. I I A STUDY ON INCOME GENERATING PROJECT FOR RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN Prepared for : THE WORLD BANK WASHINGTON D.C. SEPTEMBER 91 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE - World Bank · RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN ... Officials of the Sindh government in the ... Social Welfare . Department.~ Mrs. Rukhsana
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to fin.=ll.isation of the survey .i.r1sl·n.tment.s.
2.10
2.10
ffHJLE 7.3.
SAMPLE OF Tnfl 1 N 1 NG 1 NST J TU r J fJNS AND TF<fl J NfT S
Number nf Tr·aininq NumiJPr of
Ins t:i ~-ll !:ions rr airlf'f:'S
Location [inv t. !\Inn Gov t. r>ov t. Non Gov t.
At Divisional Hearlqu~rters 5 l fl3 =
At District Headquarters 54 = 84
At Taluka Headquarters J 7 7 12 25 == 121
TOTAL 34 11 16(:1
..
..
, , ,
,
'
3.1
C II () P T F n l fl R E E
E. R
This chapter gives basic information on the sour·ces and usros of
water obtained the villaqe lr?vel sut-veys. ThP pr·im'lry
objective is to analyze the consequE?nces oi' in
water supply.
3.1. SOURCES or WATER FUR DIFFERENT USES
Table 3.1 indicates how water is obtained ·fot- differE'nt uses in
villages t-\Jith and without imrr-oved v~ater- supply respectively. In
the former· the primary sources are hand pump ar1d tap. Almost r:-:.
percent* of the samplP households use these sot.trces fnr o!Jt,-,.ining
drinking water**· A similar percentage is observed for all other
uses, except for livestock consumption, for which the only source
is a water-course.
* The percentage should not be interpreted as consumption. They merely inrlicate access.
s h a ,~ e s i n vFJ t e r-
**Even in .improvt?d villaqes, then:? are hCJuseholds l'Jh.icll ar-p Pxcluded ·fr·om the benefits of the waLP.r supply scllF?rne. ()lso, r:=>ven t h o u g h a h o u s e h o l rJ m a y h << v e a d om e s t i c p i p e r:i ""'a t e r· c o ll n ~; c + i o r1 ,
the service levr,:>] is usually i.n-=ldPquah~ to pt-·ovjdp v-Jater- fer ,:,ll uses.
.ABLE 3.1 SOURCES AND bSES OF WATER
IDislribu\ion by Sour[e of Water for Different Uses)
I SOURCE I Drinkino
I . Cooking
I I
l I I I
\ WatH[our;e \
II \ I~
I Pond
I I
I
I I I ~ell I I i
\ I Standpcst II 7 i I
I I
( I \ Handpu!p 48 ;,o
I I l ~.
I I Tap 1
I ,, I
,, Lv L •
I I l I I T r:\al 100 100
I
I I Watercourse 18 I I I I
I I l I I
\ Pond I 10 I 6 I
I I I
: ! i
I l Vell 20 20 !
1 S\andDost 20 ,,
i LJ
I
Hand puap l 25 ,, L J
I
) l !ln I I ') I
I i
I 1 o\al I
I 100 100 I I I
I I Hand/Fm
I Clean1r1~ I . I
Bathing I CJ~anino I U!mils I
IN VILLAGES WITH !~PROVED WATER SUPPLY
I I i
15 1 ~! I }:,
I I I
I I l
I I I 1 4 8 I J I i I
I
I I
I l
I to ,t( ;,~ 50 I I
\
I I I I I I 1
18 19 I 19 I l I I I I
100 I 00
IN VILLAGES WITHOUT !~PROVED WATER SUPPLY
I ~
I I b I 1 B 12
I I i I l
1
I I I I I I 13 \
11 I , ,, l
Lo
\ I
{ I I (
I I 21 I 21
\ 2q I
/
I I 26 26 "11 L I
I i i
I I I l I I I
I 00 100 100
tColuan totals tay not add uptc 100 hmuse of roundinq U Inclusive of mro drain.
Laundry
19
4
48
,, LL
100
23
2:,
2!
20
!00
Latrine
I 16 J I
I ! I 4
;,f
I 16
I
tov
27
I I
i 24
I 27
I
100
I Lives led: I I Comedian i I I
!00 I I I
I I
I I
I
. I i I I I
I I -I I
I
I
- I I
100
I
I 2q l
I !
I I
I !S i I
6 I I I I
I I I
18
! 00
3.2
3.3
The pattern differs fundamentally in the case of villages without
improved water- supply. Ther-e is rnuch gt~eater- diver-si~y of soUt··ces
use. Almost 65 percent of the sample households procure
their- dr-inking wate1 from a well, standpost or handpump. These
ar-e also the major SOUICeS of water fo1 cooking and hand/face
cleaning. Wate1cou1ses a1e used mole fo1 bathing and laur1dry,
while there is greate1 utilisation of wate1 f1om ponos fo1 ;
cleaning u ten s i l s , 1 a u n d 1 y , l a t r· 5. r1 e and livestock. l'J e 1 l s a 1 e a
major source of wate1 for- d1.i.nking and cooking .
.. 3.2 USES OF WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
Unlike the p1evious analysis, Table 3.2. does not reveal
substantial diffe1ences in the patte1n o ·f use of water· from
leisure and others. Incomp generating activities include cnttr1ge
" 4.4 ,., II!!'
....._ crafts, teaching at a co-,chCJDl rw vJol~ving ir1 the fields. it is ;1lsc:J
'·· possible that some of the input into r: o t t a g e c r a f t s i s ·f o r h o r'l E
...._ '-9
consumption and not for the market.
--..... ..., .....
'l.2. PATTERN OF TIME ALL.DCATJ(JN
"" ,. The time devoted to d if feJ-en t types of activities by the sample
~. of women on average in each zone of the in
table 4 .1. A number of kEc:y c nne l. us i o1·1s eme,~ge from tl1e ta!Jlf". ... First, out of the e i g h t P e r1 11 ours available (n011-slr?eping Lime) . .., t he h i g he s t a m o u n r. o f t .i me , b e t. l'! e cc' r1 s i ;< to eight hour::;, is take!l ... by internal domestic activities including ~IH? making of IJc>rJs/
"" cots, house clean.inq, h:.>nd.ing to childn=n, P.tc. This i 5 f 0 l l CJ ('.) (0 d
"11' generally by leisun:> t 1 me . [J 11 1 11 E' aver-age about t h n? e to f o u r·
" h o u ,~ s are cons urn e cl 1. n ,~ e c rca t ion , chi t c hat , p ,~aye r , 1 is t e r1 J: n g to
~,, radio, etc. I n c om e g en P r a ti 11 CJ a c ti v i t i e s t a k e f rom t h ,~ e e to r o u r
I v
I ....
I ..,
hours to \.'e r-y little time is devoted to external
domestic ac ti vi t.ies like procurement o·f fodder or f i r-el·JUOrJ,
grazing of ani.mals, etc. The only r:lr:tiv.i ty which may involve
significant amount of time spent outside the owe] ling unit is
t v I fetching of water.
I ! 'II
..
I ' ' Second, there is ma1~ked di f fer·er1ce in the time
I '!I fetching water between villaqes \~ i t. h .i rn p r o v e c1
I ,' 'II
I ,
those v•ithout. In the hilly and s.=Jr1dy cJp:;er-t. zonr:>, t.llP avei-ZlCJ':"
t i me saved p e ,~ Hom t:" n h y p r· o v i s i on o f imp r-oved v< a t e t~ s u r p l y ( p i p e c:J
I ,, 1
\ "
'" 'Ill
~
\W
'"' -· -.., ,,
\ .. -.,
'·•
I ' .. ~
I '"' ! '. I ·•
I ...., ·."
I ' .. ~
I >"
I ,,
I ·,,
I '"
l '. I '·'
I \ ,,
1-,,
I ., '
I ., '
I· "'
I ·,,,'f
I ~~'
TABL£ t:
PnllERN OF liRE ALLDCATIDH BY ~OREN
IDHEITYPE' OF IJ!LLAGE
I
) mET WA TEP. ZONE l Jn Villms with hr•mEd Supply I In 1/illages ¥ithout hHove~ Supply
I I
Diffmnce
I i HILLY & SMlDY DESERT IOHE j l In \'illages ¥iHI Iaproved Supp!)· · l I In 'lillages without hom·ed Supply I I Diffmnce
) I
l BRACKISH ZOHE
l In Yillages wi.\h laprmd Supply In 1/illa~es ~i\hout laprcnd Supply I I
Diffmnce
l nEllA ZOf!E
In Villages with l1proved Suoply In Villages without llprmd Supply
Diifmnce
lrdm,<l Dmstic Adivi !ies
3b
469 394
" ~
389 F" Jl
J!
I
I
I The Iota l tire available is fr 01 5:00A.M. to 11:00 u.,
t I J
! I
I I
3~
~7
I
-13
22
-19
Equinlent
, J .. l
-37
28 I 09
-81
~3
121
-18
to 18
I
\ .~cti·ii\ies I
! ; I I ' I
I !
I
hGurs.
271 112
71
19 5 141
u.
272 180
rr
)
-12 I
I
220 m
I
-6 ~'
261 167
!.1
83
70 91
-\1 ~
134 !04
~
!12 l" JJ
-·11
4.5
Tat a lt
1080
I ~ I ' I
I
\ 1080 I
l 1 OB•j
\ 1
1 oao 1080
·~
' 1
4.
I '-..I
I
I ' ·' connection or- household handpump) is almost .L l/2 hours. lnP
* primarily working in the fields or doing a labour job.
-.. -
....... -....... --
"' -
" -
...
..
..
4.13
The table clear-ly ind.i.c.:'lie<o; tflat: fE'lchirlg of water- is
essentially a female activity. The involvement
activity is minimal l1 u 1 k o ·f t h F.' t:i. me i s de v o ted b)' men e i U 1 E' r
to wor-k 01 exterr,rJ.l domestic ac:Liv.ii·ies (milkinq animal:;,
collecting fodder, animals, qather-inq f .i n:.ovJood ) o t tc1
1 e i s r . .1r· e ( c h j_ t chat at Otaq, hotel or shop; pr-ayer, list.Pnir1q to
r-adio, etc.)
Overall, a number .. of key conclusior1s hElVe been l-eached fr-om i.h<:=>
time allocation survey . lmp1·ovement in supply leads to
significant tlme s a v i r1 g s .i n most the· pr·ovince. ] h j c;
confers benefits V·IOfTlefl, vJhO tend to a 1 loc-ate t-hr=>
additional time available to income qener~ting activities,
be c au s e s u c h a c t i vi t i e s e i t h r! 1- t e r1 d to f o l l o vv D ,- c om e he f o I" P
the fetching of Wc:!ter- in thF? d<'lily sequence of activj tiE'S. This
e ~< p l a i n s t"l h y i f t h F.' hE' 1 1 e f i t s f r o rn a r u r ,, l t·\1 a t e r· s u p p l y p r· o j F.' c t
ar·e to bE' maximised ther1 it. is f?Sserltia] to include a ccHnponr?r·d
f o r p r om o t i on o f .i n c om p q en e 1- a t.i r1 q a c t .i. v i U P s b y ~<J om e n .
C H A P T E n F I V E
The objective of this chapter is to conduct an inventory of
skills in cottage crafts of women in the rural ar~as of Sindh.
This \tJ i 1 1 enable an identification of the capacity v-.:h i.ch
currently exists to undertake income ~JE?rlerating activities.
Section 5.1 of the Cllart.er- presents the level of skills pn:?serlt
by age, education or income level of a household. Sectior1 5.2
identifies the method of acquisition of skills by rural women,
while section 5.3 quantifies thE' pn:sent rate of utilisation of
available skills in income generating activities. Section 5. •1.
presents estimates obtained of income levels
realised from cottage craft activities.
5.1. INVENTORY DF SKII ... LS
The village survey elicited information from respondents about
the number of skilled women pr··e:serl t in thP village. Based c-m
these orders of magnitude it was then possible to identify tl1e
number of women who should be individually
the time allocation patterns and the natur-e and levr?l o·f their
income generating activities i 11 c n t t age c-: ,- a f !·_ s . ?l rFi 1 y c; i s o f t he
results from thr? vill~\C)f" survfc:ys r-eveal that on the aver-aqP. about
5.1
40% to 50% of adult Sinrlh appE>ar· tn
possess snme kind of skil). 1l1is is a r-elatively
and .ir1dicates the o r i en t a t i em . o f U1 P. pE?op 1 e of the
tov<ar-ds pur-suit of ccJttage craft activities.
highlights the potential which for- u \: i lis at i ur1 CJ f
available skills to ljUality of life of the r·ur·cl1
r-esidents.
A detailed inventor-y
administer-ed on Pacil ir1dividual sk j_ !l ecJ \'JDrrlPrl \AJi tl~in the
household. Table ~. 1 of· t:l1is irlVt?fllUIV.
Over· all it appr:oar-s tilF.TP i 5 dispF'I'':iion of ?· k [ I l ,,
among the sarnp 1 e v-H.Jmer1. This highliqhts
'"" the natur-e of activit.ifcS bF>.ing I.HldP.r·t:aken i.n the I'UI'Cll ar-e-'15. 'lhP
''"" ..._./ m o s t p rev a l en t s k i 1 1 i s P m h ,- o j cJ e ,. y . 1"\ l m o s t h "1 I. o f t. he 1 e s p D n d P r1 t '
...... had a c qui 1 e d t hi. c,; s k i. 1 l . f'.l r=• x t a r· e k r1 i t t i r1 g and p a t: c h vKll k s k i l l c; ,
. ..., possr:ossed by OVE'I" one tlli. r c1 '; of t ilE' Sti tchirlCJ -,, .,., capabilities an? n:ovea]Pd by c'lhDut ;::'1Z of t hF' wnrnen Hili l P t h'C'
-~
I ~ ar-eas of Sindh, amnnq ~ppr-oxim~tely 12Z of the women.
I -·.,.; l
---. .. I
It is interesting to note that the levEl of s k i l l d o E? s n o t ;'=· e f" rn I
to substantially by
I •• indications that the skill of mor-e concentr-ated .. .._,
I .... .....
I -"""'
arnong the younger women, while patch work is undertaken mor-e by
the older- .vJornen . It is also of sigr1ificsr1ce to
stitching skills i:lle pi"esent mo ,. e a.rnorl Cl \:he m i c.l d l e a g e d vJ o rn~ r 1 •
I -...,. I
""· I -"'
,
' I'
" ,
"" ""
TYPE OF WOMAN
I lA. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
1
I llliterat~
I I Literate
1
I lB. B'l t.GE. GRC!JP
I ~ 19 ~ 1
I I 20 - 39 I I
I qo and above I
l !C. BY HOUSEHOLD lNOCHE I (Rs./Month) I
l ~ 750
l 751 - 1500 ! l > 1000 I I
I
1 D I TOTAL
~ABLE 5.1 5. 3 INVENTORY OF SKILLS IN SAMPLE OF WOMEN
! OF WOMEN WITH Y.NOWLEDGE OF
Y.nit ting I Stitching I Embroidery I Patch-wort I Cap-matino I I . 1 1
I I I I I I •10 28 I ·~ 38 16 ... I 1
77 I I 22 ,)._\ 89 26 I
I I I
I 1 I
I I 36 21 I 86 21 0 I
I I
I 35 ::s I «; 36 15 I ,) .. •
I I I
I I 31 75 38 n I I
I'
I I; I
I I
I I I I
I I I
I I
38 75 12 63
I 50 18 68 41 0 I
I I
77 77 I
.._\,_l .j ... \ 60 34 I I
I I I
34 :9 6·1 34 12
,....._ -
Also, cap making skills i?lppear to have declined over time. None
of the young \AJomen revealed knowledge of cap ma.k inc~
skills, while about 1~/. of older women had this skill.
There is also signifjcant Vcl.r-i.:1linn in the prr~sence of skill:;, by
the level of education. Illiter-ate women to bP. morp
.in v o l v e d .in k n i. t tin g and p '' t r: I M ell-- k ""hi 1 e :o; t .i. t chin q and em tJ r- o .i cl P r~ y
skills amcn1q fhe level of
c; k i l 1 s by household i.nc:CJrne is revealed i r1 tatJle 5. 1.
Embr-oidery s k i l 1 s a r· e rn o r e poor-er- women, while
knitting and skills
belongi.nq to rn.iddlF' u fJ p e r· i. n c Cl rn P !lCJlJSr?hol ds. Cap rn<·l k .i 11')
svills also ap[Jear· to bP cor1cP.ntr-atPd rnor·e v".iULi.r1 the rur-41 pCH''·
5. 2. METHOD DF ACfJLI.EH T I UN or SKILLS
Table 5.2. [Jt-esent,s the sour-ces of acqu.i.sitior1 of skill by v.JDrnen.
The pr-irnar-y rnpchAnism for· tt-ansmi ssion of skills is
infor-mal in char-actET. ?Hrnost 89/. c1f the SilmplP 'vornen n=>veali that
they had acqu .i. r~ed the ski 1 ls ei tllPr· moti1P.r or- fr-rom
some other family rnemher. Therp
gener-a tiona 1 t r· i'l n s f e r·- n f s lc i 1 1 s t i:l I( i II g p l " c E' ir1 the vi.llaqec;.
T h i s h a s he 1 p e cl i n t h r" p r- e s e r v a t i or1 o f t r a d i t i. on a 1 s k i 1 1 s .
T he r- o l e o ·f t he f o nn a l t ,~ i1 .i r1 i n q s y "' tern i s e :< t r em e 1 y J i m i t E' d . llr1 l y
atJout 4/. of the women indicated that they had acquir-ed si·.i]J<; ir1
cottage cr-afts through vocational cPntr~'S. It i.s inter-esting to
5.4
T(1\ii .. E ~·. 2
...... T''" -- • -·-· '--- -·-- - - - -- - - ·---- - ·-··- • ----· -- - - ..... , ~-·····-··----- ·---· .... -................................... --··· ··- I ::: IJ r ~; r F: I n u r 1 o J.j n Y s n u F: c E !
I TYF'E OF WU11(iJ.I t From ··-r;:-;::·;·;·;;;····~~.~;~~;-~:r;.:;:;;;I .. ::~~·;: .. ;~·~·;--T""' ;.~·;;;n ...... ·)
! ........................ -........................................................................................................... J.... t'1 o t h c r 1 .... 1:11·:.~~~~:.~:~.~-- .. ----l~~~~~~~.-- .. ~·c.~~~-~-~~~· L~·IE~·~~~~-~-~t,c:~~-~· ....... J
/A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I \ nute,··"'tc: I ~n I ~.J. I 3 I ::. 1 ' Lit<~l"<\tc l ~. I ?'? I :.1 I 1.1 ~
l l ' I I I I j l 1 I I !.-----·--··-···--·--·--·------·-·-·--·---·---··· .. ········-··-·-····--·-····-·---·-·--····--·· ···············-···-····· ·---· .. ····--·····---··-,·····-· ······-·--··--·-·-·-····--··-·· ...... J.,.___ ··- ...... ------!
l \ II ! !I i 1
1
,n. BY AGE GRour ~1 \
1
\
11 11
! i 19 17 67 8 8 :
I 20 - 39 I 3~ I 55 I 3 I l 40 and above I ~~ i 75 I 0 I 0
I j I I I 1-·-.. ·---.. ·-·-·--""""''""""" __ .. ,_ ........... - .... -... -........................... - ..................................................................... , ____ .J ............................................ _ ............. j ....... - ................................................... ; ................................. ..
lc. BY HOUSEHOLD ~~~oME l ! ! I ; I I I (Rs./Month) I I
~ 750 i so I 5o o l I , I ., -.·.".·. ',.) I I 1 7~·1 ·-· 1 :~oo J ~:,o o
I I I I I l I I
I > 1000 I 21 I 66 I 5 I f ........ ___ ....................... - ......... --........... --.... - ............. - ......................... .j. ........................ --............... ----·k .................. _ ............................... J ................. --.. ----·-· .......... .f. ..... -............ _______ ... - ........... \
l~-~-~~~~~~~-.. -····--··--·---····-"·····-··· ........................................... ! ? ? ......... l ...................... ~~-~'---·····-"'''"'"'•l ............................. : ....................... l ............................... ~ ................... i
0
I \
I I
i
l -I
I
I I 1 ') '-·
-.~
-., ' ·-
5.6
note that the training appears to
g r- e a t e r- am on g t he H urn P r1. T h i s h i q h l i g h t s t he f a c t t h a t , i. n IT' c o r1 t
years, with the expan:sion ir1 thP capabilities for v CJ r. ;:) t. i c lf 1 il l
training especially ir1 the puhl ic has been somF.?
incr-ease in the outrPach to rur-al areas of such centres.
5.3. nATE OF UTILTSilTTCJN UF ~3K1LLS
Table 5.3. presents estimates of the E?>( tent of utilisation of
available skills income activiti.es. r he r·e
substantial v,lr-.iaticlfl in utilizatiGn rates both among skills and
among different kinds nf women.
Highest utilization rates an:? obser·ved in case of v n i t t. i 11 g ar1d
patchwork skills, of elVer- 6·,,:;.-:,. lh.i.s is fell lovJPd by embr·oidery,
with utilization ratr of 57Z, whilP the uh lization rate .if1 cap
making, in parti.cul;o1T, is rPii'ltively lov.r ,lt only about ;';.() z.
ThPse utilization inciic:at.i.vE' of level of dernar1d
<=, k. i l 1 s a v ,1 i. l <.1 b l c• VJ i t h ntra 1 women. l,,Jp havro a currently for-- the
clear indication skills atP s 1 ovJ 1 y dying CJUt
because of the lack of grm'\Jth in rirrnand. ThC? market, hovJever·, for-
knitting, embroidery and patchwork skills appears to be buoyar1t.
Utilization r·at-.Ps byr level of education vary significantly, .-lr'cl
jt is interesting to note that rnon" l.itr>r·-at:e wornerr ar-e, in fnct,
inclined to utilise mon;~ the ~;kill:''· narticularly in knitting and
embroidery. HovJever-·, i ll.i t.E>raf:E> worn en demonst.r·ate
'· ,
-.,
A. I I
I I I I
I I
I B. I
I I I
I I
'
I I l \c. I
: I
I
I I
' ' ! I I
I I D.
TYPE OF WOMAN
BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Illiterate
Literate
E'' .f AGE GROUP
( 19
20 - 39
~0 and abovr
BY HOUSEHOLD INOCNE (Rs./Month)
i 750
m - mo
'· / 1000
TOTAL
5.7
EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF SY!LLS BY WOHE~
'f. OF WOMEN WITH SKILL UTILIZING IT FOR INCOME GENERA T! ON
I -l Stitching I Embroidery Patch-;mrk I Cac-maUng I
I l; I I' l I I .,
5 47 73 77 ! Ji ~-J
\ 1 I
I 83 11 71 29 0 I I I
99 68 ''2 68 0
::: .,.~ 69 !::1 2·1
1<) 100 ~2 100 t_(\ ... ~'
I
I I
! I !
0 I 0 67 0 ~(\ l."..'
! l
"" 64 I :.r 40 LL 0 I I •
50 I 44 64 70 40 I I
64 40 ~~7 62 ~0
" ..
"
5.8
utilization rates in stitching, Al -=--u,
utilization the hic]hPst amnnq '/ 0! ! ll g p ,- in
knitting, while obsr,orved in sti tchir1~1 =mel
patchwork fnt- older women. ~mbroirlPry s~ills appear to !-1p mc1rp
intensively utilised case of middle aged women, F'onr-er-
women are more involved in embroidery.
Table 5.4 qucmLifir::>cc; thE' e1~tpnt of pr~rticiputicm of skilled V'DI'lPn
in ,'Jr::\iviti.es. This
combines both the availability of s lc _i 1 1 =:, Df
t 1 t i_ l i z "' t i o o . A "t t u q e !: he r· , '? ~i Z o f t he s a m p 1 e o·J om e n w co r e P n q a g e d u1
some ·form of inc orne activity. Of cour-·se, lhic;
percentage may he over stated because the pur sui t of p i'1 ,-- t i c u 1 =1 ,-
activity rnay not necessarily for income gener<'~ ti_ot1
purposes but may be oriented towards horne consumption.
The highest rate of par-ticipatiorl, appr-oaching :36!., is
in the case of ern bt--o ide r--y. l h.i. 5 j_ s f u l l ov;ecJ by knitting
patchwork ~Jith cor-responding rates CJf about 21 !.. As highlighted
earlier, both U1e avail,:Jbili_ty -1nd uhlizi'1tior1 1r1tes of stitchinq
and c a p rna k i rl g a r P r e l r1 t i v P. 1 y l o vL T her· e f n r e , t he ,~ e s u l t i n g ,- a t: e s
of participation in these activitiPS are also very low, at only
about 4Z in the case of cap mC'lk irHJ.
Par-ticipation highest arnor1g i 1 1 i t er-a t e , IN ornE' r 1
knitting, s t i tc h ir1q C1 [] ct while l i ter-e~ te v1omer·1
P.ngaged sut-::stantir1l ly in F?rnbt-oidery. S i rn i 1 at"" 1 y , y CJ Llrl q e r·
I
TABLE 5.4
EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION OF SKILLED NOMEN IN INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES RELATING TO CRAFTS
I
l I % OF WOMEN WITH SKILL UTILIZING IT FOR INCOME GENERATION TYPE OF WOMAN
I t:nittinq \ Stitching i EmbroidEry ~ Patch-worf: Cap-maUng
i I I
I A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION 1
I
i
t
I < Illiterate 22 16 24 ·I 28 ~· I
I I
! Literate 19 63 I
1 (!
I
I I
I
Is. BY AGE GROUP I I
1 I
I I I !. 19 36 14 36 I 14 0
I 20 - 39 '20 13 38 I 18
I I I I
I 40 and above 12 6 31 I 38 6 I 1
I
I I
lc. BY HOUSEHOLD INOCHE I
(Rs./Monthl
I ~ 7 :.o "" 0 :,o 0 ,~
.(,) a
I I
' 751 - 1500 32 9 T7 23 0 .. ,
\ 1000 16 1:. 2.8 21 ·'
1°· TOTAL :1 12 ? ' .Jt 21
5.9
I
1 I I I
I I I I I
I I I
.I
I I
! 1
I I I
5.10
l'-JOmen are mon? involvrc1 ir1 krlil::l:irHJ, vJILilr? olrlrcr Homf'?ll
be engaged more in p-31::ci-Mork ancl embroicJer~y. 1 t i=; intere=,tirlr;J to
note that par-ticipat.ior1 ratrc•s decline systematically by
household income. Tili.s .i. s ohsPr-',;coc! .Ln t:he case of knittirHJ and
embr-oider-y b u t in s 1:: 'i t c hi r1 q :, n cl p a 1: c h vJ r::J r- V. ther-e is in ·fact, =;orne
indication that par-ticipation h.iqhrct" among the Jess
poor- house,holds ir1 tlno:> r-ur-<11 an:oas of Sir1dh.
5 .IJ.. I Nr:OME I_L:VFI._ BY CnliFT
Estimates of level of incomr:> q?rlC't<l t:ed ·f :··om c r· a f t: ;o, k .i 1 1 s
presented in Table:;.;), A numbr"'t~ of conclusions emer-CJe ft"OfTi tlliS
table. Fir-st, the monthly income fr~om utilizat.ion of tr-aditiur1al
skills is gener·a 11 y is cmly about ?81 rupees CJrl
average (equivaler1\: to a !Jou t L.' us dollars). Sl?concJ,
var-iation in incomE~ by ski·ll .is not ver·y pr--onDunced.
income is f 0 1 J CJVJP.d by e m b r· o i cl e r· y ond
pa tc hv-JOrk. PllQ<1Q ing in cap rna k inq o , ..
stitching activities is relativ~ly low.
Thir·d, variation among hous~hnlds in inconJP fnjm differ·ent cr·aft=;
is fair-ly pnmouncecl. About 30/. of thE" v1omen were a.b l e to rnan;<~JP
an income less than 150 ,~upees month only. {-) simi !at
percentage had relatively high incnmPs in excess
per month. rhe largest share of about ~0 "1. i. s c on c e rl t t" a ted i 11
NUMBER OF COURSES OFFERED BY DIFFERENT lYPES OF TRAINHJG INSTITLIT !OflS
GOVERHWH
A. Sindh S1all Industries Traininn Centre
B. Cotaunity C~ntres, urban and Rural
C. ~olen's Welfare Centres
D. Gmrnmt Vmtional Trainino Sd:ools/!nsli+utes
E. Socio-Emo•ic Centres
F, ~ul !impose Centm
~ON-GOVE RN~EHT
A. ~om's ~elfm Associa\ion~iCentm
R. lnd~strial Hom
I I
T ~o
13
Fin
6.4
i I
\
Av. f!o • . d I Cours;,
I
3 '1
2. 7
7 7 ,..\, J
':! 1 .... J
TABLE 6.3
TYPES OF COURSES OFFERED ~y DIFFERHll TYPES OF TRAINING IHSTITUTIONS
I
I I
I I
ll. GO'JERfl~ENT
I A. Sindh S1all Industries Trainina Centre I I I
I B. Conunily Centres, urb~r1 and Rural I i I c. ~om's ~elfare Centm
I l D, Gmrnmt 'locational lrainino Schools/Institutes
I E. Socidconcsic Cenlm
' I F • ~ulliourom Ctntm I I
I
12. HGH-GO'IERNmH
I I A. ~oHn's Welfm Associations/Centres I l B. In Gus trial Hoees l I I I
largH \raining, eaking of leather hags, handicrafts, de. tt Cuuerband, braid making, needle~ork, de.
·: OF !HSTITUTIOHS OFFERING COURSE
I I I
!Painting/ I I !lailorina,l Rilli- I Kandt I !Drm-ta~.-1 wert I Xathine lxakrm I Pimrk I CaroE! I I I ' \ino,P.ead"t I Y.nitling IE!broidmiFlom I I lr a in ing I I I
IMabng I ltade Gm.l I ' ' l
\ ) I I
! I I I ( 38 12 !2 12 5~
I
I I I
\ !00 67 100
I
I !00 36 100 29 H
I t'co 86 100
I I 100 100 100 86 71 I ' I 50 100 ~~o
I I
67 77 JJ 67
83 33 100
6.5
l I I
Othm
2 ~~ t
1 OOt
'·0
~
. ...., I -I l . ...., I
,_,
I ~
I ·~
I ~
1 ~
• I ~
! ~
I ~ I ~
I __,
~
I ~
I ... ~
I .......
~
I ~ I
I ~ ~
I ~
I :,:, I I ~
'
I .,
I -., ,., -.._
I '9
-"'
I """ .or·-...
I --,
I '!!<P
TABLE U
A'IERA6E f1U~BER OF lP.WIEES PER COURSE IH TRAIHHJG CENTRES
t··--··--·--··•·"··--·----·-......................................... -............ . ........................................................................ _ .............. --·······- ····-····---···-·-··"'""'' ··t ........ ·····l 11. GOVEH>li'IEHT l I I I A. Sindh Small Industries Training Centre I 12 I i
I B. Community Cc·ntr·es, ui··b;,\n <"<nd F:ur·,:\1 ,
1
1 q ... 06 I i I C. Women's Welfare Centres 3-04 I I I D. Govocomool Vacotioool Tcoioioq Schnolo/Ioolitutool 0-12 I I l E. Socio .... Econom:i.c CF!ntr·e~:, I 6 .... J.2 l •1 l I F. Multfpurpose Centres I 4-12 I I ~--------·: ........ -.......... - .... -.................... -.......... _ ................................................ __ .............. --................................ . ...... -................................. ~ ...... ,_ .......... - ................... t--· ...... \ I I I I
'2. h!Ot--1·-()0\JEr::I·II'IEt·IT I ! ) I I I l I A. Women's Welfare Associations/Centres I 6-12 ! /
I B. lndus-t.r-L.-.1 riDmE·!:', I 3--l? I I l_ .. ___ ...... - .......... _ ...................................... -.-............................. __ ............. __ .... -............. - ...................... - ......................... - ...... - ..... _ ...... -........ L-.......... _ ........ _ ............. 1.. ... __ ...... I
6.9
HUKBER OF STAFF !H TRWIJNG !HST!lUT!O!lS
Hueber
=> ..
TYPE ! I - 3 J ~ - & 7 - 9 j 10 - 12 j Am aae i
I I ! i I I I'· GOVERH~EHT I I I I
I I I I Sindh Saall Industries lrainino Centre
I I I I A. I I I
I I I
B. Couunity Centres, urban and Rural I I I I I I
I c. Vcun's Welfare Centres I I I
I I
I I I I
I D. ilovmm! Vocational lrainino Srhools/lnstitutes I I I I I I I I
l I I I E. Soci o-hono•i c Cen !res I I I
l I I
I
! I F. Kulti mpose Cerdm
I I
k HOK-GOYERHMEHT i
I A. Vom's Velfm Associa\ioos/Centm
I I
I 3. Industrial Hom 7 I I
.. ,
•
i'
1. I I
I I I
j
I I
12. I I ' I I I '
6.10
TABLE 6.7
QUALITY OF STAFF IN TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
I OF INSliTS. WITH ANY STAFF MEMBER HAVING :
Bachelor's Masters BPS b BPS-16 Degree De9ree to BPS-15 or BPS-17
I I
I I I
I I I GOVERNMENT I I I
I I I I I A. Sindh Small Industries Training Centre I 38 I 13 75 50 I
I B. Community Centres~ urban and Rural I
?7 'I
.•J 0 0 0 :j I
C. Women s Welfare Centres 14 0 86 0
D. Government Vocational Trainino Schools/lnstitutes 57 43 71 14
E. Socio-Economic Centres 100 71 100 43
F. Multiourpose Centres ~.o ~.o 100 50
NON-GO'·IEP.NMEtiT
A. Women's Welfare Associations/Centres 0 0 0 0
B. Industrial Homes 0 0 0 0
6.11
6.3.· BUILDING AND EOUIPMENT
Most training institutions, especially those .in the pr·ivate
sector, appear to be ill-equipred both in terms of building space
and equipment. As shown in Table 6.8, the complement of machinery
and equ.i pmen t
and
consists of sevving, zig zag machines,
button hole machines. Small Industries
cutting
training machines
centres have mor·e specialised equipment, VJhi 1 e gover-nment
vocational schools and socio-economic centres are generally the
best equipped.
6.4. INCOME AND EXPENDITUnE
Table 6.9. highlights the diffP.rE?nces among thr2 diffP.rent typE?S
of training ins ti tu ti ons in total income and expenditure.lhe
largest budget is observed in the case of socio-economic centres,
l'Vi. th an annua 1 budqet of abour. Fh.173000, follovvF'd by
centres of Sindh Small Industr-_ic>s Corpor·.?~tion t'>~hicil have c"J burlqet
of Rs. 126000 on average. NP.xt in size are government vocational
training schools multipurpose centres. Non GovernmE'nt
institutions a[Jpear· to opprai.p P.ssr~nti..?~l ly on shoe string budgets
limited to only Rs.16000 to 19000
rupees.
The largest component of expenditurP. consists of th~ payment of
s a I a r .i e s t o tt~ a i n F? t" s a n cJ o t hE' r· s t a f f • T 11 i s a c c o u n t s f o r o v <? r 8 0 i'.
,,. 6.12
b~ --'
~ l ~BLE b.S
~ ~'I~IWTUTY OF FAC!LlliESl Vl1H TP.AH!HlG HISTITUTIOHS
.. ._ _.J
~~
"'~
J)~
.~. ._/
l ~
... I
.../
~ ....
I __,/
-~ i ~
I .... I
.__,
-~
I """' I -.1
-<'~
I ~
I ~
I ~
I -"'"~
I ._
......
I H u "
B E R
I I I I
l TYPE OF TP.AlNIHG lHSTITUllJN I HHb~r I I BuHon I I I Ziq Z•! I Y.ni \ \inq I I HG! E I Cu\\inol I I in Roo!s Se~i no I ron
I I I <
I I Saole ! ~Hhines j "achim 1 "achim 1 ~.achines I ~achif:E'! I I I I
I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I
I II. G0 11EP.NMEHT ! I
I I I I I I
Sindh Stall Industries Trainin~ Centre I qo 3~ I I I I A. I I I
I I
I i I
B, Couuni\y Cen\ns, urban and Rural I I I I I l I I I
I I I I
I c. Vom's V!lfm Cen.\m 19 57 I I
I I
! I ~. Gomnm\ 1loca\ional Traininq Schoolsllns\ilu\es 14 168
\
2~
I E. Sotio-Econoaic Cen\ns IS 105 I 26 38 I l F, Xul\icurpose Centres 11 I I
I I I I
I \ I
I l I I I
i2· MOH-GO\'HHWIT I I A. Vom's Velfm Amcia\ions/Cen\m 14 I
I Industrial Hom 19
I
B. II I
I I
t Only equipm\ required for itpar\inq skills po~ular ~i\h rural vom.
I """ I .r... I "'Jr.
I ,,. I <-
.....,..,,"
1. SOVERHMEHT
A. Sindh Siall Industries Training Centres
8. Comn!ty Centres
C. Wom's Velfm Centres
D. Sovmmt Vm\ional Training Schools
E. Sodo-Econolic Centres
F. Multipurpose Centr,es ~
2, NON-SOYERN"ENT
A. Vom's Welfare Amciation/Centm
B. Industrial Hom
TABLE 6.9
fXPE~DITURE AN~ IHCOME OF TRAINING IHSTITUTIONS Average Per Insti tnt ion
Total Shm of Etpendi tm Heads nl Expendi lure (Rs.in 000) Salary Fill Uti I i ties Ren I 0\hm
12b BS 2 7 6
IS 100 - - -
36 86 2 B 4
95 94 2 - 4
173 80 I 12 7
87 84 s I 10
19 50 25 16 9
16 89 3 B 8
6.13
-Total Extent of lncoae SelHinan-
Total (Rs. in 000) cing ( ~)
I 00 I B 14
100 0 0
100 0 0
\
100 13 14
I 00 30 17
100 7 B
100 0 0
I 00 9 56
~ 6.14
~
~ of total expenditu~e. Next in irnpo~tance f o 11 ovJec1 by
~ utilities.
::J I ~
1 ~ l
The component of income gPner·ation th~ough sale of prcJduc ts
p~oduced by t~a.i.r.ees and tr·aine~s is ~elatively small. It: is most
significant in the case of socio-economic centres and vocational I ~
l training schools, finance 1.4 to .17/. of their·
I ~
I ~ ~ I ~ I !)
I ~ I ~ I
I ~
expenditure through sale of crafts. Industrial homes in the
p~ivate appea~ to have the g~eatest '=luccess in SC?lf
financing, as on the? ave~age? they are able to cover as much 56/.
of their expenditure through the sale of products. This ca.n be
attributed to their low level of expenditure.
6.5. CONSTnAINTS
The requi r·emen t of facilities as ~eported by the staff of
training institutions .is pr-esented in table 6.10. 1 he hiqhest
I ~ ~ I ~ I
i ;)
pe~centage of r-espondents have expressed the need fo~ additional
instr'uments and equipment follovJed bV r-ooms And additional staff.
The requir-ement for- vehicles for- development of mobile
facilities-· and for~ m,;u-kr-.,t.ing of output has also been emphasized
by staff in socio-economic cer1tres and community cent~es.
I ~ as non-gover-nment t~i'lining institutions i'lre concer-ned, the
I. ~ principal constr-aint again is building space, instruments
I ~ I ·~
equipment. In addition, as highlighted ea~lje,~, ther·e is Cl"itir.:al
shor-tage of paid training staff in such institutions.
i """"· •
I ~ ....,
I ,.,
6.15
TAFLE 6.10
REQUIREMENT OF FACILITIES AS REPORTED BY STAFF OF TRAIHING JNSTITUTIOHS
i I ~ OF RESPONDENTS RfPORW/6 REQUimEHT OF
I TYPE OF TRAINING INSTITUTION ! .
llnstrumd I I /Technical I Roots 1/Equimnt I v~hicles I Staff I Training !Assistaml Oth~rs
I I II. GOVERNXENT I I A. Sindh Stall Industries lrainina Centn 63 50 50 ~.o 38 '9 Jw 63
I I B. Couuni\y C~nlres. urban and Rural 100 67 67 67 67 33 67
' I c. Voapn's Welfare Cenlr~s Sb 100 43 100 14 43 29
I ' Govmmt Yocalional lrainina Schools/Institutes I '· 71 71 43 57 43 57 S7
I I E. Sodo-Econotic Centres 100 I 00 86 86 71 71
,, ·'•
l I F. ~ulli nurpose Centres I 00 100 ~.o 100 50 ~~o 100 I ' ' l l l I i l I I
I I I I I '
I I I I 12. NOH-GOVERN"EWT I ' I I
I A. Vom's Welfare Associations/Centres
l l '
l I I
I 100
\ 100 I 33 100 67 33 I 33
I I I ' I I I !. Industria! Hom I 88 100 39 75 I ~.o I 13 50 I
I
6.16
The principal c on s t r· i'l .i. n t t6 more effective discl1arge of the
training role is finances (see Table 6.11).
A significant portion of the respondents have also indicated that
one of the constraints is the wrong choice of location and the
lack of display centres. Also, in many cases non-cooperation by
shopkeeper·s in procuremP.n t of [lt""Oducts has beE?n emphasized as a
constraint to oper-atiorls. Within norl-~JovenlmPnt institutior1s, the
principal constr-aints, as mentioned earlier, are lack of suitable
b ll i 1 d in g a riT1 ava.ilability o·f adequate tr-ained and remuner-ated
staff.
6.6. PROFILE OF TRniNEES
Altogether 112 tt-aini?P.S t"-'E'r-e sur·vryed dur-ing the survey of
training institutions. 73% of the trainees wen:? in
institutions and 27% in non-government institutions.
The distribution by age qroup of residents in Table 6.13 reveal~~
a concentration within the age group of 15 to 24 years. Almost
half the trainees are in aqe group of 15 to 19 years, followed
by 1 8% i n the age g r-oup o f 2 0 to 2 4 y e .:1 r s . T he presence o f y curl g
6.17
:mE u 1
TYPES OF COHSIP.AH/TS FACED BY GOVERHKEHT IRAIHIHG !NSTIIUTIOHS
~ OF RESPOHDEHJS P.EPORIIHG COHSIRAIHT OF TYPE OF TP.AIHIHG IHSTITUTIOH
"ronq lark of Karket lack Shop- Dept. Transport Fi nantes Location Display Cospeti- of Sales Keepers Hon- Hiqi
Centres lion Staff Hon-Co-op. Co-opera\. Pri tl
I~. GOVERHXENT I
I A. Sindh Stall Industries Traininq Centre 25 38 25 13 25
B. Conunity. Centm. urban and Rural 13 67 ., )J 33 67 33
c. Vwn 's Velfare Centres 19 86 57 14 14 14 29 14
~
D. Govmml Vocational lrainir.q Schoolsllnstilu\es 1 ~ 43 14 14
E. Sotio-Etonolit Cenlm 57 57 14 14 n 29 14
F. Kul\ipurpm Cenlm so 50 50 50
'·"
!ABLE 6.12
TYPES OF COHSTRAINTS FACED BY NON-GOIJERNXEWT TRA!HIMG INSIITUTIONS
HON-GO!JERNHNT • ~
A. ~om's Welfm Associations/Centres
B. Industrial Hom
I \lack I I lad. of \ of
Stipends Suitable I I I \ Bui l dir:os
i '
33
50 )0
r I I
I l I
I I
I I
lov Salary , of
Staff
33
50
lack of
25
lack of
Trained Staff
13
6.'18
lack of I ' "achinen I
I ar:d ltQuimnt !
I
33
25
6.19 PROFILE OF TRAINEESt
[_~~--~ ~--~- •=:~-~---·-::::~=~~~~=:~:---~~=~~~~=_:_~----] I I !A. BY INSTITUTION TYPE I I I I I
I Trainees in Government Institutions 73 I Trainees in Non-Government Institutions 27 I TOTAL \ 100 I
l---··-·-·-···--·-···--··:: ........ w···------·····----······-···--···--·····---·-···----·-·----··----····--·--·--··----------·------.............. _ ................................. ______ , ................. - ...... l ...... -.......... -....... - .......... ; ............... _ ......... 1 I ,I lB. BY AGE GROUP
l Btelol~ 9 ver.1r;; 1. I I
I
09 15 20 "'I" ~.:.J
J.iJ )'CE\I"S
1 ·-:; Yei.\r·r::.
£~4 YE·ar·s 2 (:i> ·~· e ,;{ lr s
30 and above years
TDTtrL.
t·-------·-------·-------···· .. ··----··-----.. I ,C. BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
1.00 TOTAL I L------··-··---··----··-..,·-·----·--··--···--··-··---······-··-····-··· ...................... ·-·····-··-·-··-·-·····-····-····-··············----····--··-····-····-······ ······-·-··-·--·-·-·--·------··--··-.l·--··-----··-·-·--····-······-····----···
I
I I
6. 21
girls among trainees is also indicated by the fact that almust
20/. are in the age group n~ 9 to 14 year~s. By and 1 arge, o l cier
and middle aged vmmen do not appear to be receiving tr-aining.
1
The distr-ibution oy erlucat.l.On level reveals a high propor-tion
v<i th lower levels of education. Over 50/. of the trainees have
r-eceived primary or less education. Approximately 30/. have some
secondary education. The pr·opor t ion of those with col:lege
education is relatively small at about 20/..
One of the "most significant points to note is thP. closP. pr-o:<.im.ity
of location of tr-a.ineP.s to the training centr-es. 87/. tr-avel 1 E?d a
distance of Jess than one kilometre to the tr-aining c er1 t r e. On 1 y
about 2/. rnovP.d r-elatively long di.st_ance;o, of 4 to 6 kilornetno:>s.
This is an impor-tant finding and indicates clear-ly that most of
the tr-ainees ar-e ur~barl in char-acter~. The out r-each of tr·ainir1g
institutions cur-r-ently to rural areas is very limited.
The sur-vey o·f tr-ainees ccmfirms that negligible pr-opor~tion of the
enrolment institutions is of rura 1 \">~omen. This is
consistent w i. th the earLier fi~1cling that most of the sk.i.lls jn
traditional cr-afts with rur-al wom~n appear- to have
informal mechanisms like inter-generational tr-ansfrrs or
by tr·aining impar~ted by the other members of the family.
6.22
6.7. CONSTRAINTS
Constraints faced by trainees (see TablE' 6.14) he
similar by st-aff of training institutions.
The principal factor- lirni.ting the effectiveness o f t r a i n i r1 q i s
the availability of proper· machines or equipmE'nt. Almost half the
trainees feel the need for more machines and equipment.
6. f:l. SUGl3E~3l I UN:3
As shown proportion of trainees felt
that the provision of more mach.i.nes <:md their· proper- r-epair- could
contribute greatly in the improvement of quality of instr-uction
in their- institutiorls. Jntere";t.ir1gly, almost 37/.
reported the rH"f?d for· mono;' stipP-nrl or- for somp stipend during tl1e
per-iod of training. In addition, suggestions have been made
relating to provi;o,ior1 of more tt-Aining staff, more funds anrl more
building space.
Altogether, it exist a fairly elaborah' net
work of traininq insti\:ut.iorls cicJVvn to the taluka level, both .in
the public and int he private sector, in the province of Sindh.
However, murh of the role of these institutions is r-estricted to
training of ur-ban vJornPn and little or no ou tr·eac il
capability currently to the rural areas of the pr·ovinc:e. Subject
to improvements ir1 quality staff and the
fJr-ovision of machir1P.S and eq.uipmelll, . .it is nP.verthele~s feasible
I ~ l 6.23
I ~ j ~ Tt1BLE 6.1tl
I ~ I ~ I ~ I ;)
• I ~ I ~ I .;}
' ~
I ~ I .;) I ~ I ~ I ~
I -I ~ I ~
r=~~~~~~;;_:,;=~, ·:_ .. _:_-::::-:=_--_-:· .. · -::~-·-= --~-=I' £:~~:-~::: ~~., I I I I
I I I I f E • J J . '' I 17 1 .. <0\C·~- 0" .(Ul .C lllCJ ;:;pilCC
I~-~~~~;~~~;:;:-----------~---::·--:=:~---~---=-~· -=:J~~~--:-~•= --:J r 1 •
! L '" c: k o ·f D , .. i n 1-:. :i. n Cl bJ ,'t t r:o ,- ! 1 8 I f--------·-------------·--·---------·--··--------------------------------------------·------ ······----··---··--------·--------·--·-------··------·····--··--······--···--·······--····--···--·--····--··----······-------f--------------······------·· ···1
~---~-:.~~~~-~:_c!..~-~)-:~ ___ ::.~:.(~-~: __ :~:·.~:_c::_i: .. ':.>.'. .................. - ..... ······----·-···-·-----·---------······-······--·-·······--·-····---------··-··------····-·1---·---·----·----~~----··· ......... J ' I l I Lctck o'f Tr·<Hi!::nor t l fJ i ~----------- ---------------- ------------ ---- ------ ---- --~----- --------~
l More Duildiny Spaco ! 23 i ~, ......... - ........................................................... ,_ ............... - .......... __ .................................. - .............................................................. - ............................................... ,_ ........ - ................. j... .. ....... !
I ! \ 1'1ol"e F'u1·n:i.turE- I 7 I I I I .............................................. _ ......................... _ ......................................... - ............. _ ................................. -............................................................................................................. L .. -....... _ ................... - ... , ....................... j
I l I l ___ ''" '" __ "_::·~-~~~-:·~"- ~:'~~~~~ '~':_"'~-~ ------ -- ----------- -- ---+ 1 } -1 I I I i Introduction of New Trades \ 4 \ f" ___ , _____ ,_, ________ .. _,_ ......... : .......... -·--·--................................................... _ ........ _ .......................... -..................................................................... _, __ ,_, _____ .................. t ................................. -.............................. 1 I I I
1 Provision of More Paw Materials ! 15 l ... _ .................. -...... _ ................. _ ............................. _,, ________ ............. f ......... _.,, ............... -..... . ···I
I B ! ...................................................................................................... __ ........... .). .... ,_.................... .. ...................... !
Provision of Water Facilities
I l I 1 ............. ~-~:~~~: .. i. ;,,~;:.~~ ....... '·.·~-~ .. --~-:.:_:''.li .. ~~:'.~:.'.: ... t: ...... '·: ... ·~-~·.j·-~·i"'"t'~(::~·····---· ........... ,,, _______ ,, .............. _,,,,_,,, ......... - ............... _,,,,,_, .1............... ·: ..... \
6.25
to use these insti tutior1s for- dr.veloping a cadr-e of t r- a .i. n e r·,c; t--Jhn
could then move out on a mobile basis and pr-ovide periodic
tr-aining to women in t:he villages. For- this pur-pose it appear-~
that socio-economic centr-es in the public sector- and to somE'
extent industr-ial homes in the pr-ivate sector- could be used as a
vehicle for- imparting training to potential rur-al tr-ainers.
7.1
C ll A P T E n S E V E N
The previous Chapters have highlighted the impor-tance of
adequate mar-ketir1g link betw~en skilled women in r-ural areas and
consumers of their products.The latter are generally located in
the ur-ban ar-eas of the, pr-ovince or elselrJhen" in tf1e count.r-y.
Given the dispersed char'ar:ter- of set tl em en t s if"l
to develop, the pr-oblem of m a r- k e t i n g c: han n r? 1 s an d t he i r· a cJ f~ q u .:H~ v
i s o b v i o u s 1 y u f i rn p o r· t <":J n c: e i r1 i n f lll en c i r 1 g s u c c "" s s o f
for- i nco me gener-a t i r 1 g tl c t i v i t i e s o f r- u r· a 1 vm rn en i n t. he p r· o v i n c P. •
Section 7.1 describes the methodology of analysis that has hPpn
adopted to study the mar·keting channels ·fCJr- cottage cr·afts. !hie:
is follow~d in sectiun 7.? de~; c r- i p t i o 11 of t'he?
rnar-ketinc;:~ channels U1at cUt-r-Pntly exist for these pr-oducts and in
section 7.3 by identification Di thr var-ious stages in
mar·keting process product finally
ultimate consumer-. An attempt is made in the section to .ir1r:Jicatr
to extent which spP.cialization has tCJkE·n place .. ir1 the rnC1r·k.2ti.ng
wholesale~s and ~etaile~s.
7.2
Section 7.4 describE'S the various mechanisms that curr·ently e::ist
for procurement of r~w materials for cottage crafts by vvumen.
This is followed by section 7.5 which describes the process of
disposal of output by these \--Jomen. Impact of access to transprJrt
levels is analyzed and of nature of ~arkP-tir1g ch21nnels c.m income
in sections 7.6 and 7.7 respectively. Section 7.8 quantifies the
margins at different stages ~n the marketing process and thereby
indicates the ex ten(: of the r<?t<'lil price which actually is
received by the pr··oducer·s .i. .e, the rural womP.n of the province .
.. 7. 1 • METHDDot.DGY ur-· ()NAL y~.; I r;
The basic approach to analysis of marketing channels that has
been adopted in the study is to examine these flows at both ends
of the process. On the onr:> hand, an attempt has been made thnJllCJh
the village and women level surveys to find out the natur·e of
marketing channels for disposal of output and procurement of raw
materials. 0 n t he o t he r· en d , r e L::t i Jr.'" r s a n d \-.J h o l e s a l e r s h a v e bee r1
surveyed to determine the nature of demand for various products,
pr-ospects for demand gr-owth <Hld the level of profits, etc. lhis
two pr-onged approach makes it possible to determine the degreG of
consistency in responsr:>s and to idEen t.i fy the pr-oblem-=; as
perceived at both ends of the marketing process.
""'' ..... 7-3
""" -~ 7.2
~
:J As highlighted above, given betvJeen r:nnsumers ,1r1rl
, thE' producers e>f cot\:e1ge c r·a ft.: s pDor· qua 1 i ty of
transpor-tation system, it can br" r'?:·:p<c>ctE-'d that mar·keti:nq ct1'1rH1r>ls , are and i r1-..;D 1 \IP .'1
~ -- Perhaps, the most common pat.tP.rn t.hat or·1e v-Jould expect .in such a
;, situation is for women to market their o u t p u t t o m i d d 1 erne r> f r· D rn
,;) nearby tot~-ms who would then market the rn·oducl. to
~ such towns. The or1warc1 supply of I a t t F? :- t'-J o ll l d t t 1 e r1
goods to ·a Clf. cities,
~ Hyderahad. Tn practicP, hnwever, rna r· k ? t i n q r: han n e l s i:PrHI to be
......
""" relatively ~nformal in many cac:;c:s a
~ stages have bel?n collapsed whereby, for· e~:arnple;
~ also acts as a mi.dd 1 ernan or .=~ reta.iler p 1 aye; the role of a
;;;) 1-Jho l esa 1 r~r- Dt" evo l vec1 a 1: the village levPl
where:by one ir1 thE? village vJhCJ has mon" mobility '\ .,
H.cts as a rnidd J ernc:lfl and supplies goods in the ne,'J t" by tuv.1r1
..;;
I .:J
I
r
~ 7. 3. STAGES IN THE ~1ARKFT I NFi l'fHJCESS
l -f It is one of the obiect.i.ves of the> study tcJ identify thE' e:<tEr1t
t - to which the r e is s~Pcializatinn in the mar·ket.ing
I ~ take up f j_ r s t. t he <-' )( t P n t o f s p e c.i a J i z cl t .i. C1 r1 i 11 t r ad i n g a c t i v i t i. c' s
l ""' related cottagr: cr-afts. r.lur Slll'-1(:?\/S of
. "
I -I ' 1Jll!iDI
I -, ..
l•
7.4
that approximately 58/. (see Table 7.1) of the
wholesalers also act as ~etailer·s of cottage crafts.
it appears that is no dist.i.nct. separation
wholesalir1g and r-eta.i .irlCJ activities in c-:ott"lCJe cr~atts.
As far as the process of initiation of supply of handicrafts to
vJholesalers and retailers JS concerned, Table
approximately 47/. of the tr·ader·s rersonally c:or1tact. the ar·tisans
or the r-ural womrn for orders. As opposed to this, ~bout ?SZ of
the women personally arrroac:l1 the traders to stock their product
and ther·e!Jy help thr:>m .i.r1 r~e,"1chi.nq the consumers. The special i;::ed
r-ole of middl erm?n is j 11 only 2H/. of the
Altogether-, according
self pr-ocured hy brClUC)ht over- hy art.i.sar1::; and
28% ar-e supplied thrClugh m1ddlcmen.
Ther-e also doF:s not appear· cf i s t: .i r 1 c ~~- s P p a r- a t: i on
market between \··Jhulesa lers un the DI1P
middlemen on the oth,~r· harHL fablP. !.<1 .i.rHii.cab~s th"lt almost. ~:\'"7/.
of wholesalP.~s and retaile~s ,:dso act a~ middlemen. lherefor·E,
although the possibility exists of four stages
pr-ocess, i. . P. • ' v.~omen . \:o micldlerner1, m i d d 1 e rn P. r1
that in practice there are only one nr two stages.
In fact, in a hi g h pr-op or· t i on is a d.ir·cc t 1 i. [1 k
TOTAL 71 I -------··-----·-··---·---····-··-·-·----------····-----·--·--·--·----··-----·----··---··"--······--··-----·-··-···----- ···---·-·---------·-------·-·----·------·
education, household income and the income derived from income
generating activities. It is interesting to note that there is a
some v-rha t higher~ clernanrl for credit amclllg 1 iter-ate women in
r-elat.ion to illiter-ate women. \lov,f?VE?r, elf particular si.gnifictHlCP.
is the fact
This is per-haps une:<pected and highlights the fact that credit
' wor-thiness is the pr"ir1c:ipal factor- influencing access to cr-ed i. t..
Only 25/. of wumpn l.iv.ing in households ~~ith income
Rs. 750 per month to borrow for income gener-atinq
activities, while the percentage was
\"' i t h i n c orne l n e x c e s s o f F~ s . l ~j 0 0 p e r· rn on t_ h .
The differential access to credit indicates that efforts or1 thE'
part of the of the vicious cir-cld Df
poverty by bor-rovJinq for~ incom£? generating activities is seven"ly
limited due t-.o the lack of demonstrated credit
importance of credit, ther-pfor·e, IB'; to be str·ont:Jly emphasisr?d as
factor- in helping poor· tmusP.holds areas to improve
their livinq stAndards.
I t i s a 1 s o o f s i g n i f i. c an c e t o n o t e f ,- om T a !J 1 e 9 . l t h n 1: c n= d i t h i3 co
--· ...... sorne trnpact on r-<'!i.sing income levels. Bcn-rov,ing r-.c3t:es tend to be \}1
higher~ ·for- those vJornen ar.::hiF~ving higher incorne
income gener0 t. inrJ act.i·-ti.ties. This est<'lb1 J~shes t. hp
r-elationship between credit and income generation.
--~
9.4 -~ ---·~
"""' 9.2 SOURCES OF CREDIT
.;)
.;:, Table 9.2 gives the dist~ibution of c~edit by source for income
-~ gener·ating activities. rhe pr·incipal conclusion f~om this talJle
is that bulk of the credit .is little or- 110
~ access to the formal cr-edit system. Only 4/. of the vJornen had
-~ bor-r-owed fr-om the Agricultural Oevelnpment Bank. Dve~ two thirds
-~ obtained cr-edit on an informal basis from neighbou~s and 17 !.
:.:) from family members. It is also of special significance to not~
. ...._. that ve~y little cr·ecjit is macJe available by the middlemen to ...,;
coEtage crafts. The link between c~edit and ma~keting •;:,
does not seems to hav~ developed. ·~ .,..I
-~--- Table 9.3 gives the Jev2l of bon'"owing for income generating
-~ activities in ter-rns Df the si?e of t.he lo<'H1S. Among the V<OI11E'fl v<hrl
-~ borrowed, almost 47/. loc:H1 of 2500 to 5000 -......., ~upees. 31/. had borrowed an amount less than Rs 2500, while only
•• 22/. had taken loans in excess ~f Rs. 5000. The t ... E"latively small
........ ·'lf!lll
size of loans is p~ima~ily due to li.mitatior·1s of infot ... mal cr·edit..
·~ This not-. only the problE'm of access but also
. ...., ·- highl iqhts thP .i nvnl vemen t
~ credit mechanisms in thr P~<t:ensiorl of cn=,dit to r-ur-al women. T f, \14lf
i.n fact, the potential rlemanrl .lS ~estr-icted to -. 1\V
r e 1 a t i v e 1 y s m a 1 l l o an s t. h <'Hl t he c o s t s CJ f s e r· v i c i n g s u c h loarls is ....., .,..,
likely to be r·elatively high fur ... fi11a11cial institutions like tl1e
... ... commercial banks or thP
" ""' ·"" ill"
... "' ill"
""' r;{:" liP'
~"·-'"1.. ~ ..,.
... ....
..... .,,;
IIJ!!'
A.
~'
c.
BY LEVEL OF EDUCA liON
llli \era \e
Li\m\e
~
H HOUSEHOLD H1COM£
mo 751 - 1500 1501 >
BY IHCOKE FROM CRAFTS
i 150 1~1- m ) 300
TOTAL
TAFLE 9.2
SOURCE OF CREDIT TO VOMEN FOR IWCO~E GEtlERATIHG ACTIVITIES
' ~ SHARE OF SOURCE
Agrirullur. Dmlopml Money- Lan dlnrd Village Neighbour
~an~. lender Shop
5 5 5 8 58 - - - - 79
- ~- - - - I 00 7 - - - 79 3 5 5 9 58
- - 7 - n 7 7 - 4 74 - - 7 13 67
q ~ ~ b b7
9.5
I
Faily To\al Melber
13 I 00 22 100
- 100 14 100 17 100
29 I 00 7 100
13 100
17 100
:~
·~ -
-.........
IIi"
0 -., ... "'·'
SIZE OF LOAN FO~ INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES
A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Illiter·atr~
Li. ter,:..te
B. BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
9':.i0 751 -- l )()() 1501 >
C. BY ~~~OME FROM CRAFlS
:': 150 151 ·- ~;oo
> 300
~ DISTRIBUTION BY LOAN SIZE
2 ~50 l -~ 2500 Rs. 5000 Rs.
14
?9
50 38
> 5000 f;~s.
19 ~)l
1.?
Tnl.'\1
100 100
100 100 100
100 lOC< 100
JOO
9.6
' ' ' ' , , '
9.7
these institutions are unlikely tn have significant interest i fl
providing credit for income generating activities of rural wome11.
The variation in the size of loan by level of household income
(st-'e Table 9.3) i·;; qtJite E:>nhanced. It is interesting to note, for
example, that the largest loans have been taken by the middle
income group in Tl1is can be explained by the
fact that vJhi 1 e t!H?re is relatively high .level of (~,.prj it
vJorth.iness among suc/1 lmusPholds, their~ ab.i.lity to financE? income
generating activities is somewhat more limited
households~ Table 9.::::. alsrJ relatively large loans
have bE?en taken by those t·'JCJmE~n t-Jho want to inc rE:>ase income from
income generating activities.
9.3 MODE UF REPAYMENl OF LOANS
Given the infor·mal char·ncter of firlAncing that is taking place in
the villages, there dof'S not e><ist any forrnal repaymEnt schedule,
in terms of period of repayment or interest rates. By and large,
most of these loans are rel~tively short term in character ~nd do
not carry an explicit irlh?t~est r·ate. Table 9.<'1 indicates ttHl. the
highest proporl:ion of women ~referred to return the loan :in rhp
form of installments folluwecJ by lumpstJm repayment. A ver·y SrTL':Jll
percentage wer~e able to obtain any adjustment against the prices
of goods. This is lanJely explainPrl by the fact t h -=1 t- m i d d 1 em ell
ar--e not playing a significant lEnding role in the vi 11 ,.,ges uf
I r- -r.:~;-;~;·;~~E~;--·--1 ~;.~,--~~~~---I r~~ 1 ~~~vi~- r~ q-~~;>~--~~;; ll~~-----,--- - - - ----j I CE1Sh Jrl in H.-.r'JE·st- \Aq<<inst f'r.
L.ttrn[E.lln< Instalment!", of C1·ops !of Goods .;,t 1ntc<l
----·--------··---·------------·-···-··------·--··-·-1··---·----------·-----·- ·-·-----------·----1-----------·-----·-· 1-':~-~~~~--~-"-:~·.:~_j_ ·····---·-····-····-----·--- .... j L\. BY LE:IJEL OF EDUCtYr I Dl·l l ! l )
I 18 I ''6 I " 3 ! ; :; .I I1.1i tF:I'€<l.t:
B. BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
I l~~ I ·I 64 3 3 .I
100 I
I 7~,1 ·- 1500 100
.100
·----+--:-. I
·--····-···---·-:-····-·-··----·-----·····---------·-··--····--t···-·- ··-······---·---···--···--· ·····---········---·····--·--··- \ I
BY INCOME FROM CRAFTS
:'~ 1 ~:.o t :H ·-- 300 > ~;oo
' I I I I 15
l 31
t
l TOTAL . I ---------···-----····---·---.. ··-··---··· ··--······-·-····-········------·· .! _________________ ,,,
I Illil:.C'I'"E\t.C I 2fJ ! 72 l lOU I I Li l:.c·r·;cd:.P I 21 I 79 I, 100 I ·····----·--···""-··--·-······ ··-·····-·-.. ····-······-········"-······-······-·"· ..... .f ...... - ............. -............ . .f .. ····--·········-·-··-····-··-·· .. ··-t··-· ·-·· .. -······---- ··\
BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME I \ I :5.750 0 I 1.00 I l(H) \
\
1 751 1500 14 I 86 I 100 i 1so1 I 38 I 62 I 1oo I
I i I I I r-----.. ···-- ···--·-·····---···--······-··--··-·---·····--··--·· .. ···-- ·---.. ·--!·--·--··-·--·-·-··--···--·-~---·---··---····- ---·--+--·- ---- -- -- ·I
jc- ;:~:;c::: FRoM CRAFTs I !; =~ I ~~~ I I 21 79 I 1oo I
D •.
> ::.oo I I i
TOTAl. ________________ l __ :-_ _L ---~~--'·----~~ .. )~:~ I I L. ..................... _._,,,_,, ............... .
.... "'
'
... ,,.;
....
10.1
C H A P T E R T E N
We present in this Chnpt:er case studies of innOVi'ltive
ar-rangements (co-operatives, community based organisations,
public sector efforts) tl1a t have been established in Sindh
promote income generating activities. We give for each case
study a description of the institutional arrangements, degree
of succes~ or _failure and the major constraints identified .
In additiorl, we present an irlter-naU.onal cast=' study relating to
the VJa ter, Vlomen and Developroent Project of tile vJor··ld Bank in
1'1ex ico. This the attempt by the Bank .i. tl
integrate an income generating component for women with
a conventional ru.ral \>Jater supply ancl sanit.::Jtion project .
10.1. THE NDDRI WDI'1EN HANDICnnFT S()CIETY
!)_e s c r i p t i on
This society L~as esL'Jhl i.slled
registered as a cooperative society. The society has multipurpose
functions. The objective .is to impar-t. t r a j_ n .i. n g i 11 hand.icraft
ski l 1 s and to establish i'H1 income generating c erl t r e
-\ .... \.'II'
\,
'·"'
10.2
tr-ainees. The society has rented a five room building -3nci
purchased sewing machines tc facilitate the process. It has
stat-ted pre-schoCJl classes and an industrial home tD trair1 git"lS·
for local handicrafts. The aim is 1:o make the society larg~ly
self ,-eliant.
Currently there are about 75 s"tudE'rlts in [Jre-scllool classes V!i til
four teachers. The fee is Rs. 40 per month. There are 25
students in the handict-ait training centre with one teachet-. rhe
fee is Rs. 20 per month. lhere is no capacity to accommodate more
students, ·a }-though the society is under pressurE? to get fH?L·-J
building or extend rnot-e c 1 asses. Due of funds thE
society is unable to rent more space.
This society has an elected executive body with 30
of the members are illiterate or government employees. Tl1.i s
soc i e t y v~ as e s t a b 1 i s he d o r1 t he i n i t .i. a t i v e o f an i'l c t i v e g o 'I e :- n rn P n t
employee. She l'llaS e 1 ec tecJ as a the ·f ir·st President of the
society. She was trying to get a qrant-.i.n-aid from government.
obtain orders in the kat"·achi mar-ket. Ur1fortunately,
transferred to another place. ThP.n=• ~~as no other member- of t.hP.
soc i e t y to 1 o o k a f t e r· the Soc i e t y , e :< c e p t one sen i or 1 ad y tea c l1rcT
who herself is a non matric and a put .. dah observant Syed. ::1he .i.s
unable to exercise effective leadership.
T he t e a.c he r f o r- L~e 1
'10.3
q 11 a 1 i f i e rJ i n he r· s k i l 1 s , b u t s he i. s '.J e r y low pairl at Rs. 250 per
month. She is the HPad Mistress nf pt·e- school centre r:~lso. ~}he
is running both khe centres --~ - since she is the build.inq, hcor· interest is in
getting rent fot- her· bui !ding.
T he s o c i e t y h a s h a d so me s u c c: e s s i n i t s r· o 1 e a s a tt- a i n i n g
c e r1 t r e · i n han d i c ,- a f t-. s f o ,- v-J c1 men . T h i s r 1 i g h l i CJ h t s t he h i g h
l eve l o f d en\ a r.:1 d t tl il t:_ p CJ t-. P r1 t i ;:\l l y e ~< i s t s a m CJ n g j ow i n c o me VJ om e r1
fCJI receiving tt-aining in incomrc> genet·ating skills. The
society has hCJwever, failed in marketing its products. The
result is that it has not achieved its target of being a
1 a r g e 1 y s e l f- f in an c: in g i. 11 c; t i t u t .ion .
A n u m be r o f m a j o r rl P f e c t s h clV F-' IJ P. en i d en t _i f i P cJ i n . t he
institutional spt-up and v'JOI"kings of thP Society, as follo\-~s:
i. The Society is run by govpt-rlment employees and not based
on community involvemet1t dPspite beinq a cooper~tive.
much dependence on
running of the institution on government functionaries,
who have only limited motiv~tion. Also, the approach is
one of obtCJ.ini_ng handouts fr·om the gDvernment t·athe?t"
10.Ll
qua 1 if ied in her~ ski 1 l s, tJu t she is ver-y low paid at Rs. 250 per
month. She is the Head Mistr-ess of pn,,- school centr-e N.lso. ~3he
is r-unning both the centr-es ·on a
since she is the the bu i 1 ding , her- inter-est is in
g e t t: i n g r en t f o r· he r b u .i 1 d i n g .
Degr-ee of Success
The society has had some success in its role as a tr-aining
centr-e in handicrafts for- women. This highlights the high
level of dem~nd that potentially exists amonq low income women
for- receiving training in income generating skills. The
society has however-, failed in marketing its products. The
r-esult is that it has not achieved its tar·CJet of being a
lar-qely self-financing institution.
Constr-aints
... ;)
A number- of major defects have been identified in the
institutional set-up and v;ork.ings of thE' Society, as follows:
1) T he Soc i e l: y i s r u n h y g u v e r n men I~ em p 1 o y e e s an d n o t b a s e d
on community invo!vemer1l: despite being a cooperative.
\,,~~ The consequence is that ther-e is ton much dEO>pendence on
running of the .insLi.tution on qover~nmpnt-. functionaries,
who have only limitPd motivation. Also, the approach is
one of obtaining h<'Hldnuts fr-orn thP QOVfc'r-r1men t rather
10.5
th~n in ope~ating a~ a t~ue cn-opP~ative with
cont~ibutions from trainees and revcnu~ irom sale of
br·oadned in by irtvolvi.ng pen,plP of all v~alks of 1 ife.
ii) The Society has cortCI'-'rlt~ated lat~gely em its training
income gr'"rtet~ati.nq actJvi.tiPs pr-·oc:eed on ;1 sustainPd basis.
on a ~o~ope~ative basis is minimal. The martaqement funct.iun
iv) The inability to successf~lly market output has created
severe fin;oHtcial constraints to the n.tnninq of the
institution. !_pvel of fE?es is too lo1-·J. HovJever·, vJillir1gr1E'';s
to pay mo~e is limited t1y the lack of CJffonJabil{ty on thP
pa~t o·f most t~ainccs and by the absencF' of ber1ei its ft~om
t~aining in thf" for·m of hiqher-· income gene~ati.on.
1'\;1
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10.6
10.2. TilE NASARF'UT< KIIFS PrlrJDUCFnS CfJUPHUH IVE SUC I ETY
r,J a s a r p u r- i s a b o u t 50 k .i 1 o rn P t n.? s e a s 1: i rom H y d e r a b 'A d . · T h .1 s t c1 vJ 11
has a very old history.
bank of river Indus and cr.nh·r:o for rnanuf.:1cturing ar1d
colouring the cloth ar1d potter-y rnakirHJ. It also acted as a small
port for boat tr--iJcle to otl1r~r countries.
The town is ·famous few its hand rne1de s.i.lk cloth called "U_INGI",
w h i c h r i c he r· p eo p 1 e IIH" ;u- cw1 head as a symbol of wealth, and for
"KHF:S".
a blanket. Both Lungi and Khes take one month to make just Oil F'
piece. During the Talpur's rule of ~1indh, l:hesP items
as gifts to .other r~.if1r:JS Of the sub-continent.
D .i f fer· en t types of c 1 o t h an? made in the t-. o vm . F o t" r .i c 11 l ad i e s
silk cloth is callPd "f3ARBI" or "~·3UUSJ" and for roor people it
is made from cotton and called "r·JCJTHFW" and "r:JiADAR" or "niADI"
All the cloth is·made fr·orn hand loomc;. Beautiful qua 1 i ty pot ter·v
and tiles are alsn m~de in N~sarpur. It is nnt surprising
this town was called thr:• tovm of art.isans. ~·Jher1 river Ir1dus
changed its direction, this town collapsed and people migrated
to the other towns and cities.
10.7
A t p r- e 5 en t t he r o p u L'l t: i on o f t h i s to vm i 5 a b o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0 . T he r- e ~ "'
a hiqh school for- boys and r .. ·-imar·y and middle scttoC11 for- boys anci
gir-ls, cer-amics and health centr-e,
vetP.rinary ho~;pital, banks <'Hld a telP.phone !?)~Change. It
a water supply and dr-ai~aqo system.
Mr. Ashfaque Qazi, former- Regis~r-ar of Cooperative Societies,
visited Na~arpur- town in 1982 and met with KHES ar-tisans. The
trade was in very poor condition and skilled worker-s had left
khes making and if-Jere lookirHJ sources of incomE'. Jr1
r-esponse tQ this pr-oblem, the Khes Producers Co-oper-ative Societv
was established irt clune 19El2 to r-E?v.i.talise of artisans CJ.nd thr?.ir-
businE?ss. Thrc: Sindh government pr-ovided a building, ten h"lflrl
looms and initial cCJ.pital for- raw material to the Society.
A number- of factors have contr-ibuted to success of the society,
as follm"ls:
.1. Pr-eviously a l 1 U1e mrc>mber-s wer-r~ vmr;- king on individual basis.
material was done on a
personnl basis. (~ f tE;-r- \-he est.':IIJl.ishrnent of thE> soc.i.e.>ty this
prob 1 em has bocn c:,o l ved and with collective efforts thP
pr-oducers are able to get good pr-ices from the mrJrket. Ther-e
eas\ly
'
., L •
4.
5.
'10.8
contact and place orders. This has created a stable market
of raw materials nnw takes
place on a bulk b0sis. C:onsrooquently, it is .possible t.o qe?r ,,
d i. s co u n t , '" /1 i c h h ,-, s t ... 2 ri t.J c r,-:- c1 U lf'.-' cos t. of pro ri l J c t .ion .
in advance, br='Crli.J"·r", pt .. ices HPre increasing day by day.
they have f u n d s t u h 11 y r- ,-:H\1 mi'd:cot-.ials on a collective basis.
A 1 so , d u e t o 1 a r·: k o f ·f .i. n .. 3 11 c e , p t' o dt 1 c P r s vJ e n:-~ f o r c e d t: o sc J J
their product at very loH rates or even at loss. Now they can
get raw~material and cash as a loan from the society.
But no'" the society has tr-air1pd over .. 30 younq boys in tl1.is
skill.
P r e v i o u s 1 y t h rc~ p r .. n d u c e , .. s did not havE' ,"'\rly mar .. keting
experience
The Society now h~~ a slock of products of Rs. 1,50,000 and
o f , .. a Vv m a I.e i i. a l D f A h o u t R c:; • l . ~' () , 0 0 0 .
DE.'spi te t:.he ohvirJUS rc;ucCF'SS Df tiH"' S(:>ciF>I.y,