TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM
KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN
BO CO MN HC KHOA HC MI TRNG
TI RNG VAI TR CA RNG
GVHD: TS L QUC TUN
Sinh vin thc hin:
1. Nguyn Th T 12149650
2. Pht Tin 12124084
3. Dng Vn Nm 12124379
4. Hunh Th Phc 12149616
5. L Ho 12114030
6. Trn Thanh Sang 12114084
Tp. HCM, thng 04/ 2013
i
MC LC
MC LC .................................................................................................................... i
I. T VN .......................................................................................................... 1
II. NI DUNG ............................................................................................................. 3
II.1. Khi nim rng .................................................................................................... 3
II.2. Phn loi rng ...................................................................................................... 3
II.2.1. Theo chc nng ................................................................................................. 3
II.2.1.1. Rng phng h ............................................................................................... 3
II.2.1.2. Rng c dng ............................................................................................... 6
II.2.1.2.1.Vn quc gia .............................................................................................. 6
II.2.1.2.2. Khu bo tn thin nhin (khu d tr t nhin v khu bo ton loi sinh
cnh) ............................................................................................................................ 8
II.2.1.2.3. Khu rng vn ha lch s mi trng ..................................................... 9
II.2.1.2.4. Nguyn tc bo v v pht trin ................................................................... 9
II.2.1.2.5. Phn khu bo v nghim ngt ...................................................................... 9
II.2.1.3. Rng sn xut ............................................................................................... 10
II.2.2. Theo tr lng................................................................................................. 12
II.2.3.1. Rng t nhin ............................................................................................... 13
II.2.3.2. Rng nhn to .............................................................................................. 13
II.2.4. Da vo ngun gc .......................................................................................... 13
II.2.4.1. Rng chi ..................................................................................................... 13
II.2.4.2. Rng ht ....................................................................................................... 13
II.2.5. Rng theo tui ................................................................................................. 13
II.2.5.1. Rng non ...................................................................................................... 13
II.2.5.2. Rng so ...................................................................................................... 13
II.2.5.3. Rng trung nin ............................................................................................ 14
II.2.5.4. Rng gi ....................................................................................................... 14
II.2.6. Sinh thi .......................................................................................................... 14
II.3. Vai tr ca rng ................................................................................................. 14
II.3.1. i vi mi trng .......................................................................................... 14
II.3.1.1. Kh hu ......................................................................................................... 14
i
II.3.1.2. t ai .......................................................................................................... 16
II.3.1.3. Bo v ngun nc, chng l lt, gim nhim mi trng ......................... 18
II.3.1.4. a dng sinh hc .......................................................................................... 19
II.3.2.1. G ................................................................................................................ 21
II.3.2.2. Lm sn ngoi g ......................................................................................... 22
II.4. Hin trng ca rng v nguyn nhn .................................................................. 25
II.4.1 Hin trng ........................................................................................................ 25
II.4.1.1.Hin trng rng Vit Nam ............................................................................. 25
II.4.1.2. Tnh Hnh Chung V Nn Ph Rng............................................................. 28
II.4.2. Nguyn nhn ................................................................................................... 29
II.5. Bin php bo v rng ........................................................................................ 31
II.5.1. Quan im v vic bo v rng ....................................................................... 31
II.5.2. Mc tiu ca bo v rng ................................................................................ 31
II.5.3. Cc bin php bo v ti nguyn rng ............................................................. 31
II.5.4. C ch pht trin sch ..................................................................................... 36
III. KT LUN ......................................................................................................... 43
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 45
1
I. T VN
Vn c xem l "l phi" ca tri t, rng c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic
duy tr cn bng sinh thi v s a dng sinh hc trn hnh tinh chng ta. Bi vy, bo
v rng v ngun ti nguyn rng lun tr thnh mt mt yu cu, nhim v khng th
tr hon i vi tt c cc quc gia trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. l mt thch
thc v cng to ln i hi mi c nhn, t chc thuc cc cp trong mt quc gia v
trn th gii nhn thc c vai tr v nhim v ca mnh trong cng tc phc hi v
pht trin rng.
.Rng l mt h sinh thi m qun x cy rng gi vai tr ch o trong mi
quan h tng tc gia sinh vt vi mi trng. Rng l hi th ca s sng, l mt
ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi, n gi mt vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh
pht trin v sinh tn ca loi ngi. Rng iu ha kh hu (to ra oxy, iu ha
nc, ngn chn gi bo, chng xi mn t, ) bo tn a dng sinh hc, bo v mi
trng sng, Rng cn gi vai tr c bit quan trng i vi vic pht trin kinh t
nh: cung cp ngun g, tre, na, c sn rng, cc loi ng, thc vt c gi tr trong
nc v xut khu, ngoi ra n cn mang ngha quan trng v cnh quan thin
nhin v an ninh quc phng.
V vy t l t c rng che ph ca mt quc gia l mt ch tiu an ninh mi
trng quan trng (din tch t c rng m bo an ton mi trng ca mt quc gia
ti u l 45% tng din tch).
Vit Nam nm trong vnh ai nhit i gi ma, nc ta l mt trong 16 quc
gia c tnh a dng sinh hc cao nht trn th gii. Vi s a dng v chng loi,
phong ph v thnh phn ng thc vt rng cung cp lm sn, thuc cha bnh
cho con ngi.
V thc vt, theo s liu thng k gn y th c khong 12.000 loi thc vt,
nhng ch c khong 10.500 loi c m t (H, 1991 1993), trong c
khong 10% l loi c hu, 800 loi ru, 600 loi nm, ... Khong 2.300 loi cy c
mch c dng lm lng thc, thc phm, lm thc n cho gia sc. V cy ly
g gm c 41 loi cho g qu (nhm 1), 20 loi cho g bn chc (nhm 2), 24 loi cho
g mc v xy dng (nhm 3), ... loi rng cho g ny chim khong 6 triu ha.
2
Ngoi ra rng Vit Nam cn c loi rng tre, trc chim khong 1,5 triu ha gm
khong 25 loi c gy trng c gi tr kinh t cao.
Ngoi nhng cy lm lng thc, thc phm v nhng cy ly g ra, rng Vit
Nam cn c nhng cy c s dng lm dc liu gm khong 1.500 loi trong
c khong 75% l cy hoang di. Nhng cy c cha ha cht qu him nh cy T
hp (Altingia sp.) cha nha thm c vng ni Ty Bc v Trung b; cy Gi bu
(Aquilaria agalocha) sinh ra trm hng, phn b t Ngh Tnh n Thun Hi; cy
Du ri (Dipterocarpus) cho g v cho du nha, ...
Cc ng vt trong rng cng rt a dng, ngoi cc loi c hu Vit Nam cn
c nhng loi mang tnh cht tng hp ca khu h ng vt min nam Trung Hoa, n
, M Lai, Min in. Hin ti thng k c khong 774 loi chim, 273 loi th,
180 loi b st, 80 loi lng c, 475 loi c nc ngt v 1.650 loi c rng ngp
mn v c bin; chng phn b trn nhng sinh cnh khc nhau, trong c nhiu loi
c gi tr kinh t cao, c ngha khoa hc,mt s c tn trong Sch ca th gii.
Mi quan h ca rng v s sng tr thnh mt mi quan h hu c. Khng c mt
dn tc, mt quc gia no khng bit r vai tr quan trng ca rng trong cuc sng.
Tuy nhin ngy nay, nhiu ni con ngi khng bo v c rng, m cn
cht ph ba bi lm cho ti nguyn rng kh c phc hi v ngy cng b cn kit,
nhiu ni rng khng cn c th ti sinh, t tr thnh i trc, sa mc, nc ma to
thnh nhng dng l ra tri cht dinh dng, gy l lt, st l cho vng ng bng,
gy thit hi nhiu v ti sn, tnh mng ngi dn. Vai tr ca rng trong vic bo v
mi trng ang tr thnh vn thi s v li cun s quan tm ca ton th gii.
mi ngi hiu bit thm v cc gi tr ca rng v thy c nhng hu qu
t vic ph hoi ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny nn nhm em quyt nh tm hiu ti
Rng Vai tr ca rng.
3
II. NI DUNG
II.1. Khi nim rng
C nhiu cch nh ngha rng khc nhau nhng hu ht u nh ngha da vo
phm vi khng gian, h thng sinh vt v cnh quan a l:
Rng l mt tng th cy g, c mi lin h ln nhau, n chim mt phm vi
khng gian nht nh mt t v trong kh quyn (Morozov 1930). Rng chim phn
ln b mt tri t v l mt b phn ca cnh quan a l.
Rng l mt b phn ca cnh quan a l, trong bao gm mt tng th cc
cy g, cy bi, cy c, ng vt v vi sinh vt. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh
chng c mi quan h sinh hc v nh hng ln nhau vi hon cnh bn ngoi
(M.E.Tcachenco 1952).
Rng l s hnh thnh phc tp ca t nhin, l thnh phn c bn ca sinh
quyn a cu (I.S.M l Khp 1974).
Rng cng c th hiu bng mt cch khc l t rng c cy ci mc lu
nm.
Rng t nhin 9,77 triu ha,chim 84,37%. Rng trng 1,81 triu ha, chim 14,63%. Rng c s cn bng c bit v trao i nng lng v vt cht, lun lun tn
ti qu trnh tun hon sinh vt; ng thi n thi ra khi h sinh thi cc cht v b
sung thm vo mt s cht t cc h sinh thi khc.Rng l mt tng hp phc tp
c mi quan h qua li gia cc c th trong qun th, gia cc qun th trong qun x
v c s thng nht gia chng vi hon cnh trong tng hp , rng lun c s cn
bng ng, c tnh n nh, t iu ha v t phc hi chng li nhng bin i ca
hon cnh v nhng bin i v s lng sinh vt. Nhng kh nng ny c hnh
thnh do kt qu ca s tin ha lu di v ca chn lc t nhin tt c cc thnh
phn rng.
II.2. Phn loi rng
II.2.1. Theo chc nng
II.2.1.1. Rng phng h
Nhm iu tit ngun nc cho cc dng chy, cc h cha hn ch l lt,
gim xi mn, bo v t, ngn s bi lp lng sng, lng h. Ch yu l nhng ni
4
i ni c dc cao, yu cu i vi rng phng h u ngun phi to thnh vng
tp trung c cu trc hn loi, nhiu tng, c che ph ca tn rng l 0,6 tr ln.
Rng phng h ven bin: c thnh lp vi mc ch chng gi hn, chn ct
bay, ngn chn s xm mn ca bin, chn sng ln bin, chng st l, bo v cc
cng trnh ven bin. Rng phng h bo v mi trng sinh thi. Nhm mc ch iu
ha kh hu, chng nhim mi trng trong cc khu dn c, khu th, khu du lch.
Rng phng h 5,42 triu ha, chim 46,8% (nm 2000).
Rng ngp mn
Cc va san h v c bin cn nguyn vn c th lm gim nh hoc tiu tan cc
t sng thn cao 15 mt. Mt nghin cu ca Nht Bn cho thy, mt Rng ngp
mn c chiu rng 100 mt c th lm gim 50% chiu cao ca sng triu v gim
50% nng lng ca sng. Trong t ng t v sng thn ngy 26 thng 12 nm
2004, ti o Pulau Smplu ca Innxia nm gn tm ngoi ca trn ng t, ch c
100 ngi b cht v nhng ngi dn trn o hc c kinh nghim chy trn ln
vng t cao v nhng vng c rng ngp mn bao quanh...
Vit Nam vi b bin di 3260 km, nm trong vng nhit i gi ma, hng nm
thng xuyn phi hng chu nhng cn bo v triu cng gy thit hi ln. Trc
y, nh c cc dy rng ngp mn t nhin v nhng dy rng c trng cc vng
ca sng, ven bin nn iu t khi b v. Nhng gn y do vic ph rng ngy
cng tng, nn l t, l lt xy ra nhiu nn cuc sng ca cng ng dn c ven bin
ngy cng b e do. Ngay trong nm 2005, Vit Nam phi gnh chu nhng thit
hi to ln v ngi, ti sn v c s h tng. Nhiu on bin b v hoc st l
nghim trng. Nhng sau nhng thit hi m bo s 2, bo s 6 v bo s 7 gy ra,
nhiu ngi dn vng bin u c nhn xt rng: nhng khu vc c rng ngp
mn, bin khng h st l.
Ti tnh Thanh Ho, bo s 7 gy nhng thit hi nghim trng, nhng cng
qua cn bo ny, ngi dn cng nhn thc su sc hn v vai tr ca rng ngp mn.
B Vin Th Hoa - Ch tch Hi Ch thp Thanh Ho ni: "Sau bo s 7, chng ti
c dp i mt s tnh nm trong d n trng rng ngp mn do Hi Ch thp an
Mch v hi Ch thp Nht Bn ti tr. Tn mt chng kin nhng on v,
nhng khu nh ngp trong nc v c dp so snh vi nhng qung lnh ln c
5
che ch bi nhng cnh rng ngp mn hoc nhng khong tre gai... chng ti d
dng nhn thy mt iu: u c rng ngp mn, sc tn ph ca sng bin b suy
gim. Rng ngp mn l vnh ai xanh gp phn quan trng trong vic phng chng
v gim thiu thit hi thin tai".
Gio s Tin s Phan Nguyn Hng mt chuyn gia trong lnh vc rng ngp
mn cho bit: "Rng ngp mn c ngha to ln trong vic phng v chng xi l
vng ven bin. Nu ch no khng c rng ngp mn th khi c bo d b ph. cc
nc c Rng ngp mn, h rt quan tm gip cc nc khng c rng ngp mn
nh Nht Bn, H Lan. Mt s nc Bc u mun Vit Nam pht trin rng ngp
mn bo v dn, ngi ta u t nhiu tin cho chng ta phc hi rng, nhng
mt s a phng li c ch trng ph rng i lm m tm, v li ch trc mt
khng tnh n hu qu lu di. Hu qu cn bo s 7, s 6 l nhng bi hc rt t gi
cho chng ta". Chng ta u bit rng, ngay sau trn sng thn v ng t xy ra
khu vc Nam cui nm ngoi, rt nhiu hi tho khoa hc v thm ho thin tai
c t chc v tm quan trng ca rng ngp mn trong vic phng nga v gim
nh thin tai c cc quc gia c bit quan tm, ch . Bi hc nhn tin t s
thit hi v ngi, v ti sn Thi Lan - t nc qu quan tm n vic pht trin
kinh doanh du lch m cha tnh n s tn tht phi tr gi t v thin tai dng nh
Hnh 1: Rng ngp mn
6
cha v mt s a phng vn cn tnh trng ph rng lm m nui trng thu
sn.
II.2.1.2. Rng c dng
c s dng cho mc ch c bit nh bo tn thin nhin, mu chun h sinh
thi, bo tn ngun gen ng thc vt, phc v nghin cu khoa hc Bao gm cc
vn quc gia, cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu vn ha lch s v mi trng.
Rng c dng 1,443 triu ha, chim 12,46% (nm 2000).
II.2.1.2.1.Vn quc gia
L vng t t nhin c thnh lp bo v lu di mt hay nhiu h sinh thi,
p ng yu cu sau:
Vng t t nhin bao gm mu chun ca cc h sinh thi c bn cn nguyn
vn hoc t b tc ng ca con ngi, cc khu rng c gi tr cao v vn ha, du lch.
Phi rng cha c mt hay nhiu h sinh thi v khng b thay i bi
nhng tc ng xu ca con ngi.
T l din tch h sinh thi cn bo tn phi t t 70% tr ln.
iu kin giao thng tng i thun li.
Vn quc gia ti Vit Nam l mt danh hiu do Chnh ph Vit Nam cng nhn
chnh thc thng qua ngh nh. Thng thng cc vn quc gia nm trn a phn
nhiu tnh, thnh ph th do B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn Vit nam qun l,
i vi cc Vn quc gia nm trn a bn mt tnh, thnh ph th do y ban nhn
dn tnh, thnh ph qun l. Nm 1966, Vit Nam c Vn quc gia u tin mang
tn Cc Phng nm trn a bn ba tnh Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha, Ha Bnh. Hin nay
nc ta c 30 vn quc gia vi din tch khong 10.350,74 Km2 (trong c 620,10
Km2 l din tch mt bin) chim 2,93 Km2 din tch lnh th.
7
Cc vn quc gia nm trn 7 vng ca t nc:
Vng Tn vn quc gia Nm thnh lp
Din tch (ha) Tnh, thnh ph
Trung du
min ni
pha Bc
Bi T Long 2001 15.783 Qung Ninh Ba B 1992 7.610 Bc Cn Tam o 1986 36.883 Vnh Phc, Tuyn
Quang, Thi Nguyn
Xun Sn 2002 15.048 Ph Th Hong Lin 1996 38.742 Lai Chu, Lo Cai
ng bng
Bc b
Ct B 1986 15.200 Hi Phng Xun Thy 2003 7.100 Nam nh Ba V 1996 6.986 H Ni Cc Phng 1966 20.000 Ninh Bnh, Thanh
Ha, Ha Bnh
Bc Trung
b
Bn En 1992 16.634 Thanh Ha P Mt 2001 91.113 Ngh An V Quang 2002 55.029 H Tnh Phong Nha- K Bng
2001. 200.000 Qung Bnh
Bch M 1991 22.030 Tha Thin Hu Nam
Trung Phc Bnh 2006 19.814 Ninh Thun Ni Cha 2003 29.865 Ninh Thun
Hnh 2: Vn quc gia Cc Phng
8
b
Ty Nguyn
Ch Mom Ray 2002 56.621 Kom Tum Kon Ka Kinh 2002 41.780 Gia Lai Yok n 1991 115.545 k Lk Ch Yang Sin 2002 58.947 k Lk Bidoup Ni B 2004 64.800 Lm ng
ng Nam b
Ct Tin 1992 73.878 Lm ng, Bnh Phc, ng Nai
B Gia Mp 2002 26.032 Bnh Phc L G Xa Mt 2002 18.765 Ty Ninh Cn o 1993 15.043 B Ra Vng Tu
Ty Nam b
Trm Chim 1994 7.588 ng Thp Mi C Mau 2003 41.862 C Mau U Minh Thng 2002 8.053 Kin Giang Ph Quc 2001 31.422 Kin Giang
II.2.1.2.2. Khu bo tn thin nhin (khu d tr t nhin v khu bo ton loi sinh
cnh)
L vng t t nhin c thnh lp nhm mc ch m bo din th t nhin
v p ng cc yu cu sau:
L vng t t nhin c d tr ti nguyn thin nhin v c gi tr a dng sinh
hc cao.
C gi tr cao v khoa hc, gio dc, du lch.
Hnh 3: Khu d tr sinh quyn Ct B
9
C cc loi ng thc vt c hu hoc l ni c tr, n nu, kim n ca cc
loi ng vt hoang d qu him.
rng cha c mt hay nhiu h sinh thi, t l cn bo tn trn 70%.
Khu bo ton thin nhin c th hin (hnh 3).
II.2.1.2.3. Khu rng vn ha lch s mi trng
L khu vc gm mt hay nhiu cnh quan c gi tr thm m tiu biu c gi tr
vn ha-lch s nhm phc v cc hot ng vn ha, du lch hoc nghin cu, bao
gm:
Khu vc c cc thng cnh trn t lin, ven bin hay hi o.
Khu vc c di tch lch s-vn ha c xp hng.
II.2.1.2.4. Nguyn tc bo v v pht trin
Phi m bo s pht trin t nhin ca rng, bo tn a dng sinh hc v cnh
quan ca khu rng.
Vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin phi xc nh s phn khu bo v
nghim ngt, phn khu phc hi sinh thi v phn khu hnh chnh dch v. Ba phn
khu ny gi l vng li ca rng c dng ngoi ra cn c vng m.
Mi hot ng ca rng c dng phi c php ca ch rng v phi tun
theo quy ch qun l rng.
II.2.1.2.5. Phn khu bo v nghim ngt
L khu vc c m bo ton nguyn vn v qun l bo v cht ch nhm theo di
din bin t nhin, nghim cm mi hnh vi lm thay i cnh quan t nhin ca khu
rng. C ch bo v: nh nc cm hon ton cc hot ng sau:
Lm thay i cnh quan t nhin.
Lm nh hng thay i n i sng t nhin ca cc loi ng thc vt
hoang d.
Cm th v nui trng cc loi ng thc vt t ni khc ti.
Cm khai thc ti nguyn sinh vt.
Cm chn th gia sc.
Cm gy nhim mi trng.
Cm mang ha cht c hi vo rng, t la trong rng, ven rng.
10
II.2.1.3. Rng sn xut
Bao gm cc loi rng s dng sn xut kinh doanh g, c sn rng, ng
vt rng v kt hp bo v mi trng sinh thi.
Rng sn xut 4,717 triu ha, chim 40,73% (nm 2000).
Quyt nh 147/2007/Q TTg do Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh mi y thc
s l ng lc thc y cc ch rng tham gia trng rng sn xut, m bo bnh
qun mi nm c thm 250.000 ha (bao gm c din tch trng li rng sau khai thc).
Tng mc u t thc hin chng trnh ny khong 40.000 t ng, trong huy
ng cc thnh phn kinh t khong 31.000 t ng, vn ngn sch nh nc 9.000 t
ng. C th, cc x c bit kh khn (theo Q 164/2006/Q-TTg), b con c
h tr 3 triu ng/ha khi trng cc loi cy sn xut g ln (khai thc sau 10 nm
tui), cy bn a trn t trng, i ni trc, hay 2 triu ng/ha vi cc loi cy sn
xut g nh. Ring ch rng trng rng ti cc x bin gii c h tr thm 1 triu
ng/ha, ngoi mc h tr trn.
H gia nh, c nhn v cng ng l ng bo dn tc thiu s nhng khng
thuc x c bit kh khn s c h tr 2 triu ng/ha nu trng rng sn xut.
Nu trng rng kho nghim (ging mi, trn vng t mi) cn c tr vn bng
60% gi thnh trng rng c duyt. Khi trng rng, ch rng c hng ton b
Hnh 4: Rng cao su
11
sn phm t rng trng. Hn na, khi khai thc, sn phm c t do lu thng v
c hng cc chnh sch u i v min gim thu v tin s dng t theo quy
nh hin hnh. Ch rng ch phi np cho ngn sch x 80kg thc/ha/chu k rng
trng khi khai thc xy dng qu pht trin rng ca x v qu pht trin rng thn,
bn, trong trch np cho mi qu l 50%.
Trng hp mt rng do nguyn nhn bt kh khng nh thin tai, ho hon, su
bnh c xc nh theo ng quy nh ca B NN & PTNT, ngi trng rng khng
phi hon tr s tin nhn h tr.
Quyt nh 147 cng nu r, cc rng ging, vn ging cng c h tr ti a
l 30% tng din tch c quy hoch. Mc h tr ti a t ngn sch nh nc l 1,5
t ng cho mt trung tm ging.
i vi cc doanh nghip, Nh nc ch h tr i vi nh my sn xut vn
ghp thanh kt hp vi vn dm hoc vn ghp thanh kt hp vi vn MDF tn
dng nguyn liu. Nh my khng c di a bn ng k sn xut trong vng 20
nm. Nh my xy dng c quy m cng sut thc t ti thiu 10.000 m3/nm; thit b
my mi 100%; doanh nghip phi c din tch rng sn xut trng n thi k
c thu hoch bo m cung cp nguyn liu cho nh my ti thiu t 50% cng
sut thit k, y ngha l tc ng n thnh phn ca h sinh thi rng, tc ng v
lm thay i cc quy lut vn ng ang din ra mt cch n nh, d ch mt tc ng
nh n rng cng lm thay i rt nhiu mi quan h khc nhau trong rng.
D on trong tng lai, nu khng c chnh sch bo v hu hiu ca Nh nc
th rng Vit Nam ngy cng b nh hng xu nghim trng: gy l lt, xi mn t,
din tch t trng i trc ngy cng tng,
Ngun ti nguyn rng, t rng quc gia hin c cng nh trong tng lai trn
c s n nh lu di p ng nhu cu ca Nh nc v lm sn, bo v mi
trng, nng cao sn lng rng,
H sinh thi rng lun c kh nng duy tr v iu ho. iu c ngha l nu
rng c bo v tt, tc l cc qu trnh vn ng, cc chu trnh trong h sinh thi
rng khng b nh hng. Bo v rng tt tc l ngn chn cc tc ng c hi n
rng nh la rng, ph rng thc hin cc hot ng phi lm nghip, khai thc rng
12
qu mc cho cc qu trnh t iu chnh ca rng din ra thun li theo ng quy
lut vn c ca n.
H sinh thi rng c tnh n nh khi c bo v. Nu khng c s can thip
ca con ngi, cc h sinh thi rng tin ho theo hng ngy cng phc tp v bn
vng. Ph i cc h sinh thi rng t nhin v thay vo l cc h sinh thi rng
nhn to, con ngi lm cho chng mt i tnh phc tp v tnh bn vng.
Do , bo tn c h sinh thi rng l mt i hi cp bch, nht l i vi h
sinh thi rng nhit i. Bin php bo tn duy nht v hu hiu nht trong vic bo
tn h sinh thi rng l bo tn ti ch. Bin php bo tn ny cho php iu tra,
nghin cu cc c im sinh hc, sinh thi v cc iu kin mi trng, cc qui lut
hnh thnh h sinh thi cng nh pht hin ra cc bin d di truyn ca cc loi
trong . T nhng nm 60, Nh nc ta quan tm n vn ny v cho n nay
c mt h thng bo tn ti ch di 3 hnh thc khc nhau: Cng vin Quc gia,
Khu bo tn, Khu vn ho lch s v mi trng gi chung l h thng rng c
dng.
Bo tn ngun gen thc vt rng l mt vic lm cp thit v thng xuyn, va
nhm phc v cc mc tiu trc mt v lu di ca cng tc ci thin ging, va gp
phn quan trng vo cng tc bo tn thin nhin, bo v s a dng sinh hc.
Quan trng hn l tng cng s tham gia ca nhn dn vo vic trng, bo v
v qun l, pht trin rng c hiu qu v li ch ca mi trng chung. Song song vi
vn cn phi ng gp ci thin i sng, tng vic lm cho nhn dn, c bit
l cc cng ng min ni.
II.2.2. Theo tr lng
Rng giu
Tr lng rng trn 150 m3/ha.
Rng trung bnh
Tr lng rng nm trong khong (100 150) m3/ha.
Rng ngho
Tr lng rng nm tong khong (80 100) m3/ha.
Rng kit
Tr lng rng thp hn 50 m3/ha.
13
L rng c sn trong t nhin hoc phc hi bng ti sinh t nhin.
II.2.3.1. Rng t nhin
Rng nguyn sinh: l rng cha hoc t b tc ng bi con ngi, thin tai;
Cu trc ca rng cn tng i n nh.
Rng th sinh: l rng b ph hy sau mt thi gian di c phc hi.
II.2.3.2. Rng nhn to
L rng c hnh thnh do con ngi trng, bao gm:
Rng trng mi trn t cha c rng.
Rng trng li sau khi khai thc rng trng c.
Rng ti sinh t nhin t rng trng khai thc.
Theo thi gian sinh trng, rng trng c phn theo cp tui, ty tng loi cy
trng, khong thi gian quy nh cho mi cp tui khc nhau.
II.2.4. Da vo ngun gc
II.2.4.1. Rng chi
L rng c trng bng chi thn, chi r hay chi gc. Ch p dng cho cc
loi cy c kh nng m chi mnh.
II.2.4.2. Rng ht
L rng c ngun gc ht, tin hnh ti sinh ht sau khai thc trong qu trnh
nui dng rng.
Rng ht c sc sng mnh, n nh, i sng di, cy g ln.
II.2.5. Rng theo tui
II.2.5.1. Rng non
Giai on pht trin ca rng t lc cy non hnh thnh, tn bt u giao nhau
(i vi rng trng) cho n lc cy mc n nh v chiu cao.
II.2.5.2. Rng so
Rng bt u khp tn, xut hin quan h cnh tranh gay gt v nh sng v
chiu cao gia cc c th cy g. Giai on ny cy g pht trin mnh v chiu
cao.
14
II.2.5.3. Rng trung nin
Rng khp tn hon ton, s pht trin v chiu cao chm li, c s pht trin v
ng knh. Rng thnh thc v ti sinh.
II.2.5.4. Rng gi
Tr lng cy g t ti a. C mt vi cy g gi, cht, tn cy tha dn, cy
rng vn ra hoa, kt qu nhng cht lng khng tt.
II.2.6. Sinh thi
- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i
- Kiu rng kn rng l hi m nhit i
- Kiu rng kn l cng hi kh nhit i
- Kiu rng tha cy l rng hi kh nhit i
- Kiu rng tha cy l kim hi kh nhit i
- Kiu rng tha cy l kim hi kh nhit i ni thp
- Kiu trng cy to, cy bi, cy c cao kh nhit i
- Kiu trung bi gai hn nhit i
- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i ni thp
- Kiu rng kn hn hp cy l rng, l kim m nhit i ni thp
- Kiu rng kn cy l kim m n i m ni va
- Kiu qun h kh lnh vng cao
- Kiu qun h lnh vng cao
II.3. Vai tr ca rng
II.3.1. i vi mi trng
II.3.1.1. Kh hu
Rng c tc dng iu ha kh hu ton cu thng qua vic gim lng nhit
chiu t mt tri xung tri t, do rng c che ph ln, rng cn c vai tr rt
quan trng trong vic duy tr v iu ha lng carbon trn tri t do vy rng c tc
dng trc tip n s bin i kh hu ton cu.
Cc loi thc vt sng c kh nng tch tr lng carbon trong kh quyn, v vy
s tn ti ca thc vt rng cng nh h sinh thi rng c vai tr rt quan trng trong
vic chng li hin tng nng dn ln ca tri t. Theo thng k th trong t (tnh
n su 30m) carbon trong sinh khi v trong ton b h sinh thi rng l 638 Gt
15
(Giga), lng carbon ny ln hn nhiu so vi lng carbon c trong kh quyn, do
trong ngh nh th Kyoto nu ln cc gii php quan trng trong tin trnh ct gim
kh nh knh l tng cng cc hot ng trng rng, ti trng rng v qun l bn
vng cc h sinh thi.
Mi quan h gia rng v bin i kh hu rt phc tp.Cc khu rng mt mt c
th lm gim bin i kh hu bng cch hp thu carbon, trong khi mt khc rng c
th gp phn lm bin i kh hu b suy thoi hoc ph hy.
Pht trin cng nghip cng vi vic gia tng dn s, vn v t sn xut v
c ng ngy cng c quan tm. t ai khng sinht hm, mun c ch v lm
vic con ngi buc phi chuyn i mc ch s dng ca rng, iu ny ng ngha
vi vic ti nguyn rng ang suy gim v ko theo nhng hu qu nng n. Theo
FAO (t chc lng thc th gii) tnh n thng 2/2011, c th gii mt hn 13
triu ha rng, ch yu l do chuyn i mc ch s dng rng, rng ch cn chim
31% din tch cc chu lc ton cu vi tng din tch cha y 4 t ha. Bo co nh
gi ln th 4 ca IPCC cng b nm 2007 cho thy 20% lng cht thi gy hiu ng
nh knh ca th gii c gy ra bi vic s dng rng cho mc ch khc bao gm
c vic s dng rng cho nng nghip y cng l nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho tri
t nng dn ln.
Trong th k XX, nhit tri t tng t 0.20C n 0.60C, tip tc trong sut th k
XXI, theo d on ca cc nh khoa hc nhit ca tri t c th tng t 1.10C n
Hnh 5: Kh hu tht thng cng ngy cng khc nghit hn vi tnh
trng bin i kh hu.
16
6.40C t y n nm 2100, tuy nhin theo kho st hin tng m dn ln ca tri t
vn tip tc sau nm 2100 d cho con ngi c ngng thi kh c gy hiu ng nh
knh i chng na, nhng thay i ca kh hu ang din ra hng ngy hng gi bn
cnh chng ta m chng ta l nn nhn ca hnh ng v thc ca chnh bn thn
mnh.
II.3.1.2. t ai
Rng bo v t, tng ph nhiu, bi dng tim nng cho t:
t tt cho rng hng thnh. nhng ni c rng, t c bo v kh tt, hn
ch hin tng bo mn, st l, nht l nhng ni c a hnh dc, lp t mt khng
b mng gi c h thng vi sinh vt v cc khong, cht hu c c trong t. Cy
ci ly cht dinh dng t t v tr li cho t mt lng sinh khi rt ln, y l
ngun lm cho t rng ngy cng tr nn mu m (Hnh 4) .
Rng mt th t kit, t kit th rng cng suy vong. nhng ni rng b ph
hy th t dn b thoi ha din ra mnh lit v nhanh chng, khin cho cc vng t
ny hnh thnh khu t trng, i trc, tr si , mt dn tnh gi nc, chua tng
cao, thiu dinh dng nh hng ln n cc sinh vt. Hin tng bo mn, ra tri
cng din ra nhanh, t khng cn bm d b st l.
Hnh : Biu nhit tri t t nm 1880-2000
17
Nu rng b ph hy, t b xi,qu trnh t mt mn v thoi ha s xy ra rt
nhanh chng v mnh lit. c tnh ni rng b ph hoang tr t trng mi nm b
ra tri mt khong 10 tn mn/ ha. ng thi cc qu trnh feralitic, tch t st, nhm,
hnh thnh kt von, ong, li tng cng ln lm cho t mt tnh cht ha l, mt vi
sinh vt, khng gi c nc, d b kh hn, thiu cht dinh dng, tr nn rt chua,
kt cng li, i n cn ci, tr si .
Hnh 6: t rng mu m
Hnh 7: Mt im st l min ni Ty Tr
18
Hin nay ngun ti nguyn t c bit l t rng ang ngy cng b suy gim
do cn phi c bin php khai thc v s dng hp l ngun t v t rng bo
v v pht huy ti a tim nng ca ti nguyn ny.
II.3.1.3. Bo v ngun nc, chng l lt, gim nhim mi trng
Mt vai tr khng km phn quan trng ca rng l iu ha ngun nc, gim
dng chy b mt, tng lng nc ngm, hn ch hin tng lng ng, dng sng,
lng h. Tng lng nc vo ma kh, hn ch nc vo ma l.Mt s nh khoa
hc tin rng lu lng nc chy b mt gim i nhng ni c t rng so vi
nhng khu vc t trng i trc c bit l t nng nghip, thng tin ny c
chng minh bi cc cng trnh nghin cu khc nhau c s dng hng lot k thut
khc nhau. Nghin cu Vit Nam cho rng lu lng dng chy mt ti ni c rng
thp hn t 2,5 n 27 ln so vi cc khu vc canh tc nng nghip. Thm vo
rng t nhin c tc dng tt hn so vi rng trng trong vic gim dng chy mt,
nguyn nhn l do rng trng c lp thm mc t v b c gii ha. y l yu t
quan trng ca rng trong vic ngn chn v lm gim tc ng ca cc cn l.
Rng cn l mt nh my x l nc thi v cung cp khng kh trong lnh khng l.
Rng Cn Gi tnh theo l thuyt c kh nng chu ti ln n 158.5m3/ m2/ nm, gi
mt nhim v quan trng l gim ti nhim t TP.H Ch Minh ra bin ng, h
thng cy ngp mn v to hp thu CO2 thi O2 l l phi xanh ca hn 10 triu dn
thnh ph. Rng cn l mt h thng ro chn t nhin, chng li hin tng ct bay,
ct ln, bo v cc vng t ni a v h thng bin.
Hnh 8: Rng Cn Gi l phi v qu thn ca TP H Ch Minh
19
Cung cp cc loi g v lm sn ngoi g c gi tr s dng cho con ngi trong
nhiu lnh vc nh: Th cng m ngh, g ni tht, dc liu, nghin cu khoa
hc,
II.3.1.4. a dng sinh hc
Vit Nam nm phn ng bn o ng Dng, trong vnh ai nhit i bc bn
cu tip cn vi xch o, phn t lin tri di trn 15 v t pha Bc xung pha
Nam vi khong 1.650km. Vit Nam c tng din tch t nhin t lin l 329.241km2
gm hng ngn o ln nh ven b v hai qun o ln l Hong Sa v Trng Sa. V
kh hu, Vit Nam c c kh hu nhit i gi ma v kh hu nhit i, n i ni
cao. S a dng v a hnh, kiu t, cnh quan v kh hu to nn tnh a dng
sinh hc v cng phong ph v c sc ca Vit Nam, th hin trong cc khu rng
rng ln v loi v ngun gen.
a dng loi bao gm: 774 loi chim, 273 loi th, 180 loi b st, 80 loi lng c,
475 loi c nc ngt v 1.650 loi c rng ngp mn v c bin.Rng cung cp
ngun gen v thc vt v ng vt vi 14.000 ngun gen c bo tn v lu gi.
gn gi ngun ti nguyn a dng phong ph ny, chng ta t nhiu thnh tu,
quan trng nh: che ph ca rng lin tc tng; m rng h thng cc khu bo tn
thin nhin; thc hin cc hnh thc bo tn chuyn ch bc u c pht trin;
pht trin nhn nui cc loi nguy cp qu him c gi tr kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, bn
cnh nhng thnh tu dt c trong thi gian qua cng tc bo tn a dng sinh
hc v ang c thch thc nht nh, l cc h sinh thi rng t hin b tc ng
v s lng loi nguy cp, qu, him b e da ang tng ln. Nguyn nhn gy ra vic
Hnh 9: Rng Phi lao ven bin huyn Triu Phong Qung Tr
20
suy gim a dng sinh hc l khai thc tri php v qu mc ti nguyn sinh vt, bun
bn tri php ng vt hoang d, chuyn i mc ch s dng rng mt cch thiu
khoa hc, s xm ln cc ging mi v cc sinh vt ngoi lai.
Mt s loi c ghi trong sch Vit Nam: Danh mc thc vt nm trong sch
Vit Nam thuc din rt nguy cp nh hong n r, hong n, bch vng, bch
tn i Loan; 1 s cy thuc qu nh ba gc hoa , sm v dip, tam tht hoang; cc
loi thc vt c hu ca Vit Nam nh gic Tam o, sao l cong; cy cnh qu
him nh lan hi , lan hi im ngc, lan hi Tam o, lan hi H-len.
Danh mc sch ng vt Vit Nam bao gm cc loi ng vt c trong Sch
Vit Nam di cc mc e da khc nhau. Trong s l cc loi ng vt ch
tm thy duy nht trn lnh th Vit Nam, khng tm thy ni khc trn th gii nh:
G li lam ui trng (Lophura hatinhensis), G li lam mo trng (Lophura
edwardsi), G tin mt (Polyplectron germaini), G tr sao (Rheinardia ocellata),
G so c hung (Arborophila davidi), Voc mi hch Bc B (Rhinopithecus
avunculus), Voc ng sc (Trachipithecus phayrei) v cc loi ln u pht hin trn
th gii ti Vit Nam, hin ti cha thy hoc t thy chng cc nc khc: Mang
Trng Sn (Muntiacus truongsonensis), Mang ln, Sao la (Pseudoryx
nghetinhensis),B rng xon.
Hinh 10: Mt s loi phong lan Vit Nam
21
II.3.2. i vi kinh t
II.3.2.1. G
Rng va l yu t bo v mi trng nhng cng l mt thnh phn kinh t quan
trng, c bit trong lnh vc cung cp g cho cng nghip ch bin v xut khu.Xut
khu g l ngnh xut khu ch lc ca Malaysia, mi nm ng gp vo nn kinh t
nc ny khong 7 t USD.Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh xut g ca Vit Nam
ngy mt gia tng ng gp vo s pht trin ca t nc (Ngun Tp ch g Vit s
23 t-12/2010).Nu nh trong thp nin 90, v tr m nht ban u th nay Vit Nam
vn ln ng th 2 sau Malaysia v xut khu g trong ASEAN vi kim ngch
xut khu l4.6 t USD nm 2012 (Ngun: Hip hi g v lm sn Vit Nam).
Ty vo c im tnh cht ca tng loi cy m chng ta c sn phm ph hp.
Chng hn g hunh, sng le, sao nh, bn, x vn di, ngm trong nc mn khng b
h n nn c lm vn cc loi thuyn i trn bin.
G Lim, g Su l th g bn thin nin nn c dng lm nh cha, cung in.
Hnh 11: Sao La
22
Mt s loi c dng lm hng th cng m ngh xut khu, qu lu nim trong
cc khu dch v du lch:
II.3.2.2. Lm sn ngoi g
Gi tr m lm sn ngoi g mang li l khng h nh, theo ghi nhn c 150 loi
LSNG c gi tr c bun bn trn th trng quc t, vo nhng nm 1990 trung
bnh gi tr trao i hng nm ln n t 5 n 10 t USD. Ch ly v d mt hng my
ca Indonesia trong cc nm t 1988 n 1994 cho chng ta thy gi tr ngy cng
Hnh 12: Cha Mt Ct
Hnh 13: Hng th cng m ngh c gi tr xut khu
23
tng ca loi lm sn ngoi g ny (bng 1). S liu thng k ca TCHQ Vit Nam,
kim ngch xut khu hng my, tre, ci thm 11 thng nm 2012 tng 7,09% so vi
cng k nm 2011, tng ng vi 191,2 triu USD. Trong Hoa K l th trng
xut khu chnh mt hng ny ca Vit Nam vi kim ngch t 37 triu USD, tng
32,64% so vi 11 thng nm 2011 v tng 94,35% so vi thng 11/2011 vi kim
ngch t 4,7 triu USD, mt v d khc cng l mt hng ny ca Malaysia bn o
Peninsular (bng 2).
Bng 1
Nm Gi tr (triu USD)
1988 195
1989 157
1990 222
1991 277
1992 295
1993 335
1994 360
Thc t th nhng con s trn th cng khng ghi nhn gi tr ca lm sn ngoi g
do rng mang li, mt s ni th gi tr ca n cn c th mang li ngun ti chnh
hn c g. Theo FAO-1995, Zimbabwe c 237000 ngi lm vic lin quan n lm
sn ngoi g, trong khi ch c 16000 ngi lm trong ngnh lm nghip, khai thc
ch bin g; th trng lm sn ngoi g tng 20%/ nm.
Rng l cn l ni cung cp ngun dc liu t nhin. T chc y t th gii
WHO nh gi l 80% dn s cc nc ang pht trin dng lm sn ngoi g cha
bnh, lm thc phm bi b sc khe. Mt s loi dc liu nh: Tam tht, nm Linh
Chi, ng Trng H Tho, sm , sm dy, ... hin nay c nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu v cng dng v cch pht trin nhng loi quy ny.
Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii ang thc hin nhiu d n pht trin lm
sn ngoi g nh Trnh din nng lc Phc hi rng bn vng Vit Nam, do
APFNET ti tr. D n ny thc hin c hai nm ti huyn Thanh Sn v Tn
Nm Gi tr (triu USD)
1990 107,221
1991 168,836
1992 161,354
1993 133,364
1994 91,142
Bng 2
24
Sn thuc tnh Ph th, ngun vn gn 600.000 USD, APFNET ti tr gn 500.000
USD.
II.3.2.3. Du lch sinh thi.
Du lch sinh thi l loi hnh du lch da vo thin nhin v vn ha bn a gn
vi gio dc mi trng, ng gp cho n lc bo tn v pht trin bn vng vi s
tham gia tch cc ca cng ng a phng.
Du lch sinh thi gn lin vi cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, nhng
a im c cnh quan c bit.Du lch sinh thi l mt dch v gp phn nng cao i
sng tinh thn v vt cht cho ngi dn a phng.Thng qua du lch sinh nhng
ngi dn a phng nhn thc c gi tr do rng mang li h s gn b vi rng
hn, tch c hn trong cng tc xy dng v pht trin rng bn vng.
II.3.2.4. An sinh x hi
Rng em li mt gi tr x hi khng h nh khng nhng i vi ngi dn sng
gn rng m cn vi nhng ngi khu vc thnh th.
i vi ngi dn sng gn rng, gii quyt nn thiu lng thc lm n nh tnh
hnh x hi; gi an ninh v pht trin i sng cho ngi dn, rng mang li ngun thu
nhp thng xuyn v thit thc hn l cc ngun ngun khc; rng to mt s lng
vic lm ln quanh nm cho ngi dn y; bo tn nhng kin thc bn a ca
ngi dn v gy trng, ch bin, cha bnh bng cy thuc t nhin, cc ngnh ngh
Hnh 14: Mc Hng Tam tht hai loi cy dc liu qu ca Vit Nam
25
th cng m ngh; gi gn cc gi tr vn ha ca cng ng ca cc dn tc. V vy
pht trin rng l hng ti ngi dn c thu nhp thp ven rng v min ni.
i vi khu vc thnh th, to cng n vic lm cho cc nh my x nghip sn xut,
ch bin dng nhng sn phm c t rng; cung cp cc dch v gii tr, vui chi cho
ngi dn thnh th; a dng ha cc sn phm cng nghip cho cc nh my x
nghip; rng l kho cung ng nguyn liu sn c v lu bn, gim chi ph vn
chuyn, nhp khu t nc ngoi; tng tnh cnh tranh thng mi trong v ngoi
nc,
II.4. Hin trng ca rng v nguyn nhn
II.4.1 Hin trng
II.4.1.1.Hin trng rng Vit Nam
Rng nc ta ngy cng suy gim v din tch v cht lng, t l che ph thc
vt di mc cho php v mt sinh thi, din tch t ai ca nc ta (so vi din
tch t t nhin) l i ni, kh hu nhit i m gi ma nn rng rt quan trng
trong vic cn bng sinh thi.
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i nm vng ng Nam , c tng din tch lnh
th khong 331.700 km2, ko di t 9 23 v bc, trong din tch rng v t
rng l 20 triu ha, chim khong 20% din tch ton quc (Tng cc thng k nm
1994).
Nu nh vo khong th k XX nc ta che ph ca rng cn li 43% din
tch t t nhin. Th sau 30 nm chin tranh tip theo l giai on m rng Vit Nam
b thu hp li kh nhanh. Hn 80 triu lt cht dit c cng 13 triu tn bom n vi 25
triu h bom n, bom chy rng cng vi i xe i t khng l tiu hy hn 2
triu ha rng nhit i cc loi v din tch rng ch cn khong 9,5 triu ha, chim
29% din tch c nc.
Theo s liu thu c nh phn tch nh Landsat chp nm 1979 1981 v
KATE 140 trong cng thi gian, cho thy trong giai on ny rng ch cn li 7,8 triu
ha, chim khong 24% din tch c nc (Vin iu tra v Quy hoch rng), trong
10% l rng nguyn sinh. nhiu tnh rng t nhin giu cn li rt thp, nh Lai
Chu cn 7,88%, Sn La 11,955 v Lo Cai 5,38%. S suy gim v che ph rng
cc vng ny l do mc tng dn s to nhu cu ln v lm sn v t trng trt.
26
Kt qu dn ti vic bin nhiu vng rng thnh t hoang cn ci. Nhng khu
rng cn li vng ni pha Bc xung cp, tr lng g thp v b chia ct thnh
nhng m rng nh phn tn.
Theo s liu thng k ca B Nng nghip v PTNT, tnh n thi im thng 12
nm 2008 din tch rng c nc l 13,1 triu ha (chim 38,7% tng din tch t
nhin) bao gm : 10,3 triu ha rng t nhin v 2,8 triu ha rng trng. Nu phn chi
theo 3 loi rng nm 2008 nh sau : rng c dng : 2,1 triu ha (tng ng vi
15,7% tng din tch rng), rng phng h : 4,7 triu ha (36,1% tng din tch rng)
v rng sn xut : 6,2 triu ha (47,3% tng din tch rng) v rng ngoi t quy
hoch cho lm nghip l 118,568 ha (0,9% tng din tch rng). Mc d din tch rng
tng t 7,8 triu ha (nm 1981) ln 13,1 triu ha (nm 2008) nhng hin tng mt
rng vn tip din phc tp ti nhiu ni, t vng Ty Nguyn, Duyn hi min Trung
v ng Nam b. Hin tng mt rng v ph v s gn kt cc mng rng lm cho
rng tr nn manh mn kh ph bin ti cc khu rng t nhin
Theo s liu Bo co Chng trnh iu tra, theo di v nh gi ti nguyn rng
ton quc (NFIMAP) chu k III, hn 2/3 din tch rng t nhin ca Vit Nam c
coi l rng ngho; Rng giu v rng trung bnh ch chim 4,6% tng din tch rng
v phn ln phn b ti cc vng ni cao, vng su, vng xa. Nhiu khu rng ngp
mn v rng Trm ti vng ng bng ven bin c vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr
ang dng sinh hc dng nh bin mt. C hi ti sinh t nhin c tr lng ln
thng c lp v manh mn. Bo co cng cho thy cht lng v a dng sinh hc
rng tip tc b suy gim. Trong giai on 1999 2005, din tch rng t nhin giu
gim 10,2% v rng trung bnh gim 13,4%. Nhiu din tch rng t nhin rng ln ti
vng Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v Ty Bc b mt trong giai on t 1991
2001.
Vit Nam hin nay c ch tiu rng vo loi thp, ch t mc bnh qun khong
0,14 ha rng, trong khi mc bnh qun ca th gii l 0,97 ha/ ngi. Cc s liu
thng k cho thy, n nm 2000 nc ta c khong gn 11 triu hecta rng, trong
rng t nhin chim khong 9,4 triu hecta v khong 1,6 triu hecta rng trng;
che ph ca rng ch t 33% so vi 45% ca thi k gia nhng nm 40 ca th k
XX. Tuy nhin, nh c nhng n lc trong vic thc hin cc ch trng chnh sch
27
ca Nh nc v bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng, "ph xanh t trng i ni
trc" nn nhiu nm gn y din tch rng nc ta tng 1,6 triu hecta so vi
nm 1995, trong rng t nhin tng 1,2 triu hecta, rng trng tng 0,4 triu hecta.
-Trc y, rng chim din tch khong 60 triu km2.
-n nm 1958 ch cn 44,05 triu km2 (chim khong 33% din tch t lin).
-Nm 1973 cn 37,37 triu km2.
Hin nay din tch rng ngy cng gim, ch cn khong 29 triu km2.
+ Vit Nam:
-Vo nm 1943 c khong 14 triu ha, t l che ph 43% din tch.
-Nm 1976 cn 11 triu ha, t l che ph cn 34%.
-Nm 1985 cn 9,3 triu ha, t l che ph cn 30%.
-Nm 1995, cn 8 triu ha v t l che ph cn 28%.
L mt quc gia t hp ngi ng, Vit Nam hin nay c ch tiu rng vo loi
thp, ch t mc bnh qun khong 0,14 ha rng, trong khi mc bnh qun ca th
gii l 0,97 ha/ ngi. Cc s liu thng k cho thy, n nm 2000 nc ta c khong
gn 11 triu hecta rng, trong rng t nhin chim khong 9,4 triu hecta v
khong 1,6 triu hecta rng trng; che ph ca rng ch t 33% so vi 45% ca
thi k gia nhng nm 40 ca th k XX. Tuy nhin, nh c nhng n lc trong vic
thc hin cc ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc v bo v v pht trin ti nguyn
rng, "ph xanh t trng i ni trc" nn nhiu nm gn y din tch rng nc
ta tng 1,6 triu hecta so vi nm 1995, trong rng t nhin tng 1,2 triu hecta,
rng trng tng 0,4 triu hecta. nhiu tnh, rng t nhin giu cn li rt thp, nh
Lai Chu cn 7,88%, Sn La 11,95%, v Lo Cai 5,38%. S suy gim v che ph
rng cc vng ny l do mc tng dn s to nhu cu ln v lm sn v t trng
trt. Kt qu dn ti vic bin nhiu vng rng thnh t hoang cn ci. Nhng khu
rng cn li vng ni pha Bc xung cp, tr lng g thp v b chia ct thnh
nhng m rng nh phn tn. Tnh n nm 2010 nc ta c tng din tch rng l
13.388.075 ha, trong rng t nhin l 10.304.816 ha v rng trng l 3.083.259
ha. che ph rng ton quc l 39,5% (Theo Quyt nh s 1828/Q BNN
TCLN ngy 11 thng 8 nm 2011)
+Cn trn th gii:
28
-Tng s rng c tr lng g trn 50 m3/ha ch c khong 2,8 t ha, cn li l rng
tha khong 1,2 t ha.
-Phn ln din tch rng kn phn b vng nhit i.
II.4.1.2. Tnh Hnh Chung V Nn Ph Rng
+ Cht ph rng ba bi:
-T 7000 nm trc vic cht ph rng cho pht trin nng nghip c xc nh
Trung v Nam Phi, cn n c xc nh vo 9000 nm trc. Tuy nhin, vo
nhng nm trc vic cht ph rng lm nng ry theo quy m nh nn khng tc
ng xu n mi trng.
- nhng vng nhit i vic cht ph rng xut hin vo nhng nm cui th k
XIX do m rng din tch trng cy nng nghip v cng nghip.
-Theo FAO t nm 1950 rng nhit i mt khong 50%, nhiu nht l Trung M
(60%), Trung Phi (52%), Nam Phi v ng Nam tng ng l 37 v 38%.
- n nhng nm u ca th k 80 rng nhit i b mt theo tc 113000
km2/nm, trong c khong 3/4 rng kn. Tc mt rng trong nhng nm gn
y cng ngy cng gia tng mnh, d on n nm 2020 khong 40% rng cn li b
ph hu nghim trng.
- nc ta, tc kinh t tng nhanh tng ng vi tc ph rng, mi nm rng
Vit Nam mt i 13-15 nghn ha ch yu do nn du canh du c, ly g, t rng ly
t trng cy cng nghip xut khu, p ng nhu cu giao thng, khai thc m, xy
dng th,
Hnh 15: Cht ph rng lm nng ry
29
+ Hu qu cuc chin tranh ho hc ca M li mt tn tht khng nh, lm mt
i 1/4 din tch rng nguyn sinh Vit Nam.
+Rng b tn ph, b khai thc qu mc tr ngho kit, cc h sinh thi rng b ph
hy. Nhiu loi thc vt rng qu ang b cht h, thu hi khng c k hoch nn ang
ng trc nguy c b tuyt chng.
S mt dn a dng sinh hc
S gim st din tch rng: 1943 rng che ph 50% c nc, song hin nay ch
cn 33,2%. Nm 1995 rng che ph ch cn 28%. S suy gim rng gy ra nhng hu
qu v cng ln i vi a dng sinh hc (350 loi thc vt v 300 loi ng vt c
mt trong sch Vit Nam ang trong tnh trng bo ng).
Nguyn nhn lm suy thoi a dng sinh hc:
Ph bin ton cu: kh hu, ng t. C th ti to li tr li c. ng lo ngi
l cc nguyn nhn t con ngi.
S tng dn s khng bnh thng:biu hin r nt Vit Nam. T 1994 n nay
tng 10 triu dn, n 2004 l 84 triu ngi. D bo vi tng hin nay th n
2050 dn s Vit Nam s l 158 triu ngi.
Thng mi nng sn, lm sn, hi sn, ph rng trng c ph.
Vic hoch nh cc chnh sch thu khng thy ht gii tr ca mi trng v ti
nguyn mi trng 1976 n 1987: VN khai thc v xut khu 11700 mu g trn.
1986: 22.000 km2; nm 1991: 240.000 m3.
S bt bnh ng trong qun l s hu.
S suy thoi a dng sinh hc bt ngun t s hy hoi cc h sinh thi khc: t
ngp mn, h sinh thi rng, h sinh thi san h cng ng trc nguy c b tn ph
bi con ngi.
II.4.2. Nguyn nhn
Kt qu ca cc nghin cu khoa hc v Chng trnh iu tra, theo di v nh
gi din bin ti nguyn rng ton quc t nm 1991 n nay ch ra mt s nguyn
nhn ch yu dn n s bin ng din tch v cht lng rng Vit nam .
Bn cnh nhng nguyn nhn nh iu kin t nhin, c im a l, bin i
kh hu khin tnh trng ma l VN ngy cng tr nn khc lit, cn c nguyn nhn
trc tip ca con ngi. Nn ph rng u ngun khai thc g, pht trin nng
30
nghip, thy in lm thm thc vt trn lu vc ngy cng gim dn n kh nng
cn dng chy km, l tp trung nhanh hn.
Do chuyn i rng sang t canh tc nng nghip. y c coi l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn ch yu dn n mt rng.
Do tp qun canh tc lc hu, du canh, du c v ph thuc nng n vo ti
nguyn rng sinh tn. Bn cnh , vic di dn t vng ng bng ln cc vng cao
v t min ni pha Bc vo Ty Nguyn gp phn vo t l tng dn s v to p
lc ln nhng din tch rng hin c.
Do cha c bin php qun l v khai thc rng hp l, nn khai thc g lu vn
xy ra nhiu a phng. H thng php l cha hon thin, nng lc thc thi php
lut cn hn ch, thiu s phi hp gia cc c quan thc thi php lut. Qu trnh giao
dt, giao rng cng vi vic cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t chm, quyn s
dng rng cha r rng.
Do nhu cu pht trin kinh t, x hi nh: xy dng h thng thy li, thy in,
h thng ng giao thng, b tr ti nh c, xy dng cc khu cng nghip, khai thc
khong sn
Do nhu cu cung cp nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin, xut khu g v lm
sn.
Do s gia tng dn s qu nhanh dn n vic thiu t , thiu t canh tc nn
ngi dn cht ph rng mt cch ba bi c t sng.
Hnh 16: Chy rng U Minh
31
Do lc lng kim lm mng, a v php l cha r rng, trang thit b, phng
tin thiu thn, lc hu. Ch , chnh sch cho kim lam cha tng xng vi nhim
v c giao. Cng tc o to, hun luyn nghip v, gio dc o c phm cht
cho i ng bo v rng nht l kim lm cha c coi trng n mc, cha c c
s, vt cht cho vic o to hun luyn.
C s vt cht cho cng tc bo v rng ht sc kh khn. T trng vn u t
ca x hi cho cng tc bo v rng khng ng k.
Cha huy ng cc lc lng x hi cho bo v rng. Vic x l cc vi phm
cha kp thi, thiu kin quyt, cn c nhng quan im khc nhau ca cc c quan
chc nng mt s a phng. Trong khi lm tc ph rng, khai thc g tri php vi
th on ngy cng tinh vi, chng tr ngi thi hnh cng v ngy cng hung hn. Nu
khng x l kin quyt, nghim minh lm tc s coi thng php lut v tip tc chng
ngi thi hnh cng v vi mc ngy cng ph bin hn.
II.5. Bin php bo v rng
II.5.1. Quan im v vic bo v rng
Bo v rng l trch nhim ca ton dn, cc cp, cc ngnh, trong kim lm
l lc lng nng ct.
Bo v rng gn vi pht trin, s dng rng bn vng, duy tr din tch phn
rng n nh, ch trng bo v rng v kim sot lm sn ti ni ch bin, tiu th,hn
ch kim sot trong lu thng.
II.5.2. Mc tiu ca bo v rng
Nng cao nng lc qun l, bo v rng, bo v n nh lm phn cc loi rng,
pht huy vai tr, li th ca tng loi rng, trn c s bo tn, s dng, cung cp cc
dch v v pht trin rng bn vng, gp phn pht trin kinh t v x hi, duy tr cc
gi tr a dng sinh hc ca rng, gp phn tch cc bo v mi trng v thch ng,
gim thiu bin i kh hu.
II.5.3. Cc bin php bo v ti nguyn rng
Tuyn truyn, ph bin, gio dc, nng cao nhn thc v qun l bo v rng:
32
Xy dng cc chng trnh v thng tin gio dc truyn thng, ph bin
kin thc v php lut bo v v pht trin rng nhm nng cao nhn thc v bo v
rng ca cc ch rng, chnh quyn cc cp, cc ngnh v ton x hi.
i mi phng php tuyn truyn ph hp vi tng i tng tip nhn thng
tin, nht l i vi ng bo dn tc sng vng su, vng xa.In n , pht hnh cc ti
liu tuyn truyn phn pht cho cc cng ng, xy dng cc bng tuyn truyn
nhng khu vc cng cng, trn giao l, ca rng, ...
Vn ng cc h gia nh sng trong v gn rng k cam kt bo v rng, xy
dng v thc hin cc quy c bo v rng cp x.
Quy hoch, xc nh lm phn cc loi rng n nh:
y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc TW t chc r sot, lp quy
hoch ba loi rng ca a phng; b Nng Nghip v Pht trin nng thn phi hp
vi b Ti nguyn v Mi trng r sot quy hoch rng ngp mn ven bin m bo
an ton bo v mi trng ven bin v pht trin nui trng thy sn hp l, tng hp
quy hoch ba loi rng quc gia trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph dit quy hoch tng
th ba loi rng ton quc.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn r sot danh mc h thng rng c
dng n nh n nm 2020 trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt trong nm
2006.Trn c s xc nh th t u tin u t cho cc khu rng c dng theo
Chin lc qun l h thng khu bo tn thin nhin Vit Nam c Th tng
Chnh ph ph duyt nm 2010.
Xc nh ranh gii ba loi rng trn bn v thc a, hon thnh vic ng
ct mc, cm bin bo ranh gii rng c dng v rng phng h u ngun.
Hon thin th ch chnh sch v php lut:
Phn nh r chc nng, nhim v qun l Nh nc ca cc B, Ngnh, y
ban nhn dn cc cp i vi cng tc qun l, bo v v pht trin rng. Thit lp c
ch, t chc qun l rng v t lm nghip theo ngnh v lin ngnh hp l qun
l, bo v rng c hiu qu.
B Nng Nghip v pht trin Nng thn ch tr, phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh
c lin quan r sot h thng ha h thng vn bn quy phm php lut hin hnh v
bo v v pht trin rng, sa i, b sung, xy dng mi cc vn bn quy phm php
33
lut c lin quan m bo quyn li, trch nhim v ngha v ca ch rng, chnh
quyn cc cp v ngi dn trong cng tc qun l, bo v v pht trin rng.Trn c
s , xy dng chin lc khung php l v bo v v pht trin rng n nm 2020,
to hnh lang php l n nh trong hot ng lm nghip.
B Nng Nghip v pht trin Nng thn ch tr xy dng chnh sch v bo v
rng theo hng m bo li ch ca nhng ngi lm ngh rng, nhng ngi trc
tip tham gia bo v rng, to ng lc thu ht u t cho cng tc bo v v pht
trin rng.
y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc TW tip tc r sot v sp xp
cc lm trng quc doanh, ng thi trin khai ngay cc phng n bo v rng v
t lm nghip thu hi t cc lm trng quc doanh, khng tnh trng rng tr
thnh v ch.Trao quyn t ch v kinh doanh v ti chnh cho cc nng, lm trng
quc doanh sau khi sp xp li.
Nng cao trch nhim ca ch rng, chnh quyn cc cp v s tham gia ca cc
ngnh, cc t chc x hi vo bo v rng:
i vi ch rng:
Ch rng phi chu trch nhim bo v rng c Nh nc giao, cho thu theo
quy nh hin hnh ca Php lut. Nhng ch rng qun l trn 500 ha rng phi c
lc lng bo v rng ca mnh.
Hnh 17: Tch cc trng rng ph xanh t trng i trc
34
Xy dng cc chng trnh, n bo v rng trn din tch c giao, c
thu, m bo b tr cc ngun lc khng rng b xm hi tri php lut.
i vi y ban nhn cc cp:
Thc hin nghim tc trch nhim qun l Nh nc v bo v rng theo quy
nh ti Lut bo v v pht trin rng.
+T chc cc lc lng truy qut lm tc ph rng ti a phng
+Ngn chn kp thi cc trng hp khai thc, ph rng v ln chim t rng
+Ch o x l nghim khc cc t chc, c nhn vi phm php lut v bo v rng v
nhng ngi bao che, tip tay cho lm tc
T chc khi phc li din tch rng b ph, ln chim tri quy nh ca php
lut trong thi gian qua
Tin hnh kim tra, cng ch tt c nhng ngi di c t do ra khi cc vng
rng nguyn sinh, rng c dng, rng phng h
Hon thnh giao t, giao rng v cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t cho
cc t chc, h gia nh, c nhn
i vi lc lng cng an:
B cng an ch o cng an cc tnh, thnh ph h tr v phi hp thng xuyn
vi lc lng kim lm trong cng tc phng chy, cha chy rng theo mt c ch
thng nht. T chc iu tra, nm bt cc i tng ph rng, kinh doanh bun bn
lm sn tri php, c bit phi trin khai cc bin php kin quyt trng tr thch
ng, ngn chn trit cc tnh trng chng ngi thi hnh cng v, phi hp vi cc
lc lng c lin quan truy qut bn ph rng v kim tra, kim sot lu thng lm
sn. R sot v x l dt im cc v n hnh s tn ng trong lnh vc bo v rng.
i vi cc t chc x hi:
Phi hp vi chnh quyn cc cp xy dng v t chc thc hin cc chng
trnh tuyn truyn, vn ng v gio dc php lut v bo v rng cho cc thnh vin,
pht hin, u tranh, phng nga cc hnh vi vi phm php lut, t chc cc phong
tro qun chng tham gia bo v v pht trin rng.
Cng c t chc, nng cao nng lc ca lc lng kim lm:
i mi t chc lc lng kim lm theo Lut bo v v pht trin rng
kim lm gn vi chnh quyn, vi dn, vi rng, thc hin chc nng tham mu cho
35
chnh quyn a phng, t chc bo v rng c dng v rng phng h, bo m
chp hnh php lut trong vic bo v v pht trin rng. B tr kim lm a bn
100% cc x c rng tham mu cho chnh quyn c s trong cng tc qun l nh
nc v lm nghip, theo di cht ch din bin rng, kp thi pht hin, ngn chn
ngay t u nhng v vi phm.
Tng cng trang thit b cho kim lm gm cc phng tin hot ng ph
hp vi a bn vng ni, h thng thng tin lin lc, thit b phng chy, cha chy
rng.
Ban hnh mt s chnh sch v kinh ph cho hot ng nghip v, tin lng,
ch thng binh, lit s, c ch s dng v kh, cng c h tr trn p lm tc.
Lp k hoch o to, bi dng v chuyn mn nghip v, t chc cc chng
trnh trao i kinh nghim v cng tc qun l, bo v rng
H tr nng cao i sng ngi dn:
y mnh vic giao rng v t lm nghip, khon bo v rng cho cc h gia
nh, cng ng dn c sng ch yu bng ngh lm nghip, c bit l i vi ng
bo dn tc khu vc Ty Nguyn v Ty Bc, ng thi hoanfc thnh vic cp giy
chng nhn quyn s dng t cho cc ch rng.
Sm hon thnh ch trng gii quyt t , t sn xut, h tr nh cho
ng bo dn tc ang gp nhiu kh khn, gn vi cc chng trnh mc tiu quc
gia v xa i gim ngho, chng trnh nh canh nh c, quy hoch v t chc cc
Hnh 18: Kim lm i tun tra
36
d n n nh vng kinh t mi ngi dn c thu nhp t sn xut, sm n nh
cuc sng, gim bt s l thuc vo thu nhp t cc hot ng khai thc rng tri php
lut.
Xy dng c s h tng, u t trang thit b bo v rng:
Lp t v khai thc c hiu qu trm thu nh vin thm phc v cho cng tc
d bo, cnh bo chy rng v theo di din bin rng
Xy dng cc cng trnh phng chy, cha chy rng, bo v rng cc khu
rng c dng, phng h, cc vng trng im c xc nh v ph rng v chy
rng.
u t xy dng cc Trung tm hun luyn, o to chuyn ngnh cho lc
lng bo v rng
Trang b phng tin p ng yu cu cng tc hin trng cho cc Ht kim
lm trn ton quc, trc mt tp trung u t cho cc ht kim lm nhng vng
trng im.
ng dng khoa hc cng ngh:
ng dng cng ngh tin hc, GIS, vin thm vaofc cng tc qun l bo v
rng, theo di din bin rng v t lm nghip.
Thit lp v s dng c hiu qu mng my tnh chuyn ngnh, xy dng phn
mm qun l, theo di din bin ti nguyn rng v cc v vi phm php lut bo v
v pht trin rng.
Hp tc quc t:
Trin khai thc hin tt cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin.
Thu ht cc ngun vn ODA v cc h tr k thut ca cng ng quc t cho
cng tc bo v rng.
Xy dng v thc hin cc tha thun song phng v hp tc bo v rng lin
bin gii vi cc nc Lo v Campuchia.
II.5.4. C ch pht trin sch
Hin nay trn th gii ang trin khai chng trnh C ch pht trin sch
nhm gim thiu kh gy nhim v gip cc nc ang pht trin vi chnh sch pht
trin bn vng vi mi trng.
37
C ch pht trin sch (Clean Development Mechanism CDM) l mt phng
thc hp tc quc t mi trong lnh vc mi trng gia cc quc gia ang pht trin
v cc quc gia cng nghip ho. Nu nh vi thp k gn y, phng thc vin
tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) l ph bin v c coi l mt bin php thc y
tng trng kinh t cc nc ang v km pht trin, th hin nay trc vn
nhim mi trng ang c s quan tm ca cng ng quc t, CDM tr thnh mt
cng c trin khai chnh sch quc gia v mi trng nhiu nc tham gia Ngh nh
th Kyoto (1997).
Mc tiu chnh ca CDM l gip cc nc ang pht trin t pht trin bn
vng v to thun li cho cc nc pht trin t c mc tiu gim pht thi ca
mnh thng qua cc d n trin khai ti cc nc ang pht trin.
Lng kh nh knh thu c t mi d n CDM s c o lng bng cc
phng php c quc t thng qua v c th hin bng n v o lng chun
gi l cc CERs Certified Emission Reductions (1CER = 1 tn CO2).
tham gia CDM, cc nc phi p ng c 3 yu cu c bn theo Ngh nh
th Kyoto l phi ph chun Ngh nh th Kyoto, t nguyn tham gia CDM v thnh
lp c quan quc gia v CDM. Ngoi ra, cc nc cng nghip ho phi thuc danh
sch cc nc trong Ph lc I v p ng mt s iu kin c th theo iu 3 ca
Ngh nh th Kyoto. V phm vi p dng, cc d n CDM thch hp vi cc lnh vc
ch yu sau: Nng cao hiu qu cung cp v s dng nng lng, tit kim nng lng
v nng lng ti sinh, chuyn i nhin liu v cng ngh sch, nng nghip v lm
nghip (thu hi v hp th kh pht thi), cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip pht thi
kh nh knh... kha cnh ti chnh, theo quy nh, cc d n CDM thnh cng c
nhn CER nhng cng phi np mt mc ph l 2% v c a vo mt qu ring
(gi l Qu thch ng) gip cc nc ang pht trin thch nghi vi cc tc ng
tiu cc ca bin i kh hu. Ngoi ra, mt s khon thu khc s gp phn thanh ton
cc chi ph qun l CDM. Tuy nhin, d n CDM ti cc nc km pht trin c th
khng phi chu mc ph Qu thch ng v cc chi ph qun l.
Vi cam kt phi ct gim GHG (Green House Gas Kh nh knh), cc quc gia
cng nghip ha phi u t, i mi, ci tin cng ngh vi chi ph rt tn km m
hiu qu mang li khng cao th c mt cch lm tt hn l tin hnh u t nhng d
38
n CDM nhng nc ang pht trin, ni trnh cng ngh cha cao, mi trng
cha b nhim nng, vi chi ph u t thp hn nhiu. i li, cc doanh nghip u
t nhn c chng ch gim pht thi c cng nhn p dng vo ch tiu ct
gim pht thi quc gia mnh.
Nhng quc gia ang pht trin khng b rng buc bi cam kt phi ct gim
kh nh knh ca ngh nh th Kyoto c th ci thin tnh hnh kinh t, x hi v mi
trng t ngun ti chnh v cng ngh tin tin c chuyn giao t nhng d n
CDM.
mc ton cu, thng qua cc d n gim pht thi, CDM c th khuyn
khch u t quc t, cung cp cc ngun lc cn thit cho tng trng kinh t nhiu
ni, nhiu khu vc trn th gii. Bi vy ngay t u CDM ginh c s quan tm
c bit ca c nhng nc ang pht trin v nhng nc cng nghip ha
Ngh nh th Kyoto ca Cng c kh hu l vn bn php l thc hin Cng
c kh hu, c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 16/2/2005.
Ni dung quan trng ca ngh nh th Kyoto l a ra ch tiu gim pht thi
kh nh knh c tnh rng buc php l i vi cc nc pht trin v c ch gip cc
nc ang pht trin t c s pht trin kinh t, x hi mt cch bn vng thng
qua thc hin "C ch pht trin sch" (CDM: Clean Development Mechanism). Vit
Nam ph chun Cng c kh hu v Ngh nh th Kyoto nn c hng nhng
quyn li dnh cho cc nc pht trin trong vic tip nhn h tr ti chnh v chuyn
giao cng ngh mi t cc nc pht trin thng qua cc d n CDM.
Ngh nh th Kyoto l mt tho thun rng buc quc t c tnh php l gim
thiu kh nh knh pht thi gy thay i kh hu. Bn tha thun nu cam kt ca cc
nc cng nghip ha gim pht thi 6 loi kh nh knh 5% vo nm 2012. Hn th
na l t ra mt mc tiu c th cho mi loi kh, cc mc tiu tng th i vi tt c
6 loi kh s c qui i "tng ng vi CO2" ch cn mt s liu.
S cam kt ghi r rng tt c cc bn k kt vo Ngh nh th phi tun th mt
s bc bao gm.
+ Thit k v trin khai cc chng trnh gim thiu v thch nghi vi s thay i
kh hu.
39
+ Chun b mt s liu thng k quc gia v loi b cc pht thi bng cch gim
ccbon.
+ Khuyn khch chuyn giao cng ngh thn thin vi kh hu.
+ Thc y s hp tc trong nghin cu v quan st thay i kh hu, cc tc
ng v cc chin lc i ph.
Cc nc ang pht trin vn cha c rng buc php l i vi nhng mc tiu
gim pht thi, v cc quc gia ny ch chu trch nhim mt phn nh ca pht thi
kh nh knh trong qu kh.
S trin khai d n CDM trn th gii: D n CDM u tin trn th gii c
thc hin ti Rio de Janeiro, Brazil t nm 2004, vi lnh vc hot ng l gim pht
thi kh nh knh t bi chn lp cht thi bng cch thu hi kh mtan sn xut
in. Theo tnh ton, mi nm d n gim c 31 ngn tn mtan, tng ng vi
670 ngn tn CO2. D n mang li hiu qu tch cc cho mi trng v cng ng
dn c trong khu vc, ng thi m ra mt giai on mi gip th gii t cc mc
tiu ngn chn bin i kh hu v thc y s pht trin bn vng.
Ngnh nng lng l lnh vc nng bng nht cho cc d n CDM trn ton th
gii (52,68%), sau l cc ngnh x l v tiu hy cht thi (20,77%) v nng
nghip (7,8%).
Chu Thi Bnh Dng hin ang l khu vc si ng nht v cc d n CDM.
Trong , n l ni c nhiu d n CDM nht, cn Trung Quc l quc gia ng
u v nhn c CERs. u t vo cc d n CDM nhiu nht l cc nc Anh,
Ailen, H Lan v Nht Bn.
Theo s liu thng k ca Ban Th k Cng c Kh hu, tnh n ngy
16/10/2008, c 1184 d n CDM c Ban chp hnh CDM ng k cho thc hin.
Trung bnh mi nm cc d n to ra gn 228 triu n v gim pht thi c chng
nhn (CER), tc l gn 228 triu tn CO2 tng ng. Nu tnh n nm 2012, nm
kt thc giai on u thc hin cc cam kt trong Ngh nh th Kyoto, tng s CER
do cc d n c ng k to ra s l hn 1 t 330 triu. Nu tnh cho ton b s
d n c trong danh mc, s CERs d tnh n 2012 l hn 2 t 700 triu n v. Bn
nc ng u v s d n c thc hin v s CER thu c hng nm l n ,
chim 30,24% s d n, thu c hn 31 triu CER/nm (13,67% tng CER thu
40
c); tip sau l Trung Quc, tuy ch chim 23,73% s d n nhng to ra hn 120
triu CER/nm (52,74%); Brasil chim 12,25% s d n v thu c hn 19 triu
CER/nm (8,53%); Mexico chim 8,95% s d n vi hn 7 triu CER/nm (3,25%).
Hn Quc tuy c s d n t hn Mexico nhng s CER thu c li nhiu hn hai
ln, t gn 15 triu CER/nm, chim 6,41% tng CER thu c hng nm ca cc d
n CDM.
Tng s CERs c Ban chp hnh CDM pht hnh cho cc nc ch tr d
n (tnh n 16/10/2008) l hn 200 triu n v, trong Trung Quc nhn c
37,54%, n c 24,59%, Hn Quc c 15,35% v Brasil c 12,31%. Vit
Nam ch c 2 d n c ng k nhng s CER nhn c cng chim 2,24%, tng
ng khong 4,5 triu n v.
Trn bnh din quc t, trin khai v gim st d n CDM mi quc gia, cn
thit c mt Ban chp hnh (c thnh lp theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v hin ti gm
10 quc gia thnh vin) thc hin chc nng duy tr vic ng k v gim st CDM.
i vi mi quc gia thnh vin, trc khi tham gia CDM phi thnh lp mt C quan
quc gia v CDM nh gi, ph duyt cc d n, ng thi l u mi phi hp
vi quc t.
Yu cu cho vic xy dng mt d n CDM c nhn mnh n tnh c th, xc
thc v c th thu c kt qu r rng (c th o m c). V mt cu trc, ni
chung mt d n CDM s c trin khai qua 7 bc, hnh thnh nn mt quy trnh
thng nht nh m t di y:
Quy trnh d n:
1. Thit k v xy dng d n
2. Ph duyt quc gia
3. Ph chun/ng k
4. Ti chnh d n
5. Gim st
6. Thm tra/chng nhn
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7. Ban hnh CERs
Phng php lun ch yu tnh ton hiu qu ca d n CDM l so snh gia
lng pht thi c tnh ca d n vi cc pht thi tham chiu (gi l pht thi ng
c s). Mc d hin nay c 3 phng php lun ng c s ph bin, nhng Vit
Nam thc t ch p dng c mt phng php, l da trn s liu cc pht thi
hin ti hoc trong qu kh thch hp (phng php ni suy).
Hi ngh bn trn v cc d n CDM ng hng li ti Vit Nam:
Trong khun kh chuyn thm thc t ln th nht i vi vic pht trin cc d
n C ch pht trin sch (CDM) ng hng li s dng cc d n tn dng ODA ti
Vit Nam, B Mi trng Nht Bn (MOEJ) phi hp vi Ngn hng Hp tc quc t
Nht Bn (JBIC) t chc Hi ngh Bn trn tho lun v vn ny ti Cu lc b
Bo ch vo ngy 22 thng 8 nm 2008.
Hnh 19: Quy trnh d n CDM
42
Tham d Hi ngh c i din ca Cc Kh tng Thu vn v Bin i kh hu
B TN&MT; B K hoch v u t; B Xy dng; B Ti chnh; Tp on in lc
Vit Nam. V pha cc T chc Quc t c B Mi trng Nht Bn; Vn phng JBIC
ti Vit Nam; Vin Chin lc Mi trng ton cu (IGES); Trung tm Hp tc Mi
trng Hi ngoi, Nht Bn (OECC); Cng ty t vn Pacific.
Trong chuyn thm ln ny, pha Nht Bn tin hnh kho st thc t ti thnh ph
Hi Phng v thnh ph H Ch Minh xem xt vic hp tc thc hin cc d n
CDM ng hng li lin quan n lnh vc nng lng v x l cht thi ti Vit
Nam.
Ph duyt d n CDM:
T thng 6/2008 n thng 8/2008, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, C quan u mi
ca Chnh ph Vit Nam tham gia v thc hin Cng c kh hu v Ngh nh th
Kyoto, ph duyt 23 Ti liu Thit k D n (PDD) theo CDM. Bao gm:
Thu in Sng ng Tng tim nng gim pht thi: 164.782tCO2/07 nm
Thu in Yan Tann Sien 319.100tCO2/07 nm
Thu in Khe Soong v Hp Thnh 167.140tCO2/07 nm
Thu in Thi An 1460.367tCO2/07 nm
Thu in Bn Chung 92.430tCO2/10 nm
Thu in Yn Lp 37.420tCO2/10 nm
Cm thu in Nm Tha 495.322tCO2/07 nm
Thu in k Pne 280.286tCO2/07 nm
Ni hi t tru 686.581tCO2/10 nm
ng pht nhin in tru nh Hi 287.825tCO2/07 nm
X l nc thi v thu hi kh m-tan pht trin 784.876tCO2/07 nm
in ti Nh my Cn nhin liu ng Xanh
Nh my in gi Bnh Thun s 1-30MW 405.921tCO2/07 nm
Thu in An im II 318.165tCO2/07 nm
Trch kh sinh hc t nc thi sn xut tinh bt m 644.273tCO2/07 nm
v s dng cho Cng ty C phn Nng snthc phm Qung Ngi
Thu in HMun 448.790tCO2/10 nm
Thu in Bn R 454.740tCO2/10 nm
43
Thu in Ia Puch 3 200.810tCO2/10 nm
Thu in Nm Xy Lung 1 201.606tCO2/10 nm
Thu in Mng Hum 559.454tCO2/07 nm
Thu in k NTeng 248.773tCO2/07 nm
Thu in Ngi Pht 2.157.833tCO2/10 nm
Thu in Ea Drng 2 123.851tCO2/07 nm
Thu in La Hing 2 237.951tCO2/07 nm
Theo PDD, cc D n ny s khuyn khch, thc y qu trnh pht trin cng
ngh nng lng ti to v p ng mt phn nhu cu in ang gia tng cc tnh,
thnh ph trn. Cc D n s gp phn pht trin kinh t-x hi, xo i gim ngho,
bo v mi trng a phng v gim pht thi kh nh knh.
Cc c quan, t chc c lin quan n d n ang trin khai tip cc bc cn thit
theo chu trnh d n CDM.
III. KT LUN
Trong nhng nm qua, chng ta nhn thc rt r cc nguyn nhn gy ra mt
rng v suy thoi rng v c rt nhiu n lc gii quyt vn ny v t
c nhng kt qu c quc t nh gi cao. Tuy nhin, s u t ca Nh nc
khng phi l v hn. Do cn phi y mnh cng tc x hi ha vic bo v v
pht trin rng thng qua vic thit lp mt c ch ti chnh mi v bn vng da vo
chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng. Bn cnh , vic qun l bo v rng bn
vng cng gp phn em li nhng li ch cho khu vc v ton cu (v d : hn ch
bin i kh hu, bo tn a dng sinh hc )
Hin nay gi tr ca rng vn cha c tnh ton mt cch y v ngi dn
vn cha yn tm sng bng ngh rng cng nh tch cc tham gia qun l v s dng
rng bn vng. H qu tt yu l p lc ln ti nguyn rng hin c ngy cng tng,
hin tng mt rng v suy thoi rng vn cn tip din nhiu ni. Nu gi tr ca
rng c nh gi v c lng ha mt cch y (c gi tr v g, lm sn
ngoi g v gi tr bo v mi trng ) th s l c s quan trng so snh gia
li ch ca vic bo v v pht trin rng vi li nhun thu c t cc hot ng
chuyn i rng sang cc mc ch s dng khc. cng l cng c xy dng
mt chnh sch khuyn khch mnh ngn chn mt rng v suy thoi rng. Tuy
44
nhin, vic nh gi rng (c bit l lng ha gi tr ca rng i vi vic hp th
cc bon v gim pht thi kh nh knh) v tnh ton chi ph c hi ca cc hot ng
s dng ti nguyn khc nhau Vit Nam cng nh vic tm kim th trng cn gp
nhiu kh khn.
L mi ngi dn Vit Nam chng ta cn tch cc trong vic bo v rng,
cng chnh l bo v cuc sng ca chng ta.V cha gi knh yu ca dn tc ta
tng ni: Rng vng, bin bc, t ph nhiu.V th chng ta cn c trch nhim
trong vic gi gn v pht trin ngun ti nguyn qu gi .
45
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TS. L Quc Tun, khoa hc mi trng. Khoa mi trng v ti nguyn, i
hc Nng Lm.
2. GS. Th t, Sinh thi hc v cc h kinh t sinh thi Vit Nam. Vin nghin cu v ph bin kin thc bch khoa.
3. ng nh Bi, 2002. Lm sn ngoi g, Chng trnh h tr Lm nghip x hi.
4. Bo co quc gia v a dng sinh hc nm 2011, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2011.
5. Nguyn Duy Chuyn, 1994. Nhng gi tr kinh t v mi trng ca cc h sinh
thi rng trn a bn kinh t trng im pha nam.
6. The role of forest protected areas in adaptation to climate change S.Mansourian,
A.Belokurov and P.J.Stephenson.
7. http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx
?ItemID=11909
8. http://xahoihock33.pro-forums.in/t34-topic
9. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0670e/i0670e13.htm