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    l iN O g l ~ - l tO U A N D

    C o n t r o l l in g t h e P o s i t i o n o f aR e m o t e l y O p e r a t e d U n d e r w a t e r Ve h i c le

    E d w i n K r e u z e r a n d F e r n a n d o C . P i n t o

    Techn ica l Un iver s i ty Hamburg -Harbu rgOcean Eng ineer ing Sec t ion HEissendorfer S t rasse 42D-21073 Hamburg , Germ any

    Transm itted by F. E. Udwadia

    A B S T R A C T

    T h e m a j o r p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c o n t r o l s y s t e m s f o rr e m o t e l y o p e r a t e d u n d e r w a t e r v e h i c l e s ( R O V ) a r e a n a l y z e d . T h e m o d e l i n g o f t h eh y d r o d y n a m i c e f fe c ts o n t h e v e h i c le i ts e l f a n d o n t h e u m b i l i c a l c a b l e is d i s c u ss e d . Ar o b u s t c o n t r o l b a s e d o n " s l i d i n g m o d e s " i s u s e d a n d t h e s e n s o r s y s te m s t h a t c a n b ee m p l o y e d a re p r e s e n t e d. E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h a n u n d e r w a t e r d o u b le p e n d u l u m a n d w i t ha s m a l l , l a b o r a t o r y s i ze , v e h i c le a r e u s e d t o c h e c k t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s .

    1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

    I n r e c e n t y e a r s r e m o t e l y o p e r a t e d v e h i c le s ( R O V s ) h a v e b e e n b u i l t fo rv a r i o u s p u r p o s e s . T h e y f o u n d a p p l i c a t i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m o i l p r o s p e c t i o n a n di n s p e c t i o n o f u n d e r w a t e r o il d e r r i c k s t o e x p l o r a t i o n o f s e a r e s o ur c e s . T h e i rd e v e l o p m e n t h a s b e e n m o t i v a t e d b y t h e h i g h co s t o f h u m a n d i v e r s a n d t h ee n o r m o u s r is k to l i f e w i t h w o r k i n g u n d e r w a t e r . S u c h u n d e r w a t e r v e h ic l esa r e c o m p l i c a t e d a c t iv e m e c h a n i s m s o p e r a t i n g in h a z a r d o u s e n v i r o n m e n t s[10 ]. T h e d e s i g n o f c o n t r o l s y s t e m s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e w o r k o f t h e o p e r a t o r

    n e e d s a s t r o n g k n o w l e d g e o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c f o rc e s a c t i n g o nt h e s y s t e m [1]. T h u s , R O V s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a n e x t e n s iv e i n t e g r a t i o n o fc o n c e p t s f r o m a v a r i e t y o f i n d i v i d u a l d i sc i p l in e s .

    APPLIED MATHEM ATICS AND C OMPU TATION78:175-185 (1996) Elsevier Science Inc. , 1996 0096 -3003 /96/$15.0 0655 Av enu e of th e A m eric as, New Yo rk, NY 10010 PI I S0096-3003(96)00007-4

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    178 E . KR EU ZE R AND F. C . PIN TO

    u n d e r w a t e r. H o w e v e r , th e e f f e c t iv i t y o f t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a R O V c a n b ei m p r o v e d i f i ts p o s i ti o n i n g c o u l d b e a s s is t e d b y a c o n t r o l s y s t e m .

    T h e d e si g n o f t h e c o n t r o l m u s t t a k e t h e v a r i a t io n s o n t h e s y s t e mp a r a m e t e r s p i n to a c c o u n t . A m o n g o t h e r e f f ec ts t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c fo rc es

    a c t i n g o n t h e v e h i cl e c a n v a r y a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f d if f e re n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o ft h e s y s t e m . T h e e f fi c ie n c y o f t h e t h r u s t e r s m a y c h a n g e d u r i n g t h e i r l if e.D u r i n g t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t a s k s t h e i n e r ti a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e R O V c a nb e m o d i f i e d b y p i c k i n g to o l s o r p a r t s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e w h i c h a r e t o b et r a n s p o r t e d . To a v o i d c o l l i s i o n s w i t h t h e u n d e r w a t e r s t r u c t u r e s i t i s v e r yi m p o r t a n t t o g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e R O V p o ss e ss e s a s im i l a r d y n a m i c b e h a v i o rin a l l t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s . Th i s im p l i e s arobust c o n t r o l s y s t e m . A w a y o fa c h i e v in g r o b u s tn e s s [1 4, 1 6] i s t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f s l i d in g - m o d e [ 11 ] o rv a r i a b l e s t r u c t u r e c o n t ro l l er s . T h e d y n a m i c s o f t h e u m b i l ic a l c a b le m a y b e

    t r e a t e d a s a n e x t e r n a l d i s t u r b a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m . I f t h e c a b l e f o rc e s a r eb o u n d e d t h e r e q u i r e d r o b u s t n e s s m a y n o t b e a f f ec t e d t o a g r e a t e x t e n t .

    F o r m o s t R O V s t h e p i t c h a n d r o l l m o t i o n s a r e s t a b i l i z e d t h r o u g h t h ei n h e r e n t h y d r o s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i ts el f. T h e c o n t r o ls y s t e m sh o u l d d e a l o n l y w i t h t h e d e p t h z , t h e c a r t e s i a n p o s i t io n s x a n d y,a n d w i t h t h e y a w a n g l e ~ . I n g e n e r a l t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d a n g l e s f o r r o l l a n dp i t c h m o t i o n s r e m a i n s m a l l a n d t h e d e p t h c a n b e d e c o u p l e d f r o m t h e o t h e rc o o r d in a t e s .

    T h e s e t o f s e c o n d - o r d er e q u a ti o n s o f m o t i o n c a n b e t r a n s f o r m e d in t h e

    u s u a l s t a t e - s p a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n :

    ~[ - - F ( X , p ) + U ( X , c ) . ( 2 )

    F o r t h e c a s e o f a R O V, F ( X , p ) is a n o n l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f t h es ta te-vector

    X , r e p r e s en t i n g a ll m e c h a n i c a l a n d h y d r o d y n a m i c ef fe c ts o n t h e R O V . T h ev e c t o r U ( X , c ) o f t h e c o n t r o l f o r ce s h a s a l so a s t r o n g n o n l i n e a r c h a r a c t e rd u e t o t h e c o n t r o l l a w b a s e d o n s l i d i n g m o d e s .

    T h e a p p r o a c h o f a m u l t i v a r i a b l e s l i d i n g m o d e c o n t r o l l e r i s t o c o n f i n e t h ed y n a m i c s o f t h e c o n t r o l l e d s y s t e m i n a h i g h - d i m e n s i o n a l m a n i f o ld . T h ec o n t r o l p a r a m e t e r s c d e s c r ib e t h is m a n i f o l d i n t h e s t a t e s p a c e. T h e i r c h o i c em u s t M s o g u a r a n t e e t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e m o t i o n ; i .e ., o n ce t h e s y s t e ma c h i e v e s t h e m a n i f o ld it s h o u ld c o n v e rg e t o t h e d e s i r e d p o s i t io n , s l i d in ga lo n g it . Th e s im p le s t d e f i n i t io n f o r t h e m a n i f o ld S = 0 i s a l in e a r o n e :

    x=Cx +

    ( 3 )

    = +

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    Control ling the Po si t ion o f a R O V 179

    I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t S x, b y, a n d S a m u s t b e d e f in e d u s in g t h e c o o r d i n a t e sx a n d y p r o j e c t e d in a l o ca l c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m , f i x ed t o t h e R O V.Ex, Ey,a n d E a a r e t h e p o s i t i o n e r r o r s i n th i s l o c al s y s t e m a c c o r d i n g to :

    E ~ = + ( x ~ - x ) c o s ( a ) + ( y ~ - y ) s i n ( a ) ,

    Ey = - ( x ~ - x ) s i n ( a ) + ( Y s - y ) c o s ( a ) , ( 4 )

    T h e i n d e x s in d i c a t e s t h e v a l u e s o f t h e s e t p o i n t s. A s s u m i n g a p o s i ti o nc o n t r o l i n s t e a d o f a t r a j e c t o r y c o n t r o l t h e d e s ir e d v e l o c it ie s u p o n r e a c h i n g

    th e f i n a l p o s i t i o n s h o u ld a l l b e e q u a l t o z e r o , s o t h a t V~ a n d Vy a r e t h el i n e a r v e lo c i t ie s , e x p r e s s e d a l so i n t h e l o c a l s y s t e m , a n d V i s t h e a n g u l a rv e l o c it y o f t h e y a w m o t i o n .

    T h e c o n t r o l f o r c e s i n t h e v e c t o r U ( x , c ), w h i c h a r e n e e d e d t o o b t a i n t h es li d in g m o d e o n t h e m a n i f o l d , a r e o f n o n l i n e a r n a t u r e . A d i s c o n t in u o u sc o n t r o l l a w a s in t h e c a s e o f t h e s o - c a l l e db a n g - b a n g con t ro l le r s i s ac o m m o n c h o i c e . T h e m a j o r d i s a d v a n t a g e i s d u e t o t h e h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s t h a ta r e n e c e s s a r y o n t h e a c t u a t o r s . T h i s p r o b l e m c a n b e m i n i m i z e d i f t h ed i s c o n t i n u i t y i s s m o o t h e d b y t h e u s e o f a f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m :

    2 a r c t a n ( p s i )F i = , ( 5 )

    7 r

    w h e r e t h e i n d e x i r e p r e s e n t s x , y, a n d a f r o m (3 ). T h e d i s c o n t i n u o u sc h a r a c t e r o f t h e f o r c e l a w i n t h e s l id i n g m o d e c o n t r o l c a n t h e n b e c o n t r o ll e dt h r o u g h t h e p a r a m e t e r p . W i t h t h e s m o o t h i n g e f fe c t d u e t o th e u s e o f t h ea r c t a n f u n c t i o n , t h e h i g h f r e q u e n c ie s o n t h e c o n t r o l f o rc e s a r e a ls o s m o o t h e d ,

    i m p r o v i n g th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e a c t u a t o r s . T h e g e n e r a l iz e d f or c e s d e t e r -m i n e d b y ( 3 ) a n d ( 5 ) a r e t h e n t r a n s f o r m e d t h r o u g h a l i n e a r c o m b i n a t i o n i nt h e a c t u a l t h r u s t s o f t h e p r o p e l le r s .

    To d e s i g n t h e c o n t r o l l e r , t h e c o n t r o l f o r c e s c a n b e s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o ( 2 ) ,w h ic h c a n b e li n e a r i z e d i n t h e v i c in i t y o f t h e s e t p o in t s f o r t h e p o s i t i o n .R e q u i r i n g t h a t t h e r e a l p a r t o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e s o f t h e l in e a r iz e d s y s t e m b en e g a t i v e t h e d o m a i n w h e r e a s ta b l e m o t i o n c a n b e a c h ie v e d m a y b ed e t e r m i n e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s cx , c y, a n d Q a n d o f t h ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e t h r u s t e r s . Th i s l e a d s to t h e c o n c lu s io n t h a t a ll c o effi -

    c i e n ts m u s t b e n e g a t i v e f o r t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e s y s t e m t o b e s t a b l e o n c e i nt h e m a n i f o l d .

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    18 0 E . K R E U Z E R A N D F. C . P I N TO

    T h e g l o b al s ta b i l i t y o f t h e s y s t e m m a y b e i n v e s t ig a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f aq u a d r a t i c a l Ljapunov functions u c h a s L ( S ) = S 2. T h e m a n i f o l d is g l o b a ls t a b l e i f

    dLd--t- ~< 0 ( 6 )

    o n t h e r e g i o n o f t h e s t a t e s p a c e t h a t is o f i n t er e s t. T h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n p l a c e sa n o t h e r c o n s t r a i n t o n t h e p a r a m e t e r s c . T h e u s e o f s m a l l a b s o lu t e v a l u es f o rt h e c o e f f ic i e n t s m a y ir ~c re as e t h e r e g i o n w h e r e ( 6 ) h o l d s . I t l e a d s , h o w e v e r , t oa v e r y s lo w s y s t e m d y n a m i c s o n c e in t h e m a n i f o ld . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d h i g hv a l u e s f o r c x , c ~, a n d c a i n c r e a s e t h e n e c e s s a r y p o w e r o f t h e a c t u a t o r s i no r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e s l id i n g c o n d i t i o n . C o e f fi c ie n t s o n th e r a n g e - 0 . 3 t o - 3a r e a g o o d c o m p r o m i s e . N e v e r t h e l es s , t h e a n a l y s is o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h ek i n et ic e n e r g y o f t h e s y s t e m s h o w s t h a t t h e d y n a m i c b e h a v i o r o f t h e s y s t e mis a t t r a c t e d t o t h e m a n i f o l d e v e n i f ( 6) d o e s n o t h o l d . F i g u r e 2 s h o w s t h eb e h a v i o r o f t h e s y s t e m i n t h e s t a t e s p a c e f o r d i f fe r e n t i n it ia l c o n d i t i o n s a n df o r o n e d e g r e e o f fr e e d o m , e .g . t h e d e p t h c o n t r o l .

    F i g u r e 3 s h o w s t h e t i m e h i s t o r y f o r t h e m o t i o n o f t h e v e h i c l e f r o m t h eo r i g i n t o t h e p o i n t w i t h c o o r d i n a t e s x~ = 2 a n d Ys = 3 w i t h o r i e n t a t i o n~ = a r c t a n ( y J x ~ ) . T h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e c o n t ro l le r a r e c i = - 0 . 5 . T h eR O V h a s a m a s s o f 4 0 k g a n d t h e t h r u s t e r s , s e e S e c t i o n 4, a r e c a p a b l e o f

    o

    FIG. 2.

    0 .4

    0.2

    0

    -0.2

    -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5Position [m]

    Dy nam ics of the system for different initial cond itions in the depth control.

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    C ont ro l li ng t he P os i t i on o f a R O V 181

    g .

    2 .5

    1.5

    0.5

    i . o . . . ~ o . . . . ,

    //

    Y~ . / / ' / /

    , , / /

    /

    I I I

    0 5 I 0 15t (s l

    ! I ,

    2 0 2 5

    F IG . 3 . S i m u l a t i o n o f t h e R O V ' s m o t i o n .

    3 0

    e x e r t i n g 5 N e a c h in t h e x - d i r ec t i o n a n d 7 N i n th e y - d ir e c ti o n . T h e a c t u a l

    t h r u s t i n x is , h o w e v e r, li m i t e d b y t h e n e c e s s i ty o f s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a p p l y i n ga m o m e n t a b o u t t h e z - a x i s .

    T h e r o b u s t n e s s o f t h e c o n t r o l s y s t e m c a n b e s e e n in F i g . 4 w h e r e t h ea c t u a l t r a j e c t o r y o n t h e x - y - p l a n e i s s h o w n f o r d i f fe r e n t v a l u e s o f t h e m a s so f t h e v e h i c le . T h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e R O V is a l m o s t t h e s a m e i n t h e t h r e ec a s e s a l t h o u g h t h e m a s s v a r i e s f r o m 2 0 t o 8 0 k g . T h e d y n a m i c s o n t h em a n i f o l d is s h o w n i n F ig . 5 f o r t h e c o o r d i n a t e x . I n F i g . 6 t h e y a w m o t i o n o ft h e v e h i c l e is d r a w n t o s h o w t h e e f fe c t o f t h e c o n t r o l o n t h e a n g u l a r p o s i ti o n .

    4. E X P E R I M E N TA L M O D E L

    A s m a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l R O V h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d a t t h e O c e a n E n g i n e e r i n gS e c t i o n I I o f t h e T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y H a m b u rg - H a r b u rg ; s e e F ig . 7. T h i sv e h i cl e w a s d e s i g n e d t o o p e r a t e i n t h e w a v e c h a n n e l o f t h e d e p a r t m e n ts e r v i n g a s a t e s t b e d f o r d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f p r o p u l s i o n , s e n s o r, a n d c o n t r o ls y s t e m s .

    T h e v e h i c le p o s se s se s t w o m e c h a n i c a l a r m s , w i t h 6 d e g r e es o f f r ee d o m ,

    w h i c h a r e i n t e n d e d t o b e u s e d a s p o s i ti o n s e n s o rs i n t h e p r o x i m i t y o f as t r u c t u r e [4 , 6 , 9 ]. T h e j o i n t p o s i t i o n s c a n b e m e a s u r e d w i t h s p e c i a l p o t e n -

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    1 82 E . KR E U Z E R AND F. C . P INT O

    e

    3.5

    3

    2.5

    2

    1.5

    1

    0.5

    0

    -0.5-0.5

    M = 2 O k g - -

    / . M - - 4 O k g . .. .. ..

    ' ~8 0 k g . . . . . . . .

    .(.'Y' Set-Point

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .

    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5x [m]

    FIG. 4. Tra jecto ries n the ~:y-plane.

    0 . 2

    0 . 1 8 ] ~

    0.16

    0.14 a : '0.12

    0.1

    >, 0 . 0 8

    0.06

    0.04

    0.02

    00

    M - - 2 O k g - -M = 4 O k g . . . . . .

    0.5 1 1.5 2Position [m]

    2.5

    FIG. 5. Dy nam icsof the system in the man ifold for motion in th e x-direction.

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    Controll ing the Posit ion of a R O V 185

    R E F E R E N C E S

    1 L . Bev i lacqua , W . K leczka , and E . Kreuzer, On the m athem at ica l mode l l ing o fR O V ' s , i n Proceedings of the Sy m po sium on Ro bot Control, Vienna,pp .

    595-598, 1991.2 D . Lewis , J . L ipscomb, and P. Tho m pson ,The Simulation of Rem otely Operated

    Undemvater Vehicles,RO V '84 , Mar ine Te chno logy Soc ie ty, 1984.3 M. Eve ry and M. Davb ies ,Predictions on the Drag and Performance of

    Umbilical Cables,RO V '84 , Mar ine T echn o logy Soc ie ty, 1984.4 L . H s u , R . C o s t a , a n d J . C u n h a , M e d i ~ o d e P o s i ~ o P e l a E s t ra t ~ g ia " Ta u t -

    Wire" Para o Con t ro le de Pos i~o de Um VOR, Re la td r io in te rnoC O P P E / U F R J , R io d e J a ne ir o , 1 99 0.

    5 W . K leczka , E . Kreuzer, and F. P in to ,Analytic-Numeric Study of a SubmergedDouble Pendulum, A S M E I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y m p o s i u m o n F l o w - I n d u c e d

    Vibrat ions & Noise , Anaheim, 1992.6 F. P in to and E . Kreuzer,Uma Compara~8o entre Sistemas de Sensores Para

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