1 CALORIFIC VALUE OF RUBBISH PRODUCED IN MATARAM Mirmanto Mechanical Engineering Department, the University of Mataram Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia 83125. e-mail: [email protected]ABSTRAK Sampah adalah barang-barang yang tidak digunakan lagi dan merupakan hasil aktivitas makluk hidup atau industry. Sampah merupakan maslah bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan. Sampah menjadi masalah yang serius di kota Mataram. Manajemen pembuangan atau pengolahan sampah belum tertata dengan baik dan jelas. Sebagian masyarakat membuang sampah kemana saja termasuk ke sungai atau selokan dan sebagian lainya memilih untuk membakar sampah dari pada dibuang. Pemerintah dalam mengelola sampah masih menggunakan cara-cara konvensional yaitu mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya di TPA. Tidak ada aktivitas yang memanfaatkan sampah. Sebenarnya sampah dapat digunakan untuk mendukung kegiatan manusia. Penelitian terhadap sampah telah dilakukan. Bomb calorimeter dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kalori dari sampah atau energy yang dikandung oleh sampah. Alat ini membakar sampel sampah dan menghasilkan temperature tertentu. Perbedaan temperature sebelum dan sesudah pembakaran memiliki kaitan dengan energy yang dibebaskan saat pembakaran. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa sampah plastic memiliki nilai kalor (energy) yang paling besar yaitu 12415,72 cal/gr. Karet, makanan, daun, kayu dan aneka kertas masing-masing memiliki nilai kalor 8640,8 cal/gr, 5875,57 cal/gr, 5334,49 cal/gr, 5975,59 cal/gr dan 4425,75 cal/gr. Sampah makanan prosentase kadar air yang palin tinggi yaitu 70,66%. Sampah daun menempati komposisi 20,65% dari total volume sampah produksi masyarakat kota Mataram. Kata kunci: Sampah, kadar air, nilai kalor dan komposisi. ABSTRACT Waste (rubbish) is unused matter resulted by life creature activities or industries processes. Waste is daily problem for the community and environmental. Waste becomes problem seriously in Mataram Town. Management of rubbish disposal is not clear enough yet. Some people throw rubbish anywhere, others throw it in to the river, and the rest burn it on the ground. Government manages the rubbish with conventional way. The rubbish is collected from several places and the thrown to the rubbish disposal (TPA). No activity advantages rubbish. Actually, rubbish has some advantages for supporting human being activities (life). Research on rubbish energy has been done. Bomb calorimeter can be used for predicting the waste’s calorific value. It burns the rubbish powder and results certain temperature. The difference temperature before and after combustion process indicates some energy released. The result shows that plastic waste has highest calorific value than others. It has calorific value 12415.72 (cal/gr). Rubber, food, leaf, wood, mixing papers have each calorific value 8640.8 cal/gr, 5875.57 cal/gr, 5334.49 cal/gr, 5975.59 cal/gr, 4425.75 cal/gr respectively. Food has greatest water contained than others. It has 70.66% of water contained. Leaf has highest percentage of waste composition in Mataram. It is about 20.65% of total waste volume. Keyword: waste (rubbish), moisture content, calorific value and composition Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
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CALORIFIC VALUE OF RUBBISH PRODUCED IN MATARAM
MirmantoMechanical Engineering Department, the University of Mataram
Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia 83125.e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRAKSampah adalah barang-barang yang tidak digunakan lagi dan merupakan hasil
aktivitas makluk hidup atau industry. Sampah merupakan maslah bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan. Sampah menjadi masalah yang serius di kota Mataram. Manajemen pembuangan atau pengolahan sampah belum tertata dengan baik dan jelas. Sebagian masyarakat membuang sampah kemana saja termasuk ke sungai atau selokan dan sebagian lainya memilih untuk membakar sampah dari pada dibuang. Pemerintah dalam mengelola sampah masih menggunakan cara-cara konvensional yaitu mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya di TPA. Tidak ada aktivitas yang memanfaatkan sampah. Sebenarnya sampah dapat digunakan untuk mendukung kegiatan manusia. Penelitian terhadap sampah telah dilakukan. Bomb calorimeter dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kalori dari sampah atau energy yang dikandung oleh sampah. Alat ini membakar sampel sampah dan menghasilkan temperature tertentu. Perbedaan temperature sebelum dan sesudah pembakaran memiliki kaitan dengan energy yang dibebaskan saat pembakaran. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa sampah plastic memiliki nilai kalor (energy) yang paling besar yaitu 12415,72 cal/gr. Karet, makanan, daun, kayu dan aneka kertas masing-masing memiliki nilai kalor 8640,8 cal/gr, 5875,57 cal/gr, 5334,49 cal/gr, 5975,59 cal/gr dan 4425,75 cal/gr. Sampah makanan prosentase kadar air yang palin tinggi yaitu 70,66%. Sampah daun menempati komposisi 20,65% dari total volume sampah produksi masyarakat kota Mataram.
Kata kunci: Sampah, kadar air, nilai kalor dan komposisi.
ABSTRACTWaste (rubbish) is unused matter resulted by life creature activities or industries
processes. Waste is daily problem for the community and environmental. Waste becomes problem seriously in Mataram Town. Management of rubbish disposal is not clear enough yet. Some people throw rubbish anywhere, others throw it in to the river, and the rest burn it on the ground. Government manages the rubbish with conventional way. The rubbish is collected from several places and the thrown to the rubbish disposal (TPA). No activity advantages rubbish. Actually, rubbish has some advantages for supporting human being activities (life). Research on rubbish energy has been done. Bomb calorimeter can be used for predicting the waste’s calorific value. It burns the rubbish powder and results certain temperature. The difference temperature before and after combustion process indicates some energy released. The result shows that plastic waste has highest calorific value than others. It has calorific value 12415.72 (cal/gr). Rubber, food, leaf, wood, mixing papers have each calorific value 8640.8 cal/gr, 5875.57 cal/gr, 5334.49 cal/gr, 5975.59 cal/gr, 4425.75 cal/gr respectively. Food has greatest water contained than others. It has 70.66% of water contained.Leaf has highest percentage of waste composition in Mataram. It is about 20.65% of total waste volume.
Keyword: waste (rubbish), moisture content, calorific value and composition
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INTRODUCTIONWaste is unused stuff (material).
Usually, it is as a side result of human
being activities or industries processes.
Population and human being activities
increase, so that wastes volume increase as
well.
Waste causes several problems for
human being and environment. Rubbish
existence generates the growth of flies,
mice, and others. It also makes ground, air,
water and environmental be
contaminated/polluted. Waste serves rotten
smell as result of decomposition processes.
Decomposition process results CO2,
methane and others. Un-organic waste
causes the land unprocessed, bad view,
and flooding as well as health disturbance.
Based on the data from Dinas
Kebersihan Mataram 2004, waste
production reaches 1029 m3 a day. The
biggest composition of rubbish volume is
waste from community dwelt. It reaches
525 m3 a day or 51.47% of total volume.
Only 76.37% of total volume has been
thrown to the waste disposal place (TPA).
In other words, waste in Mataram will
make serious problem in the future.
Advantaging waste, until
nowadays, is not conducted yet. Many
people throw rubbish to anywhere they
like such as river, TPA, other places etc or
burn it respectively. Actually, rubbish can
be used for fertilizing, or be converted to
become fuel or briquette. Rubbish in
Mataram Town can result electrical power
of 3.25 MW (Wiradarma, 2002). Based on
the BPPS 2002 data, population of
Mataram Town consists of 27.759
households. If each household needs 1.3
KWH, so that Mataram needs at least 36.1
MWH. This research objects to knowing
the calorific value of rubbish produced by
human being or industry activities in
Mataram.
The amount of maximum heat
energy released from fuel during
completed combustion process is called
calorific value (Anonymous, 2005). It has
unit kJ/kg or kcal/kg.
Table 1. Calorific value of several wastes Waste Calorific value
(kJ/kg)FoodPapersPlasticwood TextileRubber
2,864.791,104.392,077.56498.5584.76550.83
Source: Ahmad, R. (2004)
To generate electrical power, waste
must hold high calorific value. Wastes
such as plastics, wood, food, papers etc
can be used for generating electrical power
because they have high calorific value.
Plastic has calorific value 6000 calories,
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papers have 4000-5000 calories and leafs
have 5000 calories (Apriadji, W.H, 1995).
Waste contains 50% of
combustible waste (Budiman, 2005).
Table 2. Energy produced from combustible materials.
Energy contentMaterialkJ/kg Btu/lb
Town wasteCombustiblePapers Organic waste
10.50023.30016.3005.800
4.50010.0007.0002.500
Solid deposit waste
17.700 7.600
Extraction of solid deposit waste
9.100 3.900
Oil fuel- anthracite - methane
46.50028.00049.000
20.00012.00021.000
Source: Eddy and Budi (1990).
Calorific value of several types of
waste is presented below:
Table 3. Energy produced from varies rubbish (waste)Rubbish Energy contents
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Studi Pendidikan Biologi PMIPA FKIP, Universitas Mataram, NTB
M. M. El-Wakil., 1992, Instalasi Pembangkit Daya Jilid 1, Erlangga, Jakarta.
Sitompul, Darwin., 1989, Prinsip-Prinsip Konversi Energi, Erlangga Jakarta.
Tanudi dan Sukardi, Eddi., 1998, Membuat Bahan Bangunan dari Sampah, Puspa Swara.
Wiradarma, 2002, The Energy Potency of Municipal Solid Waste to Supply Electricity in Mataram Regency, Rekayasa Vol. 3 No. 1, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Mataram, NTB.
APPENDICES
Table I. Calorific value of town wastesComponent As
received (kJ/kg)
Dry (kJ/kg)
Paper/paper productPaper mixedNewsprintCorrugated boxesPlastic coated paperWaxed milk cartonsJunk mail