Rs Minerve Technical Manual.v2.1

7/25/2019 Rs Minerve Technical Manual.v2.1

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Technical Manual

Centre de recherche sur lenvironnement alpin (CREALP)

HydroCosmos SA

RS M!ER"E

RS M!ER"E # Technical Manual v$%&

October 2015

For Software version 2.0.0.1

Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unliited


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Centre de recherche sur lenvironnement alpin (CREALP)

HydroCosmos SA

Authors'

avier ARCA HER!A!*E+ !R"A#P

avier PARE*ES AR,-.LA UP$

Alain /.EH! !R"A#P

0astien R.,-ER %&dro!osos S.A.

Please refer t'is tec'nical anual as (

arc1a Hern2nde34 %4 Paredes Ar5uiola4 %4 /oehn4 A% and Ro5uier4 0% ($6&7)% RS MINERVE Technical manual v2.1% RSM!ER"E roup4 S8it3erland%


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae /120

Index

-ec'nical )anual ....................................................................................................................... 1

Foreword ................................................................................................................................ /

!'apter 1. *ntroduction ...................................................................................................... 5

1.1. )anuals structure ................................................................................................... 5

!'apter 2. %&droloical and '&draulics odels description .............................................. 3

2.1. #ist of ob4ects ........................................................................................................... 3

2.2. $irtual eat'er Station ........................................................................................... 6

2.7. Snow89S) odel description ............................................................................... 12

2./. Runoff :S)); odel description ....................................................................... 1/

2.5. 9S) odel description ......................................................................................... 15

2.3. SO!O+- odel description ................................................................................... 1


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae 5120

/.7. S'uffled !opleE "voluation , Universit& of AriCona ........................................... 5?

/./. Unifor Adaptive )onte !arlo ............................................................................. 35

/.5. !oupled #atin %&percube and Rosenbroc ............................................................ 36

!'apter 5. $isual =asic Scripts .......................................................................................... 61

5.1. *ntroduction to $isual =asic Scripts ....................................................................... 61

5.2. Application Start .................................................................................................... 62

5.7. )odel preparation ................................................................................................. 67

5./. Siulation and reports ..........................................................................................


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/ore8ord

RS )*+"R$" is a software for t'e siulation of free surface run8off flow foration and

propaation. *t odels copleE '&droloical and '&draulic networs accordin to a sei8

distributed conceptual sc'ee. *n addition to particular '&droloical processes suc' as

snowelt lacier elt surface and underround flow '&draulic control eleents :e..ates spillwa&s diversions 4unctions turbines and pups; are also included.

-'e lobal anal&sis of a '&droloic8'&draulic networ is essential in nuerous decision8

ain situations suc' as t'e anaeent or plannin of water resources t'e optiiCation

of '&dropower plant operations t'e desin and reulation of spillwa&s or t'e developent

of appropriate flood protection concepts. RS )*+"R$" aes suc' anal&ses accessible to a

broad public t'rou' its user8friendl& interface and its valuable possibilities. *n addition

t'ans to its odular fraewor t'e software can be developed and adapted to specific

needs or issues.

RS )*+"R$" contains different '&droloical odels for rain9all#runo994 such as SM

S.C.!T SAC#SMA R: and H0". -'e cobination of '&draulic structure odels

:reservoirs turbines spillwa&sG; can also reproduce copleE '&dropower sc'ees. *n

addition a hydropo8er model coputes t'e net 'ei't and t'e linear pressure losses

providin ener& production values and total incoe based on t'e turbine perforance and

on t'e sale price of ener&. A consumption modelcalculates water deficits for consuptive

uses of cities industries andor ariculture. A structure e99iciency model coputes

disc'are losses in a structure suc' a canal or a pipe b& considerin a siple efficienc&

coefficient.

-'e RS E;pertmodule specificall& created for researc' or copleE studies enables in8dept'

evaluation of '&droloic and '&draulic results. Time#slice simulationfacilitates t'e anal&sisof lare data sets wit'out overloadin t'e coputer eor&. Scenario simulation

introduced t'e possibilit& of siulatin ultiple weat'er scenarios or several sets of

paraeters and initial conditions to stud& t'e variabilit& and sensitivit& of t'e odel results.

-'e automatic calincia; collaborate toiprove RS )*+"R$" and use it to support postraduate courses in !ivil "nineerin and

"nvironental Sciences. Ot'er collaborations suc' as wit' t'e Hydro&6 Association

copleent and en'ance t'e developent of RS )*+"R$".


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!'apter 1. *ntroduction


Chapter &% ntroduction

-'e Routin S&ste ** prora was developed at t'e #aborator& of %&draulic !onstructions

:#!%; at t'e "cole Pol&tec'niBue FHdHrale de #ausanne :"PF#; :Dubois et al. 2000I 9arcJa

%ernKndeC et al. 2006;.

-'e prora presented 'ereafter RS )*+"R$" is based on t'e sae concept t'an Routin

S&ste **. RS )*+"R$" is developed b& t'e !R"A#P and %&dro!osos SA wit' t'e

collaboration of t'e #aborator& of %&draulic !onstructions :#!%; at t'e "cole Pol&tec'niBue

FHdHrale de #ausanne :"PF#; and t'e Universitat PolitLcnica de $alLncia :UP$;.

&%&% Manuals structure

-'e presented -ec'nical anual is oranised in ei't c'apters(

1. *ntroduction

2. %&droloical and '&draulic odels description

7. Perforance indicators

/. !alibration alorit's

5. $isual basic scripts

3. Files forats

6. Database forats


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!'apter 2. %&droloical and '&draulics odels description


Chapter $% Hydrolo?ical and hydraulics models description

-'is c'apter presents t'e '&droloical ob4ects eEistin in RS )*+"R$" software.

$%&%

List o9 ounction:ob4ect wit'out paraeters or paired data;

o -ie Series :see 2.11;

o Source :ob4ect wit'out paraeters or paired data but onl& a lin to t'e database;

o !oparator :ob4ect wit'out an& paraeters or paired data;

o Sub8odel:ob4ect wit'out an& paraeters or paired data;

o 9roup *nterface:ob4ect wit'out an& paraeters or paired data;

Structures(

o Reservoir :see 2.12;

o #evel8Disc'are relation %@ :see 2.17;

o -urbine :see 2.1/;

o -urbineD= :ob4ect wit'out paraeters or paired data but onl& a lin to t'e

database;

o %&dropower :see 2.15;o Diversion :see 2.13;

o !onsuer :see 2.16;

o Structure "fficienc& :see 2.1


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae ?120

= CoeffTs!

$ %&' + (i,s

$ (

i,s%&'

)

= CoeffETPs!

$ %&' + (i,s$ (i,s%&' )

:A.


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R value is a location dependent :latitude and lonitude; ont'l& averae of t'e lobal

radiation.

-'e lobal radiation R is obtained in X'2da& fro t'e Global horizontal radiation

dataset provided b& t'e Surface eteoroloical and Solar "ner& :SS"; web portal

sponsored b& t'e +ASAs Applied Science Prora :'ttp(eosweb.larc.nasa.ovsse;. -'isdata coes as a rid :latitude and lonitude; and is coposed of ont'l& averaed values.

Rdata taes into account 22 &ear ont'l& averae :>ul& 1?une 2005;. -'e latitude and

t'e lonitude values indicate t'e lower left corner of a 1E1 deree reion. +eative values

are sout' and westI positive values are nort' and east. =oundaries of t'e 8?081


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c) .udin

Oudin :200/; proposes followin eBuation for t'e calculation of "-P(

=CoeffETP

J /K J FJ + .(11 23 4 . = 1 23 . :A.12;with "-P( potential evapotranspiration XdI Re( eEtra8terrestrial radiation X)> 82 d81 I -( Airteperature XV! I Z( water densit& constant value of 1000 X

7 I [( latent 'eat of vaporiCation

constant value of 2.23 X)>.

Oudin et'od coefficients :5 and 100; were optiiCed for t'e '&droloical odellin on t'e

basis of a stud& realiCed on an& worldwide waters'eds :Oudin 200/;.

#atitude are onl& necessar& for obtainin Revalues

-'e eEtra8terrestrial radiation Reis calculated as follows(

/K= D6HJ JL Jsi9MJsi9N+si9LJOosMJOosN :A.17; = ( + 161 J Oos J Q J RSH. :A.1/;L = A?OOos:A9MJ:A9N :A.15;N = 1671Jsi9 J Q J RH. (6 :A.13;

RS= D. JUVWXY

1 + ZU 23 UVWXY [ RS= D. J UVWXY ( + ZU 23 UVWXY \ ]W _]` _] = Xa_RS= D. J UVWXY + ZU 23 UVWXY \ ]W _]` _] = 3]^b_ :A.16;

withdr( relative distance Sun8"art' X8 I ( solar declination Xrad I >d( >ulian da& X8 I ( latitude

neative in t'e sout' 'eisp'ere XradI ( 'our anle of t'e sun XradI month( ont' of t'e &ear 1

to 12 X8 I D (da& of t'e ont' X8.

d) -ni9orm ETP

-'e user can also set a unifor "-P for t'e w'ole siulation period and for t'e entire basin.

= cV_33 J d :A.1


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$%B% Sno8#SM model description

-'e Snow89S) odel :Fiure 2; is coposed of two sub8odels w'ic' siulate t'e

transient evolution of t'e snow pac :accuulation and elt; as a function of t'e

teperature :-; and precipitation :P; producin an eBuivalent precipitation :PeB; w'ic' can

be used as an input variable b& t'e SA!8S)A or 9R/> odel.

/i?ure $ Snow89S) odel

Ta


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= 1 23 [ h' = h'jh h' 23 h'[ [ h = ( 23 4 h :=.7;with P\( liBuid precipitation X#-I ( separation factorI P( precipitation X#-I +( solid precipitation

X#-I -: teperature XV!I -cp1( iniu critical teperature for liBuid precipitation XV!I -cp2(aEiu critical teperature for solid precipitation XV!.

*f t'e observed teperature is lower t'an -cp1 onl& solid precipitation is produced. *f t'e

teperature is 'i'er t'an -cp2 onl& liBuid precipitation is produced. *f t'e teperature

observed is found between t'ese two critical values liBuid and solid precipitation are

produced. -'e solid precipitation :+; is used as input for t'e snow pac var&in its content

as a function of elt or freeCin. -'e snowelt calculation is perfored as follows(kl= m%J ( + nJ J h 23 4 hkl= m%J h 23 h

:=./;

pjX = g klkl g + pjXkl\ qljX :=.5;with )+( snowelt or freeCin X#-I An: deree8da& snowelt coefficient X#-V!; bp:precipitation

coefficient due to elt X-#I -cf( critical snowelt teperature XV!I %( snow 'ei't X#I +( water

content X#I dt( tie step X-.

-'e eBuivalent precipitation :PeB; is produced b& t'e water content of t'e snow :equations

=.6 to=.8;(

r = qljp :=.3;

K= + qljX 23 p = 1K= 1 23 p 4 1 _X r rhtK= r rht J pjX 23 p 4 1 _X r 4 rht :=.6;qljX = + kl K :=.


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae 1/120

$%:% Runo99 (SMM) model description

-'e S)) :Stor ater )anaeent )odel; odel presented 'ereafter was developed

b& )etcalf and "dd& :1?61;.

/i?ure B S)) Runoff odel

Tao( averae slope of t'e plane X8I #( lent' of t'e plane X#I A(run8off surface X#2.

-'e variable for t'e initial condition associated to t'e odel is %r. -'e paraeter to ad4ust is

. -'e ot'er paraeters :>o # A; are supposed to be constant.

-'e S)) odel supplied b& a '&etorap' of net rainfall :i+et; provides a '&drorap'

downstrea of t'e surface :@;.


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$%7% SM model description

-'e 9S) odel :Fiure /; is coposed of 5 sub8odels two correspondin to t'e Snow8

9S) odel and t'e ot'er t'ree correspondin to t'e lacier odel. -'e 'ereafter present

odel allows an eas& construction of t'is ind of coposition.

Fro t'e inputs of precipitation :P; and teperature :-; t'e snow odel creates an

eBuivalent precipitation :PeB; w'ic' is transferred to t'e lacier odel. -'e sae accounts

for t'e 'ei't of t'e snow :%snow; and t'e teperature :-;.

*n t'e lacier odel t'e eBuivalent precipitation is transferred to t'e linear snow reservoir

:Rsn; and finall& to t'e outlet of t'e sub8catc'ent :@snow;. =esides t'e sub8odel of t'e

lacier elt creates a flow w'en t'e 'ei't of snow is Cero :% snowW0;. -'is lacier flow :PeB9#;

is transferred to t'e linear lacier reservoir :Rl; and t'e resultin flow :@lacier; to t'e outlet

of t'e sub8catc'ent.

-'e final flow :@tot; produced b& t'e sub8catc'ent is t'e addition of t'e two flows :@lacierand @snow;.


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/i?ure : 9S) odel

Ta


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.6 to.8;(r = qljp :F.3;K= + qljX 23 p = 1K= 1 23 p 4 1 _X r rhtK= r rht J pjX 23 p 4 1 _X r 4 rht :F.6;qljX = + kl K :F.


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae 1?120

Ta


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with )+( snowelt or freeCin X#-I An: deree8da& snowelt coefficient X#-V!; bp:precipitation

coefficient due to elt X-#I -cf( critical snowelt teperature XV!I %( snow 'ei't X#I +( water

content X#I dt( tie step X-.


G.6 to G.8;(r = qljp :9.3;K= + qljX 23 p = 1K= 1 23 p 4 1 _X r rhtK= r rht J pjX 23 p 4 1 _X r 4 rht :9.6;qljX = + kl K :9.


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-'e input variables of t'e odel are t'e precipitation :P; t'e teperature :-; and t'e

potential evapotranspiration :"-P;. -'e output value is t'e eBuivalent precipitation :PeB;.

-'e outflow disc'are @tot coposed b& t'e base disc'are :@9R7; and t'e run8off disc'are

:@r; is finall& transferred to t'e outlet of t'e sub8catc'ent.


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$%D% H0" model description

-'e interated rainfall8runoff odel %=$ :=erstr_ 1?63 1??2; is coposed of a snow

function a 'uidit& reservoir and two :upper and lower; soil storae reservoirs. -'e

structure of t'e ipleented odel is presented in t'e Fiure 3.

/i?ure %=$ odel


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Ta


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with )sn( snowelt or freeCin X#-I C)a*: deree8da& eltin factor X#-V!I C%( refreeCin

factor X8ITT()( critical snowelt teperature XV!I +snow( snow 'ei't X#I +water( water content X#I

dt( tie step X-.

-'e eBuivalent precipitation :'eq; is produced b& t'e water content of t'e snow :equations

%.3to%.


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with 2per( Percolation storae coefficient X1- I 2u( *nterflow storae coefficient X1- I i'er(

Percolation intensit& X#- I u( *nterflow X#7-.

Afterwards t'e lower reservoir :or baseflow reservoir; correspondin to t'e lower soil

storae is calculated as presented in eBuations %.13 and %.16

yjX = 2 5J yy \ 1 :%.13;z = 5J y J m :%.16;

with(5( #ower reservoir water level X#I 2l( =aseflow storae coefficient X1-I l( =aseflow X#7-.

And finall& t'e total outflow is(zuvu= zt+ z+ z :%.1


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$%% R: model description

-'e 9R/> odel is a lobal '&droloical odel wit' four paraeters developed b& Perrin et

al. :2007;. *t is an epirical odel :Fiure 6; but its structure is siilar to t'e conceptual

odels. *t taes into account t'e 'uidit& and contains two reservoirs :production and

routin;. Unit '&drorap's are also associated for t'e '&droloical be'aviour of t'e basin.

/i?ure D 9R/> odel


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Ta


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z = X / + z + 2 J X J ( ( + / + z + 2 J Xdx ' :*.1/;

withiF ( eEc'ane function X#- I 2 ( water eEc'ane coefficient positive for contributions neative

for losses due to infiltration or Cero w'en no eEc'ane is produced X#I R ( water level in t'e routin

reservoir X# I 7 ( one da& capacit& of routin reservoir X#I @r( unitar& routin reservoir outflow

X#-.

-'e variation of t'e water level in t'e routin reservoir is(/jX = z 2 z/ \ 1 :*.15;-'e outflow @1 fro '&drorap' U%2 'as also t'e sae eEc'ane for providin t'e

copleentar& flow @d(

z = z( + 2 :*.13;with@d( unitar& copleentar& outflow X#-.Finall& t'e odel outflows are calculated as presented in eBuations *.16 and *.1< and t'e

total flow at t'e outlet @tot as presented in eBuation *.1?(z = z J m :*.16;z = z J m :*.1


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$%F% SAC#SMA model description

-'e SA!8S)A :Fiure


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Ta


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-'e aEiu fraction of an additional ipervious area due to saturation :Adimp;. *t

represents t'e aEiu portion of reservoirs and teporar& waters'eds contained

in t'e basin.

-'us t'e peranent pervious area fraction of t'e basin is calculated followin eBuation >.1

]_] = ( X2U + m2U` :>.1;withParea ( peranent pervious area fraction of t'e basin X8 I Pcti ( peranent ipervious areafraction X8 I Adip ( aEiu fraction of an additional ipervious area due to saturation X8.

*t is wort' entionin t'at t'e be'aviour of t'e additional ipervious area i't be purel&

pervious purel& ipervious or iEed dependin on t'e storae of t'e peranent pervious

and ipervious areas. -'e pervious capacit& :or fraction; of t'is area will decrease as t'e

rainfall rows.

As s'own in t'e Fiure


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with -( relative content of Upper Qone -ension ater X8I F( relative content of Upper Qone Free

ater X8I UCtr( infiltration transfer fro t'e Free ater storae to t'e -ension ater storae X#-I

UCtw!( t'e Upper Qone-ension ater storae X#I UCtw)aE( t'e Upper Qone -ension ater capacit&

X#I UCfw!( t'e Upper Qone Free ater storae X#I UCfw)aE( t'e Upper Qone Free ater capacit&

X#.

Alt'ou' free water is present durin fillin of Upper Qone -ension ater :b& infiltration;

t'is free water is rapidl& transfored into Upper Qone -ension ater until tension water

relative content reBuireents are satisfied.1

*n addition w'en t'e Upper Qone -ension ater volue 'as been filled eEcess oisture

above t'e Upper Qone-ension ater capacit& is accuulated in t'e Upper Qone Free ater.

-pper +one /ree ater stora?e

-'is storae represents t'e water not attac'ed to t'e soil particles and free to ove under

ravitational forces. -'e water t'at reac'es t'is reservoir coes fro t'e infiltration of t'e

Upper Qone-ension ater storae

-'e followin concepts are defined(

-'e Upper Qone ree ,ater )a*imum capacit& :-398Ma;; is t'e aEiu Free

ater storae adissible in t'e Upper Qone.

-'e Upper Qoneree ,ater Content :-398C; is t'e Free ater stored in t'e Upper

Qoneat an& iven tie.

-'e $nterlow depletion rate :-3G; represents t'e portion of t'e Upper Qone Free

ater t'at is transferred outside as interflow.

-'e water a& be depleted b& evapotranspiration percolation to t'e #ower Qone or

'oriContal flow :surface runoff and interflow;.

On t'e one 'and t'e percolation to t'e #ower Qone is coputed prior to t'e interflow

coputation as it is its preferred pat'. *t depends on t'e deficienc& of t'e #ower Qone

oisture volues on t'e soil properties and on t'e water relative storae in t'is reservoir.

-'e first 2 factors define t'e percolation deand fro t'e #ower Qone :DDA;. -'is deand

represents t'e percolation in case of total percolation availabilit& on t'e Upper Qone Free

ater storae.

]b_ = y3`k] y` +y3bk] yb :>.3;

Z/ =yXk] yXc + y3`k] y3`c + y3bk] y3bcyXk] +y3`k] +y3bk] :>.6;ZZm = ]b_ ( + `_ Z/{K :>.


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percolation rates X8I D"FR( relative #ower Qonewater deficienc& X8I ReEp( s'ape paraeter of t'e

percolation curve X8.

-'e effective percolation depends on t'e percolation deand and t'e ratio between t'e

Upper Qone Free ater content and t'e Upper Qone Free ater capacit& as s'own in

eBuation >.?. *n addition t'e effective percolation is liited b& t'e 'uidit& content in t'eUpper Qone and also b& t'e deficienc& in t'e #ower Qone :eBuations >.10 and >.11

respectivel&;(/c = ZZm 3c3k] :>.?;/c 3cjX :>.10;/c yXk]yXc + y3`k] y3`c + y3bk]y3bcjX :>.11;

with P"R!( real percolation X#-I DDA( #ower Qone aEiu percolation deand X#-I UCfw!(

Upper Qone Free ater content X#I UCfw)aE(Upper Qone Free ater capacit& X#.

On t'e ot'er 'and t'e interflow occurs onl& w'en t'e rate of precipitation eEceed t'e rate

at w'ic' downward otion can occur fro t'e Upper Qone Free ater. *t depends on t'e

water content and on its interflow depletion rate UC as s'own in eBuation >.12(z%uKtv|= 3c ]_] m :>.12;with@interflow( interflow X#

7-I UC( interflow depletion rate fro t'e Upper Qone Free water storae

X-81

I UCfw!( Upper Qone Free ater content X#I Parea ( pervious area fraction of t'e basin X8I A(

surface of t'e basin X#2.

)oreover w'en t'e Upper Qone Free ater storae is copletel& full and t'e precipitation

intensit& eEceeds bot' t'e percolation rate and t'e aEiu interflow drainae capacit&t'e eEcess precipitation results in surface runoff @SurfRunoff.

Lo8er +one Tension ater stora?e

-'is storae represents t'e sei8saturated Cone. *t c'aracteriCes t'e volue of oisture in

t'e lower soils w'ic' will be claied b& dr& soil particles w'en oisture fro a wettin front

reac'es t'at dept'. -'e water is consued t'rou' evapotranspiration proportionall& to

t'e reainin "-P of t'e Upper Qone -ension ater storae.

-'e water reac'in t'is reservoir coes fro t'e Upper Qone percolation. One fraction

:Pfree; of t'is percolation oes directl& to t'e Free ater storaes even if t'e -ension

ater storae is not &et full and t'e ot'er fraction :18Pfree; oes to t'e -ension aterstorae of t'e #ower Qone

2.-'e water also reac'es t'is storae fro transfers between

t'e ot'er #ower Qone Free ater storaes.


-'e #ower Qone Tension ,ater )a*imum capacit& :L3t8Ma;; is t'e aEiu

-ension ater storae adissible in t'e #ower Qone.

2*f t'e -ension ater storae of t'e #ower Qone is copletel& full t'en percolation oes entirel& to t'e 2 Free

ater storaes.


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-'e #ower QoneTension ,ater Content :L3t8C; is t'e -ension ater stored in t'e

#ower Qone at an& iven tie.

*f t'e relative content of -ension ater :ratio between its content and its aEiu storae;

is saller t'an t'e relative content of Free ater t'e incoin eEcess is transferred fro

Free ater to -ension ater. -'e eEpressions of bot' ratios are s'own in eBuations >.17 to>.15( /q = /b_ y3`k] +y3bk] :>.17;

= yXcyXk] :>.1/; = y3`c +y3bc /qy3`k] +y3bk] /q :>.15;

with -( relative content of #ower Qone -ension ater X8I F( relative content of #ower Qone Free

ater X8I RF( #ower Qone Free ater not transferable to #ower Qone -ension ater susceptible

to becoe baseflow X#I Rserv( fraction of #ower Qone Free ater not transferable to #ower Qone-ension aterX8.

*f t'e relative content of t'e #ower Qone -ension ater is saller t'an t'e relative fullness

of t'e lobal #ower Qone a water transfer D"# occurs fro t'e #ower Qone Free

Suppleentar& reservoir to t'e #ower Qone -ension ater reservoir as described b& t'e

followin eBuations(

/ = y3`c + y3bc + yXc /qy3`k] +y3bk] +yXk] /q :>.13;

Zy = yXk] / jX :>.16;

withD"#( t'e Free8-ension ater transfer in t'e #ower Qone X#-I R( ratio between t'e available

water for evapotranspiration and t'e total water content in t'e w'ole #ower Qone X8I RF( #ower

Qone Free ater not transferable to #ower Qone -ension ater susceptible to becoe baseflow X#.

Lo8er +one Primary and Supplementary /ree ater stora?es

-'is storae represents t'e saturated Cone of t'e subsoil i.e. t'e aBuifer. -'ere are two

t&pes of #ower Qone Free ater( a priar& t&pe wit' a ver& slow drainin providin baseflow

over lon periods of tie and a suppleentar& t&pe w'ic' suppleents t'e baseflow after

a period of relativel& recent rainfall.

-'e water t'at reac'es t'ese storaes coes fro t'e 'reefraction of t'e percolation oft'e Upper Qone Free ater. -'is fraction is distributed into t'e priar& and suppleentar&

storaes accordin to t'eir deficienc& of water.


-'e #ower Qoneprimar7 ree ,ater )a*imumcapacit& :L39pMa;; is t'e aEiu

priar& water storae adissible in t'e #ower Qone.

-'e #ower Qoneprimar7 ree ,ater Content:L39pC; is t'e priar& Free ater stored

in t'e #ower Qone at an& iven tie.

-'e epletion rate o the 5ower 9one primar7 ree ,ater stora/e :L3pG; is t'e

portion of priar& Free ater t'at drains as baseflow per da&.


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-'e #ower Qone supplementar7 ree ,ater )a*imum capacit& :L39sMa;; is t'e

aEiu suppleentar& water storae adissible in t'e #ower Qone.

-'e #ower Qonesupplementar7 ree ,ater Content:L39sC; is t'e suppleentar& Free

ater stored in t'e #ower Qone at an& iven tie.

-'e epletion rate o the 5ower 9one supplementar7 ree ,ater stora/e:L3sG; is t'e

portion of suppleentar& Free ater t'at drains as baseflow per da&.

-'e drained water leavin t'ese two storaes :priar& flow @priar&and suppleentar& flow

@suppleentar&; follows t'e Darc&s law and fors t'e baseflow of t'e #ower Qone @#ower Qoneas

s'own in eBuations >.1< to >.20(ztGt= y` y3`c ]_] m :>.1.1?;z~v|Kt v%K= ztGt+ zKK%uGt

:>.20;

with @priar&( priar& baseflow X#7-I @suppleentar&( suppleentar& baseflow X#

7-I @#ower Qone( total

baseflow produced in t'e #ower Qone X#7-I #Cp( depletion rate of t'e #ower Qone priar& Free

ater storae X-81

I #Cfp!( #ower Qone priar& Free ater !ontent X#I #Cs( depletion rate of t'e

#ower Qone suppleentar& Free ater storae X-81

I #Cfs!( #ower Qone suppleentar& Free ater

!ontent X#I Parea ( pervious area fraction of t'e basin X8I A( surface of t'e basin X#2.

-'e odel allows includin baseflow losses called subsurface flow @SubSurf due to t'e

eEistence of eoloical faults fractured rocs etc. t'at lead to filtrations t'rou'out t'e

aBuifer. -'e (ideparaeter captures t'ese losses as s'own in eBuation >.21(

zt= 2_ zGKv| :>.21;

withSide( ratio of deep percolation fro #ower Qone Free ater storaes X8 @baseflow( #ower Qone

Free ater volue actuall& interated to t'e c'annel outflow '&drorap's X#7-I @SubSurf( disc'are

lost into t'e aBuifer X#7-.

And so t'is (ideparaeter is used to correct t'e baseflow as follows(zGKv|=z~v|Kt v%K(+2_ :>.22;zt= 2_ z~v|Kt v%K(+2_ :>.27;

Evapotranspiration-'e real evapotranspirations are obtained fro eac' -ension ater storae fro t'e

transfers between Free ater and -ension ater storaes fro riverside veetation and

fro ipervious areas. -'e& are described 'ereafter.

ETR1( evapotranspiration fro t'e Upper Qone -ension ater reservoir. *f t'is

reservoir is not full t'e evapotranspiration is proportional to its content :eBuation

>.2/;(

/( = XcXk] Xc

:>.2/;

with"-P( potential evapotranspiration X#-.


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-'e reainin evapotranspiration deand R"D and t'e updated content of water in

t'e Upper Qone -ension ater reservoir UCtw! are t'en calculated(/Z = /( :>.25;XcjX = /( :>.23; ETR2( evapotranspiration fro t'e Upper Qone Free ater reservoir. -'is

evapotranspiration is eBual to t'e reainin R"D left b& t'e -ension ater reservoir

but it is liited b& t'e Upper Qone Free ater content UCfw!(/ = i9/Z3cjX :>.26;-'en t'e reainin evapotranspiration R"D#C fro t'e #ower Qone is(/Zy = /Z / :>.2.72;

{'= /(6Xuu' :>.77;withAdi!( su of t'e Upper Qoneand #ower Qone -ension ater !ontent in t'e 4dimp

area X8I $"-R1( evapotranspirated water fro t'e Upper Qone -ension ater reservoir in a

tie step X#.

"ac' evapotranspiration value is wei'ted based on t'e portion of t'e basin area in w'ic' it

is produced. -'e total evapotranspiration is finall&(

/XVX]^ =/(+/+/ ]_] + /7 /2] + /. m2U` m :>.7/;

with "-Rtotal( total evapotranspiration X#7-I Parea( pervious area fraction of t'e basin X8I Riva(

riparian veetarian area fraction X8I Pcti( peranent ipervious area fraction of t'e basin X8I


39/130




40/130



$%&6% Channel routin? description

-'e c'annel routin can be solved b& t'e St8$enant )usinu8!une or ineatic wave.

-'e t'ree possibilities are presented 'ereafter and t'eir paraeters in -able ?.

Ta0 8 Slope 0

17

s Stricler coefficient 10 to ?0

nSec 8 +uber of sections :St. $enant onl&; 0

@*ni 7s *nitial disc'are 8

ST% "E!A!T routin?

-'e St. $enant eBuations solvin t'e 1D unstead& flow are(mX+ z= 1 :.1;zX+ zm + '= m R R + :.2;with A( cross sectional flow area X#

2I @( disc'are X#

7-I >0( botto slopeI >f( friction slope X8I *1(

profile coefficient X#7I *2( coefficient for cross sectional variation X#

2.

"Buation .1 eEpresses t'e ass conservation w'ile eBuation .2 ensures t'e conservation

of oentu. -'e ter *1 taes into account t'e s'ape of t'e transversal profile and is

calculated as follows(

'= Y J n :.7;-'e ter b represents t'e cross sectional variation for t'e level and constitutes an

interation variable accordin to Fiure ?. St. $enant eBuations can be solved in RS )*+"R$"

for a trapeCoidal profile :Fiure 10;(

/i?ure F Descriptive setc' for paraeters

used in t'e calculation of *1

/i?ure &6 -ransversal profile available for t'e

coputation of c'annel routinFor t'is trapeCoidal section t'e eBuation definin *1is reduced to(


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'= J Y + U J Yx :./;with =( widt' of t'e base of t'e transversal profile X#I '( water level X#I ( side ban relation

coefficient :1 vertical 'oriContal; X8.

-'e friction slope >fis calculated accordin to )annin8Stricler(

R = z JzmJ 5J /x :.5;/= my :.3;

with>f( friction slope X8I ( Stricler coefficient X#17

-I R'( '&draulic radius X#I A( flow area X#2I #p(

wetted perieter X#.

-'e ter *2taes into account t'e variation of t'e section alon t'e c'annel. *n t'e case of a

prisatic c'annel *2is eBual to Cero. *n eneral *2is(

= Y n&

:.6;For a prisatic c'annel eBuations .1 and .2 are solved b& t'e "uler et'od :first order; as follows(

m' %'= m'%X z' % z% :.


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Routin? accordin? to MusGin?um#Cun?e

Rulin out t'e first two ters of eBuation .2 &ields(

'= m J R + :.10;

-'is new eBuation corresponds to t'e approEiation of t'e diffusive wave. it' t'e

suppleentar& '&pot'esis of a prisatic c'annel :!une 1??1; it is possible to eEpress

eBuation .2 as follows(zX+ zZ ZY z Z z z = 1 :.11;with=( widt' of t'e botto of t'e transversal profile X#I D( disc'are rate X#

7-.

-'e disc'are rate is t'e capacit& of a cross section of a c'annel to transport a certain flow

and is defined as(

z = Z R' :.12;"Buation .11 is an eBuation wit' partial derivatives of parabolic t&pe w'ic' represents t'e

convection and t'e diffusion of t'e variable @. %ence t'e flow transported wit' a velocit& c

:eBuation .17; and diffused wit' a diffusion coefficient :eBuation .1/;(

= z Z ZY :.17;

N = Z

J z :.1/;

=ased on t'e '&pot'esis of a clearl& defined relation between t'e flow @ and t'e water level

' eBuation .11 is reduced to(zX+ zm z= 1 :.15;-'is eBuation is called M eBuation of t'e ineatic wave N and describes t'e siple

convection of t'e flow wit' a velocit& c accordin to eBuation .17. *t can be solved b& t'e

followin nuerical finite difference sc'ee(

zX d z%'

z%

+ ( + d z'%'

z'%

X :.13;

z( z' %' z%' + ( z' % z% :.16;Appl&in t'is sc'ee to eBuation.15 &ields(d z%' z% + ( + d z' %' z' %X

+

( z' %' z%' + ( z'% z% = 1

:.1


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e can eEpress t'e solution of t'is eBuation as a function of t'e unnown variable @4Y1nY1

nael&(z' %'= c' z%'+ c z%+ cx z' % :.1?;wit'(

c'= 5d X5( d + Xc= 5d + X5( d + X

cx

=5( d X5( d + X

:.20;

5 = :.21; =z' % z%m'% m% :.22;

%ere '&draulic enineers i't reconiCe t'e eBuation of )usinu :=oillat 1?


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Routin? accordin? to the Ginematic 8ave

-'e ineatic wave odel is t'e sipler routin odel w'ere t'e ters of inertia and

pressure of t'e St. $enant eBuations are supposed to be neliible. As a conseBuence t'e

cineatic '&pot'esis supposes t'at t'e ravit& forces are identical t'ou' wit' an opposite

sin to t'e friction forces. -'is iplies t'at t'ere is an eEplicit relations'ip between t'e flowand t'e water level :easured noral water dept';.

-'e eBuation of t'e cineatic wave as presented in t'e previous c'apter is presented as

follows(zX+ zm z= 1 :.23;-'is is a siple eBuation of convection w'ic' indicates t'at t'e flow @ is transported

downstrea wit' a celerit& c w'ic' is defined as(

=zm :.26;-'is rat'er siple odel transports eac' point of t'e '&drorap' fro upstrea to

downstrea wit' a velocit& c. Since no diffusive ter appears in t'e eBuation t'e pea

disc'are reains constant and is not reduced. On t'e contrar& t'e eneral be'aviour of a

flood is odified since 'i' disc'ares are transferred downstrea ore rapidl& t'an sall

ones.

-'e initial paraeters are identical to t'ose of t'e odel of t'e diffusive wave. -'e

eoetr& for t'e transversal profiles also corresponds to t'e sae t'an for t'e )usinu8

!une et'od :trapeCoidal c'annels Fiure 10;. Opposite to t'e odel of t'e diffusive

wave no reduction of t'e flood is produced as entioned previousl&. -'e solution is

perfored accordin to t'e followin eBuations(

=z' % z%m'% m% :.2


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RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae //120

$%&&% Time series

*n t'is ob4ect teporar& series of flow precipitation teperature or "-P can be directl&

introduced. -'e tie is incorporated in seconds and t'e associated values in t'eir

correspondin units in tabular for M t Xs , value Xdependin on t'e series N.

Ta


46/130



$%&$% Reservoir

-'e transient evolution of a water volue in a reservoir is described b& t'e followin

retention eBuation(

X = zK z :#.1;with( volue in t'e reservoir X#7I @e( inflow in t'e reservoir X#7-I @s( outflow X#7-.

Usuall& reservoirs are eBuipped wit' turbines pups and spillwa&s dependin on t'e water

level in t'e reservoir. -o solve eBuation #.1 it is necessar& to now t'e outflow as a function

of t'e water volue in t'e reservoir. -'is operation is possible if relation between t'e

water level and t'e water volue is nown :-able 11;.

Ta


47/130



$%&B% Level#*ischar?e Relation (H,)

-'e %@ ob4ect provides an outflow dependin on a level in a reservoir. -'e outflow is

calculated b& t'e 'elp of a M #evel , Disc'are N relation :-able 12;. %ence t'e disc'are in

t'en calculated as follows(

zvuv|%= 1 23 p%[ p'zvuv|%= zSK,+ p' p% zvuv|,' zvuv|,p' p 23 p[ p%[ p' :).1;with @outflow

n( disc'are at instant n X#

7-I %

n( water level at instant n X#I @outflowi( disc'are flow for

a water level %iX#7-I %i( reservoir water level X#.

Ta


48/130



$%&:% Tur


49/130


50/130


RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae /?120

e = J Z :O.5;with [( friction factor X8I ( rou'ness X#I Re( Re&nolds nuber X8I( velocit& X#-I ( ineaticviscosit& X#

2-

-'e eBuation +./ is solved for t'e rane of disc'ares of t'e paired data @8 providin t'epaired data relation M Disc'are :@; , Friction factor :[; N for user inforation.


51/130



$%&% *iversion

-'is ob4ect needs t'e paired data relation M *nflow , Diverted flow N as inforation as well

as t'e incoin '&drorap'. -'e relation describes t'e be'aviour of t'e diversion and is

enerated b& t'e user w'o perfors a calculation for t'e be'aviour of t'e diversion and

t'en creates t'e relation M *nflow , Diverted flow N.

it' t'is inforation t'e Diversion calculates t'e diverted '&drorap' and t'e downstrea

'&drorap' as presented in eBuation ).1(z%= zSv|%%+ zSKtuKS% :P.1;with@up

n( total flow upstrea at instant n X#

7-I @diverted

n( diverted flow at instant n X#

7-I @down

n(

downstrea flow at instant n X#7-.

Ta


52/130



$%&D% Consumer

A series in t'e database is used as t'e consuation deand of t'e !onsuer ob4ect. *f no

inforation about consuation eEists in t'e database t'e paraeter Default @DeandT

is used for t'e w'ole period of t'e siulation as unifor deand.

it' t'is inforation t'e !onsuer calculates t'e consued disc'are as well as t'e

downstrea '&drorap' as presented in eBuation P.1. At t'e sae tie t'e ob4ect also

calculates t'e s'ortfall disc'are series durin t'e siulation period.zhv%KS%= zSKG%S%zSv|%%= z% zSKG%S%zvtG%= 1 23 zSKG%S% z%

zhv%KS%

= z%

zSv|%%= 1zvtG%= zSKG%S% z% 23 zSKG%S%4 z% :@.1;

with@consuedn( consued disc'are at instant n X#

7-I @deand

n( deanded consuation at instant

n X#7-I @down

n( downstrea flow at instant n X#

7-I @up


7-.

Ta


53/130



$%&% Structure e99iciency

-'is ob4ect needs an efficienc& coefficient as inforation to describe t'e efficienc& of a

structure suc' a canal or a pipe as well as t'e incoin '&drorap'.

An efficienc& of 1 provides an output flow eBuivalent to t'e input '&drorap'. An efficienc&of 0 enerates a coplete loss of t'e input.

-'e downstrea '&drorap' is calculate as presented in eBuation @.1 and @.2 (zSv|%%= z%J EffiOie9OB :R.1;zvu%= z%J ( EffiOie9OB :R.2;with @up


7-I @lost

n( lost flow at instant n X#

7-I @down

n(

downstrea flow at instant n X#7-.

Ta


54/130



$%&F% Sensor

-'is ob4ect can be lined to an& ot'er ob4ect and send inforation to t'e states of a

reulation eac' tie a t'res'old is eEceeded or values decrease below a t'res'old.

-'e t'res'old values are specified b& user in t'e ob4ect.Ta


55/130



$%$6% Re?ulation and State

'en a reulation is selected a sub8odel is autoaticall& enerated. *nside t'is ob4ect

several M States N can be created. -'e c'oice about w'ic' state is active is carried out as a

function of t'e t'res'olds inforation :fro t'e Sensors;.

A t&pical eEaple of reulation is t'e ipleentation of a turbine pup law as a function

of t'e water level in t'e reservoir. -'us inside ever& State several ob4ects are introduced as

a function of t'e deands :turbine pup diversion etc;.

Once all ob4ects are correctl& lined transitions between States are also introduced

dependin on operators and defined t'res'olds fro sensors :-able 1?;.

Ta


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!'apter 7. Perforance indicators


Chapter B% Per9ormance indicators

-'e !oparator ob4ect provides seven indicators values presented 'ereafter.

B%&%

!ash coe99icient-'e +as'8Sutcliffe criteria :+as' and Sutcliffe 1?60; is used to assess t'e predictive power

of '&droloical odels :A4ai et al. 200/I Sc'aefli and al 2005I >ordan 2006I $iviroli et al.

200?I 9arcJa %ernKndeC et al. 2011;. *t is defined as presented in "B. *+D.1.

g]bY = ( $ z,u ztK,uuu&u$ ztK,u ztKuu&u *+D.1with ash( +as'8Sutcliffe odel efficienc& coefficient X8I @sit( siulated disc'are at tie t X#

7-I

@reft( observed disc'are at tie t X#7-I ref( averae observed disc'are for t'e considered period

X#7-.

*t varies fro 8j to 1 wit' 1 represenkn t'e best perforance of t'e odel and Cero t'e

sae perforance t'an assuin t'e averae of all t'e observations at eac' tie step.

B%$% !ash coe99icient 9or lo?arithm values

-'e +as'8Sutcliffe coefficient for loarit' flow values :+as'8ln; is used to assess t'e

'&droloical odels perforance for low flows :rause et al. 2005I +brea et al. 2011;. *t

is defined as presented in "B. *+D.2.

As;9= ( 9z,u9ztK,uuu&u$ 9ztK,u9ztKuu&u *+D.2with ashln( +as'8Sutcliffe coefficient for lo values X8.

*t varies fro 8j to 1 wit' 1 represenkn t'e best perforance of t'e odel.

B%B% Pearson Correlation Coe99icient

-'e Pearson correlation coefficient s'ows t'e covariabilit& of t'e siulated and observed

disc'ares wit'out penaliCin for bias :A'aouc'a and %abib 2010I an et al. 2011;. *t

is defined as presented in "B. *+D.7.

_]bVW = $ z,u z J ztK,u ztKuu&u$ z,u zuu&u J $ ztK,u ztKuu&u *+D.7with 'earson( Pearson !orrelation !oefficient X8I si( averae siulated disc'are for t'e

considered period X#7-.

*t varies fro 81 to 1 wit' 1 representin t'e best perforance of t'e odel.

Q

Q


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B%:% Ilin?#upta E99iciency

-'e lin89upta efficienc& :9upta et al. 200?; provides an indicator w'ic' facilitates t'e

lobal anal&sis based on different coponents :correlation bias and variabilit&; for

'&droloical odellin issues.

lin et al. :2012; proposed a revised version of t'is indicator to ensure t'at t'e bias and

variabilit& ratios are not cross8correlated. -'is update is proposed as indicator in

RS )*+"R$" :"B. *+D./;(

5 = ( ? ( + (+ ( *+D./with 9"( odified 9"8statistic X8Ir( correlation coefficient between siulated and reference

values X8I m( ratio between t'e ean of t'e siulated values and t'e ean of t'e reference ones X8

I ( variabilit& ratio i.e. ratio between t'e coefficient of variation of t'e siulated values and t'e

coefficient of variation of t'e reference ones X8.

*t varies fro 0 to 1 wit' 1 representin t'e best perforance.

B%7% 0ias Score

-'e =ias Score :=S; is a s&etric estiation of t'e atc' between t'e averae siulation

and averae observation :an et al. 2011;. *t is defined as presented in "B. *+D.5.

= ( AzztK, ztKz (

*+D.5

with -(( =ias Score X8.

*t varies fro 0 to 1 wit' 1 representin t'e best perforance of t'e odel.

B%% Relative Root Mean S5uare Error

-'e Relative Root )ean SBuare "rror :RR)S"; is defined as t'e R)S" noraliCed to t'e

ean of t'e observed values :Fe&en et al. 2000I "l8+asr et al. 2005I %eppner et al. 2003;

and is presented in "B. *+D.3.

//k =$ z,u ztK,uuu&u

WztK *+D.3

with RR)S"( relative R)S" X8I n( nuber of values X8.

*t varies fro 0 to Yj. -'e saller RR)S" t'e beer t'e odel perforance is.

B%D% Relative "olume 0ias

-'e Relative $olue =ias :R$= soeties called differentl& corresponds in t'is case to t'e

relative error between t'e siulated and t'e observed volues durin t'e studied period

:A4ai and al 200/I Sc'aefli and al 2005I )oriasi et al. 2006I A'aouc'a and %abib

2010; accordin to "B. *+D.6.


58/130



/ =$ z,u ztK,uuu&u$ ztK,uuu&u *+D.6with R$=( relative volue bias between forecast and observation for t'e considered period X8.

-'e R$= varies fro 8j to Yj. An indeE near to Cero indicates a ood perforance of t'e

siulation. +eative values are returned w'en siulated disc'are is in averae saller

t'an t'e averae of t'e observed disc'are :deficit odel; w'ile positive values ean t'e

opposite :overae odel;.

B%% !ormali3ed PeaG Error

-'e +oraliCed Pea "rror :+P"; indicates t'e relative error between t'e siulated and t'e

observed flow peas :)asoudi and %abaieb 1??7I Sun and al 2000I A4ai and al 200/I

9abellani and al 2006;. *t is coputed accordin to *+D.< -O *+D.10.

g = // *+D.ournal of "nineerin "ducation 23:/; ?378?67.

A4ai +. . 9upta %. aener -. and Soroos'ian S. :200/;. Calibration o a semi

distributed h7drolo/i model or streamlow estimation alon/ a rier s7stem. >ournal of

%&drolo& 2?


117/130

=ibliorap'&


Duan @. Soroos'ian S. and 9upta $. :1??2;. Eetie and Eiient Global ?ptimization or

Coneptual %ainall%uno )odels. ater Resources )anaeent $ol. 2. RoBuier =. and Paredes ArBuiola >. :2015;. RS )*+"R$" ,

Users anual v2.1. RS )*+"R$" 9roup SwitCerland.

9abellani S. =oni 9. Ferraris #. von %ardenber >. and ProvenCale A. :2006;. 'ropa/ation

o unertaint7 rom rainall to runo: 4 ase stud7 with a stohasti rainall /enerator.

Advances in ater Resources 70 203182061.

9arcJa %ernKndeC >. >ordan F. Dubois >. and =oillat >.8#. :2006;. %outin/ (7stem $$. lowmodellin/ in h7drauli s7stems. !ounication 72 du #aboratoire de !onstructions

%&drauliBues "d. A. Sc'leiss #ausanne.

9arcJa %ernKndeC >. :2011;. Flood anaeent in a copleE river basin wit' a real8tie

decision support s&ste based on '&droloical forecasts. P'D -'esis +V50?7 "cole

Pol&tec'niBue FHdHrale de #ausanne "PF# SwitCerland.

9ils . R. Ric'ardson S. and Spieel'alter D. >. :1??3; )arQo Chain )onte Carlo in

'ratie. !'apan and %all #ondon 512p.

9upta %. $. lin %. ilaC . . and )artineC 9. F. :200?;. eomposition o the mean

squared error and (E perormane riteria: $mpliations or improin/ h7drolo/ialmodellin/. >ournal of %&drolo& $ol. 766 ournal of #ae Sciences $ol 12 +o. / 70/871/.

%eppner !. S. Ran @. $anderwaa >. ". and #oaue :2003;.4ddin/ sediment transport

to the inte/rated h7drolo/7 model $n+): eelopment and testin/. Advances in ater

Resources 2? :3; ?708?/7.

>ereia' ". Sisson S.A. S'ara A. )ars'all #. :2012;. Eiient h7drolo/ial model

parameter optimization with (equential )onte Carlo samplin/. "nvironental )odellin

and Software 7


118/130

=ibliorap'&


>ordan F. :2006;. )odLle de prHvision et de estion des crues 8 optiisation des opHrations

des aHnaeents '&droHlectriBues accuulation pour la rHduction des dHbits de crue.

-'esis Report +V7611 "cole Pol&tec'niBue FHdHrale de #ausanne "PF# #ausanne.

aali ). Ponnabala . and Soulis " D. :2017;. Comparison o seeral heuristi

approahes to alibration o ,4TC54(( h7drolo/i model. !anadian ater Resources

>ournal $ol. 7. and )a Q. :2011;. Rosenbroc artificial bee colon& alorit' for accurate

lobal optiiCation of nuerical functions. *nforation Sciences 1


119/130

=ibliorap'&

RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual Pae 11. A. and )ead R. :1?35;. 4 (imple* )ethod or untion minimization. !oputer

>ournal $ol. 6 +o. / 70ournal of %&drolo& 26? 26582


120/130

=ibliorap'&


*nternational )ulti8S&posius on !oputer and !oputational Sciences %anC'ou

Q'e4ian !'ina 707870


121/130

Acnowledents


AcGno8led?ments

RS )*+"R$" is developed b& t'e researc' center CREALP and t'e enineerin office

HydroCosmos SA wit' t'e collaboration of two universities :Ecole Polytechni5ue /=d=rale

de Lausanneand -niversitat Polit>cnica de "al>ncia; and t'e Hydro&6 Association.

e would lie to t'an sincerel& t'ese oraniCations for t'eir support.

*n addition we would lie to eEpress our ratitude to t'e people w'o 'ave personall&

contributed to t'e iproveent of t'e prora and its docuentation in particular(

StHp'ane )ic'eloud1+Hstor #era

2 AleE Dionisio8!alado

1 +icolas Re&

7 "dar =elda

2

Sauel Alesina1 AurHlien !laude

1and >avier FluiEK SanartJn

1.

1!entre de rec'erc'e sur lenvironent alpin 8 !R"A#P

2

UniversitH Pol&tec'niBue de $alence 8 UP$7%&dro!osos SA

XS*9+"- F*+ D" DO!U)"+-


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AppendiE

RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual A.1

Appendi;' List o9 noti9ications 9rom pre#simulation and post#

simulation reports

-'e list of notifications :notes warnins and fatal; of t'e pre8 and post8siulation reports

are presented 'ereafter.

A%&% solated o


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AppendiE


Post8Siulation Report

arnin?

*f t'is ob4ect does not find data for

Precipitation -eperature or "-P in an&

station of t'e database wit'in in t'e radius of

researc' researc' radius is eEtended until

findin one.

!o precipitation 9ound

8ithin search radius o9

virtual 8eather station

UStation &U% Radius e;tended

to satis9y !o% min o9 stations%

Sno8#SM model description

Pre8siulation report

/atal

*f t'is ob4ect eEists and is connected to ot'er

ob4ects but not all Snow89S) odel inputs

are available.

The o


124/130

AppendiE


S.C.!T model description


/atal*f t'is ob4ect eEists and is not isolated but

not all SO!O+- odel inputs are available.

The o


125/130

AppendiE

RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual A./

A%:% Standard o


126/130

AppendiE


A%7% Structures o


127/130

AppendiE


H,


/atal*f t'is ob4ect is used and is not isolated but

t'e %8@ paired data is not provided.

H, UH, &Uis missin? H#,

paired data%

Post8Siulation Report

arnin?

-'e coputed siulation runs even if t'e

level is eBual or over t'e aEiu level

proposed in t'e relation %8@. *n t'at case

t'e outflow is ept as t'e aEiu

disc'are eEistin in t'e relation %8@.

The ma;imum level o9 H,

UH, &U has


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AppendiE


Hydropo8er


/atal*f t'is ob4ect if used and is not isolated but

t'e @8 paired data is not provided.

Hydropo8er UHydropo8er

&Uis missin? paired data

values%

arnin?*f a source ob4ect eEists and no database is

connected to t'e odel.

Missin? data


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AppendiE

RS )*+"R$" , -ec'nical )anual A.

Rs Minerve Technical Manual.v2.1

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