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28. Particle detectors 1 28. P ARTICLE DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 28.1. Summary of detector spati al resolution , temporal resolut ion, and deadtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 28.2. Photon detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 28.2.1. Vacuum photodetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 28.2.1.1. Photomultiplier tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 28.2.1.2. Microchannel plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 28.2.1.3. Hybrid photon detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 28.2.2. Gaseous photon detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 28.2.3. Solid-state photon detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 28.3. Organic scintillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 28.3.1. Scintillation mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 28.3.2. Caveats and cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 28.3.3. Scintillating and wavelength -s hifting fib ers . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 28.4. Inorganic scintillators: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 28.5. Cherenkov detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 28.5.1. Threshold counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 28.5.2. Imaging counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 28.6. Cherenkov tracking calorimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 28.7. Gaseous detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 28.7.1. Energy loss and charge transpo rt in gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 28.7.2. Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 28.7.3. Micro-pattern Gas Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 28.7.4. Time-pro jection chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 28.7.5. T ransition radiation detectors (TRD’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 28.7.6. Resistive-plate chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 28.8. Silicon semiconductor detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 28.9. Low-noise electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 28.10. Calorimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 28.10.1. Electromagnetic calorimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 28.10.2. Hadronic calorimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 28.10.3. F re e el ec tron drif t veloci ti es in liquid io nization sens or s . . . . . . 60 28.11. Sup erconducting magnets for collider detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 28.11.1. Solenoid Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 28.11.2. Properties of collider detector magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 CITATION: C. Amsler et al., Physics Letters B667, 1 (2008) available on the PDG WWW pages (URL: http://pdg.lbl.gov/ ) July 24, 2008 18:04
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