03/16/22 03/16/22 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006 Routes of Drug Routes of Drug Administration Administration *The route of drug *The route of drug administration (ROA) that is administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a profound chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug efficiency with which the drug acts . acts . *The possible routes of drug *The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be entry into the body may be divided into two classes divided into two classes - Enteral - Enteral - Parenteral . - Parenteral .
Routes of drug administration
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04/15/2304/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
Routes of Drug Routes of Drug AdministrationAdministration
*The route of drug administration *The route of drug administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a (ROA) that is chosen may have a
profound effect upon the speed and profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts .efficiency with which the drug acts .
*The possible routes of drug entry into *The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be divided into two the body may be divided into two
classes classes - Enteral - Enteral
- Parenteral .- Parenteral .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Enteral RouteEnteral Route
► - Drugs are placed directly in the GIT , - Drugs are placed directly in the GIT , either by :either by :
► - Sublingual administration of drugs - Sublingual administration of drugs placed under the tongue .placed under the tongue .
► - Orally swallowed drugs per os - Orally swallowed drugs per os (p.o.) .(p.o.) .
► - Rectal absorption through the - Rectal absorption through the rectum . rectum .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Sublingual / Buccal Sublingual / Buccal RouteRoute
► - Some drugs are taken as small tablets held - Some drugs are taken as small tablets held under the tongue .under the tongue .
► - This will enhance rapid absorption and - This will enhance rapid absorption and drug stability as well as achieve possibility drug stability as well as achieve possibility of avoiding the hepatic first pass effect of avoiding the hepatic first pass effect ( Venus drainage of the mouth is to the ( Venus drainage of the mouth is to the superior vena cava ) .superior vena cava ) .
► - It is disadvantageous in case of drugs with - It is disadvantageous in case of drugs with large doses and those with unpleasant large doses and those with unpleasant taste .taste .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Oral RouteOral Route
► - It is a convenient ( self- administered + - It is a convenient ( self- administered + pain-free + possibility for absorption is pain-free + possibility for absorption is available along the whole length of the GIT ) available along the whole length of the GIT ) and cheap route drug administration .and cheap route drug administration .
► - It is some times irritating to the GIT , not - It is some times irritating to the GIT , not fast in case of emergencies ( first pass effect ) fast in case of emergencies ( first pass effect ) and inefficient ( only a part of the drug is and inefficient ( only a part of the drug is absorbed , it may be destructed by the gastric absorbed , it may be destructed by the gastric juices or impossible to be used in case of juices or impossible to be used in case of unconscious patients ) . In addition drugs unconscious patients ) . In addition drugs taken via this route may be unpleasant in taken via this route may be unpleasant in taste . taste .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Rectal RouteRectal Route
►- It is useful in unconscious patients - It is useful in unconscious patients and kids , in case of nausea and and kids , in case of nausea and vomiting , in case of lower bowel – vomiting , in case of lower bowel – directed drugs at variable absorption directed drugs at variable absorption rates ( laxatives ) and if exposure to rates ( laxatives ) and if exposure to the drug is to be terminated . the drug is to be terminated .
►- It is not suggested in case of - It is not suggested in case of irritating drugs .irritating drugs .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Parenteral RouteParenteral Route
►-Either by :-Either by :► > Intravascular ( the drug is injected > Intravascular ( the drug is injected
directly intravenously or intra-arterially ) .directly intravenously or intra-arterially ) .► > Intramuscular ( the drug is injected > Intramuscular ( the drug is injected
into skeletal muscles ) .into skeletal muscles ) .► > Subcutaneous ( the drug is > Subcutaneous ( the drug is
administered into the subcutaneous administered into the subcutaneous tissues ) .tissues ) .
► > Inhalation ( absorption is through the > Inhalation ( absorption is through the lungs ).lungs ).
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Intravascular RouteIntravascular Route
►- Here the absorption phase is by-- Here the absorption phase is by-passed ( 100 % passed ( 100 % bioavailability ) ,precise and accurate bioavailability ) ,precise and accurate dose size can be achieved , dose size can be achieved , immediate on- set of drug action is immediate on- set of drug action is manifested and large dose amounts manifested and large dose amounts can be given to the patient .can be given to the patient .
►- On the other hand there is a high risk - On the other hand there is a high risk of adverse effects and embolism .of adverse effects and embolism .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Intramuscular RouteIntramuscular Route
►-It is a route that enhances rapid -It is a route that enhances rapid absorption of drugs in aqueous absorption of drugs in aqueous solutions used mostly for respiratory solutions used mostly for respiratory and slow- released preparations .and slow- released preparations .
►-It may cause pain at the injection -It may cause pain at the injection site .site .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Subcutaneous RouteSubcutaneous Route
►- It is a slow route that enhances - It is a slow route that enhances constant absorption of the drug .constant absorption of the drug .
►- This absorption is sometimes - This absorption is sometimes limitated by factors that affect the limitated by factors that affect the blood flow like circulatory problems blood flow like circulatory problems and concurrent administration of and concurrent administration of vasoconstrictors .vasoconstrictors .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * InhalationInhalation
► Used for volatile agents and aerosols to Used for volatile agents and aerosols to achieve rapid onset of the drug .This rapid achieve rapid onset of the drug .This rapid access to the circulation is due to :access to the circulation is due to :
A / The large pulmonary surface A / The large pulmonary surface area .area .
B / The thin membranes that B / The thin membranes that separates the alveoli from the circulation .separates the alveoli from the circulation .
C / The high blood flow in the C / The high blood flow in the pulmonary area . pulmonary area .
► - It is an irreversible means in case of drug - It is an irreversible means in case of drug toxicity and over dose .toxicity and over dose .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Topical RouteTopical Route ► - Drugs taken via this route are sited at :- Drugs taken via this route are sited at : a/ The mucosal membranes ( nasal , vaginal , eye a/ The mucosal membranes ( nasal , vaginal , eye
drops , buccal ….etc) .drops , buccal ….etc) . b/ The skin either by :b/ The skin either by : i/ Dermal rubbing in ( inunctions or smear i/ Dermal rubbing in ( inunctions or smear
on ) of oil or ointment to give a local action .on ) of oil or ointment to give a local action . ii/ Transdermal absorption through skin to ii/ Transdermal absorption through skin to
achieve a systemic action .achieve a systemic action .► -This will enhance a stable blood level of the drug and -This will enhance a stable blood level of the drug and
avoid the first pass effect .avoid the first pass effect .► -It should be considered that drugs taken by this route -It should be considered that drugs taken by this route
should be non- allergic to the specific patient because of should be non- allergic to the specific patient because of the difficulty of reversing their action . the difficulty of reversing their action .
04/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
* * Intrathecal RouteIntrathecal Route
►- This is used by injecting the drug - This is used by injecting the drug ( e.g. antibiotics in meningitis and ( e.g. antibiotics in meningitis and anathesia ) into the subarachnoid anathesia ) into the subarachnoid space via a lumber puncture . space via a lumber puncture .
IntracavityIntracavityThis route is used for infections and This route is used for infections and
pain relief in cavity organs e.g pain relief in cavity organs e.g haert.haert.
04/15/2304/15/23 Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006Dr. Medani A.B. ,2006
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