOHTPOJIl 3aco6.no,aeHHeM MeA)KYHapOAHbIX HOPM U Tpe6OBaHHir no HeICTOL[U1TCJIbHOMYjieconoJib3OBaHHIO.

CnpaBKa 1.7: CHHIKeHHe H yCTpaHeHHe 3KCIIOpTHbiX 6apbepOB AM nfleCHorH npO,YKULH

B npouecce o6wueri .iH6epau43auHH TOproBAJ B PoccuH 6blu ycTpaHeHbI MHorue 6apbepbl B3KcnopTupoBaHUU AeCHOU npoayKUHN. Zao npoBeaeHHl 3T14X pe()opm pOCCHI4CKHe 3KCnOpTepbl AecHoJ4npO1YKUHm 6bmu1 o6Ml3aHbI pertiCTpHpOBaTb CBOH KOHTpaKTbl B perfOHaAbHbIx npeaCTaBHTeJbCTBaxMHHHcTePCTBa BHeWuHe3KOHoM4eCKhX CBql3eI H B POCCHUICKOU rocyaapCTBeHHOA AeconpOMblwiJeHHOriKOMnaHHH "PocAecnpoM" H ee perHOHaHbHbIX (ul)Hlanax. 3KCnopTepbl TaKwKe aOAXKHbl 6bIJuH 3aKnioqaTbKOHTpaKTbi no npoAa)Ke qepe3 cnelUHaJbHbie 3KcnOPTHbie opraHH3auLmu (cnelC3Knopgrepbl). XOT$1 no 3aKOHYnnlaTa 3a ne'aTb Ha KoHTpaKTe cocTaBnflua He 6oAee 1,5% OT CTOHMOCTH npoaaBaeMbix no KOHTpaKTy ToBapoB,3TU opraHJ3auHI 'LacTo 6panH ropa3,ao 6ojiee BbICOKyKO ueHy 3a CBOIH "KoHCyHIbTaUHH" U apyrue ycAyrul.HeKoTopble M3 3TUX KoMnaHIHr co3AanuH 4MHJanbl, KOTOpbie 3aHHMaJHCb cTpaxoBaHmeM, 6aHKOBCKHM aeAoM,

MnolYpTHbIMu onepaLLHRMM, HaAeAHB Ux nOxTH MOHOIIOnbHblMH HOJHOMo04AMH nO 3KCnOpTHoMyAtnUeH3HpoBaHu4IO. OnHOA 13 TaKHX perHOHaAbHb1X opraHw3auLm ABAm3eTc3 "llaJbJec" B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae,KoTopaSI, no CyTH, OMMHH4pyeT Ha 3KCnopTHOM PbIHKe KpyrAbIX AecoMaTepHanOB B 3TOM perlioHe. TaKHMo6pa3oM, KOHTpOAb 3a ocy1ueCTBneHHeM 3KcnopTHbIX onepauHiu npocTo npHBOAHA K yBeAuqeHHIO peHTHbIXI1OXOI1OB npHBHAerIpOBaHHblX KOMnaHHt.

3Ta CIIcTeMa "cneU3KcnopTepOB", .j1HueH3HpoBaHHSI 3KCnopTHbIX onepauLH, KBOT U o6%13aTeAbHoAiperucTpauHH KOHTpaKTOB 6bmia Ol4HuHaAbHO oTMeHeHa I anpeA.l 1995 rojaa. PerHcTpaujfl 3KCnOPTHbIXKOHTpaKTOB no-npe)KHeMy BeAeTCql B rOcyaapCTBeHHOM TaMo)KeHHoM KOMHTeTe Ha Ao6poBobHouA OCHOBe. Bce3KcnopTepbi o6H3aHbi npeacTaBAlATb B UeHTpaAbHblu 6aHK PoccHu oTqeTbl no BHeWlHeToprOBb1M cahAKaM amlJKOHTPOA.q penaTpHaUUiU MHOCTpaHHOri BaAJlOTbI. B anpeAe 1996 roaa 6biAH OTMeHeHbl 3KCnopTHbie nowumHbI(KoTopble paHbuwe cocTaBBj1AH 8% Ha KpyrAble 1 nHHJeHbI AlecoMaTepiaAbl iu 10% - Ha uenjiioJo3y). Ewue OaFHHMMHoroo6eLuaIouLHM npH3HaKoM pa3BHTHS1 KoHKypeHLLHH nBiJuSTc1 nepeMeHa, KOTOpaqS npOH30Aa B HaqaAe1995 rona: B Xa6apoBcKe 3aperFCTPHPOBBaJaCb POCCHICKaI AaTIbHeBOCTOqHaH accouHaUHqs MeJKIx qaCTHbIXAeconOJ1b3OBaTeges, o61blBHB 0 CBOeM HaMepeHHH COXpaHRTb HC3aBHCHMOCTb OT rIpaBBTeAJbCTBa H TaKPIXKpynHb1X yqpeaHTeAbHbIX npeanpHATHiA, KaK "Taanmec".

HafforHi H HoHeHHa8J Hviara

npe,rinpmqTHq niecHoro ceKTopa Poccuu )KayJIOTCA Ha KpaUHIOIO T$DleCTb cBoeroHanioroBoro 6peMeHH, yTBep)AaaA, 'TO 6onee 90% HX aOXOaOB yXOai4T Ha onIIaTy HanJorOB(o6Luee pocciAcKoe HanioroBoe 3aKOHoaaTeAbCTBO H npo6nieMbi opraHH3Bum c6opa Han0oroBpaccMaTpuBalOTCA B pa6oTax: World Bank, 1995c; Sunley, 1995; World Bank, 1996b). B TOAe BpeMl, o6fuHf o6beM 4aKTHMeCK4 co6HpaeMblx HaBjorOB npo,aojIxaeT OCTaBaTbCH HaomeHb HH3KOM ypoBHe. 3a riepBbie aeBATb MeCAHeB 1994 roaa o6'beM npH6bim AnecHoro

ceKTopa CoCTaBHJI 909,3 Mjipa. py6Aeri. 143 HUX 327,6 MJipa. py6nek (36%) 6bUro ynra4eHo BKaqecTBe Hariora Ha npH6buIb H 64,3 Mjipn. py6neii (7%) B KaqeCTBe HaJIorOB Ha 3apflJlaTy.

nO HenOaTBep)KzteHHbIM aaHHb[M, y npeanpHqTHi OCTaJIOCb TOJIbKo 517,4 Mjipa. py6Jei unJI4

npMHepHO OaHa 'ieTBepTaA 4aCTb OT CYMMbI, HCO6XOtaMO Ha BbInOJIHeHeC qUlHHaHCOBbIXo65I3aTeJ]bCTB nepea MeCTHbIMH 6ioaKeTaMH no coUHaIbHbIM, KyJIbTypHbIM, )K4JI1LUHbIM H

4HH4pacTpyKTypHbIM pacxoaaM, noraweHHe 6aHKOBCKHX KpeRHToB, BbirlJ1aTy FpoLLeHTOB Ho

Kpe,aHTaM H nHiaTe)KH B 4beaepanbHbiA 6ioaxeT ("H3BecTm'", 16 qeBpa.ns 1995 r.).

OI,HaKO, HeCMOTpAl Ha TADKejioe HanioroBoe 6peM5i npeaLIPHS4THA necHoro

KoMnHieKCa, 41aKTHqeCKHAi YpOBeHb HauOr'OBbIX ,OXOaOB OT SiecHoro ceKTopa B 1994 romy 6bI|

Ta6AHI.a 1.7: 3 KcnopT AeeconpoMbmU eHHOt npO1AyKIHH H3 POCCHH, 1995 roA

Bs npozUIH Bceiv 3aa npe,eh CHr B cpaIHf CHr

Kau-sBo Cr0HmoT Kaf-Bo COHMOCTb Koff-Bo CTrMMTh

l {~~~~~~~~~~~TblC. T) (AIH, (ThUC. T) (MJ^H aaoml) (Tuc. T) (AMJI RaWo)J

| IpeBecHHa H apeBecHbie npoayKTbi - 2.107,9 - 1.940,3 - 167,6

TonJuHBHa.9 lIpeBecHHa 737,8 27,8 701,4 27,0 36,4 0,8

Kpyrjibig Aec (M3 ) 18.446,0 1.064,5 17.948,8 1.040,8 497,1 23,6

WInanbi 168,6 25,3 4,9 0,7 163,7 24,6

| nHinoMaTepHanb - 709,4 - 640,1 - 69,2

llpeBeCHOCTpyKe'iHbie nuHTbl 21,5 3,6 18,0

.lpeBecHoBonoKHliCTbie nAliTbl - 32,0 - 21,1 - 10,9

| qaHepa (M3) 670,5 193,2 657,0 188,9 13,5 4,3

AepeB$fHHaR Tapa 102,8 12,8 44,0 6,6 58,9 6,2

CTporMaTepHaj1bi 8,8 5,6 3,4 2,0 5,4 3,6

Uejulono3Haa npoayKuiH - 951,3 - 919,0 - 32,3

Cyjib4aTHa.I uejnmonlo3a, 79,5 85,8 76,7 82,5 2,8 3,3paCTBOpHMaa

CyJIb4aTHa.H uenono3a, 1092,7 762,7 1062,6 743,5 30,1 19,2HepaCTBoPHMaA

Cy.I4HTHaA uejnno.no3a, 159,6 96,4 151,5 90,7 8,1 5,8HepaCTBOpHMaSI

EyMaXHas. npoayKumu - 1.175,9 - 950,1 - 225,8

ra3eTHaH 6yMara 1005,1 598,3 916,4 542,3 88,7 56,0

ByMara u KaPToH 219,2 153,4 150,2 108,2 69,0 45,1HeMejiOBaHHbie

Kpad)T-6yMara H KapToH, 251,7 143,3 233,9 130,0 17,8 13,4HeMeAOBaHHbie

,fpyrHe BUAbl 6ymarw U KapToHa, 296,5 166,0 241,0 128,3 55,6 37,7HeMeCjOBaHHbie

ByMara H KaPToH MeqoBaHHbie 8,5 7,9 5,7 3,4 2,8 4,5

ByMara u KapToH npOnHTaHHbie 34,1 22,9 29,7 17,3 4,4 5,6

060ui 4,9 7,2 1,l 1,0 3,8 6,2

5yMaKiHbie cpeacTBa rFHHeHbI 3,6 4,8 1,5 2,2 2,1 2,6

EyMaxiuia. H KapTOHHa. Tapa 34,8 33,5 9,4 8,0 25,4 25,5

byMaKHasi U KaPTOHHaR - 4,5 - 0,1 - 4,4MapKHPOBKa

)ipyrHe BMubI 6yMa)KHO4 H 4,2 6,9 1,1 0,8 3,1 6,1KaPTOHHOi nlPOAYKUHH

Bcero[ 4.235,1 - [ 3.809,4 425,7

I4CTOIIHHK: TaMo3KeHHaA CTaTHCTHKa no BHeWHerU ToproeBe POCCHU1CKOt 'ie,AepauHH, 1995.

61

HH3KUM B CB93H C HeyaoBneTBopHTeJIbHo4 pa6oToA ceKTopa, o6waw cyMMa HaniOrOBbIX

nocTynHieHHr cocCTaBnuina HeMHOrHM 6oaee I aojijapa CLHA Ha 1 Ky6oMeTp 3aroToBJeHHoglIpeBeCHHbl. CyaA no LuwpaM, npHBOHrMbIM B "H3BecTmHx, o6[uaM CyMMa (beaepaj1bHbIXHanOFOBbix nocTynnieH119 H3 IieCHoro ceKTopa CoCTaBHi4a Bcero oKoao 184 MJIH. aonaiapoBCIWA (npH Kypce 2125 py6neu 3a goAAap). TaKasl ie cyMMa AoJDKHa 6bm.na nocTynH1Tb BperHOHaBjbHbie H paUOHHbie 61io,leTbl Ha nOKpblTIe COLHaJIbHbIX, )KHJHLUHbIX,HH4)paCTpyKTypHbIX 14 CB13aHHbIX C HHMU paCXOaOB. Ho oLUeHKaM, pa3mep nOCTyntiBwei B

MeCTHbie 6ioaxeTbi noneHHOR rIiaTbl, B [IejoM COCTaBHJ1 OKOJIo 40 MJ1H. aojuiapoB (Hcxoas

13 Toro, xlTO CpeJHqS noneHHaH nniaTa 6bmqa paBHa 800 py6. 3a I Ky6oMeTp, a o6fut o06beMnpoH3BOflCTBa noKynaeMO9 Ha KOPHIO apeBeCHHbl - 123 MJIH. Ky6. M). 5%-HblA

be,aepaJIbHbIfi Hajior, KOTOpblU npeRHa3Ha4ajlc5 aAS nOKpblTlTHS pacXo,aOB HaJIecoBocCTaHoBJIeHe, B anpene 1995 r. 6bum oTMeHeH, nOCKOJ1bKy B 1994 r. COCTaBJIqJ] TOJIbKO6% OT rlpOH3BOaCTBeHHbIX 3aTpaT.

,io Tex nop, HOKa He Ha'HeT AeHCTBOBaTb HOBblh JIeCHoA Ko!aeKC, c

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MeCTHbIMH opraHami BJIaCTH; OHa OT'qHCAHeTCS B HX bOHRbl o6WHx nocTynHjeHu4i 8 . CyAs no

BceMy, pa3Mep noneHHOH nHiaTbl YCTaHaBHBaeTC r nyTeM neperoBopoB, B KOTOpbIX

yqaCTBYIOT TOJIbKO rpegCTaBHTej1H MeCTHbIX aAMHHHcTpauHr1 H npeanpHqTllr4. BXa6apOBCKOM Kpae rOleHHaH riaTa 3aBHC14T OT nopoabI aepeBbeB (B 1994 r. oHa cocTaBAHJIa

OKOJIo 2000 py6./M 3 no eJu U1 500 py6neui no 6epe3e). HpH oHpeaeJIeHHH noneHHorl nHJaTbI

Ka'eCTBO U paCCTOHH4e OT pbIHKa C6blTa o6blmHO He y'qHTbIBaIoTCq. Hanor 3a HCnOJIb3OBaHHe3eMnJtI (5% OT noneHHoti nHIaTbl) oripeaensleTCH e)KeroaHo U B3M14aeTCq 3a npaBoHOflb3OBaHHR J1eCHbIMH 3eMniqMH. Pa3Mepbi HilaTbI 3a aonrocpo4Hyio apeH,Jy, c npaBOM Ha

3arOTOBKY nieca, 3aBHC51T OT OCHOBHbIX Jiecoo6pa3ylouWx BHUOB, Hpo43paCTaioluHX Ha

apeH1ayeMori 3eMjie, 4 OT cpoKa apeHabl. B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae cpeRHHr4 pa3mep apeHaHor4nHIaTbl COCTaBjiqeT 40% OT roaoBor4 rioneHHOU HnIaTbl.

BBezeHHe B aefiCTBHe HOBOrO JIeCHOFO KoaeKCa aOJ1DKHO Bbl3BaTb 3Ha'qHTeJlbHbieH3MeHeHH.q B CHCTeMe nHjaTe)Keg 3a JIecoHonb3oBaHHe. HpeanonaraeTcq, ITO MHHI4MaJIbHbIeCTaBKH nIaTbI 3a ApeBeCHHy, OTHYCKaeMY1O Ha KOpHIO, 6yayT oripeaeJuiTbCH HpaBHTeJibCTBOMPOCCHUCKOU $Deaepa[uH, a nOCTynneHJ4HH 6yayr pacnpeeienqTbcq MeK,y 4eaepanbHbIM 11perFOHaJ1bHblMH 61o),xeTaM4 B YCTaHOBJIhHHOM COOTHOweHCHHI. JIeCHble HOaaTH, CTaBKH

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AOXOO40B: rOioeHHaS HniaTa, HaSJOFH C J1eCO3arOTOBHTeJlbHbIX KOMHiaHHU H HaJIOri C

,aepeBonepepa6aTbIBaioILHx npe,anpHATHu. B CB5314 C BbICOKUM YPOBHeM HeoripeaejieHHOCTHB nH1aHe BO3MO)KHbIX 06'beMOB yCTOr'IHBOrO npoH3BOaCTBa apeBeCHHbl, 6yayLU4X 3aTpaT H

8 TepMtH "FoJ7eHHmA5 nnaTa" 3aiecb o3HmyaeT ypOBeH1 peHTHOhi !1E7aTM 3a 1ipaBo HCf7O1b3oBaHHR pecypca,KOTOpaSI B3wMaeTCJf 3a nec Ha KOpHIo, flpeaHa3HaveHHbik n7>7 3arOTOBKH gpeCBCCHmb. 9TH 3TIIJIaTexYCTaHHBBJHB81OTC.I B a4aMHHHCTpaTHBHOM llOPJWKC, 32aCCb TCpMHH "iOloeHHaI f7qara" TCXHH'eCKf 03HaVaeT HeCOBCeM TO noHITUe, KOTOpOe CTOHT 38 HHM B 381anaHOM lCcOyupaB/eHH H. B 7OCICIHeM cwywae pa3Mepw1oF1eHHoIl JnaTb onpeaaewniomcq iyTCM BbiHTaHmw 3aTpaT Ha 3aroTOBKy H TpaHc17OpTHpoBKy U3 LWeHUL Ha KpyJrbiC1CCOMaTepHag,W Ha OI7peZlCJeHHOM pMHKe (CM. ro0cCapHf CeCHbIX TepMHHOB).

62

uIeH, oiLeHKa nOTeHLHanJbHbIX HaJIOrOBbIX AOXOOB B aoOJIAapax CWIA 1996 roAa ,AaeTcs ans

flByX YPOBHef npoH3BOACTBa ApeBeCHHbl H AiIS Tpex YPOBHei 3aTpaT H LeH. B HacToqweeBpeMS poccrHcKHe LueHbl HH)Ke, 'leM MHpOBbIe. OJHaKO npuH AanbHeiwLeri JIH6epaJIH3auHHLueH H TOprOBJH, pOCCHUICKHe UeHbI AOJDKHbi 6yjyT CpaBHqTbCS C MHpOBbIMH. HOCKOJIbKy B

OCHOBe pacqeToB Tex)KaT KOHCepBaTHBHbIe nporHO3bl, OUeHKH nOTeHUHaHJbHbIX HaSjOrOBbIX

LAOXOJAOB To)Ke HOCAT KOHCepBaTHBHbiU xapaKTep. HanpHMep, B HacTo3wee BpeMq Cpe1HHUUpa3mep noneHHOU FnIaTbI B POCCHH COCTaBJieT MeHee 1 AoJTAapa ClIA 3a Ky6oMeTp, a Ha

ayKUHOHax pa3Mepbi noneHHOS flaTbl B POCCHH H HeKOTOpbiX COCe1RHHX CTpaHax

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YPOBeHb daKTH4eCKOil co6HpaeMocTH HanorOB.

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necHoro ceKropa B POCCHH OLLeHHBaiOTCH MHHHMyM B 0,9 MJIPA. aoJnapOB C A B roA. OHH

MO[JIH 6bl aOCTHraTb 5,5 MJipA. aonnapOB CWA B rof npH onTHManbHbIX AonyH(eHHAX nO

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r). Ecnu npaBHtTeJbCTBO He CMOIKeT pe(DOpMHpOBaTb HOJIHTHKY B .ieCHOM CeKTOpe,

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CMO)KeT HOJIYqaTb 3TH nOTeHItHaSJbHbie HaJIOrOBbie goXoabi. A 3THX nOTeHUHaJIbHbIXHanJorOBbIX AOXOAOB XBaTHno 6bl He TOAbKO Ha (JHHaHCHPOBaHHe Bcex pacxoAoB, CBI3aHHbIX

c opraHH3aLuHer H BseeHHeM niecHoro XO3siCTBa, BOCnpOH3BOLICTBOM, oxpaHoiu H 3aLUHToHnIeCOB H HX HeHCTOLU14TeJbHbIM HCnOJIb3OBaHHeM (6iojpxeTHbie paCXO,bl Ha BeAeHHe necHoro

XO35IACTBa B 1996 ro0y COCTaBJ1iHOT npHMepHO 425 MJIH. aojijiapoB CWA), HO H Ha TO,

'lTo6bl BHeCTI KpynHbli BKnaa B rOCyaapCTBeHHyIO Ka3Hy. KpoMe TOrO, nOBbIlUeHHe

noneHHOui nHJaTbl JIHLUHT nOAb3OBaTeiier 3auHTepeCOBaHHOCT B Mpe3MepHOi 3KcnJyaTaUH4

AeCHbIX peCYPCOB H COKpaTHT nOTepH 3aroToBseHHOu ApeBeCHHbl H TeM CaMbIM 6yAeT

cnoco6CTBOBaTb nOBbIIIIeHHIO 344eKTHBHOCTH H yCTOfiHBOMy pa3BHTHIO IieCHoro CeKTOpa.

Pe4opMbI, npeaiaraembe B AaHHOM aoKJiaae, oIeHb Ba)KHbl AJIA peanu3auHnOTeHUHaJlbHbIX HaJIOrOBbIX aOXOAOB OT yCTOiFIHBOrO pa3BHTHS .jeCHOrO CeKTOpa, H, KpOMe

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CTpaHbl.

3aIvTBm7Hr7W Hme ,aepeBoHepepa6aTIBawoIIHCe npeHnpHRTmfh

B 1993 r. 6oJibLUHHCTBO niecO3aroTOBHTenbHbIx npearipHuTHr4 (necnpoMxo30B)

6buIH npHBaTH3HPOBaHbl H cTaJIH aKLLHOHepHbIMH o6iueCTBaMH. 'laCTb aKLuHg MHOrHX H3

3THX npeAfpœHATKA (20-30%) Ao cCHx nop HpHaLIH e)KT eAepaAbHoMy npaBHTeCJbCTBY H

HaXOX4HTCA B pacnopA5KeHHH rocKoMnecnpoMa, KOTOpbli B HIOHe 1996 roaa 3aMeHHJI

PocAecnpoM 9. HeaaBHo aKLUHH, HaxoAASUHeCq B pacnopq5KeHHH npaBsTeJTbCTBa, 6bmu

BbICTaBJieHb1 Ha npOaa)Ky, 'ITO MOWHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK war K OrpaHHMeHH1OBMewllaTeJ]bCTBa rOCyUaPCTBa B KOMMepxeCKe aCnecKTbi JieCHOfi HpOMblUliieHHOCTH. Ha 1

9 rOCKOMICecPOM - OCyCaapCTreHHbIl KOMHTCT PDP fo AeCHO0, UelAA0A03Ho-6yMa9HoI, HlepeBonCpePa6a5aTfBaaloWe I7pOMMILUACHHocrT. 370 HoBoe *aqpaabHoeB eomcrBoM B 6l0o Co0aaHO B fIOHe 1996

ro,aa B pe3ywwbTa7w peOpFaCHI3aUmf 6sBwLeI roCyaapCTBeHHOA XOaHHroBO KOMIaHHH PocITecCPoM (CM.fpmwozeHre 5). (rocKoMAecnpoM 6bum JIHKBHAHpoBaH B xoae nocneAHeU peoprami3aumm npaBtiTejbCTBa B Mapre1997 r., a ero )YHKUHH nepenaHbl OaHOMY H3 noapa3aejieHHiA MuHHcTePCTBa 3KOHOMHKU - flpUMeHaHiUepe,aK'opa pyCCKoro H3AaHMR.)

63

iioflSI 1995 r. 6buo npusaTu3uposaHo 62% jieco3arOToBHTenbHbix npeanplumTir, 95% -LaepeBonepepa6aTb1Baiouux, 95% - UeiAloJo03Ho-6yMaXHb1X H 100% - Me6enbHbIxnpe,anpHA5THA. (Bionee norpo6Hoe onHcaHHe npHBaTH3aUHH H peopraHH3aLuHH npeanpHuTHRnecHoro KoMnrJeKca IaHo B IpHu o)KeHHH E).

Ta6mnuxa 1.8: noTeHitHanbHb1e roZqoBbLe HaorOBbLIe )IOXOJAbl o jieCHoro ceKmpa PoCCHH(MJIH. AonJuiapoB CIIA 1996 rojAa)

CzeNapai o6pt OBAWI Ha5JOIBMX fplw oftemax IPMWCMTE JecJ , PAW .:,It0XO40tB

110 Mnn Ay6 M (cenwm um4 300 mmH. 19y6. M (mac,mwHo OmoxHmRypOHBeb) HeYCHCTOIII7lf7WbJ ypOBeHb)

noneHHaR nniaTaCueHapuri 1: 3 J1oJ./M

3 330 900

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CueHapHir 3: 10 ao.j./M 31.100 3.000

Hanioru c neco3aroToBHTeJqbHbIxKoMnaHHtia

CueHapH"i I 77 210

CueHapHI 2 154 420

CueHapHi 3 193 525

Hanoru cnaepeBonepepa6aTbiBaiowuHxKOMnaHHU6

CueHapHi 1 514 1.400

CueHapHui 2 616 1.680

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06Wasl CyMMa HajiOrOBbIX AOXOAOB

CueHapKA 1 921 2.510

CueHapHR 2 1.430 3.900

CuCHapmg 3 2.012 5.485

a Ha OCHOBaHHH Tpex YPOBHeC 3aTpaT Ha 3arOTOBKY nieca.6 Ha oCHoBaHHH TpeX ypOBHeg UeH Ha ueCjijiojio3Ho-6yMaJKHyio npOaYKINIHO H nHjloMaTepHanbl.

nIpHMCMaHtHi: 1. Hanor c JIeco3aroToBMTejlbHblx u AepeBonepepa6aTblBalowHx npeanpM5PTHA - Hanjor Ha np6bilAb.

2. Sonee AeTaabHbli pac4eT pa3mepoB HanorOB CM. B Ta6iHuer. 13 (FlpHJ1osKeHHe r.)HCTOqHHK: PacBeTrb corrpyaHiKOB BceMUHporo 6aHKa, 1996.

B COBeTCKOe BpeMAI IIOMTH BCA ApeBeCuHa, npoH3BoLHMaq B CU6UpH H HaAajibHeM BocToKe, AH60 OTnpaBJiS1faCb Ha BOCTOK Ha 3KCnOPT KaK Cbipbe (KpyrnbleIiecoMaTepHajibI), 11H60 Ha 3anaa Ha nepepa6oTKy. CerOLS4HqSWH cTpyKTypa

,~~~~~~ -

64

npOMbmbllieHHOCTH rio-npe)IKHeMy CHJIbHO 3aBHCHT OT TpaHCnOpTHOi CBH3H Mmex)y

npOH3BO,4HTeMAMH CbIpb$ Ha BOCTOKe H HrOMbploiweHHbIMH MO[UHOCTAMH, KOTOpbIe ao CHX

nop CKOHueHTPHPOBaHbl Ha 3araae. XOTA B EBpOneriCKOA qaCTH HaXOalHTCH meHee 40%nieCHbIX pecypcoB cTpaHbl (cM. Ta6JiHuy 1.4), Ha ee Rojuo IPHXOJWTCS 6o0iee 60% Bcex,aepeBonepepa6aTbIBaioLu4x npegnpHsTHA PoccHu (CM. KapTy IBRD 27087R). Ha LlaabHeM

BocToKe H B CH6UPH HaXOaATCA1 TOJIbKO 7 H3 25 KpynHbIX uejijilOJ1o3Ho-6yMa)KHbix

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LapeBeCHOCTpy)Ke4HbiX nnIHT. HpH ueHTpaiH3BaHHOM niiaHHpOBaHHH, Koraa UeHbI

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3apo0ceHHe pbIHO'IHOH 3KOHOMHKH BblSBBHJIH HaCTOALUHe 3aTpaTbl Ha aOCTaBKy peBec4CHHblHa 3anaA, H OHH OKa3aJIHCb HenOMepHO BbICOKHMH (cM. npH.oOKeHHe ,a).

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OCyiueCTBJIATb B paiOHax C IIWHpOKHM Ha6opoM pa3HbIX nepepa6aTblBaiouwx MOLJHOCTeH.

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3HaqHTeJbHbiH noasbeM B pa3BHTHH Mmajblx npeAnPHSlTHH B o6JlacTH JIecorHHieHHq, XOTS HX

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TexHohIorHcCIC H H MHBCCTWLfHOHHJC Hpo6ffemIaepeBoHCpepa6aTMBaIoL(eCfRpOMM1UIfeHHOCTH

npH COOTBeTCTByIOlLeCH OpraHH3alHH niecHoro X035HCTBa H peaAIH3auLHH nporpaMMyCTOIIMHBoro pa3BHTHA ceKTopa, JIeCHoH ceKTop CH6HpH H JaabHero BOCTOKa (oco6eHHo

JIanIbHero BocToKa) MoxeT BHOCHTb 3HaIHTeJIbHblH BKjiaa B o3,aopoBJTeHHe pOCCHUCKOU

3KOHOMHKH. OaHaKo ceKTop aojDKeH ripeoaonieTb TaKHe cepbe3Hbie rpenSTCTBHA, CTaBIuWHe

ero B OTHOCHTeAbHO HeBbIrOaHoe noJIo)KeHHe, KaK: BbICOKHe TpaHCnOPTHbie pacXOabl,

6bicTrpo ycTapeBaioLnHe TeXHojiorHH H o6opyaoBaH4e, He nO3BOJI5HoLUIHe npeHnpHHTHS4M

BbInyCKaTb npOiyKUMHO, COOTBeTCTBYIOLY1O MeA(AyHaPOaHbIM CTaHAapTaM, H HeiOCTaTOK

KanHTanTa, CBR3aHHblH oTTaCTH C Hepa3BHTOCTbIO BHyTpeHHeH CHCTeMbi KpeaHTOBaHH54 H

OT'-aCTH C OTHOCHTeAbHOH HepeHTa6eJIbHOcTbIo npOH3BOaCTBeHHbIX npeanpHSiTH9. B cpeaHe-

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peopraHH3aUHOHHbie H HHBeCTHULHOHHbie Mepbl.

,I1O KOHUa 1980-x roiaOB B POCCHH Ha6IofaACs HeyKJTIOHHblH POCT

npoH3BOLICTBeHHOH MOLLHOCTH npeRnPH5TTHH nO BbInYCKY KpyrnJbIX AecoMaTepHaYIOB H

uejijTIOJIO3Ho-6yMa,)KHOA HpOayKI4HH, 6naroaapq qeMy POCCHA 3aHHMaJIa BTOpoe MeCTO B

MHpe no o6'beMaM epeBoHepepa6oTKH. C Tex nop POCCHA OTCTaIa OT CBOHX KOHKypeHTOB

Ha MHpOBOM PbIHKe BO MHOrHX Ba)KHbIX o6AacTSx. O6beMbi rpoH3BOaCTBa KpyrAblx

JIeCOMaTepHaIOB, cocTaBji5BWHe B KOHUe 1980-x rOdOB CBbIle 300 MJIH. Ky6oMeTpoB, B 1995rony CHH3HAHCb ao 115 MnH. Ky6oMeTpoB (CM. PHC. 1.1). HPOH3BOaCTBeHHaH MOLUHOCTb

65

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66

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67

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68

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0 | " (npu PYGKax HanoXoflbI OT i lOXob OTn , flpoMeKyTo.qHoro H nponaxu npoAaXKH JpeBecHHUnpo4ero nOJ1b3OBaHH eCU I

JIeCUble 3emAu

* B OCHOBHbIX perHoHax jieCOnpOH3BOICTBa npeaiiaraeTca OTIHCJIqTb B 4peztepa2bHbir 61OaKeT 40% noneHHOR

nnaTbl; B tpyrHx npeJAaaraeTcn ocTaBjiqTb B perHOHaJibHOM 6ioaweTe 100% MHHHMaTbHOH nonelHHOi ninaTbi.

** PerHoHaixbHoe 4fUHaHcHpOBaHHe npeaycMaTPHBaeT B OCHOBHOM BOCHpOH3BORCTBO jiecoB, a 4)eaepajbHoe4pHHaHCUpOBaHHe - B OCHOBHOM al1MHHHCTpaUHIO H ynpaBjeHHe JieCHbIM cOHfaOM H Hay4Hbie KccjieaoBaHKA.

1HCTO'qHHK: 4)enepajibHa cwiyiK6a jiecHoro xo3A4cTBa Poccuu, 1996 r.

Ta6BH4ia 1.10: BioAceT .ieCHoro XO3giCTBa B 1991-1996 rr.(B InOCTOS1HHhX ueHax 1991 ro,Aa)

Pacxau,w if nIoc7yIV1HfR 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

JICCoHHBeHTapH3aumSI 55,7 43,5 49,6 60,0 30,5 31,9ABNautioHHafl oxpaHaunecoB 129,1 157,4 150,9 181,0 141,2 167,6_OT nlOKapOB

nlpoeKTHo-H3bIcKaTernbcKme 23,1 12,0 17,6 17,1 15,0 12,5pa6oTbi

Jlecoxo3flucTBeHHbie 292,6 220,4 298,1 156,6 159,5 140,7MeponpH4sqTHHa

6opb6a C BpeamTeJn4ii 6,8 4,4 4,7 7,3 11,8 12,9JlecoMenwopauH.q/ocyweHHe 8,5 5,0 7,5 16,9 2,3 2,0BocnpoI3BoacTBO neca 170,0 125,2 135,0 128,4 82,3 74,3Ha3eMHaf oxpaHa niecoB OT 73,4 71,2 146,9 59,1 50,9 63,5_ noKapoBArponecoMe.nopauHlA 10,4 4,6 7,3 15,5 10,5 5,2TpaHcnopTHble ycjlyrH 6,5 3,4 3,1 0,6 4,8 4,5(noTpe6Tre.nsjM)

HaKnaaHbie pacxoabi 109,6 299,9 167,3 179,9 142,2 135,1(TexHHKa 6e3onaCHocTU/nOfarOTOBKa KaapOB)

OnnaTa Tpyaa COTPYaHHKOB 509,8 374,9 694,1 652,7 476,8 400,6.JecHoro X03liUCTBa

06u1as cymMa pacxoAoB 1399,0 1331,8 1557,2 1538,1 1171,3 1058,9

'DenepanbHbzl 6ioaxeT 1080,0 892,6 1082,5 1127,8 522,5 510,4Co6cTBeHHbie cpencTBn 305,0 247,2 240,6 248,8 387,5 334,0necXo30B

Peanti3auti JapeBeCHHbi 3,0 1,2 0,0 3,7 2,8 2,3Per14oHah!bHb1ri 6joazeT 11,0 107,6 168,1 95,3 116,0 79,7O6uwaH cymma nocTylJIeHHl 1399,0 1248,5 1491,2 1475,6 1028,8 926,4

Y6hITKM OT OCHOBHOH (83,4) (66,1) (62,5) (142,5) (132.5)_ AeT6JIbHOCrH_ pHMeqaHme: 100 1454 14472 58350 168747 248733_ ~~~~CoBoKynHbitH UtHAeKc

IloTpe6wTeJibcKHx ueH (%)6(HfliU)

a TaKHe BHab' pa6OT. KaK yxoa 3a HacaKaeHHRMH, caHuTapHbie py6KH, cTpomTejibCTBO nopor.

6 Pacc'IIbiBaancs, HCXORA U3 oueHOK cpeAHeroaoBoro COBOKynlHOrO I4fU, nOJlymeHHbIX MB0)/BceMHpHblM 6aHKOM HaocnoBaHH anaHHbIx rocKoMcTaTa P4'. CpeaHeroaoBoA unu (B UmCTOm Btiae), no oUeHKaM, cocTaBAnfl 1354,0% B 1992 roay,895,3% - B 1993 roay, 303,2% - B 1994 rozy ii 189,2% - B 1995 roay. flo 1996 ro4y NCnOlnb3oBajiKCb oueHKH MHHHCTePCTBa3KOHOMHKi4 Poccuu, corJlaCHo KOTOpblM HrnU COCTaBaIH 47,7%.flpHmiMe9aHae: t1n, onpeaejeHHlq ueHHOCTH py6neri 1991 roaa B KaiecTBe aedinHTopa HCnoib3obafl unuL.HCTOBHUK: 0PegepaabHaH c.y,K6a .necHoro Xo03.ACTBa PoccHH, 1996 oa.

76

Ta6nHua 1.11: lIojis pa3HELX BHAOB npoH3BoAcTBeHHofi AeJwenbHocTH B o6uteM 6ioApKeTe

necHoro xo3ItkcTBa B 1991-96 rr.Ha OCHOBaHHU pacCeTOB B IOCTOSHHUlX lUeHax 1991 roAIa)

PaCxQwj H noc7ynVCHHem 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

JAecotHBeHTapH3auHfl 4,0 3,3 3,2 3,9 2,6 3,0

ABHaUHOHHaSi oxpaHa JieCOB 9,2 11,8 9,7 11,8 12,1 15,8

OT nO)KaPOB

npoeKTHo-H3bIcKaTejlbcKHe 1,7 0,9 I,I I,I 1,3 1,2

pa6oTbl

J]eCoxo3sH4cTBeHHbie 20,9 16,6 13,4 10,2 13,6 13,3

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5opb6a C Bpeai4TeAqMti 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,5 1,0 1,2

JlecoMejIopauHSI/ocyweHHe 0,6 0,4 0,5 I,I 0,2 0,2

BocnpoH3no3IcTBo neca 12,2 9,4 8,7 8,3 7,0 7,0

Ha3eMHasq oxpaHa JieCOB OT 5,2 5,3 9,4 3,8 4,3 6,0

noxKapoB

ArponiecoMe.nHopauHin 0,7 0,3 0,5 1,0 0,9 0,5

TpaHcnopTHble ycnyru 0,5 0,3 0,2 0,0 0,4 0,4

(noTpe6HTenBM)

HaKiia,aHbie pacxoabi 7,8 22,5 10,7 11,7 12,1 12,8

(TexHuKa 6e3onacHoCTH/nOarOTOBKa KaApOB)

OnilaTa Tpyaa COTPYJUHHKOB 36,4 28,1 44,6 42,4 40,7 37,8

JiecHoro xo3arCTBa

06uas CyMMa pacxojoB 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

c1e,mepanbHblg 6ioJvIeT 77,2 71,5 72,6 76,4 50,8 55,1

Co6cTBeHHbie CpeaCTBa 21,8 91,8 16,1 16.9 37,7 36.1

Aecxo3oB

Peaj1w3autisi apeBecfiHbl 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,3 0,3 0,2

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XRHKIX )KHBOTHbIX U ypOBeHb 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3H5, Bbl3Bajio aerpaJaLu4o nOI B H apyrme

Bpe,aHbie 3KOJIoruHeCKHe nocneacTBH5l.

77

OKOJIO TpeTH BCerl ApeBCCHHbl 3aroTaBJiHBaeTCT C HOMOab1O mexaHwieCKoroAecO3arOTOBHTeCjbHoro o6opyAoBaHU4A (Bano1qHo-naKeT4pyoLutix u4 BaAO4HO-TpeJleBO'HbIXMawlmH); a OCTaJbHbie o6ieMbi - pyqHOh BaAKOr4 C nOMOLubiO LCenHbiX nuri. B 6ojIbLUHHCTBepaUiOHOB neCo3aroToBHTeJbHbie pa6oTbl BeAyTCq TOJTbKO B 3HMHIe MeCCIubl (npHMepHO AoceMH MecCUeB B rog), KorAa 3aMep3liHf rpyHT nO3BOJISeT NcHOJb3OBaTb TqDKeCjoeo6opyAoBaH4e C MHHHMaWbHbIM yLuep6oM IAS fIOMBbI, a HH3KHe TeMnepaTypbl co3AaIOTAeASHbie MOCTbl, nO KOTOpbIM AeCOBO3bI MOryT nepeceKaTb WHHpOKHe peKH (ux WIHPHHaHHorAa rpeBblwUaeT ABa KHunoMeTpa). ATn MaKCHMH3aUHH o6'beMOB ripo43BOnCTBa B 3HMH4eMeCALIbI Ha MHOrHX MawHHaX YCTaHaBJ1HBalOT npo)KeKTOpbl, H OHH pa6oTaloT KpyrJlOCyTO'HO.

HoBble Tpe6oBaHH4H orpaHH'HBaIOT njioLuaaH JiecoceHbIX y4aCTKOB go 50 ra(HanpHMep, 500 MeTPOB Ha 1000 MeTPOB) Ha paBHHHaX H Ao 25 ra - B rOpHblX pagoHax. J,Anpy6oK npoMeCKyToiHOrO nOJIb3OBaHH5 9THU npeenJIbl COCTaBJ5IOT 100 H 50 ra,COOTBeTCTBeHHO. B Kapa6yne (KpacHoA¶pcKH4 Kparl) JICCO3arOTOBHiTeCJbHbie pa6oTbl BegyTCSno cneyioLuerl cxeMe: BbIpy6aloT nOJIOCbl B 500 MeTpOB WHpHHOA, Mecly KOTOpbIMHOCTaeTC51 50-MeTpoBaq norioca nieca B KateCTBe HCTOqHHKa CeMqH aA5i eCTeCTBeHHoroBO3o6HOBJIeHUi5. XOTA Ha nCpBblU B3rJia 3TOT MeTOA COOTBeTCTByeT HOBbIM Tpe6OBaHH5AM,ero HCnOhb3OBaHHCe rpH,BeAeT K o6pa3OBaHHlo 6oJlbWu4x nniowaAeu C co'eHb MaJb1M 3anacoMocTaBllerocs nieca. HoBble Tpe6oBaHH4, KpOMe TOrO, AOJ)KHbl H3MeHHTb Bce napaMeTpbl3aroTOBKH nieca (a He TOJIbKO pa3Mepbi IecoceK): OT pa3mepa BbIpy6KH HU nAOLuaAHOCTaBIwerocA paCTH iieca Ao MeTOAoB H CpOKOB 3arOTOBHTeJbHb1X pa6oT H HaJuIWH5 Aopor cTeM, qTo6bI OHH COOTBeTCTBOBaiiH cTporHM np4poaooxpaHHbIM HopMaM.

,aAi6s CH6upH H ,lanbHero BocToKa BOCnpOH3BOACTBO JIeCHbIX peCYPCOB OKa3ajiOCboco6o BaXKHoA H TpyaHOR 3aAaqeA, KOTOpaR Ao CUX nOp He peweHa, HCCMOTpq HaHCnoJb3oBaHHe Bcex 'eTbipex MeTOAOB Bocnpo43BoICTBa Aeca: eCTeCTBeHHoroBo3o6HoBJIeHHA, AonnHeHtuA rocaaKok, HCKYCCTBeHHoro noceBa H noCaaKH. Cer4qac eCTb6onbWiHe nJIouaBu C HH3KHM unH HynJeBblM YPOBHeM BO3o6HOEAieHH5 unA c npeo6naAaHHeMMaJIOueHHb1X BU4,fOB. ECTeCTBeHHOe B03o6HOBJieHHe Tpe6yeT no MeHbwer4 Mepe 100-neTHeroo6opoTa py6KH, H CYAA HO Ha6JlIoAaiolUHMCS ceWqac TeHAeHUHAM, TaKHe neca cKopee Bcero6yAyr conep)KaTb MeHee UeHHMC BHeMbl, 'eM Bblpy6JeHHbie neca. B TaKHX necax BTOpOrOHOKOJIeHH4 npeo6iazalOT M5rKOJIHCTBeHHb1e BHRbI THMM 6epe3bl H OCUHbl, KOTOPbieno,aBaHnoT TaKHe XBOuHbie FOpOLAbl, KaK COCHa H eAb H3-3a Hx 6o0iee MeCAeHHoro POCTa BnepBbie 40-50 AeT. H103AHee, no mepe cMeHbl paCT4TeAbHOCTH, XBORHbie HOpO,Abl OrlqTbCTaHOBATCH aOMHHHPYIOIWHMH BHAaMH.

C 1992 roAa pe3KO Bo3POcna aonm eCTeCTBeHHOrO BO3o6HOBJIeHH4, 'TOnPou30umoO cKopee Bcero no npH4qHe OTCyTCTBHs cpeaCTB Ha FOCaAKY Aeca, a He BPe3YnbTaTe o6OCHOBaHHoro nHiaHa AeCOBOACTBeHHOA AeeTeAbHOCTH. B Xa6apOBCKOM 14KpaCHOAPCKOM KpaHX Ha aOJl1O eCTeCTBeHHOrO BO3o6HOBJIeHHU4 nPHXOAU4TCS 80% o6,beMOBBOcnpOK3BOACTBa Aeca (Puc. 1.8), HO, rIOCKOAbKy HCHOJIb3yeMbie TaM CHlOCO6blJIeCo3arOTOBKH He COBMeCTHMbl c eCTeCTBeHHbIM Bo3o6HoBAeHHCM (HanpHMep, Hpu py6KeCOBCeM He OCTaBJlIH0T CeMeHHbIX LepeBbeB UeHHbIX BH4AOB), MHOrUie U43 3TUX nAoLua,LeriSABASIOTC HenpOAYKTHBHbIMH unuH nOKpbbBalOTC5 HH3KonOAHOTHbIMH Haca)1CeH1MMH.(HpHAWKoeHHe A coaepxK4T 6o0ee noapo6Hoe onHcaHHe JIeCOBOACTBeHHbIX CI4CTeM HTpe6oBaHH4).

Hlljioma,b, B TbCSIcax ra

W- s w v Ut @ 00 \O o

1985

1986

1987 \

1988 00

r 1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995 _ Io1996 -

o ri w

vo . | . I U I ^ 1993

tD S~~~c~

79

B Xa6apOBCKOM U KpaCHOAPCKOM KpaAX pacnpocTpaHeHbi 60JIbWtHe 3aryULLeHHbIeLapeBOCTOH, HO5RBHBWUeCH B pe3ynbTaTe ycneWHoro eCTeCTBeHHOrO BO3o6HoBJIeHHq. npHryCTOTe aO HeCKOJIbKHX TbICAI aepeBbeB Ha reKTape ocTpaA KOHKypeHUHSA 3a CBeT HnHTaTenJbHbIe BelUeCTBa rIpHBOaHT K pOCTY MeJIKHX aepeBbeB C HH3KOU KOMMep'eCKOr4UeHHOCTbIO. TOT 4aKT, qTO BO MHOrux H3 3THX Haca)K(feHHII HHKOraa He rPOBOaHAH py6OKyxoAa, rOBOPHT 0 TOM, qTo npH Bbi6ope nFiomaaerl IAn npOBseeHHA J1eCOBOACTBeHHbIXMeponpHSTHhi He ripoBo1HTCA alHBua3 rOTeHuHaHJbHbIX 3aTpaT H pe3yAbTaTOB. Boniee Toro, BnoroHe 3a npH6bLJlblo B xoae CaHHTapHb1X py6oK BMeCTO 6o0JbHbIX MaJOUeHHblX aepeBbeBBbipy6alOT BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHble LUeHHbIe 21epeBbAI. B pe3ynJbTaTe 'iero npOHCXOgAHTnocTeneHHoe yXyawgUeHHe KaqeCTBa H u1eHHOCTH apeBOCTOA, ITO npOTHBOpe'lHT LeJIHnpoBegeHHs CaHHTapHb1X py6OK.

Eoph6a c IiecHJMhH HowapaMHf, m8aceKoMMH H 60J13HIm

HoKapbi npHPOaHoro ripomCXO)eHHAR acTo cnoco6CTByIOT Bo3o6HOBJieHHIo nlecaH 3BOJIOLIUH nIeCHbIX 3KOCHCTeM. B CeBepHbIX par4OHax no eCTeCTBeHHb1M ipHmmHaM o6blqHOB03HHKalOT HH3OBbie riO)KapbI Manou HHTeHCHBHOCTH, KOTOpbie yH4qTO)KalOT CKOnHBWIIHeCSopraHHqlecKHe MaTepHaIbi H TeM caMb1M co3naLaOT yCAOBHA1 JIA npopaCTaHuTH ceMSAH HaOTKpblTblX MHHepaJlbHbiX HIOqBax. Ho no)Kapbi MOryT TaK)Ke HaHOCHTb OrpOMHbIir ywep6.foxcapbl BbICOKO1i HHTeHCHBHOCTH MOryT BO3ropaTbCA Ha 60.IbWlx Bblpy6Kax, a 3aTeMpacnpocTpaHATbCA Ha ripHeIKeaiu nieca. KOHTpoAHpyeMoe cKmraHHe JiecoceCHbIX OTXOLIOBHCnOJTb3yeTCA peAKO, nO3TOMY Ha BbIpy6KaX OCTalOTCs 60JIbllHe 06-beMbl 3TUX OTXOaOB,ABISIOLUHXC5 HaeanbHbiM rOpiOqHM, oco6eHHo B YCJTOBH14X 3acyX4, CTOJIb THnHqHbIX 1A15MHOrHX paUOHOB CH6upH Hi aanbHero BocToKa. KpoMe TOIO, CyL1eCTByeT CHJ1bHaA3aBHCHMOCTb MeCKIy JieCHbIMH ro)KapaMH H HaBJH4HeM aopor H peK, co32aaBaA ycTOsBHA1 ,1pa3JlH'HbIX BHIOB aeAlTeJbHOCT4 'ejioBeKa.

Ho aaHHbIM 4)e,aepajbHOA CAy)K6bi nieCHoro XO3ArUCTBa B POCCHH e)KeFOaHOPeriCTPHPYeTCA go 34.000 JIeCHbix roxcapoB. npHMHHOA 6onee 70% J1eCHbix ro)KapoB, noOLIeHKaM cneuHaJIHCToB, ABJsAeTCA qeoeecKaA aeATeJIbHOCTb. MHorHe poCCHuuCKHefleCOBOAbl C4HTalOT rOixKapb UeHTpajIbHOrU ripo6JleMoo, OT peweHHR KOTOpOH 3aBHCHTCOCTOAHHe n1eCOB H oKpywKaiouwei Cpeabl. OrpoMHbie nrIOLLa,H nIeCHbIX pecypcOB, HeXBaTKaHeo6xoa4Moro o6opyaoBaHHA H 4FHHaHCOBbIX CpeaCTB OrpaHH4HBalOT oxpaHAemyio nAowaabCaMb1MH OnaCHbIMH B 3TOM OTHOweHHH TeppHTOpH4AMH. B IOXHbIX paroHax CH6HpH HgaajbHero BocToKa, OXBa'eHHbIX cJIy)K6aMH oxpaHbl nieca OT nO)KapOB, B CpeaHeMBO3ropaeTCA no 10.000-15.000 no)KaPOB B ro0, Ka,blii H3 KOTOpblX riopaKaeT 100 ra neca (BLtenJoM Ke ywep6 cocTaBj15eT 1,0-1,5 MnH. ra) H npHBOat4T K OrpOMHbIM 3KOHOMHMeCKHM,COUHaTbHbIM H 3KOJIorFHeCK4M noTepsM. (PacnpeaeneH4e pOCCUH4CKUX necOB no HXnpelpacHoJIO)KeHHOCTH K ro)Kapam H MecTa HaXOxKAeHH5i 6a3 aBHBaecooxpaHbi noKa3aHbl HaKapTe IBRD 28353).

HaceKOMble-Bpe,aTe.nH H 6ojie3HH TaK)Kxe ABAIOTCS npHPpOaHbIM4 4)aKTOpaMH,HrpaoLWHM Ba)KHYO pOJIb B 3BOjiOULHH JIeCHbIX 3KOCHCTeM, HO, KaK H B cJy"ae C rToxapaM,6e3OTBeTCTBeHHaA qeejo3eqecKas eAeTeCJbHOCTb MOxceT Bbl3BaTb 3HaqtTeCJbHoe yBenJI4eHHeHHTeHCHBHOCTH H xiaCTOTbI BCnbIleK MaCCOBOrO pa3MHo)KeHHR BpeaTeJleri HJIuHpacripocTpaHeHHA 6ofle3Heg. 94XeKT4BHOH 6opb6e C Bpeal4TeJmmiM H 60oe3HqM4,pery HPOBaHHIO HcJIeHHOCTH rIonyYjAHrUi HaceKOMbIX H npo4IHjiaKTH Ke 6oie3Herinpenr5TCTBYIOT nnioxoe nHJaHHPOBaHHe H HeaOCTaTOK cpegCTB. ExeroAHO BpeagTeJIH H

80

6ojie3HH nopa)KalOT B cpeaHeM Lo 1,5-2,0 MUJIJIUOHOB ra JIeCHblx nHAoLuaReru. K HaH6oJIee

paclpocTpaHeHHbIM BHaaM HaCeKOMbIX OTHOCSTCH: cK6HpCKHii wejiKoflP5,a HenapHbIlu

IwejiKonpslg, uejiKonp5ia-MoHaiueHKa, nHIeHHUbl, COCHOBaq COBKa H o6bIKHOBeHHbIlA

COCHOBblUI nHHnnbMUK. 061umH ymep6, HaHOCHMbilk BpeD,HTeI5IMH H 6oAe3HqMH BO BpeMS

BCrbiuweK, He MeHbwue, eM ywep6, HaHocHMbIl no)KapaMH. FOMiMO noKapoB, BpeaiTeJleg

H 6one3HeA, B HeKOTOpblX paHOHaX Ha pOCT nieca H Ka'-eCTBO apeBec4Hbi noBJHitJIH TaKue

aHTponoreHHbie 4)aKTopbi, KaK 3arps3HeHHe Bo3yxa u4 3apaKeHHe paaHoHyKJH,anaMH

(Kharuk, 1993). OcTpoTa H onaCHOCTb TaKHx noBpeAKgeHHri H nJIoLuaab d)aKTYAieCKm

yHH'lTOWKeHHbIX (B OTJIHn44 OT riopa)KeHHbIX) B cHuy pa3Hbix 6eaCTBHr4 nieCOB no rogaM

pacnpeaejuiioTcsi HepaBHoMepHO (PHC. 1.9).

E. Bn iHHHe nepexoga K pUHOMHOA 3KOHOMHKe

C 1992 roga PoccHfil ao6HIaCb 3Ha4HTeCJbHbIX ycneXOB B pe4opMHpOBaHH4

3KoHoMH4ecKog nOA4THKH. Ebina npoBeaeHa KpynHeHiwaS B UCTOpUH nporpamma

npHBaTH3auHH; Cyl1eCTBeHHO fl6epajIH3oBaHbI UeHbl, BajilOTHblg KYPC H BHeWUHqI TOprOBJIA;

a TaiOKe 3Ha4HTeCJbHO yKpenneHa 3KOHOMHi4ecKaI H d HHaHCOBaq CTa6HJIbHOCTb. TeM He

MeHee, TpyRHOCTH nOJIHTHteCKOrO Bbi6opa CoxpaHqIOTCH. bIOaKeTHbIe OXOabl iH pacxoabi

no-npeXKHeMy Tpe6yIOT cyLueCTBeHHor4 KOppeKTHpOBK4, a eLUe He ocyLUeCTBAeHHbIe

KJiOMeBbie CTpyKTYPHbIe pe4DopMbi CTaHYT CYpOBbIM CHnbITaHHCM cnoco6HOCTH

npaBHTeSbCTBa aep)KaTb KyPC Ha 3KOHOMH'eCKyIO pe4)opMy.

3KoHoMH4ecKHe H couLHaJIbHbie npo6neMbl nepexogHoro nepHoaa 0Ka3anuJCb

BeCbMa cepbe3HbIMH. 1 2 no CpaBHeHI10 C 1991 roaoM, BBn COKpaTHACI npHMepHO Ha OaHY

TpeTb, B pe3ynbTaTe qero CHH3HJICS YpOBeHb )KH3HH H yXYaI4JIOCb pacnpeAenieH4e AOXOAOB.

EIoa eTHbie nIOCTyniieHH5 Ha beaepanlbHOM YPOBHe coKpaTHJIHCb npHMePHO c 16% OT BBn

(1992 rog ) go 10% (1995 ron). BJIaCTH nblTabiT4Cb HagTH rnTH coKpaiUeH[4s pacXoaOB, HO

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86

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npeanpivTHAM. B CHlA ao cHx Hop OCTaeTC Hepa3peeHHbM cnop o poJnu 4)eaepajibHOrO

npaBHTeTbCTBa B opraHH3auHH 3eMjienOJIb3OBaHHR H 0 B03MO)KHOCTH nepeaa'IH ynpaBJIeHH5

HaLIUHOHaJIbHb[MH rapKaMH B BeLeHHe WTaTOB. KaK nOKa3bIBaeT OnbIT 3anaaHori EBponbl, He

MeHeC Ba)KHO H TO, 4TO6bi npuH 'aCTHOA co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha JIeCHbIe 3eMJI cylueCTBOBaniO

,ROCTaTO4HO CHJIbHoe 3aKOHoaaTe TbHoe peryJIHpOBaHi4e, o6ecneHBalOLIee BbiHOJ1HeH He

J1OJ1FOCPO4HbIX HaUHOHanJbHbIX 3aAaq yrBpaJieHH5 pecypcaMH.

BbI6op CTpaTeriHH BAnaaeHH41 JIeCHbIMH 3eMjniMH He CBOa14TCS K pewleHHiO TI4na

"Bce nJIu HHqero". Beab riiaBHoe - He caM Bbi6op CTpyKTypbl co6CTBeHHOCT4, a TO, 'ITo6bI

Bbi6paHHal cTpyKTypa npH4MeH5iaCb cnpaBeaAJIBo H nocie.gOBaTejlbHO, 6bula 6bl sCHO9 H

HOHITHOH H HMena npaBOByl0 3aLuHTy. B TaKHX yCJIOBHIX ynpaBneHHe 6yaeT OlpeLeISTb

TeMrbI H HanpaBnieHHe pa3BHTH51 iecHoro ceKTopa. B CWA, HanpiMep, JTeCHble 3eMJIH

Haxo,1U1TC1 B CO6CTBeHHOCTH 4beaepaJIbHoro npaB4TeJIbCTBa, HpaBHTeJlbCTB WTaTOB, niiMeeH

KOpeHHOrO HaceJIeHHu, iieCOnpOMbIUjieHHbIX KOMnaHlH4 H Bna1enjbLteB TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX

HenpOMblUjieHHbIX 4aCTHbIX nieCOB (BaaenbLueB He6OJIbLlux y'aCTKOB, Ha KOTOPbIX MO)KeT

npOBO1aHTbCSI aKTHBHaq XO3SACTBeHHaR aeqTeAbHOCTb C LeJIbio npo43BOLCTBa ApeBeCCHbl H

,apyr4x npODYKTOB HJun He rlPOBOal4TbCI. UIOMT4 BO BCeX CTpaHax M4pa HeflpOMbILUJIeHHbie

,-aCTHbie fiecoBsiaaeHuI4 qBJIqIIOTCq KpyHHOA KaTeropHeg Co6CTBeHHOCT4, BKIKIOua.OLeH KaK

rpo,ayLu4pyIoLue, TaK H HenpoayuHpyioLuHe iieca (Ta6nHiia 2.1). )J.oAq rocyaapCTBeHHOr4

co6CTBeHHOCTH 3Ha4HTeJIbHO pa3IiH'aeTcR Ho CTpaHaM: B KaHaue - 94%, B POCCHu - 95%, a

Ha ceBepo-3anaae THxOOKeaHcKoro no6epeKbq CWA - 35%.

87

Ta6AnHua 2.1: Hnoua,Ab HenpoMbmyiJeHHLX qacTHELx iieCHbIX 3eMejibB OTarebHblIX cTpaHax MHpa, 1983 roA

CrpaHa VaciliMe JcXHre 3MffH (Mmn. ,) $ oT o6mek KOJINqeCTaO CPCaHHI1AneCHOi IZo0lJ4a/j Ri4Il4aafules P83MCP

(peCroH) (MsH.) Bfa4emmR (IN)

nlpo,ay- Heypqay- BceroLINPYIpo- LiipylOlLwfie

ABCTptiS 2,465 0,160 2,624 68 H.a. H .A.

KaHaaa 14,227 0,724 14,951 6 0,500 29,9

EBPOCOK)3 15,636 2,677 18,312 59 H.a. HJ.A

SnoHmh H.1. H.A. 14,706 58 5,650 2,6

CKaHAFIHaBHU 29,509 2,601 32,111 57 1,365 23,5

HCcnaHHR. 7,944 10,765 18,709 73 0,826 22,6

WlBeguapii.q 0,301 H.A. H.a. 26 0,252 1,2

CW1A 112,550 H.A. H.a. 58 7,558 14,9

H.A. HeT aaHHbIXHCTOrHHK: Plochmann, 1983.

)KH3HeCnOCo6HOCTb KpynHOMacwTa6HOA npHBaTH3alU14H J1eCHbIX 3eMenJb MOryTorpaHHQHBaTb onpeaeJeHHbie 3KOHOMHqeCKHe, a TaK)e nOJ1HTHqeCKHie aKTOpbI, HanpHMep,lJIHTeCJbHOCTb LIHKJIOB JIeCOBbipalLIHBaHHfl B POCCHH (100-120 nieT). TeM He MeHee, MHorie

4JYHKUHH lieCHOrO XO351HCTBa, HaXOUALu1HeC5i cerHYaC B pyKaX rocyaapcTBa, MoriiH 6blBblHOJIHSITbC5I 'aCTHbIM CeKTOPOM (OT c6opa H aHaIH3a HHBeHTapH3aLtHOHHbIX aaHHbIX aOJieco3aroToBHTeJIbHbIx pa6OT, OXpaHbl, 3aWHTbl H BOcnpoH3BO4CTBa J1eCHb1X peCYPCOB Hyxo,aa 3a nIecoM).

On'pI4CfefCHHe pOfff IocYaapCCHHMX C7pyKT7yp B JIeCHOM ceKTope

lJAJq FiiiaHHpOBaHH5 H ynpaBhIeH4H iieCHbIMH pecypcami POCCHH HYKHa ropa3ao6o0iee qeTKO CbOKYCHPOBaHHaS1 H CKOOP,l4HHpOBaHHaA1 cTpaTerHSI. B HacToAwee BpeM51Me)KY TpeM5i OCHOBHbIMH BeaoMcTBaMH, oTBeIaioLU1HMH 3a ynpaBJIeHHe nIeCHbIMHpecypcaMH, Ha6niioaaeTc3 BecbMa HH3KHA YPOBeHb B3aMHoaeACTBH4 H KOOpRHHaLUHHcTpaTerHi. $eaepanbHaR cly)K6a AecHoro X03ArHCTBa oTBeeaeT 3a opraHH3auLHO BseeHHiqJIeCHoro xo3s1HcTBa, rocyaapCTBeHHbIH KoMHTeT no oxpaHe oKpyxKa1ower CpeA,bl(3aMeHHBWHHA MHHHCTePCTBO oXpaHbl OKpy)Kaioluerl CpelIbl H 1 pH4pOUHbIX peCypCOB) - 3acoxpaHeHHe peCYPCOB H OXpaHy OKpyxcaiolueH cpeabl, a roCyAapCTBeHHbilU KOMHTeT noJ1eCHOH, aepeBOo6pa6aTbIBajou.e U H LueJI1 OJ1O3Ho-6yMa)KHOri lpOMbILwJ1eHHOCTH(rocKoMAecnpoM) ABAS1eTCS aepxaTeJTeM aKUHUi 60obWi4HCTBa aKUHoHepHbIX npeanpHSlTHi

88

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Ha4HYT aeACTBOBaTb B3aHMOCBq3aHHO, nlpOBLBH)KeH4e K HeHCTOLaHTe.TbHOMy HOJ1b3OBaHHKO

JieCHbIMH pecypcamH 6y,LLeT KparlHe orpaHH4CHHbIM.

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bHHaHCHpOBaHHS4. 3anOBeaHHKH 4HHaHCHIpyOTCA1 H3 (beLepajibHoro 61oaKeTa, HO

br4HaHCOBbIe npo6neMbl, KopCHqLuH4eCq B cerOaH5HWHHX 6io0)KeTHbIX TpyaHOCTqX

43e,aepaJlbHOrO ripaBHTeJlbCTBa, rpO3IT CBeCTH Ha HeT BCe, 4To 6blJIO aOCTHrHYTO B 06.naCTH

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ue.ieri. FOcyaapCTBeHHas co6CTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJIIo, HUcnOJIb3y5l CBOIO CHCTeMy

3eMjieIOJ1b3OBaHH H CTpyKTYPY peryjlHpOBaHHs4, MO)KeT 3aCTaBHTb npe,4lHPHI4THq aaBaTb

nOJIHbIi OTteT 0 CBOCU aefTeCbHOCTH. TaKHM o6pa3OM, rOCyaapCTBeHHbie paCXOabl (Ha

pa3HbIX ypOBH39X) MOrIJIH 6bl B OCHOBHOM HUTH Ha pa3pa6OTKy, BBeaeHHC H KOHTPOJilb 3a

co6rnoAJUeHHCM jieCOXO33I4CTBeHHbIX HOPM H Tpe6OBaHHA.

O6,q3aHHocTH PoccuH no nOanUHCaHHblM edo Me)KAyHapOLUHbIM KOHBeHUHSiM no

COXpaHeHHlO 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3Wq OKpy)KaIoLUeH cpeLLbl TO)Ke 6yayT OKa3blBaTb onpeaeneHHoe

BnUIHHe Ha npouecc npHHHlTtiq pewneHH4. PerHoHanbHble opraHbl BjaCTHu H -aCTHble

4l34pMbi MaJIO 3aHHTepeCOBaHbl B ao6pOBOJlbHOM BHeapeHd4H TaKHX JICCOX03,qkCTBeHHbIX

89

CHCTeM, KOTOpbIe COOTBeTCTBYIOT 3THM o65I3aTeJIbCTBaM. )IJI5 BbinOJTHeHH5I Me)CAYHapOaHbIX

o6M3aTeJIbCTB cCeaepajibHOMY npaBHTeCJbCTBY npHaeTCq CaMOMy npHHHMaTb

HenocpeaCTBeHHoe "aCTHe B yHpaBJIeHHH JiecaMH, yqpCaHTb 344eKTHBHyIO CHCTeMy

perynHPOBaHHM H KOHTPOJIS 3a co6AioaeHHeM 3aKOHOB H ripaBUJI BeaeHH5I X035IHCTBeHHOU

IaeATeAbHOCTH Ha 3eMAe, a TaK)Ce 'eTKO onpeaeJIeHHyIo CHCTeMy MeK610j1KeTHb[XTpaHcqpepTOB, HnJI Bbi6paTb CO4eTaHHHe 3THX nOaXOaOB.

nocAe peCeHUni B sonpoca o d3opMe co6CTBeHHOCTH H ynpaBJeHHH3 cAegymoUerKpynHOH 3aaaqeg 5Bsn>eTCS pacnpeaeAeHiue JOXOaOB H paCXOROB B npeaejiax H cpeatL pa3Hb[X

ypOBHeU rOCyaapCTBeHHOrO ynpaBJeHHA - OT fegepaAbHOrO aO o6.nacTHoro H paHoHHoro. Bo6LeM, pacnpeaenieH4e pacxo4o0B aOJ1)KHO OCHOBbIBaTbCq Ha reorpa4bHqecKoMpacnpOCTpaHeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOWIHX ripeHMylLteCTB, B COOTBeTCTBHH C TaKHM IIOaXOAOM

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npeaoCTaBneHHe Tex YCJIyr, KOTOpbIe paCnpOCTpaHAIOTCH Ha BCIO CTpaHy, AOJDKHO

o6ecne, H BaTbCI 4Je4epajIbHbIM npaB4TejibCTBoM.

Ho 3TOT npoLjecc OCJIO)KHqeTCq 6blCTpbIM H3MeHeHHeM xapaKTepa npearipHRTHA H

opraHOB rocyaapCTBeHHOrO yrpaBAeHHm. HeKOTOpble o6'beKTbi COUHaAbHOA c4Depbi, KOTOpbie6buiH nepeaaHbl OT rocy,apCTBeHHblx ripearipH5THH MeCTHbIM opraHam BJTaCTH, MorJIH 6bl

6blTb Hlp4BaTH3HpOBaHbJ, XOTS MHoriHe 143 HUX OTHOCATCA K KaTerOpUH o6LueCTBeHHbIX 6niar HaOJTXKHbI ckHHaHCHpOBaTbCH rocyaapCTBOM. Bce 9TH (tYHKLUH4 HaUO onpeaeAHTb H

pacnpeieteiTb nO COOTBeTCTBYIOLLLHM YpOBH5IM rocyaapCTBeHHoro ynpaBJeHHI4. ,);InS TOrO,

'TO6bI KaK~ablH YPOBeHb 6bm1 o6ecne'eH aoxoaaMH, AOCTaTOxH4lMH b 5Aq BblnOJIHeHHH 3THX

paCXOaHblX o6B3aTeJlbCTB, Heo6xoai4Mo Co3aaTb CHCTeMy pacnpeaeeueHiHs HaJIOrOB, aOXOaOB H

Me)K610io eTHbIX TpaHc4bepTOB.

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90

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HOBbie AeCo3aroTOBKH, noTpe6yioTCs aeCMTHueTH$I. ETLHHCTBeHHO BO3MO)KHbIM BbIXOLOM AAS

nepepa6aTbiBaiowHx rpeaUnpHSTHR 6e3 HaAe)KHOA CblpbeBOU 6a3bi RBnASeTCS HX 3aKpblTHe

HAH nepeMeLueH4e.

rpH onpeaenAeHHH pacqeTHoA AecoceKM CTpaHbI B ueLOM BonpOCbI

3KOHOMHtieCKOA ,OCTynHOCTH nieCOB H npOaYKTHBHOCTH fieCHbIX 3eMeAb, BnHqioLUHe Ha

91

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Pa6oTa BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B iieCHOM ceicrope HanpaBneHa Ha cAep)KHBaHtie npouecca YHH4To)KeHlHi niecoB,nOBbiweHHe npHpOAOOXpaHHOH pojnu nOKpblTbIX 1ecoM lomWaaek, oKa3aHHe COaeHCTBIHI B jiecopa3BeZeHHI,CHHuKeHHe YPOBHq 6eAHOCTH u coaeACTBHe YCTOWsHBOMY 3KOHOMHqeCKOMY pa3BHTHIO (World Bank 1991). BaHKnpeAocTaBnHeT KpeuHTbI Ha pa3BHTHe AeCHoro ceKTopa TOAbKo npH yCJIOBHM, 'iTO nlpaBHTeJibCTBO B03bMeTo6a3aTeAbCTBO o6ecneqHTb co6rnoaeHHe npHHLLHnOB yCTO1qUiBOrO pa3BHTH,9 (T.e. paUHOHa31bHOCTH HHeHCTOILUHTeJbHOCTH JIeconojib30BaHHq) H npHpOaOoxpaHHYIO OpHeHTaUmiO ynpaBAeHIH JlecaMH.

3To O3Ha'aeT cjieJlyiomee:

* nOJIHTHKa H HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHaq cTpyKTypa OJA)KHbI o6ecneLiHBaTb coxpaHeHHe H HeHCTOUWHTeAbHOeHcnoIb3oBaHHe CyyIeCTBYIOLUHX nieCOB, C nOMOulblO COOTBeTCTBYIOWUX CTHMYJIOB cnoco6cTBoBaTb 6oneeaKrHBHOMy y4aCTHIO MeCTHOrO HaceAeHHA H U aCTHOrO ceKropa B aOj]rOCPO14HOM ynpaBjieHHHeCTeCTBeHHbIMH AecaMm.

* YTBepg,aeHHe KOMnAeKCHOrO H 3KOJoruHteCKH paUHoHanlbHoro niiaHa AeACTBHA no coxpaHeHHIO 11OCBoeHHIO neCOB C 'eTKHM onpe4ejleHHeM pojiH H npaB npaBHTejibcTBa, 'laCTHoro CeKTopa H MeCTHbIx)KHTeAeri.

* nlpoBeaeHHe COLIHaIbHbIX, 3KOHOMHmeCKHX H 3KojiorH'eCKHX OLteHOK COCTOHHUH Tex niecoB, KOTOpbIenpeanonaraeTci OTBecTH noa npoMbIlieHHoe HCnoJib3oBaHHe.

* OrBoR nnoiagem noA 3anOBelHbIe 3OHbl C UenjblO COxpaHeHHa 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HH H 3aLJHTbI HHTepeCOBo6tiTaTeAei1 IeCOB, B 'aCTHoCT'r, HX npaB co6cTBeHHOCTHH aocryna K onpeaejieHHbiM y'aCTKaM Aeca.

3KOCHCTeMHoe yHpaBJIeHHe, ABHO He yMHTbIBaIOTCS, 'ITO npeyMeHbwIaeT aKTyaSjbHOCTbCpOlHOrO peweHHA H3AO)KeHHbIX BbIle rHpo6JieM. I4MeioIuH4ecq OUeHKH QaIOT HeaOCTaTOqHOHH4)OpMaLxHH aiiJ nHAaHHpoBaHHI. JllnH cTa6HnbHoro '4aCTHorO HHBeCTHPOBsaHH5 B JIeCHOr4CeKTop HHBeCTOpaM Ha,ao 6yaeT 3HaTb, y KaKHX ripeaITpHATHA B o6o3pUMoM 6yayiueM 6yaeTCOXpaHHTbCM )KH3Hecnoco6HaA pecypcHam 6a3a H rae B03MO)KHO co3,aaHHe HOBbIXCTa6HJIbHbIX npeHnpHsTHu.

Ji,AA 3Tomo Heo6XoaHMo HcnOJIb3OBaTb KOMrfleKCHbIir npouecc rTIjaHHpoBaHHH,OXBaTbIBa1OlWUH ripo6JieMbI, CBA3aHHbie C 3aKpbITHeM H nepeMetueHHeM rpOH3BOaCTBeHHbIXMOIuHOCTeH, H HO3BOJIAIOL[UHR BbUIejHTb Te rUIoluaa4,, Ha KOTOPbIX nlpOH3BOaCTBO IIpeBecHHblMO)KeT 6bITb 3KOHOMH'-eCKH H 3KoAorHeCKH )KH43HeCnOCo6HbIM H HMieOTCAI HaH6oJiee6naronpH>sTHbie BO3MO)KHOCTH ,DIAS yCTOAIHBOFo H 3KOJIorwHeCKH HelCTO1LHTeCJbHOFOnpOH3BOACTBa apeBeCHHbl. Bo H36e)KaH4e aaAbHeiiwei aerpagauHH iecopecypcHou 6a3bl KoKpyKaiolueg cpelabl Heo6XOrAHMbI KOpeHHbIe H3MeHeHH51 B jiaHHpOBaHH4H H HpaKTHKCJIeCO3arOTOBHTeJIbHbIX pa6oT.

TaKou KOMrAeKCHbli IOaXOa K ruaHHPOBaHHIO HCIOJIb3OBaHHA fleCHbIX 3eMenJbqBjiHeTCH Heo6xOJHMbIM yCJIOB1eM yCTOr4uHBoro pa3uBHTHii necHoro ceKTopa. Ho 3TOT nogxogMO)KHO BHe,p5lTb TOJIbKO riocTeneHHO, HoKa xe Heo6xoai4Mo HpuHHTb ueJ1blru PHX, peLUeH14AO 6yaylyeM KOHKpeTHb1X ripenpHsATHfI H o6pa3oBaHHblX BOKpyr HHX roceAKOB. Ho3TOMYceiqac Haao CpO'HO alaTb oLIeHKY peCypCHOU1 6a3bl CyWeCTBYIOIUHX ripearIpMRTHH HnpeKpaTHTb HCTOIUHTeAbHyIO 3KCrIJyaTa4UHIO aOCTyHbIX peCypcoB, o6o3Haq4Tb Te nnoLaati,

92

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cdiepe IiecHoH npOMbUwJIeHHOCTH, Ha OCHOBe pbIHO4Hb[X npHLHUHnOB, Ba)KHO o6o3Ha'w4Tb Te

npe,rnpHATHA H paHOHbl, y KOTOpbIX HMelOTCS aOCTaTO4qHbie 3anacbI JTeCHbIX peCYPCOB H Te,

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3aKpblTHe npeanpHATHAs H nOHCK aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX BO3MO)KHocTeg 3aHATOCT14 AAA ero

pa6oTHHKoB. BblAeJieHHe 3TUX aByX rpynri ripeanp4ASTHR noMo)KeT onpeaeIeA4Tb MacuTa6bi

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nOBbICAT CyiUeCTBYIOIlHe YpOBH4 3aHATOCTH H BbInYCKa ipoayKUHm. 9To rOMO)xeTOripe,aeJI4Tb B paMKax aoArocpoqHoro nniaHHPOBaHHS1 Tpe6oBaHHS no BoccTaHoBJIeHHIo

HCTOiIeHHbIX py6KaMH nJeCOB 1 nOCTeneHHOMY BKJloMeHHIO B rpO43BOACTBO B pe)KHMe

HeHCTOLLHTeJTbHOrO JIeconoHob3oBaHH4A. 3TOT nORXOa aojlXKeH TaKlKe BKJIIO4aTb AoJDKHoe

nPH3HaHHe npaB KOpeHHbIX HapOaOB H co3JIaH4e yCJIOBHfl A1i coxpaHeHHA1 H yCTOquHBOro

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pe)KHMbI ynpaBJIeHHI. B nocAieAH4e roabl B03MO)KHOCT4 POCCuH B 3TOM OTHoweHHH

3HaqIHTeCbHO ocna6niu, qTO CBA3aHO C KPH3HCOM B HayKe H Cyy.eCTBeHHOU yTpaTOU KOHTpOJ15

3a aeqTeAbHOCTbIO Ha OXpaHAeMb1X TeppHTOpHAIX. ,AnR pelimeHHA OCTperilUHX

npppo,gooxpaHHbIX H 3KOHOMH4eCKHX npo6JTeM POCCHH noHaao6HTcA 6o.nee

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pecypcoB, eCnH He 6yaeT o6ecneqeHa LejiOCTHOCTb HX 3KojIorHqeCKHX, 3KOHOMHqeCKHX H

COLUaHJbHbIX CHCTeM. (CnpaBKa 2.2). 3To Tpe6yeT BHHMmaHHU Ha CTUaaH nniaHHpOBaHH5 AAA

onpe,aenAeHHA nOJ11uTHKH niecHoro ceKTopa H npaKTH4qeCKHX cpeaCTB ee ocyIueCTBJeHRA,

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93

COXp8HCHHC yCTONHBOCTNM pfCCCOB Ha OCHOBe paCHpeACe.IeHHq 3eMenIb 170 BHZaM,U0ffAWBaHNHf

,iLnsi BbilenJeHHS yqaCTKOB C onpeaeJIeHHbIMH xapaKTePiCT1KamH HnH H3BeCTHoriYM3BHMOCTbIO H BO H36exKaHHe HaJIo)KeHH5 B3aHMoHCKKToqaIOiU4X BHIaOB 3eMJlenOJlb3OBaHHSJ,Heo6xo,aHMo npOBOIHTb pacnpeaeAeHHe 3eMeJb c nOMO[ubiO oripeaeneHHoro MeTonaniiaHHPOBaHH51 HCnOJ1b3OBaHHq 3eMej1b. (opMaajbHbli npouecc pa3MelueHHH HnAaHHPOBaHHA HcIoAb3oBaHHS 3eMeJIb AaeT OCHOBY AIAS cTpaTerHi4, a TaKX(e KpiTePHKynpaBJIeHHA, Heo6xoaHMbIe pyKoBo,4HTeIiAM H cneuHa1HCTaM no pecypcoyripaBeIeHHIo XJCHcTeMaTmx4ecKoro onpeaeJIeH4H OnTHMaJIbHoro BHLa noJIb3OBaHHS Ha aaHHOM yqaCTKenIeCHOU 3eMnH. 9TH npoueccbi rpeRHa3HaqeHbl AA KJIaccCH)KauHm nIeCHbIX MaccHBOB no HX

Ta6.nIHa 2.2: Oxora B KpaCHOslPCKOM Kpae, 1993-1994 rr.

BAMu 1993 199 194 199 199

Olrlpc,7 (OTAOB) KBOM O1penff (orioB) Ow7pC# (OTAOB) Opcff (On'Oa)1o 04lwfLfalHmM 17 (4HIO hHIJbIu n 170 OLCHKBM 01OmOcI7obH

.gaHmwm KBOxM (%)

Ka6apra 91 oxpaieTcnc 0 2.000 oxpaHAeTcsq

Bo6p 53 258 54 2.000 +775

KocyJIA 1.200 2.000 1.132 10.000 +500

Mapajn 375 800 362 1.000 +25

JlOcb 1.255 300 1091 4.000 +14

Co6OAb 22.504 63.960 16.072 50.000 -22

CeBepHbiri OJeHb 251 1000 183 500 -50

Bypblui MeaBeAb 130 500 75 300 -40

Ka6aH 60 400 72 240 -40

a To.nbKo He3aKOHHaS OxOTa

HCTOqHHK: KpaCHOMpCKUU KpaCBOI KOMUTeT no necy, 1995.

3KOJ1OrK4eCKOUi 'IyBCTBHTeJIbHOCT4, npHpOpooXpaHHOA ueHHOCTH, COUHaWibHO-Kyj1bTypHOHiULeHHOCTH H 3KOHOMH4eCKOMY HOTeHUHaH]y rpOMblujjIeHHOrO HCHOJ1b3OBaHH5 C TeM, 'lTo6biOnTHMH3HpOBaTb BbIrOAbl HeHCTOJ.w4TejlbHOrO HCnOJ1b3OBaHH5I J1eCHblX peCypCOB (CnpaBKa2.3).

4aCTO pacnpeaej1eHi4e 3eMenjb H nniaHHPOBaHHe HX HCnOnb3OBaHH5 BKn1O4alOTpaCCMOTpeHHe B03MO)1(HOCTeU MHorouejieBoro nOJlb3OBaHHS Ha KOHKpeTHO4 njowaAmH.OpraHH3auH5 MHoroueneBoro IeconoJIb3oBaHHS conpsAxeHa c 60JIbUIHMH yripaBAeH4eCKMMH

94

CnpaBKa 2.2: CoxpaHeHHe 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3mq

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6yaywee Ansi Bcex cpeA o6HTaHHI, BHaOB H HX reHeTH'eCKHX KOMnOHeHTOB, HaCKOJ1bKO 3TO npeaCTa&qqeTCq

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nnaHeTe HepaBHoMepHO, Heo6XOJHMO BbiAeCjHTb H BKJIO'0HTb B XH3HecnOCo6Hy10 CHCTeMy OXpaHReMbiX

TeppHTopHri penpe3eHTaTHBHbIe 3KOCHcTeMbI H 3KOCHcTeMbl C oco60 6oraTbIM 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HeM. XOTq

co3AaHHe H coaepAcaHHe KpynHbIX OXpaHSeMbiX TeppHTOpHti RBSICTCq KpaeyroJ]bHbIM KaMHeM mno6or

CHCTeMHO1i niporpammb oXpaHbi nlpHpoabi, 34IeicKTHBHOCTb coxpaHeHH.9 6mopa3Hoo6pa3Hq 3aBHCHT OT

3a6oTAHBoro H KBaJH4PHUHpoBaHHoro ynpaBneHHR BceM iaHKlIawarToM. B npeAeniax KOTOpOrO HaXOmiTCSi 3TH

oxpaH.embie TeppHTopHH.

npH noALep)KKe rjio6aJibHoro 3KonorHqecKoro 4)OHAa (r3F ), POCCHS pa3pa6aTblBaeT KOMnIieKCHYiO

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6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HsI (World Bank, 1996a). 3Ta nporpamma AOJI)KHa o6ecnetHTb CHcTeMY 3aLUHTbI

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paMKax aToro npoeKTa 6yaeT erYHKUHOHHPOBaTb nporpamma noaAeP)KKH HaH6oJIee Ba)KHbiX OXpaHqeMblX

TeppHTopHui, KOTOpbie HaH6oj0ee nocTpaAaRH OT HeraTHBHbiX n eOCJAeICTBHA, npOBOAIUAHXCS B cTpaHe

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noJIe3HocTe 3eMeJIb Bcex KaTeropuHl. KpoMe Toro, coxpaHeHHe 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3Hq H

paUHOHanJbHoe pecypcoynpaBsieHHe Hejib3S ocyUeCTBHTb, COCPeaoToqHBa3 Bce yCHJIH5

CnpaBKa 2.3: POCCHHCKHHi onbuT B o6naCH paCnpeAejneHHn H nHiaHHPOBaHHR HCnOnjb3oBHHU 3eMeJIb

KoHuenuHs pacnpeaenieHH$I H nIIaHmpoBaHHSl Hcnojib3oBaHHR 3eMeJIb He BRnSeTcS HOBOi anS POCCHH.

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oxpaHMembix TeppHTOpHri H pa3MeLueHHS pa3Hbix BUAOB necononb3oBaHHSl. B KatecTBe 3KcnepHMeHTa,

nporpaMMUI nIIaHHpoBaHHI H HCUnO1b3OBaHHR 3eMenJb coBMeCTHO C HeKoMMepqeCKOi KoMnaHHfeg "Ecologically

Sustainable Development" ("3KOJIorHUeCKH yCTOIIHBoe pa3BHTHe") ocyluecTBjsnliHCb B paioHe 03epa BatIKaJi H

Ha ,anbHeM BocToKe. ()eaepanbHaI c,iy)K6a JiecHoro XO3S0crBa ce1imac pacwHpqeT CeTb pOCCHtiCKHX

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paclUHpeHHe H yrny6jleHHe cyiuecTyBotuero noAxo,a K niiaHHpOBaHHIO H BKJlIOqeHHe B

npoLiecc pa3MeLUeHH.9 H niiaHHpOBaHHu MeAKLHCUHnJIHHapHbIx KpHTepHeB. npaKTH4qeCKHI

95

OllbiT yKa3bIBalOT Ha TO, 'TO HcnoOjb3yeMaq HbIHe B POcCHH KJaCCH4)HKaUtiq iiecOB (CM.CnpaBKa 1.6, riiaBa 1) He npH.aeT OnJDKHFO 3Ha'eHH$1 BonpocaM oxpaHbl cpeabi U6Hopa3Hoo6pa3HI B iiecax TpeTbel rpynnbI H Ha 3KOor0HeCKH yA3BHMb[X TeppHTop[49X (B3KCnnyaTaLtHOHHbIX niecax), KOTOpbIe CAeayeT OTHeCTH K OXpaHAemMbmM HuH HCnOjib3OBaTb HaMHoroueLieBOH OCHOBe. KpoMe Toro, nieca I H 1I rpynn Bce 6o.nbue oKa3blBaloTC5 HoAHaTHCKOM CO CTOpOHbl BHJOB nOJIb3oBaHHSA, He COBMeCTHMbIX C HX 3KOjiOrHMeCKHM HCOUHaJIbHbIM ripeAHa3HaqeHHeM. CHCTeMa ynpaBJeHHsl fOnDKHa OCHOBbIBaTbCS Ha 3ajaaaxCOXpaHeHHR (DyHKUHOHaJbHOCTH BCerI JieCHOu 3KOCHCTeMbI.

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96

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KOHKpeTHOH CblpbeBOH 6a3bl.

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97

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99

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100

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102

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14 E5owee noapo6Ho oI7IcaHHbie 3aecb Meoamr naoyeHim peHTHhrxaoxoaoB paccMaTpBaIo0TCR aB M Gil/is,

"Forest Concession Management and Revenue Policies" B: N. Sharma, ed., 1992.

103

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104

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15 YKa3oM 7pe3HeHTa PO (Ao 397, 1992), 3Kci7popHaHLtH 3eMewb KopeHHoro HaceweHhi aVlRHe7paa7IL1HfoHHbix BifaOB 7o0130o8Hh1 6e3 f7poBeacHHR MeCTHoro peoepeHayMa 3agpeweHa (Cm. Fondahll, 1995).CoLIaWbHo-Iyg7bTypHoe B}JHlfC ffHTeHCHBHoro fc!1o0b3oBqHfH CeBepHoro MopcKoro f7yTH Ha xK3HbKOpeHHbiX HapoCoB paccMaTpifBaeTc.b: Osherenko, 1995.

108

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HpoMib7ureHHocTif, a maKxe npo6AeM wepaAbHbiX g5OHaOB H cu,yw6 3BHRTOCT B LUaoM CM. B: World Bank,

1994.

109

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11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - -- - - -- -

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147 HPHAO)KEHHE A

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CNcTCa yema ffecoB

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TpHHa,auaTb rOCyaapCTBeHHbIX JICCOyCTPOH7WLHMN Hpe4JpHRTA 3aHHMalOTCSC6opoM U aHajiH3OM aaHHbiX, noAy'IeHHbIX B xoae nHBeHTaPH3aUHH necoB, nO BCer CTpaHe.KaxAoe JiecoycTpoHTenbHoe npeanpHATHe o6cnyicHBaeT nuJOLuaab, paBHYIO npHMepHo 37MJIH. ra. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna J1eCOXO3ARCTBeHHO aeSATeAbHOCTH Ha aaHHOR rioLWauH,JiecoycTporlCTBo nPOBOAHTCA BO Bcex noapa32LejieHISAX iiecoynpaBjieHHA C nepHOAUHqHOCTbIO10-20 J1eT. 9TH HHBeHTaPH3aUHOHHbie H neCOYCTPOHTenbHbie aaHHble HCnOJIb3ylOTCA IAnpa3pa6oTKH neCOyCTpOHTenJbHbIX npoeKTOB ~WA KaWO H3 TeppHTopHr, Ha KOTOpblXHPOH3BO,aHTCS JiecoCHOJb3OBaHHe ((DeaepanbHaA cjly)K6a jiecHoro Xo3SIflCTBa, 1994 roa).

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148 nPHJ]OKEHIIE A

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Ta6.nHUa A.2. JlecoycTpowemIbHbie npeAnptS1THi Poccuu

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I 1leHTpanbHoe r. MOCKBa

2 MocKoBcKoe r. WUep6uHKa, MOCKOBCKasq o6ni.

3 3anaaHoe r. EpnHCK, BpIHCKas o6n.

4 CeBepo-3anaaHoe r. CaHKT-rleTep6ypr, JleHHHrpaacKa%i o6n.

5 CeBepiioe r. Bojioria, BonoroacKas o6n.

6 KapenbcKoe r. fleTpo3aBojcK, Pecny6AmKa Kapejis

7 BopoHeIulecnpoeiT r. BopoHe)K, BopoHeWcKas1 o6jn.

8 Boi)kcKoe r. HUiKH)M HoBropoa, HHuxeropoacKasI o6ii.

9 3anaaiio-CH6mpCKoe r. HOBOCU6UPCK, HoBocti6HpcKaq o6n.

10 BocToMHo-CH6HpcKoe r. KpacHoIpcK, KpacHo5IpcKKHr Kpari

II flpI6aAKanbcKoe r. HPKYTCK, HPKyrCKaSq o6n.

12 AMYPCKoe r. Co6oaHb1ir, AMyPCKaS o6n.i

13 JPaanbHeBOCTO'Hoe r. Xa6apOBCK, Xa6apoBcKHiA Kpaui

PICTovHIIK: OeaepaAbHam c.nyiK6a JiecHoro xo3s9iicTBa POCCHU, 1996 roa.

Pac4eTHaHi necoceKa onpelaeJneTcA Ha OCHOBaHH14 JIeCOYCTPOHTeSjbHbIX aaHHbIX U

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149 nPHIIO)KEHHE A

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TCxHH4-ecKHx BO3MO)KHOCTeH OCyLweCTBJfIlTb 34"eKTHBHblH KOHTpOJIb. B Tex iKe cjTy'ialx,Korga wTpadibI Bce Ke Ha3HaIalOTCH, JIeconOJIb3OBaTenjT qacTo CTapaioTci OTCpO'-HTb onAaTyHa rog uHn 6ojiee, H Torla BbICOKHe TeMnbI HHJIASLUHH CHJIbHO CHtiKalOT CTOHMOCTHblHpa3Mep wTpada. Ho HIOCKOJ1bKy YPOBeHb WTpaq)OB oIeHb HU3KHA, HapyWHTeJiHnpe,Tno4HTalOT 3annjaTHTb WTpa(j BMeCTO TOrO, qTo6bI co6JnioaaTb YCTaHOBJeHHbiejieCOBOIICTBeHHbiC Tpe6oBaHHI4. HanpHMep, wTpa4 B 1995 roAy 3a I Ky6oMeTp JIecoceIHbIxOTXODOB, OCTaBj1eHHbIX Ha JIeco3aroTOBHTeJIbHOA flJ1OLIaJH, COCTaBJIiJA Bcero 1000 py6nieu(T.e. npMmepHo 20 ueHTOB).

JIccoBocc7THoaIeHHe

KaK npaBHnJo, cooTHoweHHe Meway eCTeCTBeHHbIM Bo3o6HOBJIeHHeM HHCKyCCTBeHHbIM JieCOBOCCTaHoBjieHHeM COCTaBJI5eT 70:30 B ceBepHOA H cpeaHeg TaHre,50:50 - B IO)KHOH Tagre ui 30:70 - B cMewJaHHbIX niecax, a B CTenHOr4 H jiecoCTenHor4 3OHaxHO'ITH HCKfIO'-H4TeJIbHO HCrIOJ1b3yeTCA HCKYCCTBeHHOe BbipailUHBaHHC ca)KeHueB. Ecnjil HaBCeU TeppUTOPHH CH6HPH H aaj1bHero BocToKa nfloluaEm iieCOBOCCTaHOBj1eHH5I (noceBaceMSH H nocaaKH caKeHLueB) COCTaBnqjiiJ B 1980-x roaax OKOJIo 215 TbIC. ra B ron(nHcapeHKo, PeabKO, Mep3AeHKo 1992), TO B BO BpeMq nepeXOaHoro nepHoaa 3TOT YpOBeHbewue 6oflbule CH4314JICA.

B KpacHO5IpcKOM Kpae o6Luaq nnjoLuaAb J1eCOBOCCTaHOBjTeHH5 (nOcaaKorH) B 1990-1994 rogax cocTaBnAlna 79 TbIC. ra, B cpeaHeM - nO'TH 16 TbIC. ra B rog, a eCTeCTBeHHoeBO3o6HOBJTeHHe npo4CXOlHJIO Ha nHjoutaadu 222,5 TbIC. ra, B cpeaHeM - HO'ITH 45 TbIC. ra BroI. aaHHbIX O nHp)KHBaeMOCTH (coxpaHHOCTH) paCTeHHU HeT, XOTM HeKOTOpbIe y4eHbieCqHTaIOT, '-TO lpHH JIeCOBOCCTaHOBJIeHHH nocnie iieCO3aFOTOBK4 pe3yJIbTaTbI 06blqHO 6blBaloTrIJIOXHMH, TaK KaK 3TO CB5I3aHO C ynJIOTHeHHeM H 3p03HmerlH nOB B pe3yJIbTaTeHCnOJlb3OBaHHSI TADKeJIOiI JieC03arOToBHTeJlbHOH TeXHHKH. ECTb CBeaeICH4R 0 TOM, qTOrPJ4)KHBaeMOCTb XBOUiHbIX KyAbTyp COCTaBJI5eT Bcero 20-40%. B xoae caMoh nocileIRHeHiHHBeHTap143aui4H B KpacHoMpcKoM Kpae (5IHBapb 1993 r.) 6buo o6Hapy)KeHO OKOJIO 2 MJ1H.ra 6e3necHO4 JieCHoi 3eMJnu, Tpe6yiouter AeCOBOccTaHOB14TeJIbHbIX MeponpHliTH1i.nporpaMMa no JIecOBOccTaHOBJIeHHlo, pa3pa6OTaHHaI Ha nep4oa c 1996 no 2000 roDa,rpe,aycMaTpHBaeT, qTO nlec Ha HfloL.LaAu B 1,4 MJH. ra MoweT B03o6HOBHTbCS eCTeCTBeHHblMnyTeM, a Ha OCTaJTbHOH HAoLuaaiH - B 0,6 MJIH. ra Tpe6yeTCq HCKYCCTBeHHoeBOCCTaHOBIeHHe Aeca (nocaaKO9). O0lHaKO, BO BpeMq roaa, npH4rQOHoe anqrTHpoBeaeHH5inoca,aOIHblX pa6oT ,OCTYnHaH, nHjouHaab COCTaBJIq eT TOJIbKO 170 TbIC. ra.

B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae JieCOBOccTaHoBjieHHe HpOBOl4HTCq Ha njoLuaaiH OKOJIO 10TbIC. ra B roa. B OCHOBHOM TaM ca)KaIOT XBOHHbie BHAbl, KaK npaBsuIO, Keap (Pinus sibirica).TaKHe UeHHbIe apeBCCHbie riOpOlbI OieHb CHJlbHO nOCTpaaaAH OT 4pe3MepHOA3KCIiyaTauLi4. rpH OTCYTCTB14H aOCTaTO'IHOrO KOJIH4eCTBa CCMeHHbIX aepeBbeB 3TOT BHI

154 HPHA1OKEHHE A

CTaHOBHTCH MaJIoMHcjieHHb[M H y)Ke OTHeceH K OXpaHieMbIM BiiRaM. Ho RaHHbIX o6 Uix

npH)KHBaeMOCTH HeT. MeponpI4.qTvlq no coaeRCTBHio eCTeCTBeHHOMY BO3o6HoBJ1eHHlO

OXBaTbIBalOT OKOJIO 90 TbIC. ra nieCHbIX 3eMenJb B roa. J1eCOBoaCTBeHHbie Meponp[4RTH MOryT

npeayCMaTpHBaTb CKapHqHKauHio, YXOa H 3aLUHTY Haca)KaeHHui. Flo HMeiOLUiMCA OUeHKaM,

o6utasi nJIoIlaab, Hy)aaiouLaqcs B HCKYCCTBeHHOM BOCCTaHOBjieHH14 nieca, B Xa6apOBCKOM

Kpae COCTaBJSieT 5 MJIH. ra.

/IcoBoccTHoBffeHmC (cKywccmeHHoe). HOqTH B Kaw.KOM niecXo3e HMteeTCA

60AbWO9 riUTOMHHK, B KOTOpOM e)KerORHo HPOH3BOART OT HeCKOJIbKHX COT TbICqI AO

HecKOJIbKHX MHJIJIH4HOB caxceHUeB HJIH ceRHueB. TaK, HanpHMep, B KpaCHOMpcKoM jiecXo3e

(147 TbIC. ra), B nHTOMHHKe npoR3BOAIHTCR OKOJIO 2 MJIH. Ca)KeHLteB H CeqHLHeB B roJa. 9TH

paCTeHH51 OCTa1OTCR B nHTOMHHKe aO 3-5 nieT H o6blqHO BbiCa)KHBaioTcA C OTKpbITOU

KOPHeBOH C4CTeMOH. CTaHaapTHbie Tpe6oBaHIH no KaA)aOMy BHILy aepeBbeB onpeReiRloT

MHH4MaJ]bHbIU pa3mep nocaaoqHoro MaTepHaJia, Heo6XOILHMbli IqLI BbDKHBaHBH pacCTeHHU B

YCJOBHHX KOHKypeHUHH C COPHOU paCTHTeJIbHOCTbIO. OCHOBHbIMH BHaaMH,

BbipaLUHBaeMbIMH B nHTOMHHKaX, RBARIOTCS COCHa o6bIKHOBeHHaA (Pinus sylvestris) H Keap(Pinus sibirica).

Ce3oH nocaBKH nieca HalIHHaeTCS B mapTe. KynbTypbl o6brIHO co3flalOTCs H3

paCTeHHrU ODHOU apeBeCHorl HOpOoabi. HlpaKTH4eCKH BCe MepOnpHSTHUR, CB53aHHbIe C

nOCaIKOH, nppOBOLSTCS Ha BbIpy6KaX, rIOTOMY 'ITO K HHM BeayT noafbe3AHbie aoporH, HO

JIeCOBOCCTaHOBHTenJbHbie HJun Bo3o6HOBHTeAbHbIe pa6oTbl 06bF'IHO OXBaTbIBalOT MeHee

nOAOBHHbl nJIOWaAH Bbipy6JleHHoro nieca, TaK KaK 6Onbwuas ee 'aCTb B ce3OH nOCaaKH

RBjSiCeTCH HeaocTynHO9. ,Dpyrue xKe (H 'acTo o6WHpHble) rUioUaauH, Ha KOTOpbIX nec 6bml

YHH'TO)KeH ro)KapaMH, HaCeKOMbIMH, 6o0ne3HHMH HunH BeTpOBajiOM, H3-3a CBOeUi HeIgOC-

TYFHOCTH He BOCCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCq. JIeCOBOCCTaHOBJIeHHe (noCaaKa) Ha Be4HOMep3IOTHbIX

nJIoLUa,a5IX TO)Ke TpyaHoocyLLeCTBHMa (ceAHUbl 3aqacTyIo KaK 6bl BbiLaBjiHBalOTCq H3 rpyHTa),

H nO3TOMY TaKHe nJIOLUaaH OCTaBjimlOT no, eCTeCTBeHHOe Bo3o6HOBJIeHHe.

EcTeCTBeHHOe B3o6HoBoeHe. CoaegCTBHe eCTeCTBeHHOMY BO3o6HOBJeHHIO

RBiASeTCH CaMbIM pacnpocTpaHeHHb[M MeTO,OM IieCOBOCCTaHOBJIeH HR. CoriacHo HpaBHi4aM

py6OK riiaBHoro nIOJIb3OBaHHi B .necax 3ana,AHou CH6HpH, YTBep)aeHHbM (DeaepanbHOH

cjiyxc6og iecHoro XO3A9CTBa AnAA CH6upu (1993 r.), B npoiKecce JIeCO3arOTOBHTenJbHbIX pa6oT

HeO6XOiLHMO npHHHMaTb onpeaeJIeHHbie MepbI 3aLUtTbI H COLcerUCTBHA pOCTy eCTeCTBeHHOrO

Bo3o6HoBJIeHH54. K TaKHM MepaM OTHOC5ITCq: coxpaHeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX ceMeHHbIX epeBbeB B

npe,aenax JiecoceKH (3TO OCO6eHHO Ba)KHO Ans BO3o6HoBJIeHHq COCHbl), coxpaHeHHe Ha

HeCKOJIbKO AeT B HeTPOHYTOM BH,e rpH)KealwHx jiecoceK, coxpaHeHHe noapoCTa B xoae

JIeCO3arOTOBHTenJbHbIX pa6oT, OM4CTKa Bblpy6KH nyTeM c6opa nopy6o'KHbIx OCTaTKOB B BanbI

HuIH OrHeM. OcyiuecTTieHHe 3THX Mep ABJIqeTCAI o653aHHOCTbIO JieCO3arOTOBHTeJlbHbIX

KoMnaHHi, a JeCOXO3SgCTBeHHbie OpraHbI aOJDKHbl HX KOHTpOAHpOBaTb. OTaen

JieCOBOCCTaHOBJieHHI4 B KpacHOqpCKOM Kpae o6blrHO HCnOJIb3yeT "y3KOnaceMHyIo" CHCTeMy

JIeCOCeCHbIX pa6oT, T.K. eCTb aaHHble 0 TOM, -TO 3Ta CHCTeMa 3arOTOBKH neca 6.naronpHqTHO

BHSHCeT Ha eCTeCTBeHHOe Bo3o6HOBJIeHHe.

lp1H4HTHe peuIeHHr ro coaegCTBHio eCTeCTBeHHOMY BO3o6HoBJIeHHIO BXOpUT B

o6sl3aHHOCTH ynpasBjeHH5 iieCOBOCCTaHOBJIneHHI H 3aWHTHoro necopa3BeIeHSA $eaepanbHOH

CJIyK6bI niecHoro X035IiCTBa. npoLuecc eCTeCTBeHHOrO BO3o6HOBAeHHA npeaycMaTPHBaloT

npoeeaeHme cJleayioluHX Mep: KOHTpOJ1HpyeMbie naJibl, CKapH()HKaLHtHo (o6Ha)KeHHe

155 flPHJAOKEHHE A

MHHepaYIbHbIX cAoeB nO4Bbi AmR CoaeHCTBHR npopacTaHHIO CeMqH), yXOL 3a nOapOCTOM KCOnYTCTBYIOiLLUe MepoprHpHS5TH. CornacHo HMelOjuHMCq aaHHbIM, eCTeCTBeHHOeBo3o6HoBJIeHHe XOpOwUo H11eT B CBeTJIoXBor4Hb1X necax (Ha ilerKHX noMBax), HO ropa3,ao xyiceB TeMHoXBoriHbIX necax (Ha T5DeKjb1x nO4Bax), rje BCKope nocne CnJIoWHoui py6KHnOSBJISIIOTCA BbICOKHe TpaBbl, noAaBJIHiOU.lHe pOCT CeAHUeB. 3TH TpaBbl, KpOMe TOrO,yBeJiHMHBalOT OnaCHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHH51 paCTHTenJbHbIX rio)KapoB, KOTOpbIe yHHHTO)KalOT6oAblUHHCTBO CeSHLxeB H MOAoLbiX aepeBbeB.

THnHMHOu npo6neMori 3iBJIAeTCA TaK)Kwe yBenmeHH KoJIHMecTBa meHee UeHHbIXMOJOIHSKOBbIX H cpeaHeBO3paCTHbIX HacaeK1eHHii JIHCTBeHHbIX nopoa, KOTOpbie nOqBJSiiOTCAnocne Bblpy6KH 6o0ee ieHHblIX XBOHHbIX HacaKLeHHH. 3To 4aCTO npOHCXOalHT Ha nJIoLua,4ISx,ripOg,aeHHbIX KpynHOMaCITa6HbIMH CFIOIIIHbIMH py6KaMH, rge HaH6oAee )KH3HeHHOaKTHBHbie nopoJIbi aepeBbeB (TaKHe, KaK OCHHa H 6epe3a), cemeHa KOTOPbIX HPHHOCRTCqcio,aa BeTpoM, 6blCTpO KOJOHH3HPYIOT nJIolUaab, oco6eHHo nocne noKapa. Ho 3TO -eCTeCTBeHHaA CTaAH5Hr npoLtecca 3KoAHorFHecKoA BbDKHBaeMOCT4 B Jlecax, H 3TU HOBbierOCa,aK4 CO BpeMeHeM (Mepe3 10-30 neT) 3anOAHRqIOTCS XBOUHbiMH nopoIIaMH H o6pa3yloTcscMewLaHHbie nieca.

Pa3Bwwfe,ocoTyHa

EOJIbwHHCTBO ileHTpOB 3KOHOMH4eCKOrO pa3BHTHS H HaCeJJeHHbIX nyHKTOBHaXoflSITCS B IO)KHbIX paioHax CH6HpH, oco6eHHO B par4oHe K iory OT TpaHCCH6HPCKOri)KeJIe3HOr4 IopoFH, BFIJIOTb 1o rocyIapCTBeHHoi rpaHHLJbl, a TaKwKe npoCTuipaloTC K ceBepyOT IIopoFH Ha paCCTOSHme npHMepHO B 150 KM. IIMeHHo Ha 3TOU TePPHTOPHH 6bIAacocpe,aoToMeHa H OCHOBHaS ieCO3arOTOLTeIbHaA LeSITeJIbHOCTb. OmeHb MHoro iieca3aroTaBJIHBaJIni TaKxe BAOJIb 6eperoB KpynHbIX peK. B ripowJIoM 6onbwuas 'aCTb apeBeCHHbI,3arOTaBMHBaeMoU B CH6Hpu H Ha JlaabHeM BocToKe, cnnaiiiaBIacb no peKam 6peBHaMH ununniOTaMH (TaTapHHoB, 1992). CriaB 6peBeH B 6oHax, KOTOpblU BbI3b1Banj cepbe3Hb1e3KOJ1oruHeCKHe npo6neMbl H oTJIo)KeHHA opraHH4ecKHx OTXOLOB, ceWiac y)Ke 3anpeLUeH. Jlec11o CHX nop TpaHCnOPTHpyeTCSI nO KpyIHbIM peKaM B KpacHoApcKoM Kpae (no EHHcelo UAHrape) H B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae (no AMypy H YCCYPH) Ha HOHTOHax.

OxpaHa nIecoB OT HOAKpOB

3a nepHog C 1975 no 1988 roI nofKapaMH, HaceKoMbiMH, 6one3HAIM4 K apyrrHMm4JaKTOpaMH (TaKHMH, KaK BeTpOBaAbi), HCKIuOIas CnJIOUHbie py6KH, YHHMTO)KaJIOCb Bcpe,aHeM no 1,04 MIH. ra neca B roa. 9Ta HAoLa,Ab 3KBHBanieHTHa cpeaHeMy o6beMy roaoBori3arOTOBKH neca. OaHH TOJIbKO nO)Kapbl B CH6upu H Ha JaaAbHeM BocToKe YHH4TO)KHJIH 30MJIH. ra. B 1995 roay 16% o611eH fluioUaHu nomf6LiHx necoB PoccHu HpHXo1HJIOCb HaIao.nlo He6JiaronpHsTHbIX KJTHMaTHqeCKHX YCJIOBHA (r.naBHbIM o6pa3oM, BeTpoBajnoB), 33% -noru6no no rpiH4He no)KapOB H 46% - H3-3a HaCeKOMbIX-Bpe1HTeJleH H 6ofle3Hek(rocyLapCTBeHHblI aoKJaL o COCTOSHHHH oKpyKaioLLei np4pOaHORi cpe11bl, 1996). JleTo 1996roga xapaKTepH3OBanOCb 3Ha4HTenJbHb1M rOBblwUleHHeM YPOBHI JIeCHOR nO)KapOOnaCHOCTH HaTePPHTOPHH POCCUH (Ha I HmOIo 1996 roaa OT nO)KaPOB roCTpa.aano 1,2 MAH. ra nieca).

I4MelOTCSA aHHbIe 0 TOM, 'TO py6KH H no)Kapbl CHiKxalOT YCTOH4HBOCTb nIeCoB K BeTpOBaJiaM.

156 nP"IJO)KEHHE A

3oHa OXpaHbI JiiCOB OT no)KapOB OXBaTbIBaeT BCIO TeppHTOpui4O POCCUH, npu 3TOM

ceBepHas TYHapa H neca nepexoaHoR 3OHbl OTHeceHbl K HeOXpaHIeMbIM, a lO)KHbIe paUiOHbi -

K oxpaH5ieMbIM necaM. B ieJIoM CHCTeMOrl OXpaHbI AeCOB OT noxapoB B TOU JIH uu HOH

4opMe OXBateH 61% nUiouitaAHu necHoro 4OHaa; B 3anaAHoA CH6HPu - 78%, B BOCTOtHOH

CH6Hpu - 66%, Ha )jaAbHeM BocToKe - 52% (CM. Ta6ni. A.3). 3oHa OXpaHbi nieCOB OT

noxKapOB npOXOAHT nO rpaHHue ceBepHbIX Tae)KHbIX nIeCOB. K ceBepy OT 3TOUl TeppHTOpUH

npO4bHjiaKTMHecKHe pa6OTbl H TywleHHe nOxKapOB nPOBOARTCA TOJTbKO B HCKYHOM4TelIbHbIX

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npexiaraloT paCwlHlHTb oxpaHAeMyiO 30Hy, 3anpeTHTb 3IIeCb hieco3KcrIJIYaTaUHoHHYIO

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OXpaHbl iieCOB OT nO)KaPOB nOIMTH coBnaaaeT C TepexoAHoui 3OHOU (OT JleCOTyHapbl H

peKoJiecHii K Tauire). TeppHTopMH, HaxoaAma5Cq K ceBepy OT 3TOU 3OHbI, TaKwe

xapaKTepH3yeTCA OMeHb BbICOKOUi tIyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO K aHTpOnOreHHbIM HapyLUeHUHM H

Hy)2aeTCA B 3aLUKTe H BbinOJIHeHHH COOTBeTCTBY1OIUHX npeAnKcaHuii no ocytueCTBJIeHI4o

IIeCOBOCCTaHOBJIeHHA.

9KoAorHi noKapOB B ceBepHbIX paroHax mBmHeTCA CJIO)KHOr4 npo6ineMori. rlo)cap

C-IHTaeTC5i eCTeCTBeHHbIM KOMnOHeHTOM 3KOcHcTeMbI, oco6eHHO B ceBePHOH TaHfre H B

nepeXOJaHbIX pa roHax K J1ecoTyHapoBoH 3OHe. Bo BpeMM KOPOTKOrO BereTauHOHHoro nepHoIa

npOJOJnDK4TeCJbHOCTb CBeTOBOrO RHA BeCbMa BenIHKa, TO o6yc.noB.nnBaeT BbICOKY1O

npOIaYKTHBHOCTb 6MOMOB H HaKonieHHe opraHHqeCKHX BeIeCTB (pa3nIoKeHHe npOHCXOalHT

MeLAeHHO H3-3a HH3KHX TeMnepaTyp). no)Kapbl cKxHraTOT opraHHqeCKHe BeLieCTBa,

cnoco6cTByA TeM caMbIM npopacTaHuilO ceMAH Ha OTKpblTbIX MHHepajIbHbIX noMBax. CeMeHa,

rOaaMH npojie)KaBWLHe B 3aKOHcepBHPOBaHHOM COCTOHHHH no cJIoeM Be'IHOA Mep3JOTbI,

HaKOHeu noAyqaIoT BO3MO)KHOCTb npOpaCTH H o6pa3oBaTb paCTMTeAbHbliU HOKpOB,

cnoco6CTBy.I TeM CaMbiM ocyw1eHHIO BpCMeHHO o6pa3OBaBeHxcA Ha 3THX TCPPHTOPHHIX

nepeyBayaHeHHbIX "aCTKOB. TaKHM o6pa3oM, nO)Kapbl HrpaIOT Ba)KHYIO pOJIb B L4HHaMHKe

3TOU1 3KOc4cTeMbi, riomoraH C03,aaHHIO M03aHKH pa3JIH'qHbIX 4)OpMaumHHi H cpea o66TaHHq

niSI pa3HbIX 4bOpM )KH3HH, TeM CaMbIM nOXaep)KHBaA 6Hopa3Hoo6pa3Me. IIMeHHo B 3TOM

KOHTeKCTe cjieayeT npUHHMaTb o6ocHoBaHHble pewIeHHH 0 TOM, rae H KOrDa TywIeHHe

no)KaPOB uejiecoo6pa3HO, a rae HeT. KpynHbie H HeynpaBAHemble noHCapbI Tpe6ylOT

npUHH$ITHSI CeLUMaflbHbIX mep no MX TywUeHHIO H3-3a TOFO Bpeaa, KOTOPbIU OHM nPH'IHHqloT

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MepaM 6yayT MeHee OaHO3Ha4HbIMH.

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5HBJ511IOTCA OCHOBHbIM OTpHLuaTeJlbHbIM 4baKTOpOM, BO3AerICTBylOLLlHM Ha COCTOqHHe jneCOB H

o6myio 3KojiorHqecKyio CHTyaUHIo. Ha 6o.nbulHx Bbipy6Kax (riocne cnHJOLWHbIX py6oK)

nO)Kapbi MOrYT AOCTHraTb O4eHb BbICOKOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH H UHpOKOrO paCnpOCTpaHeHHq,

pa3pyuwai npMJIeraIOluHe, He TpOHYTbie py6KaMH Hacam,IeHHA. Oco6eHHO nOaBep)KeHbl TaKOH

onaCHOCTH nAouaauH c 60obI.uHM KOjIH4eCTBOM .necOCe4HbIX OTXOAOB. JIeCHHKH He pewalOTCq

rlpH6eraTb K KOHTpOjiHpyMbeM b lmJnaM AqH OMHCTKH TeppMTOpHM, T.K. 6o5HTcH o6BHHeHHII B

TOM, qTO OHH BbI3BaJIH apyrHe JieCHbie nO)Kapbl. HeT H OaHO3HaqHbIX CBeaeHHHi 0 TOM,

pa3pewLeHbl JIH TaKHe MeTOabI BOo6Lie.

157 IPHJIO)KEHHE A

Ta6nAHia A.3. ESa3bi aBHLatHOHHOr oxpaHbl AecoB OT nlO2aPOB B POCCHH

Il I IHa3BaiHfe 63A | MccmHaxoaweflae

| UeHTpaj]bHa5 aBHa6a3a r. flyWK4HO, MOCKOBCKaS o6JnaCTb

2 CeBepo-3anaaHaq aBHa6a3a r. nleTpo3aBoacK, Pecny6nHKa KapeiniH

3 CeBepHas aBHa6a3a r. ApXaHreAbcK, ApXaHreuibcKaA o6naCTb

4 CbIKTbIBKapCKaq aBHa6a3a r. CbIKTbIBKap, Pecny6.nHKa KOMUi

5 3ar7aaro-YpajicKasI aBHa6a3a r. flepMb, nlepMcKaq o6iiacTb

6 YpawbcKaq aBsia6a3a r. EKaTepHH6ypr, CBepAnoBcKaa o6.nacTb

7 TIOMeHCKaS aBma6a3a r. TJoMeHb, TioMeHCKaS o6nacTb

8 XaHTbl-MaHCHACKas aBUa6a3a r. XaHTbi-MaHcHlicK, XaHTbi-MaHCHiCKHi aBTOHOMHbiiH oKpyr

9 3anaaHo-CH6mpcKasi aBsa6a3a r. HOBOCm6mpCK, HoBocf6HpcKas o6iiacTb

10 ToMCKaI aBma6a3a r. TOMCK, ToMCKaq o6nacTb

I I KpacHo,9pcKasl aBma6a3a r. KpacHos9pcK, KpacHOs9pcKHA KpaH

12 MpKyrCKaa aBsa6a3a r. HpKyrCK, KpKyrcKaq o6.nacTb

13 3a6aAKan1bcKas aBma6a3a r. YjiaH-Ya3, Pecny6JuHKa Byp5THr |

14 'HlTUHCKaSl asHa6a3a r. 'IHTa, qHTHHcKaAI o6JaCTb

15 SKyrCKan asua6a3a r. 5]KyrcK, Pecny6.nHKa Caxa (3lKyrnsI)

16 AMYPCKaS aBma6a3a r. E.narooeweHcK, AMYPCKaq o6.naCTb

17 aanbHeBOCTO0Haq asua6a3a r. Xa6aposcK, Xa6apoBcKmh KpaHi

18 IlpHMOpcKaq aBma6a3a r. BJIatHBOCTOK, n1pHMOPCKHi KpaA

19 CeBepo-BocTo[HaR aBfia6a3a r. MaraaaH, MarawaHcKaA o6JiacTb

20 rOpHO-AJITaHCKOe aBHaKpblJO r. ropHo-AJITaACK, Pecny6jrnKa AnTaH

21 CaxajrnHcKoe aBlaKpb]IJO r. [O0KHo-CaxajulHcK, CaxaJ!HHCKaq o6hiaCTb

22 KaM4aTCKoe aBUiaKpblJIO r. rIeTponaBnOBCK-KaM'aTcKHi, KaM4aTcKaq o6iacTb

23 KOpAKCKoe aBUaKpbI.nO r. Occopa, KaM4IaTCKaq o6iacTb, KOPSKCKHi aBToHoMHbli OKpyr24 qyKOTCKoe aBUaKpblJIO r. AHaablpb, MaraaaHcKas o6jiacmb, '-YKOTCKHA aBToHoMHblH

I I ~~~~~~~~~~OKPYFUfCTo7HmK.: ($eaepajbHas cny)K6a iiecHoro xo3grcTBa POCCHH, 1996 r.

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158 nPHAO)KEHHUE A

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npowuibie nSTb neT Bo3HHKaJIO no BHHeq enoBeKa. B KpaCHOqpCKOM Kpae no BHHe 'leJioBeKaB03HHKaeT 70% noiKapoB. npHMHHaMH OCTajibHbIX 30% noxKapOB SBJIAIOTC TaK Ha3bIBaeMb1e

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159 HPKPHO)KEHHE A

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AeCHoe X03IHUCTBO B Xa6apoBcKoM H KpacHoslpcKoM KpaSAX

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B Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae U

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160 HPIJIOWKEHHE A

H Ha saanbHeM BocToKe. B KpacHoqpcKoM Kpae cpeH4HHHr 3anac necoB BblwHe (151 M3/ra),

4eM B Xa6apoBcKoM (116 M 3 /ra). KpoMe Toro, B KpacHo0pcKoM Kpae BbIllwe cpeAHHK 3anac

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(CM. pHC. A.4 H A.5). OTMaCTH 3TO pa-3IHqHe o6ibscHAeTcs 6onbweeu aoAeH cnenbix nieCoB B

KpaCHOApCKOM Kpae.

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B TO A(e BpeMq, B uenjoM YCJIOBHS AIA pocTa nieCOB Ay'iwJe B KpaCHosIpCKOM Kpae, 4TO 5ICHO

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B POCCHK npHpOCT nieca onpeaenAseTc5i no 4DopMyjie, rpe B qiIcJIHTeJIe cTaB5ITCq

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Hjun HpHMepHO 1,3 M 3/ra/roa, a B necax KpaCH05pCKorO Kpaq - 69 MJIH. M3 , HJIH

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C HaianjoM nepexoaa K pbIHOIHOA 3KOHOMHKe npoH3OWJIO pe3Koe CHH)KeHHe

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npoueHTHOM BbIpas)KeHHH CHH)KeHHe ypOBHA 3aroToBKH Aeca B KpacHoApcKoM Kpae 6bulo

npHMePHO TaKHM xe. Py6KH rnIaBHOro nojib3oBaHI1R, BKJlioqaf cnHAOLHbie H

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95% - B Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae H 90% - B KpaCHOMpCKOM Kpae), 'TO yKa3blBaeT Ha

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PHc. A.1: BO3paCTHoe pacipeaeaJIeHHe JIeCOB Xa6apOBCKoro KpaSI,1993 r.

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Puc. A.2: Bo3pacTfoe pacflpeaeJieHHe niecoB KpaclHospcKoro KpasI,

1993 r.

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173 nPRAO)KEHHE A

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179 HPHAIOKEHHE A

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JIHTeparypa

)De,aepajibHas cnyixc6a necHoro xO35IcTBa. 1993. fpaBHma py6oK rTaBHoro 11OJTb3OB8HHZ Bn7ecax 3anaaHoff CH6HpH. YTBep)ueHbi rIpHKa3OM (DeaepaJbHoR ciyxc6bi .TecHoroXO33iuCTBa PoccHH 29 oKrs6ps 1993 r., MOCKBa.

(De,epaJIbHaA cAyxK6a necHoro xO3AflCTBa. 1993. HpaBHffa py6oK r,aBHorv UOfW3OBaHHH Bnecax,ZanfHerO BocToKa. YTBepxiieHbl ripHKa3OM 0eAepanbHOru cj1y4c6bI JiecHoroXO3fl1CTBa PoccHH 30 14o05S 1993 r. MocKBa.

4)e,aepajibHas csiyxc6a necHoro XO35If4CTBa. 1993. JIecoBoacTBeHHbIe Tpe6OBaHHH KTexHo0iorwHecKHM fpol0eccam Jecoce0HIx pa60T. YTBepxAeHbl npHKa3OM(DeIepanbHOR cCJy)KE6b1 necHoro XO3AriCTBa PoccHH 29 HoA6p, 1993 r., MocKBa.

(DeaepaJIbHaA cjiy)K6a inecHoro xO3Ar1CTBa. 1994. JIecoycTpoHTCJTbHaq HfHCTPYKL (HA.YTBepxLIeHbI npiKa3OM (DeaepaAbHOi cJIyXc6bi qeCHoro XO3,IriCTBa POCCHH 15LIeKa6p.q 1994 r., MocKBa.

IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis). 1995. Siberian Forest Study.Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA.

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,ao 1 930-x roaOB JleCOBOCCTaHOBHTeCJbHbIe H apyrHe pa6oTbl BbirOnHAIJTHCbce3OHHbIMH pa6o,Mum (KpeCTbAHaMH H3 6nMAHiewaiumx aepeBeHb, B OCHOBHOM XCeH1LtHaMH HaeTbMM). Korga xKe noIBHAHcb rocyaapCTBeHHbie JIeCXO3bl H PoccHM Haiaiia BKjiaabIBaTbCpedaCTBa B JeCO3aLUHTHbie CTaHUHH B CTenHblx paioHax (oco6eHHO Ha'rnHas C 1947 roaa),6buo npHHHTO Ha pa6oTy MHoro IOCTOAHHblx pa6OTHHKOB. B 1960 roay B JICCHOM XO3SACTBepa6oTano OKOAo 57 TbIC. qejiOBeK (OHM 3aHHManH4Cb nocarKo nieca, 6opb6o0i C Bpeal4TeJSlMH,AeCOBO1aCTBOM), MX pa6oTa oiaql4Ba.iaCb H3 rocyaapCTBeHHoro 6ioaxeTa; eLue 112 TbIC.'enOBeK nOJ1yqanJ 3apa6OTOK 3a cqeT npH6biAH (py6Ku ipoMeCKyToqHoro nOJIb3OBaHH4I,py6KH yxoaa, 3arOTOBKa neca H apyr4e iecorpOMbomblweHHbIe pa6oTbl). B 1990-x roaaxe)KeroIaHO rOTOBHJIH nO 15-20 TbIC. KBanJuHMq4POBaHHbIX pa6OqMx AAjl AeCHoro XO3SIiiCTBa.CerOnHR 3TO 4HcJIo orpaHtHiBaeTCH ipM4epHo 2 TbIC. 'eJIOBeK. B 3THX ueflIX B POCCHHaeruCTByeT ceAqac 22 yqe6HbIx 3aBeaeHHsl.

Cpc,gHwe cHerIan,HJe eccorexHmvecKffe yc6Himee aBe4eHmo H nOqBHA4Cb B 1925-30 roaax. K cepeaMHe 1950-x roIoB B cTpaHe 6buio 16 IieCOTexHHieCK4X WKOJI; ceroaHs,aerICTByeT TOJIbKO 3 TaKHX WKOJIbl (2950 y'aiuHxc). AeCOTexHi4ecKe KeWKObl aalOT 6a3OBylonoarOTOBKy no pa6oqHM CneLIHaJbHOCT5IM B IeCHOM XO3SACTBe U AeCHOri HpOMbiwJJeHHOCTHH no neCOXo3AACTBeHHbIM MawU4HaM, a TaKwe ripeayCMaTPHBaIOT MHTeHCMBHbie KypCbI noMapKHPOBKe aepeBbeB, py6KaM yxora, BaiKe nieca U ,apyrHM neCHblM pa6oTaM.

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B 1995 roay B CHCTeMe Hay'qHbIX y4peAcAeHHr4 Poc.necXo3a pa6oT'ano oKoiTo 1300HayqHbIX COTPYAHHKOB, BKAioqaA 45 AOKTOPOB H 6o0nee 400 KaHKaiiaTOB HayK. 3a nepuon c1990 no 1995 rol npoH30UJIO pe3Koe coKpaLIieHHe xHcJ1a HayqHbIX pa6oTHHKoB B JieCHOM

202 nPHIO)KEHHE 6

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206 HPIIPOXCEHHE B

JIHTEPATYPA

Oblivin, Alexander N. 1992. "Planning and Management of Training Specialists for Forestry

and Forest Industry Market Economy". In the Proceedings of the IUFRO

International Conference Integrated Sustainable Multiple-Use Forest Management

Under Market System, September 6-12, 1992, Pushkino, Moscow Oblast, Russia,

Copenhagen, Denmark.

Teplyakov, Victor K. 1994. "Forestry Education in Russia" The Forestry Chronicle, vol. 70

(6), November-December.

TermHIKOB B.K., Beprep ,D.C. 1994. "Hay'Hoe o6ecne4eHHe iiecHoro xo3lAicTBa." -

CHpaBovHHK ffecHHvero. noi peAaKUHze B.A. HoBocenbiteBa, B 2-x ToMax,

wecToe H3,aaHHe, r. MocKBa.

IPHJO)KEKHE B

PA3BHTHE JTECHOrO 3AKOHO,AMTEJlbCTBA B POCCHRCKOR (DEAEPAUIH

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JiecHoro KoaeKca 3anpetuaeT KynJO,H npoaaxKy, yaep)KaHHe uinu HHbie caeJIKH, BeayCuH KOTY)KyLeHHIO JieCHoro dFOHaa Hum neCOB, He BXORALUS4X B AeCHOu (DOHA. TeM He MeHee, OHpa3peLmaeT caeCJKH, CBA3aHHbie C nepe,aaeg npaB Ha HcnoJb3OBaHHe niecHoro 4oi-Ha HinunieCOB, He BXO,S1WUHX B jieCHoA OHa, a TaKXKe nepeaaqy npaB Ha HCnOAb3OBaHHe apeBecHO-KycTapHHKOBOr4 pacTHTeJIbHOcTH, He BXOaLuIeri B ieCHOi bOHA.

3anpeT Ha KynFiJo, npoaaxKy, HaJIoKeHHe apecTa Hun juo6ypo apyryio caeJIKy, KOTOpaAnpHBO,aHT K OTqyxKaeHHIo nIecHoro cfOHaa H nTeCOB, He BXO,SIl1UHX B TeCHOA 4OHa,paBHO3HaqeH HX H3'b5ITH40 H3 rpaxKLaHCKoro o6opoTa. Fepe,aaqa npaBa Ha nOJlb3OBaHHeAeCHbIM 43OHAOM H AecaMi4, He BXOaS1UUHMH B ieCHo0 bOHa, perynHpyeTc5i CKOpeerpawK4aHCKHM KoaeKKCoM H 3eMejbHbIM 3aKOHoraTeJIbCTBOM, He)KseH JIeCHbIM3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBOM.

npOeKT JiecHoro KOaeKCa BBOAHT nOHMTHe co6CTBeHHOcTH. KOHCTHTYLIUHrpe,ycMaTpHBaeT BO3MO)KHOCTb (He aenas ee o6Al3aTeJibHori) COcyIlteCTBOBaHHlA pa3JlHqHbIx(bopM co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hp4pOAHb[e pecypcbl, BKJIIOqaM 3eMAIo H neca, a HMeHHO: 4acTHyIo,rocynapcTBeHHylO, MyHHuuHraAbHyMo H 4HHO (CTaTbm 9). FpawaaHcKoe 3aKoHoaaTeJ]bcTBopaccMaTpHBaeT nieca KaK HeRBHiKHMOCTb (FpaWaHcKHII KOaeKc, CTaTbS 130). Co 6 CTBeHHHKHTaKoro HMyLuecTBa MmelOT npaBo OT'Iy)IaTb ero B co 6 CTBeHHOCTb ApyrHM JH4ULaM,nepe,aaBaTb KM, OCTaBaR5Cb co6CTBeHH4KOM, npaBa BJIaAeHHI4, nOJIb3OBaHHS H pacnopADKeHHAHMyi1eCTBOM H COBepluaTb apyr4e aeACTBHA, He HpOTHBopeqauiHe 3aKOHY (rpaAQaHcKHi4Ko,aeKc, CTaTbS 209). BonpeKu 3THM KOHCTHTyUHOHHbIM HIOKoxeHHUAM, lIpOeKT JeCHoroKo,aeKca npeiaraaa B Huo1e 1996 roaa, MTo6bl Bce .neca necHoro (bOHaa H nieca,pacnoJIoKeHHbie Ha 3eMJI5Ix, BbIfejieHHbIX Ha LenuH o 6 opOHbl, HaxoaHjiHCb B beaepajIbHOAco6CTBeHHOCTH (CTaTbA 19). nocneyioLume nepecMorpeHHble BapuaHTbl 3TOU CTaTbH,KOTOpbIe ripeaycMaTpHBaloT 6onbuIylo rH6KOcTb H y'HTbIBaioT perHOHajibHbIe HHTepecbl, eweHe 6blJI B O¢HLLHanbHOM riopsiKe AOCTyHHbl B MOMeHT OKOH4aTenbHoU nOarOTOBKHHacToAwero ,omnaga. KpoMe Toro, rpoeKT JiecHoro KoaeKca onpeaejiHeT co 6 CTBeHHOCTb KaKKaTeropHIo, BKJlIO'aiOu.yio o6si3aTeJbCTBO Co6CTBeHHHKa HeCTH 6peMA 3aTpaT Ha OxpaHy,3auHTy, BOCrpOH3BOACTBO H opraHH3aLxHio paUHOHaIbHOro HCHOAb3OBaHH RpHHaHWe)KaLu[4xemy o6'beKTOB H ero ipaBO Ha ioAy4eHHe aOXOaOB OT HCnOJIb3OBaHHq 3THX pHHa14JHe)KauHxo6beKToB (CTaTbH 18, t aCTb 2).

Fpa>KLaHCKHI KOaeKC npeaycMaTpHBaeT, 'TO 3eMimH U ApyrHe npKpOAHbie pecypcbi(BKmIio'aA Tneca), He HaxOatHlleCH B co6cTBeHHOCTH rpaxKQaH, IOPH4,HH4eCK4X HU nuH6oMYHH[lHnaJ1bHbIX o6pa3OBaHHrl, HBJISoTCA rocyaapcTBeHHOA co6CTBeHHOCTbIO (CTaTbq 214,MaCTb 2). O6bABnieHHe rocyaapcTBeHHOA co6CTBeHHOCTH (beaepajibHOA co6CTBeHHOCTbIO Hnuco6CTBeHHOCTblO cy6'beKTa POCCHUCKOU (DeaepauHH (BKIlio'as pecny6.RiKH, KpaH, o6nacTH HOKpyra) 6yaeT npOXOaHTb B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM. CornaCHO npe3HLaeHTCKOMY YKa3Y "O4be,aepa.nbHbIx npHpOZ4HbIx pecypcax" (fleKa6pb 1993 roga), 3eMeIbHbIe Y4aCTKH H apyrHerpIpO,aHbie pecypcbl (BKnlio'aAi neca) moryT paccMaTpHBaTbcA KaK 4eaepajibHaHco6CTBeHHOCTb B cHny HX pacnojio)KeHHH uuHH HX Ha3HaqeHHR HAu Ha OCHOBe B3aHMHorocorJIaweHHA, AOCTHrHyTOrO Mexay qjeaepaAbHbIMH BAaCTSMIH H perHOHaAbHbIMH BjiaCTHMH.

KOHCTHTYUUHR (CTaTbH 72, 'aCTb 1-B) pacCMaTPHBaeT BOnPOCbl BAaaeHH,HOJIb3OBaHMH H pacnOpsAKeHHA 3eMAeri H apyrmMH npH4pOaHbIMH pecypcaMH (BKTIco'0aH Jleca)KaK HaXORALLWHeCH B COBMeCTHOM BeaeH4H4 POCCHU4CKOUi ()eaepaLtHH H cy6,beKTOBPOCCHHCKOH (DeaepaUH4H. B CHJIy 3T0oro noo0)KeHH4e JecHoro KoaeKca 0 TOM, 'TO Bce 3eMnuH4

210 HPHJ1O)EHME B

JleCHoro 4OHaa H Bce nieca, 3a HCKJlio4eHHeM necoC,BH npHHa8Ae)KaWHX MyHHUHnaJIbHbIM

opraHam BJIaCTH, qBASIOTCSI 4)eAepaJIbHOR co6cTBeHHocTblo, Bbl3BaJIO BO3pa)KeHHe Lenoro

psAa ripaBHTejIbCTB cy6'beKTOB 4)egepaUHH, H KoaeKc 6bum OTKJTOHeH COBeToM (IeaepaLXHH.

OZHaKO He Bce noXaep)KaJIH 3TOT war. CornacHo c1eaepajibHoR cjiy)K6e aiecHoro xo3.9tkcTBa,

MHOrie jieCOH36blTOtIHbie perHOHbl COMHeBalOTCS B Jxenecoo6pa3HocTH FIpeTeH3HA Ha 3eMJiH

iieCHoro (DOHaa, iOCKOJIbKy 3T0 O3Haqajio 6bl npMHHTHe Ha ce6A Bcex CBq3aHHb[X C 3THM

pacxoioB 3a BeeeHme necHoro XO39riCTBa H Morno 6bl B KOHe4HOM cxeTe Co3aaTb npaBOBOUinpeLleZIeHT, KOTOpbiA nO3BOJnHji 6bl HeKOTOpbIM paiOHHbIM opraHam BJIlaCTH B COCTaBe

cy61beKTOB (DeAepaItHH npeTeHROBaTb Ha par4OHHOe npaBo co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha nyqWuHe

yqaCTKU IiecHoro 4oH,A,a. npoeKT KoaeKca npeaocTaBji5eT Ba)KHbie nOHJHOMOqH5 Cy6¶beKTaM

cDeixepauim no TaKHM BonpocaM, KaK BeaeHHe necHoro XO35RCTBa H BocnpOH3BOCTBO jiecOB

H 3aKmioteHHe 4OrOBOpOB AeconoJIb3oBaHHA.

BoHpocm peryIJpoBaHHLlJ H Be4cHNIJ )ccHoIo Xa3HA*CTBa

npoeKT JeCHoro KOaeKCa npeIyCMaTPHBaeT, 'TO rocyIapCTBeHHoe ynpaBeeHHe H

perynHpoeaHHe mcnoJIb3oBaHHsI, OXpaHbl, 3a1111Tbln iecHoro 4OHla H BOCnpOH3BOaCTBa niecoB

6y,aeT OCyLueCTBJIATbCq 4beaepaJIbHbIM npaBHTeCJbCTBOM HeriOCpeaCTBeHHO HJIH epe3

ynOAHOMO'eHHbie opraHbl HCnOAHHTeJTbHOii BjiaCTH. (YHKUHH Aio6oro TaKoro

4e,aepaAbHoro opraHa 6yayT onpeaeZi3TbCI npaBHTeAbCTBOM.

fpoeKT JlecHoro Ko0eKca TaKoKe H3MeHSeT pawefIeHme oTBCTCBHHOCTH MCexgy

p&31V HMMH YPOBHZMH F rCy48pCTBCHHOIO YHPaWCHH 3a HcnoJIb3oBaHHe, oxpaHy, 3aULHTY

necHoro (DOHaa m BOCnPOH3BOIICTBO JieCOB. HO7qHOMOHqH POCCHIcKO# 'Peaepawn, (KaK

3aKOHo,aaTeJIbHOi, TaK H HCrOJIHHTeSJbHOU BeTBrl BJaCTH) BKJloqalOT:

* BJIaaeHHe, nOJIb3OBaHHe H pacnops5KeHHe IieCHbIM 4jOHAOM, BKjHOMqa eAHHyIO

HHBeCTHUHOHHYIO nOJIHTHKY B o6JlaCTH HC4cOJIb3oBaHHS, OXpaHbI H 3aWHTbl

JieCHoro oHHa H BOCnpOH3BOaCTBa niecoB;

* nepeBOA iieCHbIX 3eMeJlb B HeiieCHbIe 3eMJIH B LueCJIx, He CBI3aHHbIX C BeaeHHeM

niecHoro XO3HACTBa H nOJb3OBaHHeM JTeCHbIM fOHROM H (Hnu) H3bSlTHe necHoro

4OH,Aa B necax nepBoA rpynnbI;

* o61bsqBeHHe y'aCTKOB JIeCHoro 4OHAa 30HaMH xipe3BbiqaAHbIX 3KoJIorWqecKHx

CHTyaUHUf H 30HaMH 3KojiorHqecKoro 6eaCTBHq.

17pec,JaiiaeTc., YTo6bi fO]JHOMOIH1 cCy6zeKToB PoccHucKo* OeCepaLlH BKJlioqa'iH:

* llpUHHqT4e peweHHHi O npe,OCTaBJIeHHH yiaCTKOB ieCHoro 4)OHaa B apeHAy,

6e3Bo3Me3fAHoe noJnb3OBaHH H KpaTKOCpO4Hoe nonb3oBaHue;

* YCTaHOBneHHe CTaBOK nieCHbIx noLsaTei H CTaBOK apeHAnoH nHaTbI (3a

HcKjno,4eHHeM MHHHManJbHbIX CTaBOK nIiaTbl 3a ApeBecHHy, OTnycKae Mylo Ha

KOpHIO), a TaioKe nniaTbl 3a nepeBoa nieCHbIX 3eMeCJb B HeCJeCHbIC 3eMIH;

211 nPHIAO)KEHHE B

nepeBoa 11eCHbIX 3eMenJb B HeiieCHbIe 3eMJAH B uemAx, He CBs13aHHb1X C BeaeHHeMJieCHOrO X03HUCTBa H InOJib3OBaHHeM JIeCHbIM 4JOHaOM H (unu) H3bsTHe 3eMeJnbJleCHoro bOHHa B necax BTOPOU H TpeTber rpynn.

nOJIHOMO4uH opraHoB BjiaCTH cy6'beKToB POCCHIUCKOfl cDeaepauHH pacWHup.IOTC 3acqeT nepeaaMH HM 3Ha4HTeJlbHO 'iaCTH HOAHOMOMHHU paHOHHb1X OpraHOB BJlaCTH B o6.naCTHcnoAb3OBaHHA, oxpaHbl H 3alUHTbI .ieCHOro 4)oHaa H BOCnPOH3BOaCTBsa necoB. B HOBOMKo,aeKce He yKa3aH Kpyr nOJIHOMOMUH opraHOB MeCTHOrO CaMOyypaBJneHHS, OH TOJlbKOnpeAycMaTpHBaeT, 4TO rOCyIapCTBO MO)KeT nlpeOCTaBHTb 3THM OpraHam rlOJIHOMO'HR Bo6ilaCTH 4cnojib3oBaHHSI, OXpaHbl, 3aUHTbl SieCHoro 4OHaa H BOCFIpOH3BOLCTBa J1eCOB BCOOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKoHoaaTeAbCTBOM POCCHtiCKOU 4eeaepauHH. apyrHMH cJIoBaMH, MaCTbHbIHeWlHei KOMneTeHUHH opraHoB MeCTHOFO caMoynpaBJIeHHS nepeaaeTcs opraHam BJaCTHcy6beKToB cPeaepafLHH, H noao6HbIM o6pa3OM qaCTb HbIHeWHer KoMr1eTeHuHH opraHOBBJsaCTH cy6'beKTOB (PeaepaUHH nepeaaeTcs POCCHUCKOU (DeaepaLtHH.

npoeKT JeCHOrO KoaeKca npezaaraeT Ba)KHOe onpeaeneHHe 4)eaepanbHoro opraHaynpaBJ1eHHR AeCHbIM X0351rCTBOM (¢eaepanbHOU cJnyx6bi JieCHOrO X03sIqiCTBa) B KaqeCTBeroc2apcTBCHHorV oplaHa yrIpa& eHHz. (DaKTHqeCK4 HMeeTCA B BWay, 'TO 3TOT OpraH HeMO)KCeT 3aHHMaTbCq AesTeAbHOCTbIO, CBR3aHHOri C rony'ieHHeM ripH6bmuti, BKAlO'aSAocyweCTBneHHe py6oK riaBHoro nOJb3OBaHH4l H nepepa6oTKy noj1ymeHHOri npH 3TOMlapeBeCHHbl. noao6Hbie orpaHH'eHHS OTHOCATCA KO BCeM AOJDKHOCTHb1M iHLaM JileCHOHcnyx6bI, aeriCTByIOUHM B Ka'eCTBe rOCyaapCTBeHHbIX cAyxaWuHx. B CTaTbe 50 KoaeKcanoAI'epKHBaeTCA HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb KOMMepCecKoS py6KH nieca H nepepa6oTKHL apeBeC4Hbl c4IYHKUHAMm rOCyaapCTBeHHOrO ynpaBJTeHHI4 B o6iaCTTH 4CnOAb3OBaHHA, OXpaHbi, 3allUHTblnecHoro 4)oHaa H BOCnpOH3BOaCTBa necoB. KoaeKCc npeaycmaTpuaeT qeTKoe onpeaejieHHe4)YHKUHrl JieCXO30B H HiLiHOHanbHbIX napKOB. XOT5I le- ope OHH CTaHOBSTCA OpraHaMHrOcyIapCTBeHHOrO ynpaBJIeHHM, e-1aKmTo OHH OCTaiOTCA roCyaapCTBeHHbIMHnpeanrpHATHAIMH, 3aHHMaiOLlIHMHCA BeaeHHeM nieCHoro X03AIMCTBa. KaK H paHee, fleCXo3b1aOJ)DKHbI BblnOJIHSTb riaBHb1M o6pa3oM opraHH3auHoHHbie H KOHTpOJbHble, He)Ksena,aMHHHCTpaTHBHbie 4yHKuL4.

B COOTBeTCTBHH C ripoeKToM JecHoro KoaeKca JieCXO3bl H TeppHTOpHanlbHbIe opraHbicIe,aepaibHOi CJIy)K6bI TiecHoro X03sICTBa, SIBJ5IHCb opraHaMH rocyIapCTBeHHoroynpaBJleHHs, 6yayr HMeTb npaBO Ha ocBo6oAWeHHe OT HeKOTOpwlX HallOiOB H IL!IaTcxiif npHBe,[eHHH iieCHOrO XO3.IACTBa (CTaTbS 104, 'IaCTb 3). FpeaCTaBniqeTCs, 'TO (DOPMYJ1HPOBKa3TorO nOJIO)KeHHA ABJ1AeTCA He COBCeM TO'YHOU4, riOCKOJbKY B HeM He nPOBOaHTCA pa3JiHiHlIMe)Ay peryTIHPOBsaHHeM necHoro X03AACTBa (aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbie 4YHKLXHH) H BeaeHHeMniecHoro XO3SACTBa (3KOHOMH'eCKHie 4IYHKUH4). TeM He MeHee, no MHeHHlO cDeaepanbHOtlcny)K6bl necHoro xo3JIicTBa, "MeponpHSTHR no BeaeHHIO iiecHoro Xo3,qriCTBa ABJISIOTCS CYTbIOrocy,aapCTBeHHOrO ynpanBjeH1H AeCHbIM X03AflCTBOM B xo.e HbIHeWUHerO nepexoaHororiepHo,aa" (Ma.r4pSeB, flH'iHoe coo6iueHHe, ulonlb 1996 roaa). HanpHMep, B COOTBeTCTBHHCO CTaTberi 91 Ko,eKca, JieCXO3bi 6yuyT o66H3aHbI, ecnIH HeT HHOti opraH43aUUH, cnoco6HOriBbIIOJTHHTb 3Ty 3aAa'y, OCyLweCTBJIATb HpoqUHjiaKTH'eCKHe py6KH gLiJ nOBbIUweHUinpOLYKTHBHOCTH iieCOB. rloao6HbMM o6pa3OM npOdUHjiaKTH'IeCK4e py6KU OCBO6OwaalOTCS OTnieCHbIX noXaTerf, aa)Ke eCJIH OHH OCyUXeCTBJIAIOTCu KOMMep'eCKHM apeHraTopom neca(CTaTbS 103).

212 flPHAOKEHHE B

Bonpocm JIecoI7oJIb3RaiH

npoeKT JIeCHorO KoaeKca coaep)KHT noj1o)KeHHu, perynupypoiume npouecc

npeAocTasBjeHHu H npeKpalueHH5 npaB Ha Hcnojib3OBaHue necHoro 4)OHaa H nIecOB, He

BXO,ALHUHX B J1eCHOri 4)OHA, H opH,aiHqecKyIO 3aiuTy TaKHx npaB. HOBbiU AecHoA KOaeKC

HecoMHeHHO qBjnieTCA Ba)KHbIM uwaroM B npO5ICHeHHH MCXBHH3MOB padci7nC4efIeHMIl H

HCIOff3OBaHNfl JIeCHmX peCypCOB (CTaTbH 31-45), KOTOpbIe BKJlio'alOT aOrOBOpbi apeHabi,

6e3Bo3Me3nHoro HoJIb3OBaHH5I, KOHLeCCHH yqaCTKOB iecHoro (bOHaa (Ha CPOK ao 49 nIeT) H

AOrOBOpbI KpaTKOCPO4Horo nOJIb3OBaHH5I (xao OAHoro roaa).

iJeCHme KOHKypCi (ayKULHoHbl) AOJDKHbI CTaTb OCHOBHblM MeTOQOM 3aKJIIoqeHH4l

,aorOBOpOB apeHabi. AyKlluHOHHasi KOMHCCHS RJODKHa BO3rJaBjiSqTbCq npeflCTaBtTeJTeM opraHa

rocy,aapCTBeHHOr BjTaCTH cy6lbeKTa O1eaepaUHH, a He paROHHOA aaMUHHHCTpaU1U4, KaK 3TO

6bmo npeaycMOTpeHO B 'OCHOBax". 9 TH KOMUCCUU )IOJDKHbl BKJHO'oaTb B ce6s

npeXICTaB4TejieA TeppHTOpHanJbHbIX opraHOB yipaBJIeHHIu iieCHbIM XO35IhCTBOM (3aMecTHTeAb

npeaceJaTenA), ynOflHOMo4eHHbIX opraHoB no oxpaHe oKpy4Kaio1leg cpeabi, a TaK)Ke

npeAcTaBHTeiieri DpyrHX 3aHTepeCOBaHHbX opraHM3aumrl. Pacw[HpeHHblr cocTaB

ayKlUHOHHOH KOMHCCUH o6ecneqHT BO3MO)KHOCTb KoJIjerFaHjbHoro pUIHHqTHS peweHHA

OTHOCHTeJbHO npeaoCTaBjieHN5 npaB Ha apeHAy yIaCTKOB neCHoro 4)oHAa. HO HCTeqeHuH

cpoKa apeHabl apeHayeMbie yqaCTKH He nepeaalOTc5l B co6cTBeHHocTb apeHIAaTopa.

06m3aT7TCTBa HN paBa ffecoHoJb3oBaTeeH Iii3[IaralOTC 6o0nee noRpo6HO B CTaTbSIX 23-30,

o6ecne'qHBaI XonHOAHHTejibHYIO npO3patHOCTb UX OTHOlwleHH1 C apeH,floaaTeji5Mm

(necxo3aMtH).

,4oroBop KOHueCCHfH yvacma 7ecHoro OOHaa - HOBOe nOHqITHC B pOCCHUCKOM ieCHOM

3aKOHOgaTejTbCTBe; OH MO)KeT 6bITb 3aKJioieH 4eaepajIbHbIM npaBi4TeCjbCTBOM HJIH ero

ynOJIHOmoqeHHbIM opraHoM (($eaepanbHas cnyx6a iieecHoro xo3iricTBa) c nIo6biM JIHuLoM,

HPH3HaBaeMbIM HHBeCTOpOM B COOTBeTCTBHe C pOCCH1iCKHM 3aKoHoaaTeJTbCTBoM. ,DoroBop

KOHL1eccHm LRoJDKeH 3aKJHo4aTbCg no pe3yJTbTaTaM npOBeLaeHH5 KOHKypca HuIn ayKUHoHa. B

LaorOBOp KOHUeCCHH y,.aCTKa iieCHOrO 4)OHaa BKJlioqalOTCH, B x4aCTHOCTH, cJleLyiolUHe

YCJIOB45u: nopqAOK pa3Aejia ao6blTblX iieCHbIX pecypcoB (npoayKuHH) nJIH npeaoCTaBeHH5R

ycJyr; nOPSAOK onpeaejieHHq H ynHIaTbl HajToroB, C6OpOB H ,pyrux nHJaTe)Keri; H

o6sI3aHH-ocTm HHBeCTOpa no CTpOHTenJbCTBY H coaep)KaHI4O aopor H apyrHx o6'beKToB

4H4?paCTpyKTypbl H HHbIe yCJIOBH51, npefycMOTpeHHble 3aKOHoXAaTCejbCTBOM POCCHUCKOU

4)e,aepauHH H onpe,ejieHHbie no corniaweHHIo CTOpOH. aOrOBOpbl KOHUCCCHH ymaCTKOB

.ieCHorO 4OHaa nloJie)KaT rOCyRapCTBeHHOU peri'CTpau14H B COOTBeTCTBUH C rpawAaHCKHM

3aKOHoAaTejibCTBOM H 3aKOHoaaTeAbCTBOM POCCHUiCKOU (DepaepauHH o KOHUeCciH.

npoeKT JIecHoro KoaeKca TaK)Ke 4)opManIH3yeT noHI5THe A'orowpa 6e3Bo3Me3aHoro

flofIb3oBaHJf, yvaCTKOM JIecHoro oHo4a. PewJeHHq o rpe,oCTaBneHuu yqaCTKOB niecHoro

4OH,aa IA5 TaKOrO BHJIa nojb3oBaHHq Ha CpOK ,ao 49 neT AOJD)KHbi npHHHMaTbCe

perHOHanJbHb[MH opraHamH BJIaCT4. npaBO Ha 6e3Bo3Me3,AHoe nOJ1b3OBaHHe Mo)KeT, B

IIaCTHOCTH, npeaoCTaBJIATbCS ceeJbCKOXO3HriCTBeHHbIM opraHH3aL\HR M. O61beaIHHeHHR

OXOTHHKOB TaK)Ke HMelOT npaBo HCnOJIb3OBaTb JIeCHbie 3eMj1H AMS opraHH3aUHH

nlo6HTeJIbcKog H CnOpTHBHOA OXOTbl.

"BXOgHme 6apbwpm" ,411Z 24efIfIbHOCTH HOBMX IcCnOJInfOBaTe7nJIeH CHH)KeHbI, HO He

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233 rIPHIO)KEHHE r

(MOK) H apyrHe HHBecTopbI, a TaK)Ke TpyAOBOH KojijneKTHB npeanpH4ITHSI. Ilpe3H4IeHTOM3TOrO COBMeCTHOrO npearlpHITHI ABjiqeTCS KOMMep4eCKHh atHpeKTOP H3 KOMiafHHU HIT, aAupeKTopa nO 4bHHaHCaM H MapKeTHHry iMmeOT OnbIT pa6OTbl B apyrI4X Me)KAyHapOtaHblx'qaCTHbIX 4HpMax. B 1994 rogy o6w4rni of6eM HpOH3BOACTBa COCTaBHJi 270.000 TOHH. OKOJIO60% nporHO3HpyeMoro o6teMa npOH3BoacTBa, KOTOpblH4 paBeH 520.000 TOHH, 6yaeTOTnpaBIATbCST Ha 3KcrTopT, a OCTaWbHas 4aCTb HPoAYKLuWH 6yaeT ripoaaBaTbCA HapOCCHUCKOM pblHKe. 9 1lHTepeCHbiM aCneKTOM pa6oTbl 3TOrO npealrpHSATHR qBjI1eTCq TO, iTOOHO CaMO o6ecrle4HBaeT ce6fl CblpbeM, B TOM qHCJIe Ha OCHOBe HIpqMbIX AOrOBOpOB COpraHamH ynpaBjieHH5 nCcHbIM X03AHCTBOM HmHxeFOpOaCKOA o6JiaCTH. Cy6rioLpaqlHKaMH,JAIH npOBeaeHH4 JieCO3arOTOBHTeIbHbIX pa6OT ABRSHOTCH HHOCTpaHHbie cUlpMbl, HO MCCTHblU11eCX03 riiaHHpyeT HpHo6pecTH COBpeMeHHOe o6opyaoBaHHe, KOTOpOe HO3BOJIHT COKpaTHTbnpOH3BOACTBeHHbie 3aTpaTbl, H B35ITb 3Ty pa60Ty Ha ce6H. no cpaBHeHHIo c 3anaAoHOEBponorl, 3fleCb HaMHOrO HH)Ke CTOHMOCTb pa6o0eg CHJIbl, 3HepreTWCeCKHX H BOAHbIXpecypcoB. Hocnie 3aMeHbl CTapblX 6yMaro[e.jaTeJbHbIx MawllHH pe3KO COKpaTqTCq XHMHUeCKHeBbI6pOCbI.

MCX8HH'ICCJMff fepcpa6oTKa ,apeBCCJHM

HHi4OMaTepHaJIbl, 4aHepa, apeBeCHOCTpy)Ke4Hble H apeBeCHOBOJIOKHHCTbie lJIHTbI,B HeKOTOpOH CTeHeH4, CJIy)KaT 3aMeHHTCJ1e5MH apyr apyra B pa3JIHqHbIX BHmaX KOHe4HOrOnoJlb3OBaHHA. YCHJTeHHe ae4UHUHTa CbIpb3i £iA HpOH3BOaCTBa 4jaHepbl H HIPOaYKTOBJieCOnHJieHHA HpHBOaHT K POCTY ueH Ha apeBeCHHy, ITO B CBOiO OxIepeAb CTHMyJIHpyeTyBeJIqeHi4e o6'beMOB rpOH3BORCTBa peKOHCTpyHpOBaHHblX apeBeCHbUX nPOaYKTOB.OCHOBHbIM KOHe'4HbiM HOTpe6HTeJieM 3THX HpORyKTOB ABJWIOTCA CTpOHTelbHblenpe,alpHA4THS3. IHJIOBO'HbIe MaTepHanbi H apeBeCHbie HJIHTbl HCHOJlb3ylOT B.LepeBOo6pa6aTblBaiO llueH npOMbbiwjeHHOCTH H MawHHHOCTpOeHHH. B ynaKOBOqHOMnpOH3BOACTBe Tpe6ylOTCA, B OCHOBHOM, TapHblti KaPTOH H nHHJoMaTepHanbi, a B Me6eibHOAnpOMbbiwjeHHOCTH - 4aHepa, acn H pa3JTHMHbiC BHRbA ,peBeCHbIX rIIHT.

B 6blBeM COBeTCKOM C0103e nepBH-IHas aepeBoo6pa6OTKa npoH3BoaHjiaCb HaJieconHHJbHbIX 3aBoAax c nOMOLLIbJO nJIHHHH paMHbIX IHJI pOCCHICKoro npoH3BOaCTBa. Ha3THX 3aBOLaX He 6bUlJO HH KpyrJIOIlHJIbHbIX o6pe3HblX CTaHKOB, HH CYW1HJ1bHOrOo6opyAOBaHHI. HOqTH BCe HHJIOMaTep4HaJbl OTripaBJIHjiCb B CbIPOM HJIH HCaOCyweHHOMCOCTOAHHH, B He paCCOPTHPOBaHHOM H He CTpOraHHOM BHae. CuieUHaribHaq o6pa6OTKaflpOBOIRHiaJCb TOJTbKO Ha CneUHaSJbHbIX 3KCnOpTHbIX JieconHHjbHbIX rpe'arpH5ITHHx. 3TapyaHMeHTapHai TeXHoJioruH y)Ke yCTapeJla, a nepBH'Hbie nepepa6OT4HKH(neco3aroToBHTenH) 4)aKTHtleCKH cy6cHi,4HpyloT KOHe4HbIX nepepa6oTq4HKOB 3a c4eT nOCTaBOKHM CbIpbq Ho ueHaM HH)Ke pbIHOHHbIX. 4To6bl COXpaHHTb CBOe MeCTO Ha 3TOM pbIHKe, 3THllpe,aInpH.qTHI4 6yayT BbIHyxKLeHbl nepeXOalHTb K rJIy6OKOH nlepepa6OTKe, pa3MeLeHHOk 6JIHKeK MeCTaM nepBHqHOri nepepa6OTKH CblpbI.

TOHH 6yMar,t Ha cyMMy OKOJIO 120 MRH. aomAYapoB CLUlA. B pC3yJbTBC l7eperoBopoB OHIH F7poAq7fqH CBoH n7paBaHa ToproB//Ko Tofi f7pO,yK1IHeg Ha cawylJJoHife LiJecTb RUT, YTo CooTBeTCTByeT o6zemy f7po2a)K, paBHOMy 2,7 MJIH.Me7pm;reCKHX TOHH f1pH cpe2HeCi IeHe 560 ao. wapoa ClIUA 3a oaHy MCeTplf eCKyIO TOHHy9 B HacTOamee BpeMZ B AO "Bo.ma" pa6oTaeT 4.800 qejioBcK, KOTOPbIC HPOH3BOW1RT 6o0Ree 500.000 TOHHr1-3CTHo. 6yMarH B FOa. B KoHic 1994 rowa 6bl.la BBcWeHa B 3Kc1J7J7yarTaLto 6yMaro/eJ'aTewbHaf MaliIHHa No 9,oHa RBJJeTcH Oa1HOI 113 CaMbfX Kpyi7HblX Hf COBpCMeHHbiX 6yMaro/zeRaTeybHbix MaILuH B Mfpe.

234 HPHJ]O)KEHHE F

3a 1994 roa npoH30UJmo He6oJIbmoe yBeCJ44eHHe B HCnIOJb3oBaHHl

npOH3BO,JCTBeHHOA MOIIXHOCTH npeanpH39TH, BbInYCKaioluHx V,CI, ue1j1flOIO3Y H 6yMary;

o61cmbi npOH3BO,aCTBa ,LLpeBeCHOrO Cblpbfl H nuJoMoaTePHanjoB coKpaTnJIHcb, a 43aHepbi, a)BH

H KaPTOHa OCTaJIHCb nO'TH npe)KHHMH (Ta6mHUa r.3). CTeneHb HCHOAb3OBaHHq

npOH3BOXACTBeHHbIX MOU.tHOCTeU COCTaBJiSUIa OT 36% B npOH3BO,RCTBe KaPTOHa (caMafl

HH3KaSI) ao 58% B nppOH3BO,LCTBe llpeBeCHoro CbIpbfl (caMa5I Bb1coKafl). B 1995 H AaiKe B 1996

ro,ay CTeneHb HCnOJlb30BaHH5i npoH3BOaICTBeHHbIX MOLWHOCTeIi B JieconpoMbILIJIleHHOM

KoMnJIeKce OCTaBaIiacb HH3KOR. Ee CHH)KeHHe npo43OU1IJO BMeCTe c naaeHHeM cnpoca Ha

nlpO,lyKTbi KOHeMHOrO HOTpe6JleHH5I H CoKpaLueHHeM nOCTaBOK Cblpbfl H

,apyrHx Heo6xo.uHMbIx qaKTOPOB npOH3BoaCTBa. FOMHMO HenoJlHoro HcnOAb3OBaHHu

Ta6JIHua r.3: Hcnonib3oBaHHe IIPOH3BOACTBeHHbIX MOlHOCTeA JiecoHpoMbblIIIeHHOrIO

KoMniieKca POCCuH, 1994 ro,

Kpyr'miA nec fniwoma- (PHepa aCf7 aB41 L(awio- Eywama KapH

(KW. MI) Trpma,mI (AnH. lf) (MAUH M3) (MMi. At) JosW (MIHi. T) (MInH. T)

(M/7H. Mf3) (MnfH. T)

YcTaHoaneHHbIeMOUHOCTU

I %iHBapq 1994 r. 205,7 56,3 1,76 6,11 0,48 8,66 6,01 3,40

I nHBapn 1995 r. 184,0 52,5 1,76 6,25 0,48 8,78 6,17 3,40

061beM 118,9 30,7 0,89 2,63 0,23 3,33 2,38 1,22

npOH3BOaCTRa

CTeneHb 58 55 51 43 48 39 40 36

YcI1oJT3obaHH51

MOI.UHOCTI (%)a

a 061beM npOH3BOaCTBa, Re.neHHbIli Ha MOULHOCTb Ha I S1HBapSi 1994 roAa H yMHo)KeHHb[i4 Ha 100.

HCTO4HHK: roCyaapCTBeHHblA KOMHTeT P(D no CTaTHcTMKe.

HPOH3BORCTBeHHbIX MOWHoCTeU, CyLueCTBY1OUHe npeAnPH5TH51 HCHOAb3ylOT He o4eHb

COBpeMeHHoe H 394eKTHBHoe o6opyaoBaHme.

J!pOH3BO,4CTBO ,apeBeCHbX IfVIT

ToJIbKo OKOJIO 14% o6uwero o6beMa npOH3BOACTBa faHepbi nocTynaeT U3 CH6upu

H c )IanbHero BocToKa. B nocjieaH4e 20 nieT o6teMbi HPOH3BOaCTBa 4aHepbI yBeJimHsBaACb

ropa3ao MemxneHHee, 4eM o6'beMbl BbInycKa npOYKLUHH ApyrHX oTpacneu

,aepeBonepepa6oTKH, TaKHX KaK npOH3BOLCTBO apeBeCHOCTpyXeeMHbIX H

ApeBeCHOBOJIOKHHCTbIX nIJIHT. Ho POCCHACKHie npernpHsTHAI no nPOH3BOaCTBy ()aHepbl

Bcer,aa 6bmu CHJIbHbIMt KOHKypeHTaMH Ha Me)KAyHapOaHOM pbIHKe, H HeCMOTpq Ha 40-

npoueHTHoe coKpaLUeHHe o6ibeMoB npOH3BoaCTBa, KOTopoe npOH30uJmO B nepH,oL c 1985 no

1993 ro,g, o6'eMbl 3KCnOpTa 4aHepbI yBeJIHuHJ1HCb Ha 100%. Ha 3KCllOpT HXIyT, B OCHOBHOM,

CTaHA,aPTHble COpTa qaHepbl, KOTOpb1e npoaaloTCA nO HU3KUM LueHaM. OCHOBHbIMH

TeH,ALeHIU5H,M4 pa3BHTH51 3TOU OTpaCJIH 5fBJISIOTC51: BbinyCK JIHCTOB (j)aHepbl 6OJlblUoro

pa3mepa H yBejmqeHHe B npOP3BOJtCTBe 43aHepbl aOJ14 XBOUHOrO Cblpbf.

Ha aojno Poccuu nptiXoa4AoCb 68% o6ufero o6fteMa nPO43BoflCTBa

,apeBeCHoCTpy)Ke4HbIX nIJIKT B 6bIeuIeM COBeTCKOM C0103e. FIOCKOJIbKy npot3BORCTBO

235 HPHJIO)KEHHEr

lapeBeCHocTpy2KeqHbIX nJIHT 6bU1o BbICOKOnpHOpHTeTHOU OTpaCJIb1O JIeCHoriHpOMbIUIJieHHOCTH, B nepHoa C 1986 no 1990 ro, Ha 3aBOaax, BblnlyCKalou.UHx aCn, no BcericTpaHe 6buio yCTaHOBJAeHO nOBOJIbHO COBpeMeHHoe 3anagHoe o 6 opyA0BaHtie, XOTR Hanepepa6aTb[BaioLuHx ripeanpHSATHAx 0o CHX nop HCrIOJb3yloT yCTapeBwjee o6 OpytaOBaHHe aIAJIyLUeHHA H CTpOraHHs. HPOH3BOACTBO apeBeCHOcTpyxKeqHbIX nHAT nocTpaaa)1oHecoH3MepHMo MeHbwUe, 'eM ApyrHe aepeBoriepepa6aTb1BaioLLtHe oTpaciIH, OT4aCTH nOTOMy,'TO y Hero Bceraa 6buO cblpbe. HaH6onee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM ABJAeTcS npOH3BOaCTBOApeBeCHocTpy)Ke'1Hbix ruIHT c ao6aBJIeHHeM ueMeHTa, HO B 6AW)KaUiweM 6 yayweMnnaHHpyeTCsl HaBaTb BbIlnYCK apeBeCHocTpyxceqHbIX rIHT cneLCuHaJbHorO Ha3Ha4eHHS AASHCHOJIb3OBaHHS B CTpOHTeCbcTBe (AAsA KPOBeCJbHbIx pa6oT H HecyLLIHX CTeH). B 1995 roay3KCHOpTHpoBanoCb OKOJIo 8% o6iuero o6beMa npOH3BOaCTBa, rJIaBHbIM o6pa3oM, 6 blBUHMTOprOBbIM napTHepaM no COBeTCKOMy 6.noKy H BO (DpaHLIH1o.

IkeffJo/lo3Ho-6yua4H,JWe KONM6MHH

B nep4oa pacnaga 6blBeLero CoBeTcKoro Com3a uCeniulOAO3Ho-6yMa)KHaqrpOMbmbiwIeHHOCTb HClblTbIBaJia cepbe3HbIe TpyRHOCTH. 65% ee TeXHHKH H o6 opyAoBaHHs6buio CTapbIM H CHUbHO H3HOweHHbIM. HpeanpHATHS oTpacJiH npq4HHAJH O4eHb 60jbWOSBpeC, oKpyxKaiouLef cpeae, 6 oJIbLUHHCTBO CyAbcIbHT-Luennjnioo3HbIx 3aBoRoB 6b1nO BblHyxIAeHO3aKpblTbCsI HAu 3Ha'HTenbHo CHH3HTb YpOBHH FTpOH3BOACTBa. B nociieaHHe HecKoAbKO AeTo6beMbI poccHucKoro npoH3BoACTBa UeAijilo3bl coKpaTHuHcb Ha 50%, XOTA AoAS 3TOUHlpO,yKUHH B 3KCIOpTe rIO'TH yZABOHJiaCb, 'ITO rOBOpilT O 6OJIbIOM rioTeHLHaJAe 3TOUOTpacHIU B 6 yayieM (3TOT 6yM ripoH3oLeJI B pe3yJIbTaTe Y,4BoeHHR MHpOBbIX geH).CJeIaCTBHeM 3KOHOMH4eCKOrO cnaga H KHHJIlAUHH B cTpaHe CTajiO CHH)KeHHe BHyTpeHHerocnpoca Ha 6yMa)KHyIo npoayKLuHio 6onee, '1eM Ha 55% B 1995 roay.

OKOJIO 40% UeCJIJIIOAO3HOUl npO2yKUUH - 3TO TOBapHaA ueAJAlOJA03a, KOTopaA HeHCnOJIb3YeTCS B npoueccax rIpoM3BO,CTBa 6yMarH H KapTOHa. EOAbWHHCTBO 3aBo,aoB,BbInyCKaIOIUHX TOBapHylO ueCJ0Jo0o3y, HaXOnMTCS B OT2aaeHHbIX paIiOHax BOCTO'HOUCH6HpH H JaajbHero BocToKa, OTHOCHTejibHO 6 JIH3KO K 3KCnopTHbIM pbIHKaM,rpeAnAara1oLLoHM 3aMaHqHBbIe ueHbl. flpOHCXO,4HT MeLVeHHoe yBeCAH'eHHe cpeaHHX pa3MepoBLteJIIoJlo3Hblx 3aBoAoB. B TO BpeMA, KaK 06'beM npOH3BOaCTBa OaHOrO 3oeKTHBHoroCOBpeMeHHoro 3aBoAa COCTaBJIHeT MHHHMyM 500.000 TOHH B ro,a, B POCCuu B 1990 ro,ycpeAHHu ueAiAOon3HbIH4 3aBOA BbInyCTHJn 130.000 TOHH 3a roa. B PoccHH Maao ueAJIlOAo3HbIx3aBOAoB 6OnbWOri MOlllHOCTH. POCCHI Bcer,a 6bmAa AHaepoM B npoH3BoACTBe paCTBOpHMOrueCAiOJIo3bl, HCroAb3yeMor4 B HpOH3BOACTBe HCKYCCTBeHHOU wepCTH (280.000 TOHH),BHCKo3Horo weIClKa (78.000 TOHH) H aUeTaTHbIX BOJTOKOH (300.000 TOHH) WIM KOp,4OB Kojiec,LLejijio4aHoBbIx H nHIaCTHKOBbIX MaTepHaJIoB H oCo6blX BHAOB 6yMarH. Ho c 1990 ronaHpOH3BOACTBO paCTBOpHMOtU LeTiloI0o3bl 3Ha'HTeCAbHO COKpaTHAOCb.

Haworoo6ffo.WeHmC IlJ7PCnpMzTI leConPOMMYA'eHHoM KOMnnIKca

HanoroBoe 6peMs IieconpoMbiwiAeHHoro KoMnAeKca POCCHu C4HTaeTCA OLHHM H3caMbIx cepbe3HbIx npenATCTBHt Ha nyTH K BOccTaHOBEneHHIO o6beMOB rpOH3BOaCTBa UpeHTa6eCbHOCTH. To )Ke caMoe OTHOCHTCA H K ApyrHM KOMMep4eCKHM npeanpHRTHsM.HanloroBoe 3aKoHoAaTeAbCTBo oTHii4aeTcTC 6 oAbwor CJO)KHOCTbIO H nHoXoir,aOKyMeHTHPOBaHHOCTbIO. Pa3bqCHHTeCAbHbie aOKyMeHTbi, co,aepKaLuHe noApo6Hbie

236 nPHAOnKEHHE r

HHCTPYKUHH H TpaKTOBKH HajnoroBoro 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBa, peaKo AOXOA5T a0 oTLajieHHbIX

patiOHOB. Co6i4paeMOCTb HanoroB, OaHaKO, O'eHb HH3Kaq.

Ha Hamano 1995 roaa qeTbIpbMS CaMbIMH BaJKHbIMH u3 6o0iee 20 HajiorOB 6bulJH:

* Haffor Ha gpH6ubI HpeC4IpHRTHA, B3HMaeMbIir B Haqanie KaLOPO KBapTaia

Ha OCHOBaHHH oueHKH BaJIOBOA RpH6blUH B Ha4aBweMCq KBapTane. B

HacToAiuee BpeM5I CTaBKa 3TorO Hanora paBHa 13% (4)eaepaAbHbiA) rinoc

22% (perHOHaJAbHbIli).

* HafforHa jo6amicHHyro CToHMOCTb (H1QC) B pa3mepe 20% HaqiC4c51eTCH Ha

roploqee, 3anqaCTH u4 o6opyaOBaHHe H apyrHe MaTepHaTbl c ao6aBJIeHHort

CTOHMOCTbIO.

* Hanior Ha oxpaHy H BocripomBO4cmBo iecHJC pwycoB nCe p HBOH a4 aibH0 Ha

perHOHaHJbHOM YPOBHe COCTaBJIJI 7%, 3aTeM 6buI 3aMeHeH 4)eaepajibHblM

HaJIoroM B pa3mepe 20%, KOTOpbWI B pe3ynbTaTe HaCTOTe1JbHorO

no66HpoBaHHr. CO CTOpOHbl JieCOnpoMbilwJeHHHKOB 6bulI CHHKeH ao 5%, a

3aTeM B anpene 1995 roaa COBceM OTMeHeH.

* Haforiw Ha 3apa60omy1o niary, oT'HcjieHuI4 Ha couHanJbHoe H MeatUL4HCKoe

CTpaXOBaHHe, B 4OHa 3aH$TOCT4 H B rleHCHOHHblg (DOHA, COCTaBJWIOT 40%

CTOHMOCTH pa6oqeg cHnbI.

,apyr4e HaJIorH BKJlioqaIOT:

* PemFoHafbHHme HafJom, B TOM qHcJIe: JIeCHble noaaTH (CTaBKH KOTOpblX

3aBHCIT OT nopoa aepeBbeB), aOHOAHHTeJlbHblri 20%-HbIl HLa C,

HaUiHCJi,qeMblA Ha OneHHHYIO H apeHaHyiO nliaTbI, pa3Mepbl KOTOpbIX

3aBHCflT OT OCHOBHbIX nOpOA H CPOKOB apeHAbl; a TaKie Hajior 3a

3eMnenonlb3OBaHHee.

* Pa#oHHIme (MyHwLnuznamHme) HaIoroj, COCTasBISouHo e ao 3% BanJOBoro

aoxo,aa HpeAnlpHHTHA, MOryr B3HMaTbCS ASI HCnOJIb3OBaHH51 B pa3JIHqHbIX

uernix (o6pa3oBaHHe, oxpaHa o6LfLecTBeHHoro nopgaKa, coAep)KaHHe wfbSl,

CaHHTapHbie cAy)K6bi, JIHueH3HPOBaHHe npeanpHHHMaTejibcKoi

aeATeJIbHOCTH, TpaHCnOPTHbie MarHcTpaiiH). MeCTHbIe pyKOBOAHTeJIH

)KaJAyIOTCS Ha TO, 'TO 3TOT Hanor (3%) He Bceraa oTIcJISleTCS B nOJIHOM

pa3Mepe.

* Pa3Hme HamomH - nOCTOAHHO pacmupmuLUaqcu KaTeropHs HajiorOB, Ha

IlOJIIO KOTOpOUi HHoraa npHXOAHTCS5 OMeHb 6OJIlbwa.l aCTb BCeX HaJiOrOBbIX

o6sl3aTenbCTB npeanpHsTKA. HpeanPH.9TH5M laCTo aeUeBJIe onnIaTHTb

wlTpad)bl 3a HapyuweHHe JiecocetHb1X H IpHpoP,OoxpaHHbIX Tpe6OBaHHri, 'eM

BKJlaabIBaTb CpeaCTBa B MepOnpHsTHs, o6ecne'nBalOLuHe cO6nlo11eHHe 3TUX

lpaBHJA H Tpe6OBaHHP; B 1993 ro1y 3TH wTpa4bl B Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae

npeBbICHJIH o6Luyio CyMMy nieCHbIx no21aTeri Ha 1000%. ",Jo6poBo.nbHbie"

niiaTe)KH B pa3mepe 1,5% OT o6feri CyMMbi npoLaaK B3HMalOTCS ALS'

OKa3aHH3S noLaLepXKKH oTpaciieBou HayKe. Ha npaKTHKe 9TUI niiaTe)Km 'aCTO

237 HPHnJO)KEHHE r

npeBbIwHalOT aaHHbl ypOBeHb, lBJqACb CKpblTbIMU nHaTeT)KaMH B c1opMenUIaTbl 3a KOHCYJ1bTaLtHOHHbie H apyrHe yCJiyrH.

HanpHMep, B Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae Jieconepepa6aTblBaflOUe KOMnaHHH,HaxolaAwuecs 2aJieKO OT MOpCKHX rIOpTOB, H npeAlpHATH51, 3KCrIOpT UIPOayKU4HH KOTOpbIXorpaHwMeH, jTaTSIT 4pe3MepHO BbICOKHe HamOmu. MHorme HaBjor Ha4KCA5IIOTC HaOCHOBaHHU o6ullerl CYMMbI 3apa6oTHoA JIiaTbl BCex pa6OTHHKOB H ao6aBJieHHOA CTOUMOCTU,WTO CTaBHT B HeBbIrOaHoe HOJIO)KeHHe TpyTOeMKHe npOH3BOQCTBa, BbInyCKaiol(Ue

HpOJyKUHIO AAS BHyTpeHHerO pbIHKa. ECTb CBeaeHHS 0 TOM, qTO o4eHb 6 Onbwaq aOjjqaOXO,aOB JleCHOU npOMbIlwJeHHOCTH, a cJieaOBaTej1bHO H 3aAojn)KeHHOcTH no HajioroBbIMnJIaTeKaM, OCTaeTCI BHe aocAraeMOcTH degepanbHoro npaBJTeJIbcTBa. JIecO3arOTOBsuTeJIbHbieKOMnaHHH, HMeIOWUe aOCTyn K 3KCHOpTHbIM pbIHKaM, OCBo6ow(aIoTCA OT HLtC Ha3KCnOpTHpyeMyio npOAyKUHIO. C nOMOLUblO HaMepeHHOrO 3aHH)KeHH5I OUeHOK KaqeCTBa HKOJIHqeCTBa HpOYK(uHH 3KCrOpTepbl Kpyriioro nieca MOryT B OTqeTHbIX aOKyMCHTaxyKa3blBaTb 6o0iee HH3KHe aOXOabI OT npoaax. [Iepepa6aTbIBalouLe we npean,IrIpTHSI,BbInycKaiotuie npO,4yKULHIO AA BHyTpeHHero pbIHKa, HMelOT MeHbwue BO3MO)KHoCTeACKpblBaTb CBOH AOXOAbI.

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239 PHAJO)KEHHE r

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B Hamiane 1993 roaa B Ka'eCTBe o0bLLuHajbHoro rapaHTa .14n5 HOCTpaHHbIXHHBeCTOpOB 6buma y'peuKeHa FocyaapCTBeHHaM HHBeCTHU140HHaq KopnopaLtls4.I4HocTpaHHble HHBeCTOPbl MOrYT OCBo6o)KaTbCs OT HMriOPTHbIX rOiUowHH Ha TOBapbI,BBO3HMbie KaK 4aCTb HHBeCTHUHH, a 4UHpMbl, UenjiKOM HaXOALu.lecq B HHOCTpaHHOACO6CTBeHHOCT4, MorYT 3KCnOPT14POBaTb CBOU TOBaPbl 6e3 JIHueH3HH. Ho CTaBKH HajiOrOB CHHOCTPaHHblX HHBeCTOPOB He MOryT COCTaBJn5Tb meHee 50% OT CTaBOK HaJiOrOB,Ha,UHCJIReMbIX KaKOMy-Ji46o poccHr4cKoMy rpeaflpHATH4o.

no LaHHbIM rocyaapcTBeHHOro KOMHTeTa P$) no CTaTHCTHKe, B 1995 roay o6feMHHocTpaHHbIX HHBeCTHUL[Hh B poCCHrCKyiO ipoMbiwJieHHOCTb COCTaBHn 1,2 Mnpa. aonJIapOBCW1A Hu1H ripMHepHo 3% OT o6uero o6beMa HHBeCTHLtHU. HpeanolHTeHie oTaaBajioCbnPearIPHASTHSM TOrIJIHBHO-3HepreTH'eCKO4 OTPaCJnU (22%), rHUUeBoU rPOMblwUTieHHOCTH(24%) U4 IieCorpoMbIUIJeHHOMY KOMnHeKCY (13%). (IopMbI HHBeCT4POBaHHS BKJIoqalOTco3lIaHHe coBMeCTHblx npernpHATHul 14In1 ()HHaHCHpoBaHHe qepe3 rpaB14Ten3bCTBo n0o,npaBHTejbCTBeHHbie rapaHTHH, B TOM 'tIci3e qepe3 MeLyHapoaHHyIo 4HHaHCOByIOKOPnoPaL1HIO (MOI)K). CYAs nO BceMy, caMo0 HoHyAsIpHOh djOpMMOA noMeeiueHRAHHocTpaHHblX HHBeCT4UHl4 ABJIASIOTCS coBMeCTHble npeanpI4.qTHA. TaK, TOJlbKO B JieCHOMceKTope PoccHH pa6oTaeT 6o0ee 200 COBMeCTHb1X 1peanpHATH4iU. F)OJIbWIIHCTBO 13 HUX3aHHMaeTCA 3KCHopTHO-HMrOpTHbIMH H TOPrOBbIMH onepaULAMH, HO HeKOTOpbie U3 HHX3aHATbl H 11pOH3BOCTBeHHOA aeqTeJ]bHOCTbIO. YBejileiHe K0J1H'eCTBa coBmeCTHbIX

240 HPHJ1O)KEHHE F

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B AIeCOnpOMbIwAJIeHHOM KOMHnieKCe. K 2010 rogy 3TO yBe4JIHeHHe AOJIAHO COCTaBJISTb: 550%

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241 rHPKJ1O)KEHzE r

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cTpaHbl AaAbHerO 3apy6e)KbA (T.e. B CTpaHbl He BXoaqLutHe B CHr) yBeJIH'-IHJacb c 83% B

1994 roay ao 90%. B 1995 rogy 3InoHHSI cTaiia OaHHM H3 caMbIX KpynHblX HMnopTePOBpoccH14cKoro Kpyrjioro neca. B uenJoM aon0A HMHnopTa Poccueu JIeconpoMbIilmeHHOinpoIIyKUHH H3 CTpaH aaJIbHero 3apy6e)Kbq yBeJiH'-IjiaCb C 85% ao 92%. OCHOBHbIMU

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B 1995 roay npHXOalHJIOCb 74% o6utero o6feMa 3KcHOpTa IieconpoMbIwjieHHoh ripoayKuHu.OCHOBHblMH CTaTb51MH HMnOpTa ABJIAIOTCS CTpOHTenJbHbIe MaTepuanIbI H3 apeBeCHHbl, 6yMaraH KaPTOH (c nponHTKOri), 6yMa)KHbIe CpeaCTBa rHrHeHbl H o6oH, KOTOpbie BMeCTeCOCTaBJIAJIH 51% o6iuero o6feMa HMHOpTa J1econpoMbimwIeHHoi rpoayKUHH B 1995 roay.

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ApeBecuHa u apeBeCHbie - 186,7 - 179,0 - 7,7npOAyKTbI

TonJmHBHaR apeBecuHa 5,4 0,2 2,9 0,2 2,5 0,1Henepepa6oTaHHa9 975,6 25,6 970,7 25,3 4,9 0,3

ApeBecHHa (M3 )Llnanu 0,3 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0rHHnomaTepHanbi - 7,7 - 6,3 - 1,4ApeBeCHOCTpyXKetHbie 8,7 8,4 0,3nJIHTblapeBeCHOBOJnOKHHC- - 6,9 - 6,6 - 0,3Thie nfuHTbI(DaHepa (M3 ) 54,2 2,7 52,3 2,3 1,9 0,4AlepeBsHHas Tapa 6,5 1,8 3,9 1,0 2,6 0,8CTpogMaTepHaJn,1 30,5 111,7 28,5 109,6 2,0 2,0Hpo6Ka U nponyKUtig - 2,2 - 2,2 - 0,0H3 Hpo6KH

Uejmnnio3Hasq - 23,0 - 19,0 - 4,0npOyaKUHA

CyJbq4aTHaSI 10,3 9,9 6,7 6,4 3,6 3,6

uejummlo3a,paCTBOPHMaRCyniiiammas 5,8 5,0 5,8 5,0 0,0 0,0

ueJllojio3a,HepacTBopHMaqCYJ1I4HTHaSI 6,1 6,5 6,1 6,5 0,0 0,0uejnT10213a,HepaCTh0PHMaS

ByMaKHaR H KapToHHal - 598,3 - 542,8 - 55,5nfpoayKUH.

ra3eTHas 6yMara 1,0 1,0 0,7 0,8 0,2 0,1Bymara H KaPTOH 11,2 13,1 6,9 8,6 4,3 4,5HeMeJIOBaHHbIeKpa4vr-6yMara H 6,6 4,6 1,3 1,8 5,3 2,7

KapToH,HeMeAOBaHHbieapyrHe BHAbi 6yMarH H 26,5 20,8 12,3 11,7 14,2 9,1KapTOHa,HeMeAoBaHHbieSyMara H KapToH 11,8 8,4 7,2 5,9 4,6 2,4MejiosaHHbieByMara H KaPTOH 57,2 127,4 51,8 119,3 5,4 8,0

nponulTaHHb1e060H 26,0 57,2 23,3 49,6 2,6 7,6ByMaIKHbie cpeacTBa 37,5 120,0 33,3 117,0 4,2 3,0rHrHeHbIbyMaxIHaR H 52,4 95,2 43,1 87,8 9,3 7,3KaproHHaR TapaByMa,KHEbie u - 42,1 - 41,7 - 0,3KapTOHHbIe RPJIbIKHALpyrHe BUAbi 18,9 31,8 14,7 25,4 4,2 6,46yMa3KHO1i HKapToHHo_ n_ _ __K_ _I

ero - 810,2- 743,0- 67,2

I4CTOIHHK: TaMO)KeHHaR CTaTHcTHKa no BHeWHeu ToproBne POCCHU1CKOU1 (1ezxepauHH, 1995.

nPtiJO;KEH1E r

Ta6nIH"a F.6: 9Kcnoprr neconpombllleHHOR lpo,AYKuHH U3 PoccHH, 1994 r.

BHA napxauKamu &ero 3b nfipemwa CHr B crpfiHU CHr

Kaf-Do Orfmocrb Kaff-BO CTommocTb Kaff-,0 CTEHA¢OCTIb (Mg/H.(TUC. T) (WM-IH (TUfC. T) (IIOH. (TUrC. T) aaMlapOB)

4aAtpoB) AO"4nPOB)

ApeBecHHa uHapeBcCHbie 1664,8 1468,0 196,8npoAyKTbl

Tonnilfffaml apeBsectHa 778,9 24,3 694,8 21,5 84.1 2,7Henepepa6o0TaHHaSl 14850,3 765,3 13509,8 716,2 1340,6 49,1,apeBecl4Ha (M3)W nanbl 69,5 11,2 2,8 0,3 66,7 10,9nHJ]omaTepHam[l 623,7 549,4 74,3ApeBecHOCTpyxKeMHble 23,0 4,4 18,7niiHTbl

peBeCHOBOJIOK- 32,4 19,6 12,8HHCTble niiHTbl

ttaHepa (M3) 631,9 147,1 591,0 140,5 40,9 6,6aepeB.qHHa.q Tapa 164,0 14,8 40,7 5,4 123,3 9,4

C-rporimaTepmanbl 18,7 9,3 2,9 I ,5 15,7 7,7Uens10I0n3Hasq 384,6 347,7 36,9npo,ayKuH.q

Cynbi4aTHa.t 68,4 37,9 40,7 22,3 27,8 15,6uenisionio3a,paCTBOpHMaSI

CYnbepuTHast 774,6 309,3 729,5 293,2 45,1 16,0uenuuono03a,HepaCTBOpHMa.q

CYJnb4tpTHa.q 91,3 32,8 80,3 30,1 11,0 2,8uenmlono3a,HepaCTBOpHMaSI

S)ymaXHasq u KapToHHas l 521,5 321,9 199,6npoAyKUuœq

ra3eTHast 6ymara 680,4 196,9 574,1 164,8 106,3 32,1Symara H KapToH 230,8 91,7 85,3 32,3 145,5 59,4HemejiOBaHHble

Kpa(pT-6ymara u 215,0 62,0 176,9 51,4 38,1I 10,6KapToH,

HemejiOBaHHbleApyrue Bmabi 6ymari tu 244,3 69,4 168,1 45,4 76,2 24,0KapTOHa,HemejioBaHHbleBymara u KapToH 31,4 13,4 24,4 9,2 7,0 4,2nponHTaHHbie

06om 12,1 7,8 4,4 2,5 7,7 5,3Byma)KHbie cpeaCTBa 8,4 5,1 3,7 2,0 4,8 3,1rurHeHbiSyma)KHast H 73,1 43,6 14,6 5,3 58,5 38,3KapTOHHaSt Tapa

6ymawtibie ui 1,6 3,0 0,1 0,1 I1,4 2,9KapTOHHbie hpAblKH

Aipyruie BHKabl 5,7 4,0 I1,4 0,9 4,4 3,16yma)Kmo i Uxa2ltmoriO npoAZutiKUU _

IBcero 2571,0 2137,7 | 43,

IHCT04HHK: Tamo)KeHHasl cTaTHCTHKa no BHeulHeH rToproBnie POCCHHACKOA ()e,aepaumN, 1995.

rPWPOKEHHE r

Ta6.nina r.7: HM nopTr ieconpoMbim eHHort InpO,AuIK HH B PoccHIo, 1994 r.

BRi npowilmm Bic 3aem np=aeff CHr B cTpaH^h CHr

Ka7-Bo 0 CToHMOCTh Ka,O-1o CwOmocmb KOA-bO CTOHMOCTb (MwH.

(Tbc. T) (Mwi. (rjc. T) (nH. (Tmw. T) ,aoJlapob)

aaWLpOB) aalWapOB)

,LpeBecHHa H apeBecHble - 88,5 - 77,7 - 10,8npO,ayKTbi

TonJnHBHaIi apesecHHa 0,3 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0Henepepa6oTaHHa.q 328,9 5,2 310,7 4,7 18,2 0,5apeBecMHa (M3 )WJnanbi 1,6 0,3 0,9 0,1 0,7 0,2nHnoMaTepHa.nbl 5,2 - 3,7 - 1,5apeBecHoCTpy)IeHHble 4,8 3,5 1 ,4nfJ14TbI)IpeBecHoBoJIoKHHc- - 2,8 - 2,0 - 0,8Tbie n1iITbic1aHepa (M

3) 66,6 3,4 49,5 2,7 17,0 0,8

gepeBsiHHasI Tapa 10,2 2,7 1,1 1,7 9,1 1,0LpeBecHble 23,2 51,4 16,9 48,6 6,3 2,7CTpOiMaTep14anbiflpo6Ka m npolyKu1A - 2,0 - 1,9 - 0,1H3 npo6KH

Uien.rnHono3Haa - 2,2 - 0,3 - 1,9npOflYKUH

Cy.nb4aTHaA 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0uejiiiojio3a,paCTBOPHMaSCyji4aTHaR 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0uejiiiojlo3a,HepaCTBOPMmaACyJu4PTHaA 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0ueiIojjlo3a,HepaCTBOPHMaS

EyMaxaiaH U KapTOHHaS - 289,3 - 245,6 - 43,7npOAYKUulL

ra3eTHan 6yMara 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,1 0,0ByMara 1 KapToH, 10,1 7,1 3,9 4,6 6,2 2,4HCMemeoBaHHbieKpa4xT-6ymara u 2,4 0,9 0,4 0,4 2,0 0,5KapToH,HeMeZJOBaHHbie,apyrHe B1UbI 6yMarm H 14,0 6,3 2,9 2,5 11,0 3,8KapToHa,HemeCOBaHHbieBymara m KapToH, 22,4 42,0 15,9 36,2 6,4 5,8nponuTaHHble060o 58,3 51,2 16,0 39,8 42,3 11,4ByMaKHble cpeaCTBa 15,4 52,4 13,1 51,3 2,3 1,1rur1eHbiByMaKHas U 30,6 38,2 18,5 33,4 12,1 4,8KaPTOHHaSI TapaEyMa)KHbie U 3,7 17,1 3,0 16,6 0,7 0,5KaPTOHHbIC RpjibIKH,pyrHe BHabl 16,1 20,3 8,8 14,1 7,3 6,26yMa)KHOA HKapToHHoAi npOayKUUH _I .

Bcero - 382,0 3255 3 | [ 56,5

IICTO'IHUK: TaMo)KeHHaS CT8THCTHKa no BHe[WHeC ToproBAe POCCUUCKOU (Penepaumi, 1995.

HPPIJIO)KEHH4E F

Ta6AHua F.8: CTaBKH pOCCHHCKHX HMnOrTHbix TapH4)OB Ha iiecOnpOMbiLuIeHHYnpoAyKwuHio, 1994 - 95 rr.

Bwg npourywiKL [R CThBKM B X 07o crOtMOcrt Ha

I HroMn, 1994 r. [I HuI, 1995 r. 13 aBrycTa, 1996 r.

JapeBecHHa ui upeBecHbie npOaYKTbi 20 20TonAuMHasl apeBecuiHa 20 20 20Henepepa6oTaHHasq ApeBecuNHa 20 20 20p,pyri4e npOaYKTbi 13 TponriqeCKO1 apeBeCHtHbi 5 5 5Wnanbl 20 20 20rtunoMaTepHaJbi 20 20 20(1aHepa 13 Tpon['4CKOC apeBeCHHb[ 5 5 5,lpyrtie BUMbl (paHepbl 5 5,apeBecuHa ansi npOH3BOICTBa KapaHaaweg 15 15 IS,apeBeCHOCTpy)KeIHble nn UTbl 20 20 20,)peBeCHOcTpy)Ke'IHble nniliTbl, HeoTaeJIeaHHbie - 20 30,apeBecHoBoJ1OKHHCTble nfHTbl 20 20 20

aPaHepa 20 20 20EaepeB51HHa5I Tapa 20 20 20CTpouiMaTep14anbI U3 H peBeCHHbl 20 20 20Mo3aHIHblri napKeT 20 30,Epyrtie BMawb napKeTa 20 30fApyri4e npOUYKTbi 13 ABrl 20 20rlpoqtie apeBecHbie npOaYKTbl 20 20

npo6Ka U4 npo6KOBble llpoayKTb _ 0 5Uenfono3.03Haf npofYKuHsl 15 15

CyAbqpaTHasl UeAiojio3a, paCTBOPHMaR 15 15 15CyjibqaTHas ueAAlOA0lo3a, HepaCTBOpHMagI 15 15 15Cynbq)HTHasi Uejunloo3a, HepaCTBOptiMa5i 15 15 15

ByMara, KaPTOH U npOZYKTbi 13 HHX _ 15 15ra3eTHasi 6yMara 15 15 15ByMara H KapTOH, HeMejnoBaHHble 15 15 15ByMara ,1s4 o6oes 10 10 10Kpa4T-6yMara H KapToH, HeMejnoBaHHble 15 15 15Kpa¢T-6yMara ju1i. H3OJ1SiU414 1 5 5

(flpo,aojDiceHHe Ta6jiHUbI Ha cneTieyIou.teu cTpaHi4ue)

nPiJIOKEHHE r

Ta6NIn[a r.8: CTaBKH pOCCHACKHX HMfnOpTHhix TapH4)OB Ha nieconpombumieHHrionpoAyKItHIO, 1994 - 95 rr. (npoAonw eHme)

.I _pixr Cmak B OTCWHMsOC771 Ha

I HJOJIH, 1994 r. I Imon, 1995 r. 13 aBrycia, 1996 r.

ApyrHe BH.Abl 6yMarH H KapTOHa, HeMeJlOBaHHbhe I5 15 15SyMara an.I ro.,pHPOBKH H3 reMmueCj1oA03bl 5 5CynbuTHasm o6epTo'HaR 6yMara 5 5 5lleprameHT, KaJbKa 5 5MHorochouHbie 6yMara H KaPTOH 5 5 5ByMara H KapToH ro(ppHpoBaHHbJe 20 20 20ByMara H KapToH, nponHTaHHblea 15 15 15ByMara H KapTOH 5 _ SBymara m KaPTOH U3 BOJIOKOH UeJLflIOJl03bl, npo'me _ 5BHablByMara, KaPTOH H noflOTHo 6

1 1 5PlcoBaa 6yMara I 5 506oH 15 15 ISByMa)KHbie cpeaCTBa rHrHeHbl 15 15 15TyaneTHas 6yMara 20 20 20ByMa)KHbie nonoTeHua 5nlpo2yKTbI, HcnoJb3yeMbIe B xHpyprm4ecKHx, 5Me,HUHHCKHX H rHrHeHH'ecKHx uenAxflpo4He 6yMa>KHbie cpencATBa rurmeHbl 5ByMaalKHacq H KapTOHHaq Tapa 10 10 10Kopo6KH 13 HerOxpHpOBaHHbIx 6yMarm H KapTOHa - 10 tonflc4e6yMa)KHbje MaTepHailbi 15 10 10ByMalKHble H KapTOHHbIe qp1JbhKH I 5 5PyJIOHbi, pOJIbl, KaTYuWKH 2 5 5flpoa'le BIlbi 6yMawKHoU H KapTOHHOri rlpO.lyKUNH 15 10 10Bymara H KapToH iiR 4)HJ1bTpOB I 5 5nepfoKapTbi 5 5 5Pa3J1HoBaHHaS 6yMara ann perFcTpaUHoHHoro I 5 5o6opyaoBaHIsByMara 1s1 MaUwiH 2 5 5KoHaeHcaTopHas 6yMara, npo%ime BSHbl I 5 5AepeBanepepa6aTbIBaiouee o6opyaoBaHHe 5 10 10CBepirnIbHble cTaHKU 5 5|Py6mnbHbie MawHiHbI 5 5

a Bymara H KaPTOH 13 ueAAoJI0o3HbIX BoJOKOH, 6enieHbIe, MeHee 150 r.

6 ByMara, KaPTOH U nloJIOTHO U3 ueJIJIIOJ03HbIX BOJIOKOH H np.

HICTOqHUK: TaMo)KeHHaq CTaTHCTHKa no BHeuwHeri Toprome POCCHRCKO (beaepaLuN, 1995 r.

nPHJIOKEHME r

Ta6jnHxa r.9: HOMHHajibHbe exKeMeCAlqHbie iXeHbE npoAaxK no cyrTeJIbHbiM

AlCecoriMpillJbleHHbIM T0BapaM B POCCuH, 1994 H 1995 rr.

rO/McCln L(eHa B py6njfX 38 A3'6. M. Kypc BaIrTrT L(cHa a Aga/apax CILIA(py6./won. CMl4) 3a Ky6. M.

KpyrTf 1 xec | l,7ioMa- KpTffmIR iec | 7fiwoMa-

1994SIHBapb 18473 69495 1444 13 48(1eBpanb 22004 77307 1583 14 49MapT 23493 47091 1719 14 27Anpenb 26030 84101 1794 15 47Mau 29180 105808 1880 16 5614KOHb 3086 89668 1958 15 46W4Onb 30134 99314 2026 15 49ABryCT 30787 92264 2122 15 43CeHT%6pb 30875 106187 2347 13 45OKrA6pb 31217 115845 3044 10 38Hosi6pb 42341 127352 3151 13 40TIeKa6pb 52726 187812 3388 16 55CpeA. 3a ro[ 30612 100187 2212 14 45

1995SIHBapb 71249 249859 3858 18 65cDeBpanb 62559 293591 4259 15 69MapT 99623 210840 4749 21 44AnpeJ]b 116330 186332 5030 23 37Mau 127827 203476 5060 25 40JlIOHb 155567 222359 4709 33 47HIonb 159935 254977 4518 35 56ABryCT 164442 253872 4416 37 60CeHTsI6pb 173163 276384 4472 39 62OKTA6pb 164516 456322 4501 37 101Hom6pb 173659 457222 4544 38 101TJeKa6pb 175651 412332 4622 38 89CpeA. 3a roA 137043 290631 4566 30 64

npHMeqaHul:

1. aiaHHbIe B 3ToU Ta6rniue OTHOCSITCA K OnTOBbIM ueHaM.2. Kypc BaJllOTbl - 3To exKeMecSqHam CpeAHqq ayKUIOHHaS CTaBKa MOCKOBCKOU Me)K6aHKoBcKoAl BaJIOTHOri 6HpXKH.3. CpeRHeroaOBbie OnlTOBbie UeHbl (B TbIC. py6nieu) B 1993 H 1995 rr., coOTBeTCTBeHHO cocTaBjnihH: Ha Kpyrnibil nec - 7,4 H 89

3a Ky6. M; Ha nHnioMaTepuajibi - 22,6 u 284 3a Ky6. M; Ha 4aHepy - 116 H 1260 3a Ky6. M; Ha TAcn - 42 H 446 3a Ky6. M; Ha

ZaBn - 0.2 H 2,5 3a KBawpaTHbiri M; Ha ueCjLflOAO3Y - 165 H 3253 3a TOHHy; Ha 6yMary - 167 H 2847 3a TOHHy; H Ha KaPTOH -

110 H 2353 3a TOHHY. HCTOqHHK: HIMrll'l3linecnpoM Poccirn.

1HCT04HHK: rOCy3apCTBeHHbli KOMHTeT P(I) no CTaTHCTHKe, "IeHbl B POCCHH", 1996 r.

IPI4J]O)KEIHI4E F

Ta6iiHAar[.i0: 9KCnOPTHasI cToHmocTb e1AHHHUbi POCCHJ4CKori J1CcoflombUIUMHHOt4

llpOJWKIHHM, 1994 H 1995 rr.(2 ao.,IapoB CLIL4 -a ToHHfy)

BHA nap aiwim 1994 1-995 _____

Bicemv 3a B crpatmfSw r 3a ] CTp3HbImpeaeffhi CHr! BC I flPCaiCJThI CHr!i - I CHF __CHr CHr

JapeBecHHa H a1peBecHbie nlpOZky]Ib[ToriLHBHaRn peBecrnHa 31 3 1 32 38 38 23Henepepa6oTaHHa5 .UpeBecHHa (3a m

3) 52 53 37 58 58 47

WnaAbib 161 107 163 ISO 149 150(13aHepa (3a m3) 233 238 162 288 287 321£AepeBSHHa.9 Tapa 90 134 76 124 150 105CTpoAMaTepHa.nbi m3JlpeBecHIHbi 497 517 493 637 589 667

Ueiulo'IOJ3Ha.a lpoIIyKUHRCyJ1bq)aTHa5i ueJUoJ!o3a, paCTBOPHmaq 553 546 561 1079 1076 1148Cyrn4aTHagi ueiiino3a, 399 402 357 698 700 637HepaCTBOPHMaS1Cynlbd)tTHa.q IIenjijioJI03a, 360 374 251 604 599 709HepaCTBOPHMasi

ByMara Hi KaPTOH i nlpoayKTbi M3 HHIXra3eTas 6ymara 289 287 302 595 592 631bymara Hi KapToH, HemeJIOBaHHb2e 397 379 408 700 720 654Kpaq)T-6ymara H KaPTOH, 288 291 278 569 556 749HemejloBaHHbieJIpyrHie EHKabi 6ymarH H KapToHa, 284 270 314 560 562 678HeMeiIoBaHHbieSymara H KapTOH, meJloBaHHbie H.A. H.Li. H.A. 919 594 1.579Bymara H KapTOH, npolPOlTaHHble 427 375 608 670 583 1.2580 6

OH1 641 562 686 1.459 848 1.645byma)KHbie cpe.aCTBa PlFtiHblH 601 548 642 1.326 1.469 1.223Byma)KcHaai H KaPTOHHa.H Tapa 597 366 654 962 851 1.003bymaACHbie H KaPTOHHbie S4pJIbIKH 1.922 1.015 1.995 H.4a. H.J1. HJ.;j,jlpyrHec BHaIbi 6yma)KHOAi H KaPT0HHOA 689 649 701 1633 724 1.956IIpOQ WKUHH I__I __ I I _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ I

1ptiMe,iaHlie: 9KcnOPTHa.R CTOHIMOCTh eCmHHUbI FTpOaYKUl*H paBHa o6Wueg CT0I.IMOCTH4 3KcnIopTa, ej1ie]HHOHl Ha o6-bem '3KCnIOpTano KaX21Omy nlpo2yKTy.

I14CTO'iIHHK: TamoiKeHHasI cTaTHCTHKa no BHeuiueri ToproBjie POCCHriCK9OI 1ellepaumH, 1994 H 1995 rr.

fPHJO)KEHIE F

Ta6nni a F.11: ,)HHaMHKa 3KCnopTHblIX LeH Ha pOCCHHCKHH H HoBo3eJIaH CKMH KpyrniblHnec B 5lnOHHH, 1993 - 95 rr.

(,aonmapoB CILUA 3a Ky6oMeTp)

r04|MeCRUT POccim#cKmi# KpyrJlhd iec (CHOiP) HOBaweIa,cCKxM KPyr#IhIiCC H3 COCHUb JIYVHCTOM

Eetff | ffMCTBCMMUa COCHa 4peBCCMHH CMOIfMCThR

1993OKTs6pb 112 92 Ito 85 90Hom6pb 112 90 114 85-90LleKa6pb 112 90 114 85-90

1994SHBapb 116 91 114 1o0(1eBpanb 125 91 120 110MapT 130 95 127 110AnpeAb 131 96 127 120Mau 131 96 127 120!IOHb 131 96 120 120

1410Jlb 131 96 118 113ABryCT 137 100 128 113CeHTm6pb 143 106 134 113OKTm6pb 143 106 134 ItoHosI6pb 144 108 142 110AeKa6pb 144 108 142 110

19955lHBapb 145 113 145 112(0eBpanb 145 117 147 112MapT 145 124 147 112Anpenb 138 128 140 124Mau 138 128 140 12414 oHb 128 124 127 12414oJlb 122 117 127 125ABryCT 119 115 127 125CeHTq6pb 1 00 110 127 125

flpHMe'aHH$1. POCCHA1CKaq 6enaa apeBecHHa, 22 - 30 cM; 3,65; 3,7; 3,8 M; CH1D B SiinOHCKHX MOPCKUX nopTax.

2. PoccHucKaq .INCTBeHHHua, 22 - 30 cM; 3,8; 4 M; CH B SBqnOHCKHX MOPCKHX nopTax.

3. POCCHACKaq cocHa cMonJHcTaI, 22 - 30 cM; 3,8; 4 M; CW14 B $inOHCKHX MOPCKUX nopTax.4. HoBo3enaHAcKaq COCHa iiyqrncTas, COpT, 00O5.

HCTOMHHK: Japan Lumber Reports, October 27, 1995.

HPHJIOKEHHE r

Ta6mgI[a F.12: HMnoprHbue iCeHM (CH0D) Ha XBO1HbCe nHjioMaTepHaJIhl H3 POCCHH HKaHaMwb B BCIZHKo6pHTaHHH, 1993 - 95 rr.

&(awJapoB CLIA 38 Ky6OMCIp)

ragIN/M 9a L(eHhl CIHO COO7HOHIlCHHCe LH HaIpqdoxI4aN) 113 Poc2C H KaHm44T

(KaHoma = 100)__3 Pocciw 1f3 KaH44M _

1993SHBapb 155 185 840eBpanb 147 181 81Mapr 124 240 52Anpejb 155 239 65MaA 165 200 82HIoHb 154 210 73HIoJib 160 288 55AerycT 151 343 44CeHTm6pb 162 285 57OKTm6pb 152 152 100HoR6pb 162 173 94JIeKa6pb 162 243 67CpeA. 3a roA 154 228 67

1994AHiBapb 163 259 630DeBpanb 158 234 67MapT 100 230 43AnpeJib 178 321 55Mari 181 255 71HIOHb 193 307 63H4onb 201 262 77ABrYCT 197 233 84CeHTm6pb 207 261 79OKTr.6pb 171 268 64HoR6pb 218 322 67leKa6pb 222 295 75

CpeA. 3a roA 182 270 67

'995SHBapb 200 249 81ODeBpaJb 212 286 74Maprr 210 288 73AnpeAb 202 296 68Mari 204 308 66HIOHb 203 278 73HloJIb 208 228 91ABrycT 194 292 66CCHTR6pb 207 305 68OKTrs6pb 173 326 53HoA6pb 171 323 53

AeKa6pb 173 260 67CpeM. 3a roA 196 287 68

HCT0oHHKw: Timber Builletin. Vol. XLVIII (1995), No. I H Vol. XLIX (1996), No. 1, Forest Product Prices.

HPIIPO)KEHME r

Ta6 nHa r.13. Anb'epHaTKBHhae CileHapHH noTeH1lHaJbHbiX FroOBbiX HaJorOBb1XnocrynneHHtk B iieCHOM ceKcrope PoccHH

(inH. JWJLlIBPOB CIlIA)

CL(CHapHn flo.IylCfHHi H8JIOIPR Upm O6zeMax flpO)38PCWlRf JI8lC#MHMf, PWBHUXI/O MJIH. Ky6OMeTpOB 300 M1IH. Ky6oMeTpo |

(CernzwH>iiilur ypOielb) (B3MOXHMU MKCHMYM qpMHCKC7DII(WJIhHOM

1. CTaBKH J1eCHbIX noaaTeriCueHapuiH 1:3 3iojU1./M 3 330 900CueHapmH 2: 6 aojm./M3 660 1800CueHapRtui 3: 10 .aoj./M 3 1100 3000

2. HaniorH C JIeco3aroToBITeJibHblX KoMnaHKHIA. CTOHMOCTb

CueHapUH 1: 20noju./M 3 2200 6000CueHapmi 2: 15 jnon./M 3 1650 4500CueHapiH 3: 10aoJIJI./M3 1100 3000

S. Baioeas npH6bjnzbCueHapHA 1: 2 nonn 1/M

3 220 600CueHapui 2: 4 .ojui./M 3 440 1200CueHapH4i 3: 5 aojJi./M 3 550 1500

B. Ha.nor (35%)CueHapHig 1 77 210CueHapiH 2 154 420CueHapHi 3 193 525

3. HaiorH Ha nepeBonepepa6oTKyA. rlpOH3BOaoCTBo UeJIJI]OJ103HOPi npO2YKUHN

(50% o6feMa npOH3BoacTBa apeBeCHHbl)a. CTOHMOCTb npOIYKUHH

CueHapHHi 1: npH 500,aonin. 3aTOHHY 4583 12500CueHapHA 2: npH 600 nonji. 3a TOHHY 5500 15000CueHapri4 3: npu 700 aonA. 3a TOHHY 6417 175006. BawioBaa npH6bulb (20%)

CueHapH H 1 917 2500CueHapUHi 2 1100 3000CueHapHA 3 1283 3500B. Hanor (35%)CueHapiiH I 321 875CueHapi4A 2 385 1050CueHapUHt 3 449 1225

B. flHuloMaTepHajibi (50% o6teMa nplO3BOJICTBaapeBeCHHbl)

a. CTOUMOCTb npOJ,YKUMMCueHapHi 1: npH 125 aonn./M3 2750 7500CueHapHw 2: npuH 150I 2onn./M3 3300 9000CueHapHHA 3: npu 175 2ojIjI./M3 3850 10500

(UIpoaooiuKeHHe Ta6iULLbI Ha cJ1eayloLefg cTpaHHUe)

HPHJ1OKEHHE F

Ta6nRH1a F.13: AnbTepHaTHBHblie CLeHapHH noTeHLIHaabHbix roAOBbix HanOFOBbDX

nocTyrLJieHHRi B JieCHOM ceKcrope POCCHH (npOAoAxieHHe)(WMfH. 4OJIMPOB CILI)

CLCeHapMN flOJYYeCHHR H&aoOr> R npm o6ZeMax HPOM350/CTBa lr l paiHUxI ~~~~~~~~300 AH/I. KYtY0MCTJOB

(Bo3MoxNhfM/i MaIKCMMYM lip,ffHCNCW7DI4ECJThOM

6. BaAoBa.l npH6bulb (20%)CueHapuid 1 550 1500CueHapuu 2 660 1800CueHapHu 3 770 2100

B. Hanor (35%)CueHapHu I 193 525CueHapHu 2 231 630CueHapHtu 3 270 735

06uwa CyMMa HaJioroBbix nOCTyTUIeHHMtCueHapH 1 921 2510CueHap"H 2 1430 3900CueHapHri 3 2012 5485

rlpHMe'aHHW:

1. 3KcnopTHaH napHTeTHaS ueHa Ha Haenepepa6oTaHHylo apeBeCHHY C'lHTaeTcT paBHoH 55 Ao.n./M3

2. CpeaHHe 3aTpaTbl Ha BHyfpeHHJOIO TpaHcnopTHpOBKY CquTaioTcH paBHbIMH 30 Aonn./M3

3a Ky6oMeTp Kpyr.foro neca

(cpe,aHee B3BeCeHHoe pacCTOJHHUe nepeBO3KI no xKene3HO Aopore PaBHo npHMepHO 1000 KM).3. Pa3HHua MexKay 3KCnOpTHOA napHTeTHOH ueHOH H TpaHCnOpTHbiMH pacXoaaMH BKjiiomaeT B ce6H iiecHbie noflaTH, 3aTpaTbI

Ha JICC03arOTOBKY U BaJIoByio npti6bulb.4. Hanor Ha o6Luyio npU6blJb CMHraeTCm paBHbiM 35% BanOBO11 npH6bum. B 3Ty OuCHKY He BKJIOioeHbl apyrue BaxHbie HaniOrti

THna: HajiorOB Ha 3apa6oTHylo nfiaTy H Ha.nora Ha go6aBJieHHyIO CTOHMOCTb (HAC), KoTopbIe BMeCTe no pa3mepy paBHbiHajiory Ha npH6bulb.

5. BaaoBaA npH6bLTlb C4HTaeTCA paBHoN 20% OTr nporHO3HpyeMbix ueH Ha ueJnnO.9o3Hypo npOYKUHIO U nHunoMaTepHajibi.6. JliuA rPpOI.3BOaCTBa O11HOU TOHHbl uejijlIOJ1O3Hofi npoalyKuHm Tpe6yeTcR 6 Ky6oMeTpOB apeBecHHbI.7. OaMH Ky6oMeTp He nepepa6oTaHHoA ApeBecHHbl aaeT 0,4 Ky6H'eCKHX MeTpoB nuinoMaTepHajloB.

R4CTO1HHUK: OueHKH cneuHanjiHCTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, 1996.

nPHJI)OKEHHE A

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a,aMHHHCTpaTHBHOr4 HeynopqaoMeHHOCTH. 1H()JDHLHOHHoe aBjieHiHe Ha YPOBeHb 3apa6oTHoAnHiaTbl H ueH Ha TOnHJHBO - B co0eTaHHH Cc naaeHHeM cnpoca H coKpaleHHem o6'beManpOH3BOTCTBa - co3LaaeT AOnOJHHTenJbHYIO Harpy3Ky Ha rocyaapCTBeHHbie ( HHaHCOBbiepecypcbl, 3a C'eT KOTOpbIX npHXoa04TCA 4)HHaHCHpOBaTb H3Laep)KKH, He nOKpblBaeMbIe2aOxOaaMH OT OCHOBHOU aeATeJIbHOCTH MHor4x TpaHCnOPTHbIX opraH43aLuHf.

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BAbi TpaHcnopTa

B HaCTORLuee BpeMA AeConPO,yKUHR B POCCHH nePeB03HTCRI cleaYo}uHMo6pa3OM: no wKeJIe3HbIM aoporaM (60% o6Luero o6beMa); BHYTpeHHHM BOaHbIMH HYTHMH(24%); nio aBToMo6HJ1bHbIM aoporaM (11%), a TaKJKe cygaaMl MOPCKOFO ToproBoro 4UIoTa(4%). 3Ha'HTeJ¶bHaA IaCTb 3arOTOBAeHHoro nieca criaBJISIeTCA riO peKaM co6CTBeHHbIMHCHAiMH AeCorpoMbblUweHHb[X rpeanpHqTHV4 H, cKopee Bcero, He Yt1HTbIBaeTCq TpaHCrIOpTHOUiCTaT4CTHKOA. I,JA TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH neca IH4pOKO HCnOAb3ylOTCq ceumHaibHbie peqHbie HMOPCKHe TepMHHaJbl, KOTOpbie HMelOT COOTBeTCTByIOLLee norpy3oqHo-pa3rpy3oqHoeo6OpynOBaHHe, oTjiHUaIOLiteeCSq OT O6OpygOBaHHA, YCTaHOBjieHHOrO B peMHbIX H MOPCKHX

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258 nPHJIJOEHIE )i,

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o6,beMOB lepeBO3KH apeBeCHHbI pelqHbIM TpaHCHIOpTOM orpaHH4qHBaeTCq TeM, ITO

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BMeCTO o6Jier'eHHbIx 1 o6opyaOBaHHbIX CneuRaHJbHblMH npHcnoco6JIeHHqmH TpaHCnOPTHbIX

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259 HPIIAO)KEHHEJa

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ToproBEze MapTulpYTri H MOpCKHe CyAROXOARHbie KoMnaHHH

B Ta6ji. n.2 aaeTcsA cBOAHaAl HH4opMauHH O nepeBO3Ke JieconpoLIyKUH4 nopa3HbIM TOprOBbIM MapipyTaM 3a 1995 roA H B nepHOA Ao 1991 roAa. B Ta6ji. ,a.3 npHBeAeHnporHO3 ,AKHaMHKH nepeBO3OK pOCCHCKOrO iieca MOpCKHM TpaHCnOpTOM (c pa36HBKOA nonOPTOBbIM 6acceulHaM). OCHOBHbIMU MOpCKHMH repeBO3MHKamM B POCCHH (He Bce OHH3aHHMalOTCSA ToproBjiei JIecoM Hunu npoAyK.Umel H3 ApeBeCHHbl) SBJIASIIOTC:

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Knacca".

* Hau60inee AHBepCH4JHUHPOBaHHbIM H TeXHHMeCKH OCHaLueHHblM HepeBO3'IHKOMHMBJIReTCA F3aJITHUCKOe MOpCKOe napOXOACTBO, HMeioIee WTa6-KBapTHpy B r.CaHKT-HeTep6ypre. Y4aCTBy5I B 06CiyXCHBaHH1 KaK BHeliWHHX, TaK BHyTpeHHHXToprOBbIX onepaLuHuH 3KCnuiyaTipyqS 6o0iee 150 CyAOB, 3TO napOXOICTBO HMeeT 343aperlCTpHpOBaHHbIX neCoBo3a, HoIJHasl rpy3OHoAbeMHOCTb Ka)KAoro H3 HHXCOCTaBJIAeT 4.350 T.

* BTOpbM no pa3Mepy (nocnie E)aj¶TrHcKoro MopcKoro napOXOACTBa) nepeBO3'-HKOMSlBji5eTC5i aaAbHeBOCTO4HOe MOpCKOe napOXOACTBO, KOTOpOe He TOJIbKO BbinOJIHleTcaMble pa3HOnPO(DHIbHbie TpaHCUIOPTHbIe onepauHH, HO H o6cAy)KMBaeTnpaKTH4eCKH BeCb o6tbeM npH6peXKHOA TOprOBJIH B paroHe THXOOKeaHCKorOno6epeKbsi. IlcnOJIb3y$l 39 JieCOBO3OB (noJrHasl rpy3onoabeMHOCTb OT 4000 Ao 6000T), KOMraHH5I OCcylIeCTBJTIAeT lepeBO3KH H3 nopTa BAa,aHBOCTOK.

* KaM4aTCKoe napOXOTACTBO, CO WLTa6-KBapT4pOrl B lleTponaBjloBcKe-KaMwaTcKoM,HMeeT d)JIOT, COCTOSIlUH rifaBHbIM o6pa3oM H3 He6OJ1bLHX CyRoB 1AJs nepeBO3KH

reHepanibHbIx rpy3OB, KOPHYC KOTOpbIX yKpeniieH AAAI rpoXo)KAeHHA AbAOB.

* MypMaHcKoe napOXOACTBO, CO WTa6-KBapT4poH B MypMaHCKe, MieeTBHYWTHTejbHbli d)JIOT CyAOB-AeieOKOJIOB H o6wHpHyIO CCTb o6CJyKHBaeMbixTOPrOBbIX MaplIWDYTOB B 3anaaHyio EBPOny H CpeaH3eMHOMOPCKHA perHOH.

1~~~~~~~~~~~~~

nPHJ1OKEHHE )

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(c pa36HBKoR no perHoHaM), Mfl. T

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Apyruie nOpTbI 0 0 0 0 6,15 6,15

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BaJrrHMCKH61 6aCceKH

C.-neTep6ypr 12,48 19,3 4,80 3,53 0 27,63

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HOBOPOCCH"CK 17,50 18,50 0 0 0 18,50

Tyance 0 0 0 0 0,69 0,69

ApyrHe nlOpTbl 64,69 66,33 0 2,90 0,69 69,62

Bcero

THxooKeaHCKHH 6acceCHBaHHHo 8,45 12,47 0 0 0 12,47

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BjlaaJrBocToK 4,32 7,69 0,24 2,00 0 9,93

Xlpyrme nOpTbI 0 0 0 0 4,56 4,56

Bcero 28,25 43,31 0,88 8,30 4,56 57,05

Bce 6acceiHim 123,26 152,69 9,48 15t97 13,71 191,85

HcToYHHcfK BceMHpHbUi 6aHK, 1996 r.

261 HIPHAO)KEHNEa

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TopnBMe MapliiDyrw If J7po5Lm2 4o 1991 r. [ 1995 r.ELacri1CkKoe if 6Joe MOpq

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UejiAono3a 0,22 0,30|EyMara/KapToH 0,05 0,50

Bcero 7,52 3,90Twxif,# oKCaH

|nHloaoB4i*HK U qaHepHblr KP$DK 4,98 4.50BaflaHcoBaES apeBecHHa 1,38 1,50ni HAoMaTepua4bi 0,34 0,20Llena 0,31 0,20L l oiio3a 0,10 0,10

|Bcero 7,11 6,50VepHoe Mope

BanaHcoBas apeBecHHa 0,34 0,30r| iAoMoaTepHanbl 0,85 0,40Uennionio3a 0,26 0,20ra3eTHaSq 6yMara 0,17 1,00ByMara/KapToH 0,33 0,30

Bcero 1,95 2,30

fifworo 16,58 [ 12.60

HCToYHIIKf rocyaapCTBeHHblA TaMoCeHHbig KOMmTeT PoCcHUCKO Oeaepaumm.

Ta6.nHlHa J.3. HporHo3 3KciopTa neca, TpaHCHOpTUHpyeMOrO MOpCKHM HyTeM H3 POCCHH B2000 H 2005 rr. (c pa36HBKoA Ho 1OpTOBbiM 6acceriHaM), wH. T

17opToBbl. 6acceriH 2000 r. 2005 r.I oIMopHHJn7poeXr AnIbrpHarHHuMe CoiwmopHwmnpoeIrKT AmbTepHaTHoHme=_________________ I _______ ____ _ ____ OI4CHKII | fOO4CHKMCeBepHbIA 2,03 1.22 2,82 1,49SamTlhCKIIH 2,36 1,16 2,40 1,22'epHOMopCKH4I 0,79 0,43 0,80 0,51THxooKeaHcKHu 5,00 3,30 6,20 4,07Horo 10,1 6,12 12,22 7,29

HCTOYHHf/c. BceM14pHbJU 6aHK, 1996r.

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Jl*TepaTypa

Holt, Jane. 1993, Strategies for the Russian Federation. Studies of Economies inTransformation, No. 9. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Kehr, K. H. 1994. Working Paper for Project Completion Report of China: Daxinganling

Forest Fire Rehabilitation Project. World Bank, Washington, DC.World Bank. 1996. Russian Federation: Restructuring Russia's National ports. Report No.1500-RU, Europe and Central Asia Region, The World Bank, Washington, DC.

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267 HPHJIOKEHHE E

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268 HPIP1O)KEHHE E

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cpe,acTBo, a TaioKCe C6opoM nfAO,B H CaIOBOaCTBOM, 'TO CJIY)I(4T AAS HHXBa)KHbIM AonOJTHHTeJTbHbIM HCTOMHHKOM npO IryKTOB nIHTaHHS. 143BeCTHO, 'TOHerHfaaJIbLbl HHOraa npoMbIWUIJHOT TioneHeui (CMOJISK, 1994a). 06eHapOtaHOCTH Beeyr oceAnbit o6pa3 XH3HH (rOpOXOB, 19946).

OpowH m yl(31Vre1 . 9 TH rpynnbl 3aHHMalOTCA JieCHoUH OXOTOU, a TaKiepbi6HOU JIoBjiei H c6opoM HeapeBeCHoA neCHoi npOAYKU4HH - rnaBHbIMo6pa3oM, =A. 3arOTOBOK npO[yKTOB nHTaHHR Ha 3HMy. Opoqu H ya3rerunbirpO)KHBalOT B nOCTOSHHbIX nocenKax H He 3aHHMaioTcA OJIeHeBOJCTBOM(CMOJIAK, 19946). nonHas Bbipy6Ka JieCOB B HeKOTOpbIX parioHax 3acTaBHua4aCTb y,a3reguieB nepecenHTbcs B apyrHe MecTa, r,ae OHH CO BpeMeHeM HcMe3IH.Te, KTO ocTaJIHCb, cMorJIH, nO Bcefi BepOATHOCTH, BbDKHTb TOJIbKO nOTOMy, 'TOOHH COPOTHBJISflnHCb nOJIHOH Bbipy6Ke iieCOB Ha HX TeppHTOPHH(LHHHpeJIbMaH, 1993).

* HaHa# H fYbWf. IH3Ha4a)IbHO HaHarLIbi H yJIb'H 6bMH pbi6oniOBaMH H KpOMeTOrO HeMHOrO 3aHHMaWHCb OXOTOU H C6opoM ntHuHi (JiecHoi ripORyKLUHH HMOpCKHX BoIopocnei - B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MeCTOHaxoA)aeHtHH noceJIKa). OHHoce,iJo npo)KHBalOT B CBOHX roceCKax. CerOAHH OHH 3aHHMaioTcSpbI6oJIOBCTBOM uHn (B OrpaHH'IeHHOM KoAiHqeCTBe) nowuJH pa6oTaTb Hanieco3aroToKuK HJIH npeLnPHATHA niecHoro XO3ASCTBa (MecWITbi6, 1994;CMOJAIK, 1994B).

HHBXN. HHBXH TpaALIUHOHHO 3aHHMaioTcA pbi6oJIoBCTBOM. OHH )KHBYT BnoOCTOAHHbIX HnIH nOJIYnOCTOSHHbIX noceniKax B YCTbRX peK HeaJieKO OToKeaHa. Ux cyleCTBOBaHie BO MHoroM 3aBHceJIo OT c6opa nHLUH B Mope, Ha6epery H B .necax. Koraa-To OHU 3aHHMaJIHCb npOMbICJIOM TiojieHeui H JieCHOtuOXOTOrl, riiaBHbIM o6pa3OM, uiA c6blTa nyLUHHHbI (TaKcaMH, 1981).

* Ken. KeTbl ABJIAIOTCS pbI6oAOBaMH H IieCHbIMH OXOTHHKaMH, KOTOpbie TaKX)e3aHHMalOTCS oneHeBo,4CTBoM. C6op rJOZOB HMeeT IAI HHX OTHOCHTenJbHOHe6oJIbluoe 3HaIeHHe. He TaK aaBHO KeTbl nepecTanH 3aHHMaTbCRnaCT6i.UHbIM oJIeHeBO24CTBOM H nepeWJIH Ha OXOTHH4UiU IPOMblCeTi nyWHUHHbI,a TaKiKe (B orpaHH'ieHHbIX MacWLTa6ax) Ha pbI6HyIo JIOBJIIO H c6op nfIOLaOB Ansco6CTBeHHoro noTpe6ieHHS (BarHWTeriH, 1994).

* CeibxyH H IllOptL. Pbi6onOBbl, OXOTHHKH H oJieHeBOAbl, CeJlbKynbI KOrAa-TO6buIH KOqeBHHKaMH, HO cenlaC Be,yT ocexibIr o6pa3 )KH3HH (BacHnbeB,1994B). OHH co6HpaloT nieCHbIe nOAbl Ui HIOBSAT pbl6y AAA CBoero co6CTBeHHoronoTpe6ieHHI4. CMeUIaHHbie 6paKH C PYCCKHMH (cenbiKynbi) H XaKaCaMH(wopubl) OKa3aiUH CHTIbHOe BUIHAHHe Ha A3blKH H Tpa,i4UHUOHHbIe 3aHTHAR 3TU4XHaPOAOB (BacHjibeB H MaJIHHOBCKaR, 1993; E5yTaHaeB, 1993).

• 4QalHm. aOJ1raHbl - 3TO MoAoioaA 3THHqecKaq rpynna (nosBHunacb B KOHue2IeBSTHaaLxaTOrO BeKa), CJIOX)KBwaACA B pC3yJ1bTaTe CMmeweHH KOpeHHbIXMaJOU4HCjieHHbIX HaPOfOB CeBepa C PYCCKHMH CTapo)KHAaMH. OHH 3aHHMalOTCSI1aCT6HUxHbiM oJneHeBOaCTBOM, npOMbICJIOM aUHKHX CeBepHbIX OJneHeU B uenIAX,ao6blUH MACa H wKyp, pbI6oJIOBCTBOM, a TaKwe c6opoM nnfOaOB, pacTyYlllHX BTyHZape. flpH TOM, qTo 60JIbWHHCTBO H3 HHX riepeceni4UiOCb B MeCTHbieropoacKHe rIOCeJIKH, OHU He 6pocaloT CBOH TpaHUXHOHHbie 3aHSTHS.

276 HPHJIOKEHHE )K

HcHLIu, 3HI(M H HnIHaCaHM. )ZnIf 3THX o6HTaiolUX B TYHape 3THt4eCKHX

rpynn rIaBHbIM 3aHSTHeM no-npe)KHeMy OCTaeTCA naCT6HIuHoe oneHeBOAcTBO,

a aOnOnIHHTeAbHbIMH 3aHATH1MH qBJIqSIOTCA pbI6ojioBCTBO H npOMbIceni

CeBepHbIX oJIeHei A1 Ao6biNH wlKyp U MAICa (BacHAbeB, 19946).

B oTJuIme OT 3TUX KOpeHHbIX 3THH4eCKHX rpynn apy7we KOpIHHUc Ipyfmm aHHorO

perHoHa (sKyTbl, XaKaCbI H pYCCKHe CTapo)KHUbi) (3OPMHUpIOT OTaeSJbHbie COuL4aAbHO-

KyJnbTypHbie rpynnbl. ECJIH CTaTyc AKyTOB H xaKacoB KaK KOpeHHblX HapoaOB He BbI3blBaeT

HHKaKUX npo6AeM, TO TaKOe OnpexeJieHHe, KaK "KOpeHHbIe pyCCK4e", npo6JIeMaTH4qHO.

HepenHCb HaceieHuHAi 1926 r. BbaejiAiJia KopeHHbIX pyCCKHx, pOOaHBWJHXC51 B 3THX Kpaqx, H

nepecenieHieB (pyccKiie CTapocKHJbl). aByCMbIcJieHHoCTb BO3HHKaeT 6naroaap3l TOMy, HTOHeKOTOpbie "KOpeHHbIe" PYCCKHe MOryT 6blTb rOTOMKaMH Tex 3THHMeCKHX pyCCKHX, KOTOpble

nonanHu B CH6Hpb H Ha IaflbHHri BOCTOK B pe3ynfbTaTe MacCOBOA MHrpa[Lti HaceJieHHA,

HaqaBmeAcA npHiMepHO B 1905 r. IICT4HHO KOpeHHbie rpynnbI yKe IaBHO KOHTaKTHpYIOT C

KOpeHHbIMH MaJIo4HCAeHHbIMH HapoaaMH CeBepa H xopowo nOHHMalOT OCo6eHHOCTH

)KH3HeHHOrO yKIiaaa H IOBeaeHHe apyr Rpyra - jiyqwe, leM nepecenieHUbl nOHHM1alOT H TeX H

ApyrHx.

PyCCKHe C7IpOJfJm npO)HBalOT HO Bceg TeppHTOPHH 3Toro perHOHa, B OCHOBHOM, B

1aOJIHHax peK. lIx rnaBHoe 3aHqTHe - pbi6ojIOBCTBO B co4eTaHHH C 3eMJIeaeAieM Ha iore H OXOTOUi

Ha ceBepe. nepeceiieHUbI TaK H He nepeWmuI Ha oJIeHeBOaCTBO, XOTS KOraa-TO y HUX 6buIH

6oJmuIHe cTaj1a ofleHeri, KOTOpbIX nacni npeaCTaB4TeJI4 KOpeHHbIX HapoaoB (FyJIeBcKH4l H

CM4meHKO, 1994). Pocc4gCKHe Ka3aKM TO)Ke npHuH4CJIqOT ce6si K "KOpeHHbIM" HapOaaM, H B

Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae OHU aKTHBHO 6oplOTCA 3a npHCBoeHHe HM 3Toro CTaTyca, KOTOpblAi JaeT

npaBO Ha nojiyteHHe 6ecnJIaTHbIx JIHueH3MR Ha OXOTy H pbI6ojiOBCTBO, a TaKwKe 3eMenJbHbIX

yMacTKOB, Heo6JIaraeMbIx apeHaHOr4 niiaToP HJunu HajioroM. BpHa JInu, Ka3aKH ao6blOTCq ycnexa,

TIOCKOJIbKy Hx ipeTeH3HH iMelOT noH co60u He 6onbwe OCHOBaHH4r, LleM npeTeH3HH MHOrUIX

ApyruHX 3THH4eCKHX rpynn.

XaKacM - 3TO npUHHIBWHR XPHCTHaHCTBO TIOpKO-,q3blHbIg Hapoa, B COCTaB KOTOporo

BXOLAT 4eTblpe rIneMeHH. 3To OaHa H3 CaMblX yp6aHH3HpoBaHHbIx H "o6pyceBW1x" 3THHiqeCKHX

rpynn CH6HpH. nepBOHaLajIbHO, 3TH nIiemeHa 6buH no.IyKoMeBbIMH CKOTOBOaaaM4, KOTOPble

3aHHMaBJHCb pa3BeaeH4eM jjowaaeH H OBCU, a TaK)Ke Tpaa4UHOHHbiM rOpHbIM CeJbCKHM

X035rUCTBOM. Koraa-To OXoTa HM4eJIa ARA HHX orpoMHoe 3Ha4eHHe, H BOKpyr 3Toro pota

rae,qTeJbHOCT4 BO3HHKjio 6oAbuloe KOJIl-IeCTBO pa3J1H4HbIX o6pIaOB. C60p HCapeBeCHOH iieCHOi

npOaYKUHH4, oco6eHHo KopHenJIOaOB H KeapOBbIX opexoB, TaK)ce HMJei 6onbWuoe 3HaCeHHe DARA

nPHrOTOBjieHH51 UX TPaamUI4OHHOA nHHLU (byraHaeB, 1994).

RKy7M, KOTOpbIe TaKwe OTHOCATCA K Hpl4HHBLUM XpUCTHaHCTBO TIOpKO-,q3blqHbIM

HapOaaM, KOraa-TO EieAUHJICb Ha 35-40 rineMeH, HO ceuMac TaKoe aejieHHe HCqe3Jo. Ilx

Tpa4ULLHOHHbje 3aHqTH5 6bnUI aBHaJIOrHHbI 3aH51UTHAM xaKaCOB (B. lI4BaHOB, 1994) BnJIOTb ,DO

BOceMHaauaTOrO BeKa, KOrIaa Ta tiaCTb AKyTOB, KOTOpaA nepeceflTacb Ha ceBepo-3anaA, 6bmia

BblHyx.eHa OTKa3aTbCSI OT pa3BeeeHH4I JioLwaEDeh H KpynHOrO poraToro CKOTa B YCJIOBH5IX TyHapbl

H JTeCOTyHapbI. OHU nepeWJIH Ha OieHeBOoaCTBO B uenjix KpynHOMacuTa6HorO KOMMepCecKoro

npOH3BO,aCTBa MACa H WUKyp. 3Ta HOBaA rpynna, nOJIy'-HBwa5i Ha3BaHme "5IKyTOB-OAeHeBOROB",

HO51BHi4aCb B aeBATHaAUaTOM BeKe H co3Laajia, HaBepHoe, camoe HpOH3BOaHTeJIbHOe nacT6HIILHoe

OjieHeBOJtCTBO BO Bceri EBpa3HH. MHOrie SKYTbI He OTKa3a.1HCb OT 3TomO 3aHATHS4 H B COBeTCKOe

BpeMSl, HO OHH BOWAIH B nOJIH3THHLeCKHe COBXO3bI nJIu KOJIXO3bl.

277 nPKJ1OXCEH4E K

HepeceCmIm COCTaBJIqIOT 6oAbWHHcTBo HaceAeHHq BO MHOrHX paHOHax. 5IBiSlCb, BOCHOBHOM, 3THM4eCKHMH pyCCKHMH, OHH TaKXe BKJlOMalOT yKpaHHUCB, 6enOpyCOB H TaTap; KaKnpaBHJIO, B KYJlbTYPHOM OTHOwIeHHH OHM nOXO)KH Ha "eBponeHcKHX PYCCKHX - no KpagHeUMepe, B ropoAax. CeflbcKoe HacenieHHe MCeeT 6onee CJIO)KHbliU xapaKTep, nOCKOJ]bKy 3AeCb mIoAlCTpeM3RTCA o6beaMHATbCA no nPH3HaKy o611HOCTH KYJIbTypHbIX UCTOKOB HnM ye3)KaTb B ropoAanocne TOrO, KaK 3apa6oTaJlH AOCTaTO4Hoe KOAHMeCTBO AeHer. B Luej1oM, camoe CHAbHoeKYJIbTypHOe caMOCO3HaHHe H CaMbIe 3Ha'HTeJTbHb1e rIoBeaeH4ecKMe oTjnHqHA XapaKTepHbl 21JH1npo)KHBalOIHX B CH6upu pyCCKHX, OCo6eHHO B CeJnbCKOU4 MeCTHOCTH. 9TH nepeceAeHUbl, KaKnpaBHAO, pa6oTaloT Ha rpeHnpHSTHAIX ropHoAo6blBaioLueH rpoMbnIwJeHHocTM, TpaHcrOpTe, BreoflorlqecKoH pa3BeAKe HuH Ha JieCO3arOTOB14TebHbIX npegripM1THAX H TOJbKO B BHUeHCKHO'ioeHHSI iXAyT pa6oTaTb B iiecHoe XO3Ar4CTBO nJIH TpaHULIHOHHbie ceKTopa MeCTHOA3KOHOMHKH. IIHTepeCHbIM Ha6AIOaeHHeM ABJIqeTCA TO, 'TO MHOrHe J1eCO3arOTOBHTeJiH - 3TO6biBUIHe 3aKJiOqeHHbie, KOTOpbIe, HOJIyq4B npOq3eccHIO BO BpeMI OT6blBaHlSI CpOKa B TpyAOBbIXnarep.qx, nocue OCBo6o)KaeHH5 CeiilTCq B 6num3exameH MeCTHOCTH.

HenpaBHTe.nbcTBeHHbie opraMmHu3mu

3a nocueAHMe roabI nOiBHAOCb MHo)KeCTBO HenpasuTenbCTBeHibiX opraHu3aUldi (HnO),BbiCTynaOlumX OT HMeHH KOPeHHbIX HaPOTOB. OHH 3aHHMalOTCS caMOH pa3HOH aeATeJbHOCTbIO -OT c6opa MHHqOpMaUMH O npo6IieMaX, KOTOpbIe CTOAT nepeA KOpeHHbIMH HapOIaMH, HBbICKa3bIBaHM5 cBOeu O3a6oMeHHOCTH B cpeACTBax MaccoBOh 1H(OpMauHH, Ao H3yqeHHR HKOMMep4ecKoro c6blTa TpaAiUHUOHHOA MY3bIKH H no33uu H oKa3aHH5 CO,AerCTBHS B pa3pa6OTKeKOHuenHLHri co3AaHHs yqaCTKOB npHpOLHbIX pecypcoB, OTBO,AHMbIX AAA TPaAHuHOHHOrOHcHoAb3oBaHHH KOpeHHbIMH HapoaaaMH. B CH6upu H Ha alaJibHeM BocToKe aKTHBHO pa6oTaloT HHeKOTOpbie MeKCyHapOAHbie HnO.

Hau6o0nee aKTHBHOH H BJIHSTeJIbHoI 13 Bcex HIO, MMeeioLeue CBOHX npeAcTaB4TeJ1e9 BOBcex alMMHHcTpaTHBHO-TeppMTOpHaAbHbIX o6pa3oBaHMAX, pafoHax H noceAKax, ABSCeTCAAccoLHaJuHS KopeHHbIX Majio'-cJIeHHbIX HaPOQOB CeBepa, Cu6HPu H AanjbHerO BoCTOKaPOCCHUCKOU $PeAepaLtMm, OCHOBaHHaA B KOHUC 1993 r. 9Ta rpynna HMeeT CBOIO OpraHH3aumioHa o6wepoccMAcKOM YPOBHe (TaK we, KaK H MeXayHapoaHblf4 4)OHA pa3BMTHST ManjOqHCJieHHbIXHapoAoB H 3THHMeCK4X rpynn, nJIaroTBOpHTeCbHbl (bOHA pa3B4TH5I KyAbTypbl CeBepa HManOqHCJTeHHb[X HapOAOB CeBepa, $POHA, COXpaHeHHq H pa3BHTH14 3KOHOMUKH H KyJIbTypblMajiou4cAeHHb1X HapoAoB CeBepa, MeXAyHapoAHas nura MaAoIHcOHeHHbIX HapOAOB H3THHqeCKHX rpynni, a TaKxe (oOHA ManjOq4cAeHHbIX HapoAOB CeBepa). JapyrHe HnO aekCTByIOTrniaBHbIM o6pa3OM Ha MeCTax unM AerUCTBYIOT OT HMeHH KOHKPeTHbIX 3THHqeCKHX rpynn uInurpynn, HaxoqSWHXCq B R3bIKOBOM unM KYJIbTYPHOM pOACTBe.

AccouHaUHH KopeHHbIX MaTio'HcAeHHbIX HapoAOB CeBepa (13BeCTHaS1 B pa3HblX perHoHaxnoa pa3HblMH Ha3BaHHl4MH), B 4aCTHoCTH, ee pertHoHajIbHoe oTAeJIeHHe, AeAcTBylOuee BTypyxaHCKOM H EHHCerCKOM paUiOHax KpaCHOqpCKOrO Kpaq H B 3BeHKHH, riPMHIMmanaHeHOCpeACTBeHHOe yqaCTHe B pa3pa6oTKe KOHUellUHH "TeppHTOpHUi TpaAHUMOKHOH O3eMJieClOJlb3OBaHMM" H KOHuenUCHU "KJaHa-CeMbH-o6LUHHbl". KpoMe TOIO, B COTPYAHtMieCTBe CpariOHHbIMH aAM4HHcCTpaUl4AMH H CrUMeJaICTaMH $eAepaTIbHOA CJiyx6bl ueCHoro X03SA4CTBaAccoLLHautiA OKa3blBaTia coaeCTBHe B opraHH3aLiHH o6LUMH H BbiaejieHHq MM 3eMeCjbHbIXyMaCTKOB.

CouHauIbHO-KynbTypHbwe npo6JleMbi

Fpo6ineMbl, CTOALuCe nepea KopeHHbIMH HapoAaMm Cu6upu H JaJJbHero BocToKa,aHBaorHMHbl npo6ueMaM noAo6Hblx rpynn HaceJIeHHiA BO BceM MHpe. YMeHbweHHe HAM

278 nPIVIOACEHHE X

yBeniHteHHe pa3mepa TaKHX rPYnn MO)CeT CTaTb aln HHX COUHaJibHOH npo6JieMog, TaK Xe, KaK H

KyJ!bTypHasI aCCHMHJIAUH5 (nOTeps KyflbTypHbIX U nOBeaeHMeCKHX oco6eHHOCTeri H HaBbIKOB,

Heo6xo,aHMbIx xiSi COXpaHeHHS9 TpaaHUIIOHHbIX 3aHSATH Hnu pHTyaJIoB), a TaKwKe 3THH'eCKaS H

SI3bIKOBaSl accHMHAuLSHA, BKAio'aR Heo6paTIMoe 6ioAortiecKoe cMeweHHe C HeKOpeHHbIMt

HapO,aaMH. 9TH npo6neMbl ycyry6iSlIOTCI ,OBOJIbHO BblCOKHM YPOBHeM 6e3pa6oTUblI, 6eaHocTm

H anKOrOJIH3Ma - IBJeHHeM, HanpqMyiO CBH3aHHbIM C pe3KHM naAeHHeM COOTHOLeHHH

KOAHMeCTBa My)KIHH H )KeHUHWH no npHqH4He BbICOKOrO YpOBHA CMepTHOCTH Myx)HH

(CoKonoBa, 1990).

Y 6o0nJbHCTBa KopeHHbIX HapoaoB, 3a HcKnioHeHHeM ceAbKynOB U 3HueB, 4HcAeHHOCTb

HacejieHHH paCTeT KaK B OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX, TaK H B a6coAioTHbIx LUH(pax. 3Ta TeHaeHUHR Mo)KeT

YCHAHTbC51 H3-3a MacCOBOrO npHTOKa HeKopeHHbIX HapoaOB C CeBepa, KOTOpblU Ha6jHloaaeTCq C

Ha{ajia 1990-x roaoB, H npHBeCTH K TOMy, YTO B HeKOTOpbIX aaMHHHCTPaTHBHO-

TePPHTOPHaJ1bHbIX o6pa3oBaHHRx KOpeHHbie HapOglb 6yayr B 3Ha4HTeAbHoM MeHbllWHHCTBe.

)J,AR 6o0bWHHcTBa 3THX rpynn cepbe3Hy1o npo6JIeMy npeacTaBASHOT KyJ1bTypHaq H o6[uaA

aCcHMHA51UIH5 H 6HonorwmecKoe cMeIlIeHHe. HaceneHHe 60jibIIHHCTBa KOpeHHb1X HapO,IOB

MO)XCHO B Lue1omM pa3XeniHTb Ha TpH rpynnbl. OAHa rpynna HacenieHH5 no-npe)KHeMy )KHBeT B

Ko,qeBb1X HAH H3OAHPOBaHHbLX o6IUHHax. BTopaq rpynna - B nojuH3THHqeCKHX noceJiKax, HO no-

npeAKHeMy BeneT TpaHULtHOHHbli o6pa3 )KH3HH. TpeTbs - B KpYIHbIX nOAH3THHqeCKHX

HaCeiJeHHbiX nyHKTaX H pa6oTaeT B COBpeMeHHbIX, HeTpa,HULIHOHHbIX ceicopax 3KOHOMHKH. B

TpeTb1O rpynny nofa,aeT rpHMHepHo nOIOBHHa 3aHATOFO HaceheHH51 KopeHHbIX Hapo,aOB

(CoKofloBa, 1990).

HecMoTpH Ha TaKHe pa3uii4qHq B xapaKTepe pacceneHHr H o6pa3e )KH3HH, MHorHe

KOpeHHbIe HapOabI 'yBCTBYIOT IPO4HYIO CB513b npyr C apyrOM H ouTyUlaloT CBOIO

npHHaAIe)KHOCTb K OAHOMY KJiaHy, OAHOR o6wUHHe Hun 3THH1ecKoMy o6pa3oBaHHlo. Oco6eHHo

npo'IHbI CB5R3H Memuy He6OJIbLUHMH noceIKaMH, a TaiOKe KoMeBbIMH H H3OJI1POBaHHbIMH

rpynnaMH, npO)KHBaIOIUHMH B OT1ajieHHbIX cToR6Hiuax. KpoMe Toro, CyUReCTBYIOT

noIHTHUqeCKHe, KyJbTypHbie, o6pa3oBaTeflbHble, pORCTBeHHbie, 3KOHOMH4eCKHe H 513bIKOBbie

CB13H, a TaK)Ke TOPrOBJIH H COBMeCTHOe BJ1aAeHHe HMyHUeCTBOM MeKLy pa3JIH4Hb1MH nOCeeAKaMH.

TaK, HanpuMep, aeTH, npowKBaiioiue B nocenKax HAH ropoaax, npOBOaqT KaHHKynJbl CO CBOHMH

6a6yUiKaMH, eaeywKaMH H ApyrlHMH pOCTBeHHHKaMH B ofeHeBoaleCKHX nJIH pbi6oJIOBeUKHX

CTo6HuWax, rae OHM COBepweHCTBYIOT 3HaHHe pOOHOrO I3blKa, o6y'alOTCc TpaLuLHLOHHbiM

HaBb1KaM H HaMHHalOT owywLaTb o6LUHOCTb KYJIbTypbl H CBOIO CaMo6blTHOCTb.

I3blKOBaH accHMHJIqLUHR npOH30umja, rJaBHbIM o6pa3oM, 3a CqeT nepexoxaa Ha

HCnOJ1b3OBaHHe pyccKoro sI3blKa, a B AIKyTUH - Ha qKYTCKHe q3bIKH. Ho xaa,ce B TeX cjly'aqx,

Korna ruiemeHa KOpeHHb1X MaJO4HCjieHHbIX HapOAOB CeBepa nlepeXOAqT Ha O0U4H H3 3THX q3blKOB

us' ygo6CTBa, OHM no-npe)KHeMy 'eTKO owylualoT CBOIO 3THH1ecKyio caMo6bITHOCTb (Ky3HeuoB

H MHCCOHOBa, 1993). 3THHMecKaSI accHMHJIAULH5 npOHCXOaHT, rJaBHbIM o6pa3oM, cpeaH

KopeHHOrO HaceJeHH5, npO2KHBaioLtero B ropoaax, KorAa OHO y)Ke He Mo)KeT H3Bsneb TaKHe

BbIrO,bl H3 CTaTyCa 3THH4eCKOrO MeHbWHHCTBa, KaKHe H3BJieKalOT HX COpOaLUH4 B cejibcKog

MeCTHOCTH. reHeTuHecKoe cMewIeHHe (c HeKOpeHHbIMH HapOaaMH) HaCTOAbKO pacnpocTpaHeHO,

HTO POCT 'HCJIeHHOCTM CeJlbKynOB, KeTOB H HraHaCaHOB o6yCJiOBJIeH, rilaBHbIM o6pa3OM,

no.qBJleHHeM AeTeg OT CMewaHHbiX 6paKoB. 9To MO)KeT llpHBeCTH K pa3Mb1BaHH1O 3THHLeCK4X

rpaHHU H, 'ITO 6o0ee Ba)KHO, K nOTepe CBOH1CTB HacieaCTBeHHOti 6HonorrHecKog a,aHTaaau K

CypOBbIM YCAOBMSIM CeBepa (KnoKOB H KoploxHHa, 1994).

279 HlPHAo)KEHHE K

Pacnpe,aeAeHHe 3eMeCJb Mex(y COCeaHHM4 KOpeHHbIMH MaajO1ioCiceHHbIMH HapoaaMHCesepa H apyrHMH KOpeHHbIMH HapogaMH, BKAiuOqaSI pa3,aeAeH4e OXOTHHiqbHX H pbi6oJiOBeUKHXyro,aHri H oJIeHbHX naCT6Hu, npOH3Ouio 6o0nee BeKa Ha3aa. He3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, HaCKOJIbKOTaKoe pacripeaejieHHe 6buo cnpaBeIAH4bIM, HbIHeWUHee pa3aejleHHe 3eMeJb H yFOauH]CyiueCTByeT y)Ke aaBHO H qBjSieTCR o6menpH3HaHHbIM, H BCe CTOpOHbI cerlqac C4HTalOT TaKOe.aejieHHe "eCTeCTBeHHbIM". TaKHM o6pa3OM, pa3TIejieHHe "o6WUHHHbIX 3eMenb" Mexay KYiaHaMH,ceMb$1M4 unJI o6UHHaMH He Bbl3blBaTiO COuJaHjbHOrO KOHrJIHKTa. B Tex cAy'aSx, Korga BeaeHHeKOJIXO3Horo H COBXO3Horo XO3sihCTBa noTpe6oBaJo nepeceneH[iq MHorI'x ceMee, BCKOJTbIXHYnaCbo6uiecTBeHHasl naMHTb 0 TOM, KaK BCe 6buIo o6yCTpoeHO B CTap4Hy, H 6bu¶o npoBeaeHo HOBoepa3rpaHHUIeHHe 3eMeJJb, BKJiO4aA B cJy'ae HeO6XoaHMOCTH o6MeH y'aCTKaMH. OaHaKO, KorLapyCCKHe CTapO)KHAbi H SIKyTbI rOKHLXalOT CBOH POAHbie 3eMjiH H ceJITCSI B HOBbIX MeCTax, MeC)ayHHMH H KOpeHHbIMH MaJoqHCJeHHbIMH HapOgaaMH MO)KeT BO3HHKHyTb riSpMoe COrepHiHeCTBO 3apa6oqHe MeCTa B TpaaLHtLOHHbix npOMbIcAax. TaKas ripo6nieMa He BO3HHKaeT, ecnu OHUcTpeM51TCR HaiTH pa6oTy Ha COBpeMeHHbix rpOMblwineHHbIX npeanpRITHAX HJIH TpaHCnOpTe.ByayMqH ripiuHeJbUaMH, 3TH J1IOAU MOryT o6HapyxcHTb, WTO K HUM OTHOCATCS1 KaK K"'nepeceJIeHuaM", a He KaK K "KOpCHHOMy HaCeJAeHH10", He3aBHCHMO OT 3THH4eCKOrO COCTaBaMeCTHoro coo6lueCTBa.

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TpaAHnuHOHHble 3aHMTK5 H KyJIbTrip

HOHATHe TpaLU4LtHOHHbIX 3aHSIT1H HaCeJeHHH B 3THX perUOHax wHpOKO HCHOj1b3yeTCq BpOCCHrICKOH JIHUTepaType, CpeACTBaX MaCCOBOU H H¢OpMaLuUH H aaMUHHHCTpaTHBHO-npaBOBbIXaOKYMeHTaX. OHO OTHOCHTCS K OXOTe Ha 3Bepek C UeCJblO ao6bi'rn nYWHHHbl H MHCa; OTAOBY HoxoTe Ha TIoACeHei H He6o.TbwHX KHTOB; JIOBJIC pbi6bl B peKaX, 03epaX H Ha MOPCKOM nO6epeKbe;oneHeBoIacTBy; c6opy HeapeBeCHOA JieCHOA npOAyKu4H, Haip4Mep, ArOA, Cbeao6HbIX paCTeHHA,opeXOB, rpu60B H TpaB; H3rOTOBJIeHHIO HaUHOHaAbHOH OaeACKbI H npeaMeTOB ,aOMaWHeA yTBapHH 3arOTOBKe HpO2IYKTOB rHTaHH5. MHOiHe H3 3THX TpaaHUHUOHHbIX 3aHSTHfl nipeTepneiHJ O'eHbCepbC3Hbie H3MeHeHHS B pe3yJIbTaTe KOAAeKTHBH3aUHH H MOaepH43aUiH, HarpHMep,HCHOAb3OBaHHe COBpeMeHHbIX CeTeH H MeXaHH3HpOBaHHbIX MOPCKHX CyaOB, riepexoa OTpa3Be,aeHHU1 OJeHerH KaK CpeaCTBa nepeaBHuKeHC4A K C03AaH41O KPYnHbiX naCT6HLUHbIX HoAeHeCBOLI4eCKHX ripeaHr TH ATH 1aA KOMMep4eCKOrO c6bITa Mqca u Hw[Kyp.

B nociieaHee BpeMq B alHCKYCCHHX MeCAy POCCU4UCKHMH 3KCnepTaMH H aKTHBHCTaMHaBH)KeHHA 3a npaBa KOpeHHbIX HapOaOB nORBHIOCb HOHSTHCe "HeOTpaawUL4OHaIH3M", TO eCTbpa3BTHCe TpaI4UIHOHHbIX 3aHSTHh B CO4eTaHHH C COBpeMeHHbIMH COuHaAbHbIMH HMefHUHHCKHMH yCSyraMH H CBM3aHHbIMH C HHMH TeXHOAOrHqMH4. 9To HOHHTHeripe,ayCMaTpHBaeT:

280 nHPHJ1OKEH HE A

* FlepeceuieHHe cenJbCKHX )KHTeiieg 13 KpynHbIX HaCeJieHHblX nyHKTOB B He6ojlblHHe

nOCeAKH, pacrOJIO)KeHHbie Ha CJIO)KHBUWHXCq OXOTHHMbHX H pbi60jiOBeLKHX yrOJabqIX H

ojieHbHX nacT6HuLax.

* YBeJmIeHHe KantTaJiOBJIO)KeHHI4 B TPaaHUHOHHbie npOMbICAbl.

* EOnbbaA OPHeHTaUHS npOH3BOaCTBa Ha BHyTpeHHHe HY)K4bl B ueMjix AOCTI)KeH4H

caMoo6ecne'eHHOCTH .

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KyJIbTypHOh opraHH3auHH, nOaOT1eTHOR CBoeMy HaceJleHHIo (nHKa H FpoxopoB,

1994).

OAHO H3 npOBeaeHHbIX HCCj1eAOBaHHli nOKa3aao, 'TO 6o0iee 90 npoueHTOB KOpCHHoro

HaCeIieHH5I TaUiMbipa, 3BeHKHH U KpaCHORPCKOrO Kpaq CM4TalOT, tlTO UX 6yayaLee - 3TO

Pa3BHTHC TpaAHUH4OHHbIX nPOMbICJIOB ([yjieBCKHU H CHM4eHKO, 1994). nO MHeHmIO

60JTbUIHHCTBa POCCUUCKUX 3THojiOrOB, Bbl)KHBaHHe KOpCHHbIX MaJIOWHCjieHHbIX HapOaOB CeBepa

3aBHCHT OT CoXpaHeHHA U pa3BHTHH HX TpamUUHOHHOA KyJIbTypbl H Tpaai4UOHHbIX 3aHATiHI

(111HHpenbMaH, 1994).

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n1eCHbIX peCYPCOB Ha HYA(Abl 3THX rpynn HaceJieHHiu: neCHOA ceKTop, KOTOpblU BKnioHaeT

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npOMblCJnbl", BKJlio'aioluHe ucnOJnb3OBaHue HeapeBeCHbIX .IeCHbIX peCypCOB. JeCHOA CeKTOp

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(DenepanbHasI cJIy)K6a AecHoro XO3SH4CTBa ocyuieCTBji5eT pyKOBOT,CTBO neCOXO33H4CTBeHHOA

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Bbipy6Ky, AecOBoccTaHOBjieHHe, caaq-y B apeHAYy H BbileAeHHe 3eMeAJbHbIX y'aCTKOB pa3JI4HHblM

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6yMa)KHbie KOM64HaTbl.

43 OCTaBwegcq JeCHOU TePpHTOPHH 3TUX peri4OHOB 4% HaxoaqTCq B BeaeHHH

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(B nocneaHee BpeMS) aKLUHOHepHbIX nJIu KOonepaTHBHbIX npeHnpHI4THI4. 1I HaKOHeU, NO% 3TOU

TeppUTOpUH HaXOAHTCA B BeaeHH4 rocyaapcTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa no oxpaHe oKpy)KaioLWeH CpeabI

(npHpoZaHbie 3anoBeaH4KH) H 1% - B BeaeHHH Lpyr4x opraH43a1uui, HanpHMep, M4HHCTePCTBa

o6OpOHbI (HcnblTaTeAbHbie noju4rOHbl). TeopeTHiqeCKH, AecHas ripoMblwjiCHHOCTb He Mo)KeT

nOKa HCnOJb3OBaTb 3TH 3eMJiH.

HpH TOM, xITO HeKOTOPbIe CeJbCKOXO3sACTBeHHbie npeanpH$1TH51 3aHHMaKOTCA

TpaLHUHOHHbIM CeAbCKHM X035IACTBOM, HanpHMep, pa3BeaeHHeM KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa HAM

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MHOrHe pa6OTHHKH, Odmutia3bHO 3aperl'CTPHPOBaHHbie KaK "ceJTbCKOXO3,I icTBeHHbIe pa6o0tHe,,

Ha caMoM feAe ABJISlOTCq npO(3eCCHOHajlbHbIM4 OXOTHHKaMH, pbi6oAOBaMH H OAeHeBO,aaMM. 9TH

281 fPPJIO)KEHKE XK

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3aBHCHMOCTb OT 6HoAorH4ecKux peCypcOB ieCOB

I4CHOub3OBaHHe 6HouIorwHecKHx pecypcoB nIeCOB HMeeT 6ojibwoe 3HaqeHHe ansRKOpeHHOrO HaCeJleHHA KaK HpIAMOi HCTO4HHK 3aHSTOCTH, Aeca cjiy)KaT HCTO4HHKOM apeBeCHHbI,aAns HpOH3BOLaCTBa CTpOHTeCbHbIX MaTepHanOB H TOnUIHBa, HCTOMHHKOM HeapeBeCHOUi rpOioyKUHHunai 6blTOBoro noTpe6AeHH5, HaTypaAbHoFO o6MeHa H ToproBJIH, a TaK)Ke KaK xo66H (oXoTa HpbI6oAoBCTBo). 9To o6uLecTBeHHo Ba)KHb[e MB5jeHHq. CTpOHTeJIbCTBO C H1CnOJIb3OBaHHiM,apeBecHHbl H noTpe6jTeHHe TonAHBHOi apeBecCHbl UAI OTormeHu4H H npHrOTOBJeHHA HiimtH HeTOJIbKO TpaaMU4HH KOpeHHbIX ManoJHcj1eHHbIX HapOaOB CeBepa H apyroro KOpeHHOrOHaCelleHH5I, HO H rIpaKTHKa, C FOTOBHOCTbIO BOCnpHHHATaA repeCeJieHuaMH, 6yab-TO CeJAbCKHe)KHTeu HAnu ropowKaHe, rpOKHBaioiuHe B aCpeBeHCKHX aOMax. $DerepaibHas cuyx6a .necHoroxO35lAcTBa, KaK ripaBHluO, cy6cHAHpyeT BeTepaHoB, HHBaiiH,!OB, KOpeHHoC HaceJIeH4e, a TaKwKepa6oTHHKoB AeCHOFO XO3A1HCTBa H npernpHHTHI4 AeCHOu npoMbILLUleHHOCTH, npeaAaraA HM6o0iee HH3KHe paCueHKH.

C6op qroa, opeXOB H rpuB60B ocyLueCTBji5eTCq OT4aCTH no 3KOHOMHqeCKHMcoo6paweHH4lM (oco6eHHo KOpeHHbIM HaceJTeHHeM, KOTOpOC 3aHHMaeTCA 3arOTOBKOUiTpa,2UHUHOHHbIX IPOaYKTOB nHTaHus), a OT'aCTH B peKpeaUHOHHbIX uenHX. Co6paHHbiri ypowKaknpaKTHmeCKH nOAHOCTbio noTpe6nMeTcs caMHMH c6opULHKaMH, Ha npoJaaKy HH'ero Him nO4THHHxerO He OCTaeTCq. C6op 3THX rpOaYKTOB ripOROJuKaeTCq H CCerOaHR npH nOAHOM

HFHOPMPOBaHHH Tpe6OBaHHR noAY4eHHI4 m4HUeH3HIi H co6AioaeHHI4 HopMaTHBOB. Pa6oTa noocyLUeCTBAeHI4O KOHTpOJIA 3a co6mnoaeHHeM 3THX HOpMaTHBOB npaKTH4qCKH He BeAeTCA.

OAHaKO B OTHOJeHUHHH OXOTbl H pbi6oIOBCTBa, KOTOpbIMH JIIOaH TaKKe 3aHHMiaOTC51 KaKJIAA Ro6blBaHI4 HHLUH4, TaK H B peKpeaUHOHHbIx ueCiix, C4TyaLt4A 4Haq. 3TH BH4,Ibl 3aH5THICTPOrO peryTIHpyIOTCI rnIaBHbIM o6pa3OM, B CBAI3H C TeM, UITO OHH nPHHOCAT aOXOabI. B6oJbWl4UHcTBe rOcyaapCTBeHHbIX rpeanpH5ITHu TOJIbKO 40-50% BCCX OXOTHHKOB H pb[6oJIoBoBpa6OTaloT Ha nOJIHyIO CTaBKy. OCTaAbHylO 'aCTb yJIOBa o6ecrieqHBaloT TaK Ha3blBaeMbieOXOTHHKH-jiIo6HTejuH, aAS KOTOpbIX HX "xo66Hu 5IBAeTCS OaHOBpeMeHHO H Ba)KHbIMHCTOqHHKOM AOXO,OB. Bo MHOFHX ciyiaqx 3TH OXOTHHKH HanpqMYIO KOHKYpHpyIOT Crpe,cTaBHTensAMH MaAo'iHcIeHHbIx HapOaOB CeBepa H apyrHX KOpeHHbIX HapOaOB. HH OUHpbi6oJIOB 3TOrO permoHa He MO)KeT 6bITb Ha3BaH "Jo64TejieM" B UIHCTOM BH,Le, nOCKO.IbKy pbl6a5BjiSeTC51 Ba)KHbIM ce3OHHbIM HpODayKTOM HpaKTHmeCKH ,DIA Bcero HaceCeHHHS 3THX pa4OHOB.MHorHe XlTeiH cenJbCKHX pbi6OJIoBeUKHX noceJIKOB, He gBnmoLuHecm npOq)eccHOHaAbHbIMHpbi6oJIOBaMH, HO HeCKOJIbKO Heaejib B rO,ay npOBOflHT 3a joOBAeu pbi6bi, 4To6bl npOKOpMHTb CBOHceMbH B Te.eHHe OCTaBweicA 'aCTH roaa.

282 rPKJIOKEHtE 4EK

Bn4sHHHe COBpeMeHHWX 3KOHOMHqeCKHX npoiLeCCOB K nOJIHTHKH

B 1989 r. B pe3ynbTaTe coumoJIorFMeCKoro o6cneaoBaHH4I aBaDSaTti nTti nocenKoB, rige

pacnoJIoKeHbl 102 J1eCOXo3AucTBeHHbIx H JeCO3aIOTOBHTenbHblx npegnpliATHf c o6Lueg

4HcJIeHHOCTbIo pa6o'ieu cnJIbi 6.500 'ejioBeK, 6bulo ycTaHoBJIeHO, ITO 42% Bcero 3aHIToro

HaceIieHHSl pa6oTaeT B IeCHOh npOMbbIwiJeHHOCTH Ha TIecO3arOTOBHTeJTbHbIx, TpaHCnOPTHbIX H

faepeBonepepa6aTblBaloWux npeaipHusTHsix; 21% - TiecHHKH; Ha aoiio crieL1HanHCTOB no JieCHOMY

X03HI4CTBy H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX COTpy,4HHKOB .eCO3arOTOBHTeJbHbIX npe,nrpH5ITHru

np4XOIWH1OCb no 12%; 4,5% - 3TO aLipeKTOpa H pyKOBOal4Teji4, HMeCOLLU1e CneUtHJlbHOe

o6pa3oBaHHe; 3 npouLeHTa - 3TO pa6OTHHKH .CeCHoro X0351iCTBa (Pe3yJIbTaTbl, 1990).

lionee CBe)KH4e aaHHb[e (1994 r.) HIOKa3blBalOT, ITO B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae H3 598 TbICqq

pa6oTaioLuHx 5,5% pa6oTaeT B neCHOA npOMblwJIeHHOCTH, a 0,7% - B .ieCHOM XO35IACTBe. BKpacHOsipcKoM Kpae, BKnloqaR 3BeHKHlO U TauMbIp, H3 1,46 MnH. pa6OTaiomHx 5,8% 3aHqTbI B

JIecHOH npOMbbiwJIeHHOCTH (necO3arOTOBKH, RepeBoo6pa6OTKa, LueJIjiooJI3HO-6yMa)KHbIe

KoM6HHaTbl), a 0,5% - B JIeCHOM XO3AICTBe. C 1993 no 1994 rr. YPOBeHb 3aHqTOCTH B AeCHoR

npoMbiwjieHHOCTH coKpaTHJIC5 Ha 19.4% (3a TOT )Ke riepHOR 3aHATOCTb B MaWUIHOCTpoeHCH

coKpaT4jiaCb Ha 13,8 npOueHTOB, a B qneKTPO3HepreTHKe BO3pocJia Ha 3%).

3Ha'iHTeCnbHO COKpaTnJIOCb lHCnO pa6OTaioLuHx Ha JIeCO3arOTOBHTenJbHbIX npe,HnpHRTHIqX

KpacHoslpcKoro KpaAI. OalHHagLIaTb 13 COpOKa Tpex nperHpHASTHI He B COCTOSHHH nHIaTHTb

3apnjiaTy CBOHM pa6OTHHKaM. JTeCHHKH 4aBHO OTHOCATCS rpyrine pa6oTHHKoB C caMbIM HH3KHM

YPOBHeM onJiaTbI. B Haiarie 1995 r. HX 3apnnaTa COCTaBJI5iJa OKOJIO 90 TbIC.M py6neu B Mec .

Ha TOT )Ke nepHoa cpeaHeMecAl'Haq 3apa6oTHaq ninaTa B CeJlbCKOM X035lfiCTBe COCTaB^jiila 180TbIC5l4 py 6 ., a B npOMb[luJICHHOCTH - 231 TbICqqy py6.

14HHopMaUHH 0 3aHATOCTH H ,aoxo,tax B Tpa,fHLWUOHHOM CeKTOpe 3KOHOMUKC OqeHb Mario.

B 1993 r. B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae 4,3% 3aH5ITorO HaceJieHHi pa6OTarlH B cenJbCKOM xO354cTBe, a

0,1% 3aHHMaJiHCb pbI6oJIOBCTBOM. HTO KacaeTcq ManTo'-iciieHHb[X HapOaOB CeBepa (141 TbICqIa

qeJIOBeK), TO H3 HHX 47% 6bul1 3aHqTbl B CCJIbCKOM X035UCTBe H Tpaag4UHHOHHbIX ceKTopax

(COKOJIOBa, 1994), a npiMepHo 25-30% Tpyaocnoco6HOro HacenieHHS 6buiH 6e3pa6oTHbIMH H

)KHJN 3a c'eT pbi6oJIOBCTBa, OXOTbI, c6opa npOayKTOB lHTaHl4R H oJleHeBOaCTBa. B TOM )e

HcCiie,aOBaHHH yTBepKLaeTcq, ITO OKOJIO 15% HaCeJieHHq Boo6ule He XOTIT pa6oTaTb (KjiOKOB H

KoploxHHa, 1994).

B KpacHOspcKoM Kpae (BKnloxiaq 3BeHKI4O H TajMbIp) noroJIOBbe ojleHef Ha

rocy,aapCTBeHHbIX npeanpHSATHAX COKpaT4JIOCb C 121 TbICqlH B 1981 r. ao 78 TbICII B 1993 r.(noronoBbe oJIeHeI, Haxori5lUtHXCq B IaCTHOM BJiaaeH4H, B03pOCJIO C 17 TbICq- B 1981 r. Ro 26TbIC.Mq B 1994 r.). ao6b'lMa pbi6bi COKpaT4jiaCb c 5.400 T B 1980 F. ao 3.300 T B 1993 r. ao6bi'anyLUHoro co6onsi B 1993 1. COCTaEJ5Ia Bcero IUWb 15 npOUeHTOB OT YpOBHA ao6bi-lH 1985 r. (noAaHHbIM 0 3aKynKax y OXOTHHKOB) (Hapo4Hoe X03MIiCTBo KpaCHOHpCKOrO KpaM, 1994).

HP['4HHa TaKoro COKpaiUeHHA BnOJIHe nOH5THa. Pe3Koe nOBbiHeHHCe UeH Ha TOHJI4BO H

na,eHHe MeCTHOrO cnpoca Ha MflCO H pbl6y, BcjieACTBHe 3Ha'IHTenbHOFO oTToKa HacenieHH5i H3

3THX paUOHOB, yCyry6HAH He3X1eKTHBHOCTb MHOFHX Tpaa4HUHOHHbIX npOMbiCJIOB, KOTOpbie

paHbiue aep)Ka]HCb Ha 6oJ]bWHX aOTaUHAX. B pe3yJIbTaTe Te, KTO 6b13] 3aHAT B TpaAH4uHOHHOM

ceicrope 3KOHOMUKH, Bce 6OJIbLue nepeKJiio'alOTCq Ha OXOTy, pbI6ojIoBcTBO H oj1eHeBOaCTBO AJI

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npHo6peTeH4H Heo6xoAiHMbIX TOBapOB. FjiaBHbIMH HJiony'aTeiHMH aOXOaOB BO MHorHx ceMbqx

283 nPJIO)KEHIE K

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B 1991 r. B 3BeHKHH 6bUIo 4BeHaauaTb COBXO3OB, npi4eM uleCTb H3 HIUXcneHLUaJIH3HPOBaJHCb Ha OJeHeBO2CTBe H OXOTe, a eleCTb ApyrHx - Ha pa3BeAeHHH nYWJHbIX3Beperl. Bce ABeHaauaTb HpearipHHTHU 6buliH 3KOHOMHqecKH He341eKTHBHbI H cyLLteCTBOBa)1H 3acl-eT rocyLapCTBeHHbIX aoTaULHi. TonbKo OJIOB4Ha H3 803 pa6oTHIUKOB 3TUIX COBX030B, KOTopbIenTpOdeCCHOHaJIbHO 3aHHMaJIHCb OXOTOU H pbI6oAOBCTBOM, 6bmH npeaCTaBHTJeISAMHMajIoqHcAeHHbIX Hapo01oB CeBepa. B 1992 r. TaKylo aeATeJIbHocTb BenfH IinTHaaLLaTb COBX030B HTpH KoJIJTeKTHBHbIX rpeeApnPHTHA. qHCJO npo4beccHOHanbHbIX OXOTHHKOB H pbi6ojloBoB,pa6oTalolurx Ha 3THX npearipH5THqx, COKpaTHJOCb Lo 230, npH'eM 78% H3 HHX 6burHnpeACTaBHTeJI5IMH KOpeHHOrO HaceIieHHS5.

B 1992 r. Ha TarMbipe 6bulo BoceMHaIuaTb COBXO3OB, OAHHO rocyaPCTBeHHoenpe,lnpHATHe, 3aHHMaIioieeCq OXOToiw H pbI6oJIOBCTBOM, H OLHO KoAjieKTHBHoe npeanpWiTHe,KOTOpoe 3aHHMaJIOCb pa3BeAeHHeM lUyWHbIX 3Beperl, OXOTOIH H pbi6oniOBCTBOM. Ha 3THXnpeHanpHATHAIX pa6oTano 995 npo(eccHoHanjbHbIX OXOTHHKOB H pbi6oJIOBOB. B TpaaHUHoHHOMceKcrope 6bulo 3aH5TO OKOAo 430 KoMeBbIX ceMeri (B Haqa.ne 1980-x roaOB HX 6bbUo 670) H 18ceMell KopeHHbIX HapOaOB, KoTOpbIe TaioKe BXOHIHAH B COBXO3bI. C Hat{ana 1970-x rr. 1o KOHL1a1980-x rr. cpeAHeroRoBoe npOH3BOACTBO MAca oloMaIUHeHHbIX oJleHeH COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 27rpOUeHTOB, ao6bi4a pbl6bI ocTaBanIacb Ha AOCTaTO'-HO CTa6HJtbHOM ypOBHe, a OXOTa Ha nyWUHblX3BepeA CTaJia B 6yKBanbHoM cMblcnIe HepeHTa6eAbHOri (FyneBcKui H CM4meHKO, 1994).

B Xa6apOBCKOM Kpae o6u.as nHAoula,b OXOTHHMbHX yrOAHH, BKJlIoaSq Te, KOTOpbIMHHOJIb3OBaJIOCb KOpeHHoe HaceJIeHHe, COBXO3bI H OXOTHHKH-JliO6HTeAH, COKpaTH4aaCb c 7,9 MAH. raB 1990 r. ao 60,1 MJIH. ra B 1993 r. (COCTOSiHHe oKpy)KaiowueH cpeLbI, 1994). B Kpae 6bu0o aBaCOBXO3a H O,1HH KOJIXO3, nfTb KOAjieKTHBHbIX pbi6oJIOBeLtKHX npe'tnpHRTHri, OaHOrocy1apCTBeHHoe OXOTHHUbe H pbi6oJIOBeLXKoe HpeLnplpHTHe H OAHO KOJUieKTHBHoenpearIpH5THe, rae pa3BOAKAHA nyWHbIX 3Beperi (FyjieBCKHul H CHMmeHKO, 1994). B nepHoa c 1970no 1988 rr. cpeIHeroloBoe npoH3BoaCTBO ojieHbero MAca OCTaBanJOCb oTHoCHTenbHOCTa6HAbHbIM, OXOTa Ha HyIJHbIX 3BepeH 6buma ro-npe)KHeMy peHTa6eJibHOr4, a ao6bria pbi6blB03pocnIa Ha 500 rpoLIeHTOB.

Ha KOHeL 1994 r. od)HUHaj1bHblg YPOBeHb 6e3pa6oTHIUbI cpeal KOpeHHorO HaceiieHHqXa6apoBcKoro KpaA cocTaBJIAJI 11%, HO B aeriCTBHTenbHoCTH OH 6bmI HaMHorO BbIlwe.flOCKOJbKy MHorHe pa6OTHHKH nepecTaiiH noJIyqaTb 3apniiaTy Ha CBOUX npeAnpH4ITHqX,KOTOpbie yKe He 4byHKUIHOH1pOBaJH, HO He 6bIJIH O(bHuHaJbHO 3aKpblTbI, claKTHUeCKHg YpOBeHb6e3pa6OTH4Lbl HpH6JIH3uHJICs K 30%. 3BeHbl H 3BeHKH, pa6OTaBwHe OJileHeBOaaMH B COBX03aXCeBepa, He nOJiyqaflH HHKaKHX aOXOROOB. KpaeBOii aenlapTameHT 3THK4eCKOri nOIHTHKHBbil,aBaJI HM 6ecnIJlaTHylO MyKy H apyrHe OCHOBHbie rpOipyKTbE nHTaHHR. AHaJIOrH4Ha.I KaPTHHaCKAatabIBaeTCsl H3 coo6weHHH npeaCTaBHTejieA opraHOB BjiaCTH 3BeHKHH.

K apyrFHM rIpO6neMaM (HeKOTOpble H3 HHX cyLueCTBOBaJIH eiue npu COBeTCKof BnacTH)OTHOCSTCA:

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284 UPHAJO)KEHME X

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1988 r. cpelLHeMecqMHasq 3apa6oTHas nniaTa B CCCP cOCTaBn5iia oKoJIo 200 py6ner, HO

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npOLteHTOB XOTST, To6bi X HxeTH HMenH TaKylo we pa6oTy (Pe3yAbTaTbl, 1990).

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JlHTepaTypa

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CTaTHCTHKH.

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H4ccJienoBaHHs no np4KJiaaJHOk H HeOTIOXKHOiU 3THOOrFHH. Ng 96. MocKBa.

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B 1995 r. B POCCUH HMenOCb 89 npHPOlHbIX 3anOBeAHHKOB o6weH nHJOWaabio 229MnH. ra, H 28 HaUHOHanJbHblX napKOB o6iaeri nOIuaAbKO OKOJIO 6,5 MJIH. ra. no IaaHHbIMKa,aacrpa 1991 r. Hact1HTbIBaeTCA CBblwle 1000 3aKa3HHKOB o6teii rIjiOIaabio 44 MJIH. ra; 69H3 HHX OTHOCHTCA K q eepalbHOMY ypOBHIO H 3aHHMaeT TePPHTOPH1O 11,4 MJIH. ra.

HecMOTps Ha TO, 'TO npHpOaHbie 3anOBe,HHKH C03AaHbi BO BceX TpHHaauaTH4)H3HKo-reorpadtiecKHx o6AacTAX (ApKTHKa, (DeHHO-CKaHAKHaBHA, PycCKaA PaBHHHa,KaBKa3, Ypaii, 3anaaHas CH6Hpb, KacnHricKo-TypraHcKaA 3OHa, CpeaHsuI CH6Hpb, IOKHO-CH6HpCKHe rOpbl, AHO-KKOnbiMcKasi 3OHa, baAKajio-4~Acyra)KypCKHi4 rOpHbl paHOH,AMypcKo-CaxajIHHcKaSl 3oHa, CeBepHbIir THXOOKeaHCKHR paHOH), OHH pacHnpe genSlomHepaBHOMepHO. HanpHMep, B npeaejiax PycCKoUi PaBHHHbI HMeeTCA 22 nPHPO1aHbIX3anOBe,aHHKa, B TO BpeMs, KaK B ApKTHMecKoH o6nacTT UX scero aBa.

B BeAeHHH rocyaapcTBeHHorO KOMHTeTa no oxpaHe oKpyKaiouteg cpeLlbi (6blBwueroMHHHcTepCTBa OXpaHbl oKpy)calouei Ccpe,bl UH npHpOLAHbIX pecypcoB), HaXOa,lTCq 82InPPOHAHbIX 3anIOBeAHHKa, wTO cocTaBnqeT 6onee 40% cTporo oxpaHAeMbIX nptppOaHbIXTeppHTopHfl Bcero MHpa (KaTeropHR I no KAaccH4mKauHH MCOI). PoccHR HMeeTAJIHTeJlbHyIO HCTOpHIO HccjieaoBaHHr, npOBO41IMbIX B 3THX 3arOBe,IHHKax, weCTb H3KOTOpbIX BKj1OioeHbi B MHPOBYIO CeTb 6Hoc4epHbIX 3anOBeaHHKOB. B pe3ynbTaTe

294 nPHIO)IKEHHE 3

Hccie,aoBaHHA, npOBOaHBWu1XCc9 B 3THX 3anoBeaHHKaX B Te4eHHH HeCKOJ1bKHX aeCmwTieTHA,

6bIJO HaKonnieHO orpoMHoe KOJHqeCTBO ueHHbIX HayqHbIX aaHHbIX.

B npHpOaHbIX 3anoBeaHHKax PoccuH oxpaHqeTCq 3HaMHTeJIbHoe KOJH4eCTBO BHUOB

pacTeHHri H )KHBOTHbIX, MHorHe H3 KOTOpbIX BKlioqeHbl B POCCHrCKyIO H MeeKgyHapOaHyIo

KpaCHble KHHrH peAKHX H Hc'e3aolLUHX npeacTaB4TeAerl paCTHTenJbHOrO H )KHBOTHOrO MHpa.

B CnpaBKe 3.1 npeAcTaBJIeHa AOnOJIHHTeJbHa5I HH4opMamUH1 0 COCTaBe BHaOB )HBOTHbIX,

npe,aCTaBMeHHbIX B cHcTeMe oxpaHReMbIX TeppHTopHP.

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rlocAeleHHe HmewmKHbie aaHHbie O KOJIH4eCTBe BHAOB, oxpaHAeMbix B nlpHPOaHbIX 3anOBeAHHKaX, aaTHpyIOTCs

1987 r., Korla B PoCCHH HaCYHTbIBaJIOCb 89 npHpoaHbIx 3anoBeAHmKoB. C Tex nop 6bulo co3LaaHo HeMaJ1O HOBbIX

3aliOBe,aHHKOB, n1O3TOMy nlPHBOaHMbie UH4pb) JIHUb CBHU4eTeJibCTByxOT 0 BaEKHOi poJIH oxpaHSeMbIX TeppHTOpi4l

B COXpaHeHHH cpea o6HTaHmH. B 1987 r. B lpHPOJIHbIX 3anlOBeAHHKaX OXpaHHUOCb:

* 168 BHAOB MneKonITaiOWiux (69% Ha3eMHbix MJIeKonuTalOIHx, o6iTamOUJuX B PoccHII). 13 65 BHAOB

MJieKon1HTalIIHX, BKJIiOqeHHbIX B KpaCHylO KHHry PocCu, 25 BHAOB (U3 HHX 3 BHaa MOpCKHX

MJIeKonHTaIOLLtHX) 3aperHCTpHPOBaHO B nlpHPOJHbIX 3anlOBeAHHKax.

* 515 BsaOB nTflTl (83% nTHU, o6rTaiowlIx B PoCCHH). 13 109 BHZAOB nITHU, 3aHeCeHHbIX B KpaciiyIO KHHry

POCCHH, 60 3aperCCTPHPOBaHo B nlpHpOAHbIX 3anoBe,4HHKax.

* 40 BHAOB penTHnuH (61% penTHJIIiui, o6HTaiotUHx B PoccHM). U3 11 BHAOB penTHrnAli, 3aHeceHHbIX B

KpaCHyiO KHHry POCCHH, 5 3aperICTpHpoBaHO B nlpHpOAHblX 3anOBeJHHKax.

* 26 BHAOB 3eMHOBOAHbIX (96% 3eMHOBOAHbIX, o6HTalOLUHX B POCCuH). 13 4 BH1OB 3eMHoBoaHbIx,

BKJllomeHHblX B KpaCHyIO KHUry PoccHH, 3 3aperHCTPHPOBaHO B npHpOJHbX 3anOBeAHHKax.

IlMeeTcH Manio aaHHbIX o pa3Hoo6pa3HI BHAOB H THnaX 3KOcUCTeM, HMelOIUHXCA B HaUHOHaJbHbIX napKaX.

OAHaKo npH6jlM3mTeJTbHbie OueHKH nlOKa3biBaO'r, YTO B HaUHOHaBJbHbix napKax 3apermCTpHpOBaHO OKOJ1o 800

BHUaOB COCYAHCTblX paCTeHHi H 200 BsaOB nO3BOHo0HbIX (190 nTHu H 50 MJeKonHTaloIuHx).

Boniee Haae)KHbie aaHHbie o pa3Hoo6pa3HH BHJAOB Ha TePpHTOPHH cnelLHanbHbIX 3aKa3HHKoB H naMqTHHKOB

nPHPO,Rbl OTCYTCTBYIOT.

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,ae.qTe.nbHOCTb B paMKaX HCTOpHqeCKH CJIO)KHBlwe4CS CHCTeMbl 3anOBeaHHKOB

npeIacTaBJTSleT co6o0 CHCTeMaTH'IecKyIo H KOMnHieKCHYIO pa6oTy no CoxpaHeHilo

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3arpR3HeHHR. OTCyTCTByeT MeTKoe HU nocneroBaTeJIbHoe 3aKoHoflaTejTbcTBo, rapaHTupyIoiuee

BbDKHBaHHe H ,lonroCpoMHoe 4 HHaHCHpOBaHHe CHCTeMbi OXpaH5ieMbIX TeppHTOpHR (CM.

295 nP4JIOKEHHE 3

CnpaBKa 3.2). K 3THM npo6iieMaM o6aBAseTcsA CTpeMUiTeJbHOe CHH)KeHHe o6ibeMOB41HHaHCHpOBsaHHS ceTH oxpaHHeMbIX 3anoBeaHb[X TeppHTopHA. B peanbHOM Bbipa)KeHHi4o06eM 4bHHaHCOBbIX CpeaCTB, BbiaejA5eMbIX Ha noAaep)KKy CHCTeMbi HPHPOxHbIX3anoBeaHHKOB, CHH43HA1CAI HaCTOJIbKO, 'ITO COCTaBJiHeT MeHee 22% OT YPOBHSI 1985 r.

CnpaBKa 3.2: 3aKoH "06 oco6o oxpaHSeMbix npHPOnHb[X TeppHTOpHRX"

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* PacwjHpeHHe nOJIHOMOqHH erepCKHX (KOHTTpOAbHblX) cAy)K6 npHpoaHbix 3anOBseHHKOB H HaUHoHanbHbIXnapKOB ilO ypoBH5s, COnOCTaBHMoro C nOJIHOMOqHqMH flOJIHnuHH.

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296 HPHJIO)KEHKIE 3

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B CeJlbCKOU MeCTHOCTH 0,84 MJIH. - _ 0,3 MnH.

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PawesreHNS 0srgaMbHue afHMMC, (BKf. 6pa-KB aiaHHAfC KOHbCpCTbO)

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Ka6aH 4.300 4.372 500 320 109 20 28.700 3.753

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Bbmpa 3.800 3.847 250 70 65 100 1.230 1.599

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310 HPIPHO)KEHME H

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B Xa6apoBcKoM Kpae CTOHMOCTb JIHUeH3HH Ha oTcTpenJ JIocq COCTaBESeT 200%

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B 1994 roay B )KeHeBe 6bma co3LaaHa Pa6o'as rpynna no KPHTepiiqM HHH2IHKaTOpaM paUHoHaTIbHoro ynpaBJleHHsI npHpoaooxpaHHOR OpHeHTaULHH ZnSI JnecoByMepeHHOU H TpOnHHeCKOA 30H C LLeJblO pa3pa6OTKH H corFacoBaHHSl Ha MeW4yHapOaHOMYPOBHe KpHTepHeB H HHAHKaTOpOB aAA OLueHKH H COXpaHeHHA nieCOB yMepeHHOH H6opeanbHOu 30H. 3Ta pa6oTa cTana 4aCTbIO TaK Ha3blBaeMoro "MOHpeaTIbcKoro npouecca". BynOMRHYTYIO BbIlle rpynny BOWUJTH npeacTaBHTejiH ABcTpamH, KaHaabl, qwI4, KHTaR,5lnoHHi., Pecny6nHKH Kopeq, MeKCHKH, HOBOH 3eJ¶aHAHH, POCCHHCKOUi cOeaepaLuHH H

312 rHPHJ1O)KEHUE K

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KpmTepHiI 5: CoxpaHeHHe poJIM IieCOB B rjio6aBJbHOM KpyroBopoTe yrAepola

a) 06iuHii o6feM 6HoMaccbI JiecHog 3KOCHCTeMbI H 3anac yrjiepoaa: nO THnaM nieca,

KJiaccaM Bo3paCTa H CTaHqSM cyKueccmu, npH Heo6xoaHMocTH.

6) BjiH$IHHe AeCHbIX 3KOCHCTeM Ha o6lUuH rJIo6allbHbl yruiepoAHbui 6iopaxeT,

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6HoMacce, apeBeCHbIX OCTaTKax, TOp4e U no4Be).

B) PoJlb .feCHblX nPpOaYKTOB B rJo6anbHOM yrjiepO,lHOM 610oIeTe.

KpwTePHA 6: CoxpaHeHHe H npHyMHoXKCeHHe AoJrocpOqHbEX COIAHaJIbHo-

3KOHOMHIIeCKHX Bblrl'O MHOrOL1eCJeBOrO nCconiojib30oaH

a) CTOHMOCTb H of6beM nPOH3BOPCTBa APeBeCHHbI H apeBeCHOrl npOLYKUUIU, BKji1O4aq

Xao6aBjieHHYIO CTOHMOCTb, o6pa3ylOLUyIcOC 3a c4eT 6onee r.ny6oKor; nepepa6oTK4.

6) CTOHMOCTb U4 o06eMbi nPOH3BOaCTBa HeaPeBeCHbIX nieCHbIX npOXYKTOB.

B) npOU3BOPCTBO U nOTpe6jieHHC aPeBeC4Hbl H aPeBeCHOrl nPOXYKUHH, BKA1Oioaq

noTpe6ueHHe Ha nyWy HaceiieHHq.

r) ,Loni CTOHMOCTH nPOH3BOACTBa aPeBeCHHbl H IaPeBeCHOR nPOPYKUHH B BBri (B

npouLeHTax).

,L) CTeneHb BTOPU4HOU nepepa6oTKH HCnOAb3OBaHHb1X JIeCoMaTePHa)iOB.

e) HpOH3BOACTBO H noTpe6JieHHe HeapeBeCHbix npOpyKTOB.

315 HPHUIOKEHME K

PCKpea(mKJ N /pN3M

a) nLiowaab H AOJIq (B COOTHOwUeHHU c o6feu nnowaAbIo) nieCHbIX 3eMenb, HaKOTOPbIX UeIJblO BeaeHHA X03HHCTBa HBJISHOTCA peKpeauiAr H TYPH3M.

6) KOJIHqeCTBO H TUllbl peKpeaUHOHHbIX H TYPHCTH4eCKHX COOpy)KeHHUg H o6yCT-pOeHHblX yqaCTKOB B COFIOCTaBjTeHHH C tHCJieHHOCTbIO HaCeJieHHA H nJIOWaAb[O JIeCOB.

B) HoceiuaeMOCTb (B 4eJIOBeKO-aH5lX) peKpeauHOHHO-TypHCTHMeCKHX 30H B conoc-TaBjieHHH C 4HcJIeHHOCTbIO HaceieHHA H nHOLaWAbIO necoB.

J,HBecmpoRaHze B JIeCHOJI cexKop

a) Pa3Mepbl HHBeCTHU[HU, BKAIOMqSa HHBeCTHpOBaHHe B BbipaUHBaHHe neca, neco-3aIIHTy H JieCOXo3S1rCTBeHHYIO eSATeJAbHOCTb, nleCHble KyJlbTypbI, AepeBolnepepa6oTKy,peKpeauHIo H TypH3M.

6) YpOBeHb paCXO,4OB Ha HCCJ]eAOBaHHA, pa3pa6oTKH H o6pa3oBaHHe.

B) BHeapeHme H HCnOJib3oBaHHe HOBbIX H ycoBepueHCTBOBaHHb[X TeXHoJIorHU.

r) Ko3qFHLtHeHTbl oKynaeMOCTH KanHTajioBnoKeHH.

KyJ,MTpHMC, COL(HIHMC HN /IOBHMC HIOTpC6HOCTH H LCMHOCM

a) HI oluaab H aOJIH (B COOTHOwIIeHHH C o6weR FTfouLaAblo) iieCHbIX 3eMeJJb, rLeX0351rCTBeHHaS AeSTeflbHoCTb HanpaBiieHa Ha coxpaHeHHe iteiioro psuaa KyJIbTypHbIX,COUHaHYbHbIX H ayXOBHbIX LLeHHOCTei H yAOBJieTBOpeHHe noTpe6HOCTer AllO,1eU B 3THXueHHOCTAX.

6) JAecHbie nojie3HOCTH HenoTpe6HTeAbCKoro nojib3oBaHHA.

3amHZTOCTb H IO?7pc6HOCTH HacrhcHHJI

a) npIMas H KOCBeHHaS1 3aHITOCTb B JieCHOM ceKrope H 3aHHTOCTb B JTeCHOM CeKTOpeB npOLLeHTHOM OTHOweHHH K o6iueg 3aHATOCTH.

6) CpeAHHe cTaBKH 3apnnfaTbI H YPOBeHb TpaBMaTH3Ma no OCHOBHbIM KaTerOpHRM3aH51TOCTH B JieCHOM CeKTope.

B) )KH3HeCHioCo6HOCTb H HpHCIHoCo6JIAeMOCTb HaCeJ1eHUH JieCHbIX paHiOHOB, BKJ]iO4aAKOpeHHOe HaceJIeHHe, K H3MeHeHHAM B 3KOHOMH4eCKHX yCJIOBHSX.

r) nljoLuaab H OJIAS (B npOueHTax) AeCHbIX 3eMeJlb, HCnOFOb3yeMbIX MeCTHbIMHaceJieHHeM lUfl, nOIyqeHHA CpeaCTB K CyI1eCTBOBaHHIO.

316 HPHJ1O)KEHKE K

KpmepHi 7: HpaBoBme, MHCTHT)WHOHaAbHEae H 3KOHOMHIeCKHe IpHHIAHlI

c6aAaHcHpoBaHHOTO ylpaBhIeHH5 iecaMH

IJPJIOBaD OCHOBR

a) npaBa Co6CTBeHHOCTH, yCTaHOBj1eHHe HeO6XOatMbiX OTHOLiIeHRr4 B o6AaCTH

3eMAneBjiaBeHHS H 3eMjienojib3oBaHH51, TpaAHUHOHHbIe npaBa KOpeHHbIX HapOAOB U

cpe,aCTBa pa3pewuleHsi CnOpOB o npaBax Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBe 3aKoHa.

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aHaJIH3 nojiHTHKH C yMeToM pa3nAHtHbIX Hojie3HbIX pecypcoB nieca H Bbiroa, BKJIIO'-aS

B3amMO,aeACTBHe C COOTBeTCTBYIOLLtHMH oTpaCJiRMH.

B) BO3MO)KHOCTH yMaCTHR o6iueCTBeHHOCTH B pa3pa6OTKe rOCyaapCTBeHHOri HiOJHTHKH

H npHPHHTHH peweHM4i nO BonpocaM, cBS3aHHbIM C necamH, a TaK)Ke aocTyro6iIreCTBeHHOCTH K HH4bopMaUHH.

r) licnojib3OBaHHe jiyqwLHx o6pa3LOB BseeHH5 jiecHoro xo3SACTBa.

,) YnpaBAeHHe .lecaMH C Lejibio coxpaHeHHR oco6blx npHpo,HbIX, KyJIbTypHbIX,

COUIHaAbHbIX H HaytHbIX ueHHOCTetl.

HHCYTyl(HOHf8ffBH2fI C7pyK7YPB

a) YqaCTHe o6iueCTBeHHOCTH B yripaBjieHHH IieCaMm, rOCyXaPCTBeHHbIe npOrpaMMbio6pa3oBaHHA H npocBeLUeHHS, BHeapeHHe HOBbIX nOfAXOAOB H 4HHIOpMaaulHOHHOe

o6ecneqeHHe no necHbIM npo6.neMaM.

6) nepHo1H4ecKoe niaHHPOBaHHe UH oueHKa jiecoxo3HACTBeHHOA aeSTeJIbHOCT4 H

aHaJH3 nOAHTHKHK, BKOoqaiOtUWH B ce6SI mexKoTpacneBoe nAaHHPOBaHHe H

KOOpLUHHauHio c apyrHMH oTpaCAqmH.

B) HOBblwueHHe KBaJIUHdHKaLUHH CneLjiAUJ4CTOB HO COOTBeTCTBylOlUlM 4f4CLUnHJI4HaM.

r) HarHqiie 3d4eKTHBHOH 4)H3HMecKoH HH4)paCTPYKTypbl AVSI IpOH3BOaCTBa JIeCHb1X

npOIAYKTOB H yciyr C LlejibiO OKa3aHHS nO,Aep)KKH JieCHOMY XO3SACTBy.

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pewleHHR no rocyaapCTBeHHOA nOJIHTHKe, HanpaBneHHbie Ha yaoBJneTBopeHHe

lLoArocpoqHoro cnpoca Ha .JeCHbie npoXLyKTbi H ycnyrH.

6) HeAHCKPHMHHaUHOHHaA IIOhHTHKa B o6naCTH TOprOBJIH JIeCHbIMH npollyKTaMH.

317 nPKJIO)KEHHE K

KowQJ CcTBeHHaJI Om(eHKM H MOHHTOpHHr H3MmHCHHH

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B) COBMeCTHMOCTb cHcTeM c6opa KOJIHMeCTBeHHbIX aaHHbIX, MOHHTOpHHra HoTqeTHOCTH no HHAHKaTOpaM C TaKHMH cHcTeMaMH B apyrHx cTpaHax.

HccffeaOBaHHR H pa3pa6oTKH

a) YrAy6neHHe HayqHoro r1OHHMaHHA xapaKTePHCTHK H 4IyHKUHlH n1eCHbIX 3KoCHcTeM.

6) Pa3pa6oTKa MeTODOB pac'eTa 3KonorHuecKHx H COLuHaIbHb[X 3aTpaT U pe3yJbTaTOB,HX HHTerpaLIHq B pbIHOMHbIe rpoUeCCbl H B npouecc pa3pa6oTKH rOCyXapCTBeHHOiJieCHoH noJIHTHKH, a TaKwKe HX HcHoJIb3OBaHHe AnA oTpaKeHHA CTeneHH HCTOLIeHH51H)H npHYMHo)KeHHA AeCHbIX H CBS3aHHbIX C JIecoM peCYPCOB B HaLUOHa0JbHb1XCHCTeMax y4eTa.

B) Pa3pa6oTKa HOBbIX TeXHo0or0Hr H CpeaCTB AAS oueHKH COULHabHO-3KOHOMH'4eCKHX

nocJ1eACTBHri BHefpeHHS HOBbIX TeXHo0orHi.

r) PacwHpeHHe B03MO)KHOCTerH nporHO3HpOBaHHSI B03,aer4CTBH4 qenOBeqeCKO,aeATejibHOCTH Ha nieca.

,a) PacwLHpeHHe B03MOIKHocTeg nporHO3HPOBaHHq B03AeACTBHti Ha nieca rIoTeH-UHa)bHOrO H3MeHeHHA KJiHMaTa.

HOECHeNHIno oT1e70HmfbHM7 XH7rplfM H HH4HKaTOPaM

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KpwTCpHi 1: CoxpaHeHHe 6HonorHqecKoro pa3Hoo6pa3Hs

UleAb CoXpaHeHHS 6UofOrHmeCKoro pa3Hoo6pa3KsI 3aKfiO4aeTCA B COXPaHeHHUBKaOB H BHYrPHBHaOB0i reHeTHMeCKOR H3MeHqtHBOCT4. )KH3HeCnOCO6HbIe nOnYjILAHH BHaOB UHX rIPHPOfHaA reHeTHMeCKaAs H3MeH'IHBOCTb ABASIOTCS 4aCTbIO B3aHMO3aBUCHMblX bH3H4eCKHXH 6HoAorHqecKHx CHCTTM H rPOLueCCOB. COCTOAHHe H pacnpocTpaHeHHe n1eCHblX coo6uLeCTBHMelOT 6o0JbUoe 3HaqeHKe KaK =An OCHOBHbIX 3Ko0jorHqeCKHX nPoLIeCCOB K CHCTeM, TaK H AAS6y,ayiiero 6Ho.norHqecKoro pa3Hoo6pa3HA JIeCOB H CBA3aHHbIX C HHM CHCTeM.

318 H1PHRJOKEHHE K

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nOnYJIRLHH BH,aOB o6bl4Ho 3aBHCAT OT coceRHerl 3KOCi4CTeMbi Huin 3KOCHCTeM

onpe1ejieHHorO MHHHMajIbHoro pa3Mepa. FeHeTHlecKoe pa3Hoo6pa3Me B npeenenax

nonyjiSLtHH Toro HnIH HHOrO BHaa 3aBHCHT OT COXpaHHOCTH cy6nonynsi.Ru H

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eCTeCTBeHHoro apeaJia. Jleca MoryT 3aHHMaTb BCIO cpeay o64TaHrs, Heo6xoaHMylo AAq

BbDKHBaHHA BHUOB, HJIH ee tlaCTb.

6) 3KonorwiecKMe npoLLeccbI H y'aCTBy1OiuHe B HHX BM,Abl B npeeRenax nio6or JiecHOI

3KOCHCTeMbi uInH THna iieca onpeAejiRIoT CTPYKTypy paCTHTeJIbHOrO nOKPOBa (Bo3pacT

pacTeHHi UX HaHaMeTp H BbICOTy) H CTaAHIM cyKLeCCHH (cMeHa BHROB paCTeHHfl).

B) Pa3Mep TOU YaCTH iieCHOU 3KOCHCTeMbi, KOTOpaH OTBO4HTCS nOA TOT nIH HHOU THn

OXpaHAeMbiX TeppHTOpHU, SiBJIqeTCS noKa3aTeiiem o6tueCTBeHHOri npHOpUTeTHOCTti

COXpaHeHHA penpe3eHTaTHBHblX y4aCTKOB AaHHOAi 3KOCHCTeMbi.

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3KoJIorHqecKHx npoLeccoB H pa3pyweHHe cpeabi o6HTaHHS. 06pa3ylowuHecs B

pe3yJIbTaTe 4)parMeHTaUHH pa3pO3HeHHbie yaCTKH iieca MOlyl 6blTb CJIHWKOM MaJbi

AAS coxpaHeHHA )KM3Hecnoco6HbIx nonyJISIuHIi BHAOB. PaCCTO HHU MeKY 3TUMU

pa3pO3HeHHb1MH yqaCTKaMH MOryT npenITCTBOBaTb onbTiJeHHu0, pacceHBaHI4O CeMAH H

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pacTeHHi M )KHBOTHbIX, KOTOpb1e He clloco6Hbi aAanlTHPOBaTbCS K TaKHM yCJIOBHiqM. Ha

nnIoluaASx, nepeBeeeHHbIx B ceAbCKoXo3Hi"CTBeHHoe noAb3OBaHHe, ocTaBm4ecA 4)parMeHTbI

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KOJIH4eCTBa BHIOB.

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B 3aBHCHMOCTM OT nflOIUaAH, COCTORHHA HJIH fParMeHTauMH KOHKpeTHorO THna neca.

FeHeTYVCCKOC pa3Hoo6pa3MC

a) JlecHbie BUAbI C HH3KOU qi4cJIeHHOCTb[O fIOnyJ15tIHIu u4nuI 3HaqHTenbHO

COKpaTHBUIMCSA apeaniom noABep)KeHbl oraCHOCTH nOTepH Ba)KHb1X reHeTHMeCKHX

npH3HaKOB (anineneri) U3 CBoero reHO4bOHAa. '-TO KacaeTCs BHflOB C "paCCeqHHbIM"

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npHcriOcO6JIieMOCTH BH14OB K H3MeHeHHMM B oKpyxaioieU cpe,e.

319 HPH1O)KEHHE K

6) MOHHTOpHHr xiHcJIeHHOCTH nonyfiquHA peripe3eHTaTHBHbIX BHAOB oHpeaeAeHHbIX6HOTOnOB HAH 3KOCHCTeM HO BceMy HX apeaniy BbIqBjiqeT cnoco6Hocm 3THX 6HoTonoBo6ecneMHBaTb BbIKHBaHHe Tex BHAOB H cy6nonyjiHuHq BHaOB, KOTOpbie 3aBlC51T OTaHJaOjrHqHbIX YCJIOBHr o6HTaHHI4.

KpHTepHu 2: CoxpaHeHHe IIPOJyKTHBHOCTH AeCHbIX 3KocHcTeM

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6) aaHHbie nO 3aHacy AHKBHaHOA H HeuHKBKaHOi apeBeCHHbl oTpaKaloT B03-MO)KHOCTH npOH3BORCTBa ApeBecHoro Cblpbs.

B) AecHbie KyAbTypbl moryT 6bITb Ba)KHbIM HCTO'HHKOM apeBeCHbIX H HerpeBecHblxAeCHbIX HIPOAYKTOB, B 3TOM CMbIcAe OHH MOrYT 3aMeHSTb HnH AOrOJIHHTbecTeCTBeHHbie neca. B HeKOTOpbIX cTpaHaX B KaMeCTBe aJIbTepHaTHBbi JleCHblX KyJIbTypHCHOJIb3yeTCA BegeHHe X03$IiCTBa B eCTeCTBeHHbIX necax. nAouajb AeCHbIX KYJIbTypABnA5eTCA HOKa3aTenJeM 34(bIeKTHBHOCTM AecoynpaBJTeHH4 H CHH)KeHIHs YPOBHS3aBHCMMOCTH OT eCTeCTBeHHbIX IeCOB B rinaHe 6yayLuero npOH3BOaCTBaJleConpOMbbiwIJeHHOi ripOayKui4H. KpoMe TOrO, eCTb MHeHHe, 'TO HaYH'iHe JIeCHbIXKyIbTyp YKa3blBaeT Ha BO3MO)KHbIe H3MeHeHHA B 3KOAorHMecKoM H reHeTWIeCKOMxapaKTepe AeCHblx nHjoLuaaerl. MHOrie JeCHbie KyJbTypbI 6buIM 3a0oxKeHbl C LtenbloMeIHOpaUHm aerpaatHpOBaHHbIX 3eMeJb, HOTepABeHX 3KOIlorHqecKHe H reHeTMqeCKHexapaKTepHCTHKH pocwero 3LaeCb paHbwe ecTeCTBeHHOrO nIeca.

r) MOHHTOpHH-r 4XaKTHi4eCKHX rOaOBbIX o6fbeMOB 3arOTOBKH H BbIB03KH apeBeCHbIX HHeapeBeCHbIX JeCHb1X npOJYKTOB H ero COrOCTaBJIeHHe C HeMCTOLUHTeAbHbIM o6tbeMoM3aFOTOBKM H BbIB03KH OTpa)KalOT crioco6HOCTb nieca HenpepblBHO npOH3BOLaHTb JieCHblenpoL,yKTbI, a TaKwe 3KOHOMHIeCKHe H JieCOX035IHCTBeHHbie B03MO)KHOCTM.

KpHTepHii 3: CoxpaHeHHe 3AOpOBbA H )K3HeCCOCO6HOCTH JieCHbIX 3KOCHCTeM

a) AHTponoreHHoe BJIHSlHHe Ha JIeCHbie 3KOCHCTeMbl BKJlOoaeT B ce6H: nepeBo,AeCHbIX 3eMeJlb B apyri4e BHUDbI HOAb3OBaHH4I, 3arOTOBKy iieCHbIX nPOaYKTOB,HHTPOYKLULHIO HOBbIX B4,aOB, noLaaeeHHe eCTeCTBeHHbIX LHKJOB no)capOB HHaBOJIHeHHr4 H HHTpO,ayKLUH4O HeMeCTHbIX BH,aOB, oco6eHHo naToreHOB. 9TH 4faKTOpblBO3,aeAcTByIoT Ha 3KonorHqecKHe rpoueccbI, a qepe3 HHX H Ha BHILbl IeCHbIXpaCTeHHr4 H )KHBOTHbIX.

320 HlPI4J]OIEHHE K

6) ECTb nollO3peHHe, 'TO 3HaqHTeJlbHbIH KYMYJHTHBHblH 344eKT Ha J1eCHbie

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npOAYKTHBHOCTH H BHaOBOM cocTaBe JieCOB. ConocTaBMeHHe CTaTHCTi4qeCKHX aaHHbIX

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XaaHHbIMH nO 3arpI3HeHHIO BO3ayXa O3BOJI51T rlOJIyqHTb jiyIlwee rpe4CTaBjieHHe o

BJIH5IHHH 3THX 3arpA3HHTejieR. HOBblwleHHe YPOBHq yAbTpaqHoieTOBoro 13Jy'eHH.9,

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JlTepaTypa

Botkin, D.B., and Talbot, L.M. 1992. "Biological Diversity in Forests." In N.P. Sharma, ed.,Managing the Worlds Forests.- Looking for the Balance Between Conservation andDevelopment. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendal-Hunt Publishing Company.

Dudley, N. 1992. Forests in Trouble.- A Review of the Status of Temperate ForestsWorldwide. Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Federation.

ITFO (International Tropical Timber Organization). 1991. Guidelines for the SustainableManagement of Natural Tropical Forest. Policy Development Series No. 1.Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Organization.

*____ .1992. Criteria for the Measurement of Sustainable Tropical Forest Management.Policy Development Series No. 3. Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical TimberOrganization.

__. 1993a. Guidelines for the Establishment and Sustainable Management of PlantedTropical Forests. Policy Development Series No. 4. Yokohama, Japan: International TropicalTimber Organization.

.1 993b. Guidelines on the Conservation of Biological Diversity in TropicalProduction Forests. Policy Development Series No. 5. Yokohama, Japan: InternationalTropical Timber Organization.

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MAY 1997

IBRD 27086R

UNITED STATES OF AMERICAThis osop s pod.uced by RUSSIAN FEDERATIONthe Mop Des.iq Unit of The

c dolcrs, .daninati- -onnd FOREST POLICY REVIEW-ny olher inb,o-otion shownto onis asap d-to on FOREST TYPES AND PROTECTED AREAS .J ,

G p. ou r judf ment on the 8

^

IZoI *sta ofany tesroy[ FOREST TYPES: ...... SOUTHERN LIMIT OF PERMAFROSTor any -ndorsement or A A Iacceptance of such FOREST TUNDRA A EXISTING SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF

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IBRD 27087R

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

This mp o,o psod-ced by RUSSIAN FEDERATION ,tb. Mosp Deon tUnitof The

cwolors, denom-nthons and FOREST POLICY REVIEW CnuK k' ,-any .*.r infannatian shownOse pd=f The k WOOD INDUSTRY LOCATIONS AND WOOD FLOW PATTERN Leo < Graap, s , jd d an #ela t any Ymenitny, WOOD INDUSTRY LOCATIONS: PER CAPITA SHARE OF FOREST INDUSTRY IN 1992: , RAILROADSor any endorse.men or

epsosce of such * LOGGING MUCH LOWER THAN AVERAGE 0 SELECTED TOWNS AND CITIES

I ~ WOOD PROCESSING LOWER THAN AVERAGE NATIONAL CAPITALI ~ PULP AND PAPER AVERAGE RIVERS 1 ' Anodyr

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IBRD 28353UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

This ap pmnduced by.Map ben Unit of tf RUSSIAN FEDERATIONWorld Bank. The budries, ' ;

any nib. snrtiand,cusu FOREST POLICY REVIEW 9Cr--onthis map do. nol 1 -pC, onrop, jsnfdrwt - -I- FOREST FIRE PROTECTIONlal staus of any ribtry,

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LOW POTENTIAL

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IBRD 28354UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

This mnp -as pndsucd byieMap D- itUnd of Th. RUSSIAN FEDERATION-coor, deno-intion and ~. -n ii inrII- Iny°'° ina6mnatin don FOREST POllCY REVIEW-

on thins map do not imply an; i -

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ISLAMI8 v; Ccs REP.0 100 200 300 400 500 MILES . ' *DPR.

SYRIAN OF RAN O / 20 40 60 00 KILOMETERS F.,s M L I AA O OFRAB REP. kj.AZERBAIJAN 0 O0 0 0 0 IOEESm 0N GO0 L ARA RE./IA UZBEKJSTAN - KOREA

OCTOBER 1996

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