or Values). in Cohin3 du mt>lllk nusr ttso•litlf{ll< 8: 223-43. (A r<> ·ealiog analysis, using an:bival sour=) Kell y, A. (1981) 'Empirioeritiasm: A Bolshevik Phil0$0ph)"l' in Cahicrs du mondc rus!< ct soviC· tique 22 (I): 89- 117. (A richly docum en ted argu- men1 for an affinnative Kline, G. (1968) "'Nietzschcan Marxism" in Ru..U.' . . tn BOJton Colltgt Studies in l'hllo>vphy II: Dc- nrytho/OfiZillg Mar xisn• The Hague: Nijboff. (The Nicu.schean clements in Bogdanov tt a/ .) Kolakowski, L. (1978) Main Currrnts of Mar:dsm /1 : 1M Goldm A&<, Oxford: Clanndon Preu (Cb. 17 analyta the conllia .,.,., cmpiriocriticism.) Lcbcdcv. A.A. (1970) tJretld.nkie r:tlkldy A. V. LuJtDthorJkogo (A.V. Lunacharsldi"s Aenhtlic Views), Moscow: lslnwtvo. (A Soviet elTon to rescue Luntteha.rskii's ae.stbelics from orthodox hostility.) • Lenin. V.I . (1909) Mat erkll i:m I lmplrlolrrit lui:m: lrrltlrht. rl<i< ;um<tki ob odnoi rroJmlonnol filoscfii (Materialism and Empiriocriticism: Critical Notes on a Reactionary Philosophy). Moscow: z,'COO. (Many rrpublications and translations in the Soviet era.) Plc k.b•nov, G. V. (1957) l::bnrnnyr jiiOMJflkk tknlla (Sdccted PhiiO!Ophical Works). vol. 3. Moscow: Gosizdat. (Polemics •J•inst llogdono•· t1 ul.) Read, C. (1979) R<ligkln. R<rolurkln m111th< ROMian lnttlllgrntsw. 19()()../911, London: Maentillan. (In- cludes Marxist issues in larger dcbtucs nbout r el igion.) Ro=th31, 11.0 . (ed.) (198(i) Nitt:srJr. In Ruukl , Princeton. NJ: l'rinocton Uni,"<t1ity Pres.. (Part l : 'Nictucbc's lnlluenc:e on R=ian Monism' .) Scherrer, J. (1978) 'La crisc de l'intdliaentsia man isle avant 1914: A. V. Lunachaukij et le hogosrroiursno' (The Crisis of the Marmt lntdli- ptsia before 1914 : A. V. LUII3dutnkii and God- bunding). in Rnue tks iluda s/artJ 51: 207- IS. (Lunacha,.kii's role in God-building.) T,,it, A.L. (1984) Lwwd!arskii, Pott oftht Rm-vlurlon, 187 5- 1907, Birmingham: Uni\'ers ity of Birmin,g· h •m PrcS1 (Rich ly infonned analysis of Lunachars- kii"s early dc\-cloprncnL) Uu:chin, S. V. ( 19 58) 'Bolsheviks and Their Allies aner 1917: The Ideological Pattern', in Sorltt Studies 1 0: ll.l-35 . Williams. R.C. (1986) Th< Otltn Bolsh<rila: Lm/n aNI Il ls Critia. 1904-1914, Bloominaton. IN: IndiAna Unh-.rsity Press. (A history th>t empho.- sizes political mues.) DAVID JORAVSKY RUSSIAN LITERARY FORMA LIS M RUSSIAN LIT ERARY FORMALI SM Russian Fonnoli.sm. an acti'" in Russ ia n lltrrury crltlciJm from about /9/S to 1929. approoth,•tl tht llttrary work as a se/f.rt' fi•rtntlnl, fo rmed urttfoct ratlu:.r Own as an of ret1Uty or exprrft'nU ouukk the work. It asked tlrr 'How Is th< work ma<k J' roth<r than ·What dDts thr 111.-ork say 1' /11 foamdinz assumptiolf, tltnt J'(Jttlc kmpaf:' di/fors from IN lm:gualf' of ordinary ccm- mlllliMtion. spo-.-.J imestit;Otiotu of -.Jtat th< Formallsu cull<td '/it .. arill<ss' - tilt quolltks tlrot •wk artist ic T1ris dist/nctkln INr.-...... !"at:tkal aNI potti< lmrguagr also a/Iot.v-d * Famra/lsu to argw that literatUNt Mus an auJononrous branch of human activity, n'Oir1ng according to it.! oMm b11mttMIII laws ruth,., than tu u or rt/1ttllon tif hi:r toricol t\'1!1111 . Proceeding from thi :t thtorct iCtll tht" Fotmali.sts liurary work.r til usporuu to prt'liow litc.ratun! ratht!r than w the ouulth- M'Orfd. In tltelr 1/tuar)' thtory and thtlr lnUrprtlatlons of partinllar -.'O'I'b. 1M Formalists •ve to tlrt pmlom/nant tttuknq of Rwslan /itffllr)' <ritidsm to """' ' dirn:t /Nn.vm lim/ up<ricw and tilt lituary •«k. Boris Eiklt•nboum, &man Jukobs.>n, V'J<tor Shklo•lkii. Borl.t T!lma- lurli 1)11./uno, and other Formalilu qucs- tione:rl autpled roTTtSJKmdences bet.,.'etn 1(/t nmlmt, ca.stbtg tlo11bt U JHNt realist inttrpretallom of RuJJfon authors surlr us Gos,'OJI unJ Tolstoi. and txamilliiiJ: tltt naffatfre structurt' of non·Russinlf •-orks s uch UJ Tristram Shandy twl 0 . Henry's short sror/n . Their analyses shott>rJ Ito•• intonation. M"'rrl ordt'r, rhythm and rrforentiol tt»tanilfg interact K"izllin a litnur1 u'Oft. and tltf'y arpt'd tltot littrary -.-orb uu lts.s " rtfl«tlo• of lifo than "" atttmpt to rtfruh ...,..,. tiona/ perrrptkllu. 1M lnflumu ofiWukln 1/t..-ary Formalism Is ftlt In mon """'' th<orrtiml sudt w :mniotln. s tfiKIIUO.Iisni, ckconstructlun./cm· fnilt tritiri.rttr and new hl.storicism. in so /ilT a.r u/1 of theM' take ll«ot mt of th" portfcular u.re of language In any lltt·mry work . I Practical vtrSUS poetic .._,. 2 U ttnorl..,.. 3 IJttnll)' tfl)IUtion 4 Aot-_y of tit<rataro I Pnctlcal poetic Ruosi:m Fonnalism can be roughly divided into three periods. From 1915 to 1919. it solljlht to 409