Routers

No Slide TitleProfessor of Electrical Engineering
[email protected]
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
R10
R11
R4
R13
R9
R5
R2
R1
R6
R3
R7
R12
R16
R15
R14
R8
Cisco GSR 12416
To prevent routers becoming the bottleneck in the Internet.
To increase POP capacity, and to reduce cost, size and power.
IEE, October 2001
1: To prevent routers from being the bottleneck
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1985
1990
1995
2000
Chart2
33909
34516
34516
34669
34669
34759
34881
34973
35065
35125
35125
35217
35309
35339
35339
35431
35462
35643
35735
35886
35886
36100
36100
36373
36434
36495
36678
36800
36892
Baseline
years to double Spec95int
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Jan-1996
9
Jan-1996
9
Apr-1996
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Mar-96
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
Oct-97
10
Compaq
Oct-97
Dec-1997
Apr-2000
48.24%
40.46%
2.0400122773
Mar-96
5.23
4.31
CINT95
Apr-1996
2
Apr-1996
2
Apr-1996
2
512MB
512MB
Jan-1998
2
2MB
192MB
None
1GB
None
1GB
2MB
192MB
2MB
64MB
1024MB
1024MB
none
8GB
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
384MB
6GB
384MB
6GB
Jan-1998
2
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
6GB
Jan-1998
2
Sep-99
2
none
8GB
1
16KB(I)+16KB(D) on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Feb-00
2
none
Jul-00
2
Jul-00
2
none
8GB
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Apr-1996
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Mar-96
2
Apr-1996
2
Jan-1996
9
Jan-1996
9
Apr-1996
2
Apr-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
2MB
192MB
512MB
2MB
64MB
2MB
192MB
384MB
6GB
1024MB
Oct-97
10
Compaq
Oct-97
Dec-1997
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jan-98
512MB
Jan-1998
2
1024MB
384MB
6GB
Jan-1998
2
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
6GB
Jan-1998
2
none
8GB
None
1GB
Sep-99
2
None
1GB
none
8GB
none
35.9
35.5
1
16KB(I)+16KB(D) on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Feb-00
2
Jul-00
2
Jul-00
2
none
8GB
42.9
42.9
1
64KBI + 64KBD
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.5 with
Feb-00
49
AMD
Mar-00
Apr-2000
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-00
37.8
37.8
1
64KBI + 64KBD
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
42
42
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
32.9
32.9
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Nov-99
49
AMD
Dec-1999
Dec-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jan-00
34.9
34.9
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
36.9
36.9
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
0
25
1
none
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Apr-1999
49
AMD
Jun-99
Aug-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
0
27.2
1
none
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Apr-1999
49
AMD
Jun-99
Aug-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
29.3
29.3
1
none
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Apr-1999
49
AMD
Sep-99
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Oct-00
none
none
32
32
1
none
Microsoft Visual C++ V6.0
Apr-1996
20
Jun-97
20
Oct-97
20
Oct-97
20
Feb-96
20
Feb-96
20
Feb-96
20
35.9
35.5
1
16KB(I)+16KB(D) on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
2
none
8GB
none
8GB
none
8GB
Compaq C T6.3-120-44A2I
Compaq C T6.3-120-44A2I
none
Intel C 2.4 for NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 4.2
Oct-97
10
Compaq
Oct-97
Dec-1997
Apr-2000
CINT95
Feb-99
Compaq C V6.1-109-4296F
None
1GB
None
1GB
8.67
8.67
4
None
512MB
Jan-1998
1014
8.44
8.44
8
None
Intel C/C++ Compiler Version 2.4 P98012
Jan-1998
1014
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-97
4
4
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
4.1
4.1
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
4.56
4.56
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
5.59
5.59
1
16KBI+16KBD
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
5.1
5.1
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
6.41
6.41
1
16KBI+16KBD
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jun-96
6.25
6.25
1
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
CINT95
Jun-96
7.28
7.28
1
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
CINT95
Aug-98
12.2
12.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
CINT95
Dec-95
8.08
8.08
1
Intel C Compiler V2.4 Plug In, Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0
Jul-97
14
13.5
13.5
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Jul-97
55
Dell
Mar-98
Apr-1998
Apr-2000
CINT95
Apr-98
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Jul-97
55
Dell
Mar-98
Apr-1998
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-98
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT,
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Aug-1998
Sep-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Dec-99
31.6
31.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
33.8
33.3
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
36
35.5
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Feb-00
55
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5,
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5,
30
29.7
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
35.7
35.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
38.7
38.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Feb-00
55
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT,
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Oct-98
Oct-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 sp4
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for
Aug-1999
55
Dell
Aug-1999
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 sp4
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for
Aug-1999
55
Dell
Aug-1999
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jun-98
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Jun-98
Jul-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jun-98
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Jun-98
Jul-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jan-99
16KBI+16KBD
1MB(I+D)ECC
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT,
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Nov-98
Jan-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 sp4
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for
Aug-1999
55
Dell
Aug-1999
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Apr-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT,
Apr-1999
55
Dell
Apr-1999
May-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Nov-97
Jan-1996
9
Jan-1996
9
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.3-004/DEC FORTRAN V3.8
Mar-96
2
Aug-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C X5.3
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C X5.3
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
Aug-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C X5.3-032 (GEM 32IN)/DEC FORTRAN V3.8
Apr-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
Apr-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
512MB
Microsoft Visual C++ V5.0
1024MB
384MB
6GB
Microsoft Visual C++ V5.0
6GB
Microsoft Visual C++ V5.0
2 MB
128 MB
DEC C T5.7-566-367A7
2 MB
128 MB
DEC C T5.7-566-367A7
DEC C V5.0-106
384MB
6GB
512MB
1024MB
2MB
192MB
2MB
64MB
2MB
192MB
2.0MB(I+D) off chip
4.0MB(I+D) off chip
4.0MB(I+D) off chip
8.0MB(I+D) off chip
8.0MB(I+D) off chip
Jun-96
42
Fujitsu
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jun-97
Fujitsu
Jun-96
42
Fujitsu
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jun-97
Fujitsu
Jun-96
42
Fujitsu
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jun-96
May-96
42
ICL
Mar-96
May-96
May-96
CINT95
Jul-96
Jun-96
42
ICL
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Dec-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Feb-00
22
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Nov-96
Nov-99
3
Nov-99
3
Nov-99
3
May-99
3
May-99
3
Jan-2000
3
Jun-95
3
Jun-95
3
May-99
3
Jan-2000
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
12.3
11.4
1
Aug-1995
3
Aug-1995
3
Feb-96
3
Mar-97
3
Jul-97
3
Jan-2000
3
Dec-1999
Mar-00
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jul-97
Hewlett-Packard
14.6
13.7
1
Aug-1995
3
Sep-96
3
Aug-1995
3
Aug-1995
3
Sep-96
3
14.6
13.7
1
17.4
16.4
1
Jul-99
3
HP92453-01 A.11.01.00 HP C Compiler
Apr-2000
3
May-99
3
May-99
3
Sep-96
3
11.8
10.6
1
13.8
12.6
1
Nov-97
3
3.76
3.52
1
2.08
1.83
1
1.62
1.62
1
Feb-96
3
3.12
2.96
1
2.45
2.45
1
Feb-96
3
2.89
2.89
1
Aug-1995
3
3.33
3.33
1
Jan-1996
3
4.55
4.18
1
1.57
1.57
1
Aug-1995
3
4.04
4.04
1
Aug-1995
3
3.27
3.27
1
Aug-1995
3
None
None
1.5GB
HP92453-01 G.10.32.05 HP C Compiler
Dec-1998
3
Jul-97
3
Jul-97
3
Jul-97
3
Jul-97
3
16KBI+16KBD on-die
None
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00
Mar-00
3
0
3.47
1
Sep-95
11
Jun-95
11
1MB unified (off chip)
4MB unified (off chip)
12.5
11.5
1
4MB unified (off chip)
16
13.7
1
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.2
8.71
7.8
1
1MB unified (off chip)
4MB unified (off chip)
4MB unified (off chip)
9.41
8.46
1
7.52
6.79
1
21.7
18.7
1
None
2GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
21.7
18.7
1
None
2GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
24.1
20.7
1
None
4GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
14.4
14
1
14.4
14
1
13.9
12.8
1
4MB unified (off chip)
23.5
21.8
1
None
32GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
24.4
22.6
1
8MB unified (off chip)
19.7
19.7
1
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
Mar-99
14
21.6
21.6
1
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
Mar-99
14
23.6
23.6
1
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
Mar-99
14
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Mar-96
7.11
7.11
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
May-96
7.29
7.29
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
May-96
8.09
8.09
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Aug-98
11.9
11.9
1
Mar-99
14
8.81
8.81
1
Mar-99
14
12.9
12.9
1
Mar-99
14
13.9
13.9
1
Mar-99
14
14.9
14.9
1
Mar-99
14
15.8
15.8
1
Mar-99
14
9.45
9.45
1
Jul-97
14
10.8
10.8
1
Jul-97
14
11.6
11.6
1
Jul-97
14
11.7
11.7
1
12.7
12.7
1
Jul-97
14
12.8
12.8
1
11.6
11.6
1
12.7
12.7
1
5.6
5.6
1
16KBI+16KBD
6.44
6.44
1
16KBI+16KBD
7.12
7.12
1
16KBI+16KBD
3.95
3.95
1
Jul-97
14
4.09
4.09
1
Jul-97
14
5.53
5.53
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Jul-97
14
4.54
4.54
1
Jul-97
14
6.37
6.37
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Jul-97
14
5.14
5.14
1
Jul-97
14
7.03
7.03
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Jul-97
14
16.5
16.5
1
16KBI+16KBD
Jul-97
14
16.3
16.3
1
16KBI+16KBD
Jul-97
14
7.73
7.73
1
11.3
11.3
1
8.3
8.3
1
12.3
12.3
1
16KBI+16KBD on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
9.49
9.49
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jul-97
9.13
9.13
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
May-97
10.8
10.8
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jul-97
10.4
10.4
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Aug-97
11.6
11.6
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Apr-98
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
13.4
13.4
1
Jul-97
14
13.5
13.5
1
Jul-97
14
15.2
15.3
1
Jul-97
14
15.4
15.4
1
17.2
17.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD on chip
None
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD on chip
None
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
24.1
24.1
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Mar-99
14
12.9
12.9
1
Mar-99
14
14
14
1
Mar-99
14
14.9
14.9
1
Mar-99
14
16.9
16.9
1
Mar-99
14
18.7
18.7
1
Mar-99
14
18.5
18.5
1
Mar-99
14
20.7
20.7
1
Mar-99
14
22.3
22.3
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Mar-99
14
16KBI+16KBD on-die
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows 2000,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
3.72
3.72
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
4.14
4.14
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
3.3
3.3
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Nov-95
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Mar-96
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Mar-96
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-98
KryoTech/DIGITAL
768MB
Jan-1996
5
Jan-1996
5
Jan-1996
5
Jan-1996
5
Jan-1996
5
Dec-1996
5
Jul-96
5
pyrC 5.0A00
10.3
10.3
1
None
640MB
pyrC 5.0A00
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
MIPSpro C Compiler 7.2
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
24.2
23.8
1
32KBI + 32KBD on chip
32KBI+32KBD
1MB(I+D)
32KBI+32KBD
4MB(I+D)
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 2.4
Aug-1997
22
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 4.0
Mar-99
22
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 4.0
Mar-99
22
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 4.0
Apr-1999
22
16KBI+16KBD
Windows NT V4.0 EE (SP4)
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 4.0, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for libraries)
Apr-1999
22
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 4.0
Apr-1999
22
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 2.4
Jan-1999
22
16KBI+16KBD
Windows NT V4.0 EE (SP4)
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 4.0, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for libraries)
Apr-1999
22
16KBI+16KBD
Jan-1999
22
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler Plug-In 2.4
Aug-1997
22
Feb-96
22
Feb-96
22
16KBI+16KBD
May-98
22
16KBI+16KBD
May-98
22
16KBI+16KBD
Aug-1997
22
16KBI+16KBD
Aug-1997
22
16KBI+16KBD
Aug-1997
22
16KBI+16KBD
Aug-1997
22
16KBI+16KBD
1024KB(I+D)
May-98
22
pyrC 5.0A00
2.64
2.53
1
C-DS V1.1A
pyrC 5.0A00
pyrC 5.0A00
C-DS V1.1A
pyrC 5.0A00
pyrC 6.0A00
pyrC 6.0A00
None
2048MB
pyrC 6.0A00
None
2048MB
pyrC 6.0A00
C-DS 1.2A
C-DS V1.1A
C-DS V1.1A
C-DS 1.2A
pyrC 5.0A00
pyrC 5.0A00
None
2048MB
pyrC 6.0A00
None
2048MB
pyrC 6.0A00
10.3
10.3
1
None
640MB
pyrC 5.0A00
C-DS 1.2
16KBI+16KBD
Aug-1997
22
16KBI+16KBD
Aug-1997
22
pyrC 5.0A00
pyrC 5.0A00
pyrC 5.0A00
pyrC 5.0A00
None
512MB
Feb-99
6
None
512MB
Feb-99
6
None
512MB
Feb-99
6
5.87
5.06
1
7.44
6.62
1
5.41
4.81
1
4.66
4.52
1
6.26
5.58
1
5.56
5.26
1
6.85
6.41
2
10
8.62
1
Sun C SC5.0 EFT(10-97)
12.1
10.2
1
Sun C SC5.0 EFT(10-97)
Oct-98
6
May-98
6
Oct-98
6
Oct-98
6
Oct-98
6
12.1
10.4
1
12.3
10.5
2
Oct-98
6
May-98
6
Oct-98
6
Oct-98
6
May-98
6
May-98
6
Oct-98
6
Oct-98
6
Aug-1998
6
Jan-1997
15
UNISYS
Jan-1997
Mar-97
Mar-97
CINT95
Jan-97
Jan-1997
15
UNISYS
Jan-1997
Mar-97
Mar-97
2: To reduce cost, power & complexity of POPs
POP with large routers
POP with smaller routers
Ports: Price >$100k, Power > 400W.
It is common for 50-60% of ports to be for interconnection.
IEE, October 2001
It’s hard to keep up with Moore’s Law:
The bottleneck is memory speed.
Memory speed is not keeping up with Moore’s Law.
IEE, October 2001
Speed of Commercial DRAM
It’s hard to keep up with Moore’s Law:
The bottleneck is memory speed.
Memory speed is not keeping up with Moore’s Law.
Moore’s Law
2x / 18 months
1.1x / 18 months
IEE, October 2001
It’s hard to keep up with Moore’s Law:
The bottleneck is memory speed.
Memory speed is not keeping up with Moore’s Law.
Moore’s Law is too slow:
Routers need to improve faster than Moore’s Law.
IEE, October 2001
Capacity 1992 ~ 2Gb/s
Capacity 1995 ~ 10Gb/s
Capacity 1998 ~ 40Gb/s
Capacity 2001 ~ 160Gb/s
Capacity 2003 ~ 640Gb/s
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
Switch Core
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
Why it’s thought to be hard:
It’s not an exact match: it’s a longest prefix match.
The table is large: about 120,000 entries today, and growing.
The lookup must be fast: about 30ns for a 10Gb/s line.
IEE, October 2001
128.9.16.0/21
128.9.172.0/21
128.9.176.0/24
0
232-1
128.9.0.0/16
142.12.0.0/19
65.0.0.0/8
Routing lookup: Find the longest matching prefix (aka the most specific route) among all prefixes that match the destination address.
128.9.16.14
Why it’s thought to be hard:
It’s not an exact match: it’s a longest prefix match.
The table is large: about 120,000 entries today, and growing.
The lookup must be fast: about 30ns for a 10Gb/s line.
IEE, October 2001
IEE, October 2001
Why it’s thought to be hard:
It’s not an exact match: it’s a longest prefix match.
The table is large: about 120,000 entries today, and growing.
The lookup must be fast: about 30ns for a 10Gb/s line.
IEE, October 2001
Source: Geoff Huston, Oct 2001
IEE, October 2001
Although inefficient use of memory, total memory cost < $20.
IEE, October 2001
Lookup uses high-degree trie.
Scales to: 40Gb/s line rate.
By 2008, entire IPv4 address space will fit on one $20 DRAM!
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
Write Rate, R
- too low density to store 10Gb of data.
Use DRAM?
- too slow (50ns random access time).
How fast?
Get into the motivation – say OC768 line rate buffering is a goal.
- Just mention directly the amount of buffering required.
Why is it not possible today?
Why is it intersting….
cache of FIFO tails
Packet buffer caches use hybrid SRAM+DRAM.
State of the art: 10Gb/s line rate.
Scales to: 40Gb/s line rate.
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
Chart1
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Load
Delay
0
0.724138
0.010101
0.754386
0.020408
0.785714
0.030928
0.818182
0.041667
0.851852
0.052632
0.886792
0.06383
0.923077
0.075269
0.960784
0.086957
1
0.098901
1.040816
0.111111
1.083333
0.123596
1.12766
0.136364
1.173913
0.149425
1.222222
0.162791
1.272727
0.176471
1.325581
0.190476
1.380952
0.204819
1.439024
0.219512
1.5
0.234568
1.564103
0.25
1.631579
0.265823
1.702703
0.282051
1.777778
0.298701
1.857143
0.315789
1.941176
0.333333
2.030303
0.351351
2.125
0.369863
2.225806
0.388889
2.333333
0.408451
2.448276
0.428571
2.571429
0.449275
2.703704
0.470588
2.846154
0.492537
3
0.515152
3.166667
0.538462
3.347826
0.5625
3.545455
0.587302
3.761905
0.612903
4
0.639344
4.263158
0.666667
4.555556
0.694915
4.882353
0.724138
5.25
0.754386
5.666667
0.785714
6.142857
0.818182
6.692308
0.851852
7.333333
0.886792
8.090909
0.923077
9
0.960784
10.111111
1
11.5
1.040816
13.285714
1.083333
15.666667
1.12766
19
1.173913
24
1.222222
32.333333
1.272727
49
1.325581
99
1.380952
1.439024
1.5
1.564103
1.631579
1.702703
1.777778
1.857143
1.941176
2.030303
2.125
2.225806
2.333333
2.448276
2.571429
2.703704
2.846154
3
3.166667
3.347826
3.545455
3.761905
4
4.263158
4.555556
4.882353
5.25
5.666667
6.142857
6.692308
7.333333
8.090909
9
10.111111
11.5
13.285714
15.666667
19
24
32.333333
49
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0.010101
0.01
0.754386
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0.785714
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0.03
0.818182
0.04
0.041667
0.04
0.851852
0.05
0.052632
0.05
0.886792
0.06
0.06383
0.06
0.923077
0.07
0.075269
0.07
0.960784
0.08
0.086957
0.08
1
0.09
0.098901
0.09
1.040816
0.1
0.111111
0.1
1.083333
0.11
0.123596
0.11
1.12766
0.12
0.136364
0.12
1.173913
0.13
0.149425
0.13
1.222222
0.14
0.162791
0.14
1.272727
0.15
0.176471
0.15
1.325581
0.16
0.190476
0.16
1.380952
0.17
0.204819
0.17
1.439024
0.18
0.219512
0.18
1.5
0.19
0.234568
0.19
1.564103
0.2
0.25
0.2
1.631579
0.21
0.265823
0.21
1.702703
0.22
0.282051
0.22
1.777778
0.23
0.298701
0.23
1.857143
0.24
0.315789
0.24
1.941176
0.25
0.333333
0.25
2.030303
0.26
0.351351
0.26
2.125
0.27
0.369863
0.27
2.225806
0.28
0.388889
0.28
2.333333
0.29
0.408451
0.29
2.448276
0.3
0.428571
0.3
2.571429
0.31
0.449275
0.31
2.703704
0.32
0.470588
0.32
2.846154
0.33
0.492537
0.33
3
0.34
0.515152
0.34
3.166667
0.35
0.538462
0.35
3.347826
0.36
0.5625
0.36
3.545455
0.37
0.587302
0.37
3.761905
0.38
0.612903
0.38
4
0.39
0.639344
0.39
4.263158
0.4
0.666667
0.4
4.555556
0.41
0.694915
0.41
4.882353
0.42
0.724138
0.42
5.25
0.43
0.754386
0.43
5.666667
0.44
0.785714
0.44
6.142857
0.45
0.818182
0.45
6.692308
0.46
0.851852
0.46
7.333333
0.47
0.886792
0.47
8.090909
0.48
0.923077
0.48
9
0.49
0.960784
0.49
10.111111
0.5
1
0.5
11.5
0.51
1.040816
0.51
13.285714
0.52
1.083333
0.52
15.666667
0.53
1.12766
0.53
19
0.54
1.173913
0.54
24
0.55
1.222222
0.55
32.333333
0.56
1.272727
0.56
49
0.57
1.325581
0.57
99
0.58
1.380952
0.59
1.439024
0.6
1.5
0.61
1.564103
0.62
1.631579
0.63
1.702703
0.64
1.777778
0.65
1.857143
0.66
1.941176
0.67
2.030303
0.68
2.125
0.69
2.225806
0.7
2.333333
0.71
2.448276
0.72
2.571429
0.73
2.703704
0.74
2.846154
0.75
3
0.76
3.166667
0.77
3.347826
0.78
3.545455
0.79
3.761905
0.8
4
0.81
4.263158
0.82
4.555556
0.83
4.882353
0.84
5.25
0.85
5.666667
0.86
6.142857
0.87
6.692308
0.88
7.333333
0.89
8.090909
0.9
9
0.91
10.111111
0.92
11.5
0.93
13.285714
0.94
15.666667
0.95
19
0.96
24
0.97
32.333333
0.98
49
0.99
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The best that any queueing system can achieve.
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0.923077
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10.111111
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0.5
11.5
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13.285714
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1.083333
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1.12766
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0.72
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0.76
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0.81
4.263158
0.82
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0.83
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7.333333
0.89
8.090909
0.9
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0.91
10.111111
0.92
11.5
0.93
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1.222222
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1.325581
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1.439024
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1.5
0.19
1.564103
0.2
1.631579
0.21
1.702703
0.22
1.777778
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1.857143
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1.941176
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2.030303
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2.125
0.27
2.225806
0.28
2.333333
0.29
2.448276
0.3
2.571429
0.31
2.703704
0.32
2.846154
0.33
3
0.34
3.166667
0.35
3.347826
0.36
3.545455
0.37
3.761905
0.38
4
0.39
4.263158
0.4
4.555556
0.41
4.882353
0.42
5.25
0.43
5.666667
0.44
6.142857
0.45
6.692308
0.46
7.333333
0.47
8.090909
0.48
9
0.49
10.111111
0.5
11.5
0.51
13.285714
0.52
15.666667
0.53
19
0.54
24
0.55
32.333333
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49
0.57
99
Sheet3
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.724138
0.754386
0.785714
0.818182
0.851852
0.886792
0.923077
0.960784
1
1.040816
1.083333
1.12766
1.173913
1.222222
1.272727
1.325581
1.380952
1.439024
1.5
1.564103
1.631579
1.702703
1.777778
1.857143
1.941176
2.030303
2.125
2.225806
2.333333
2.448276
2.571429
2.703704
2.846154
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3.166667
3.347826
3.545455
3.761905
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4.263158
4.555556
4.882353
5.25
5.666667
6.142857
6.692308
7.333333
8.090909
9
10.111111
11.5
13.285714
15.666667
19
24
32.333333
49
99
Different weight functions,
incomplete information, pipelining.
State of the art: 2.5Tb/s.
Scales to: ~10Tb/s.
IEE, October 2001
Address lookup,
40Gb/s linecards.
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
IEE, October 2001
R
R
R
R
kh a memory bandwidth i
kh a lookup rate i
IEE, October 2001
Theorem
If S > 2k/(k+2) @ 2 then a parallel packet switch can precisely emulate a single big router.
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
IEE, October 2001
External Outputs
Internal Inputs
External Inputs
First Round-Robin
Second Round-Robin
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
IEE, October 2001
They are already there.
Connecting linecards to switches.
You can’t buffer light.
Minimal processing capability.
IEE, October 2001
electrical
Diffraction waveguides.
Electroholographic materials.
160Gb/s
40Gb/s
40Gb/s
40Gb/s
40Gb/s
Optical
2-stage
Switch
IEE, October 2001
Architectures and techniques
IP address lookup.
IEE, October 2001
The Internet was packet switched for two reasons:
Expensive links: statistical multiplexing.
Source: SPEC95Int; Prof. Miller, Stanford Univ.
In 1996 DWDM came along and fiber capacity started doubling every 7 months.
This disparity in the trends is an important source of concern, and it is inevitable that at some point in the future, the electronics in the routers will not be able to keep up with the optics of the links.
Chart1
1985
1985
1990
1990
1995
1995
2001
2001
1995
1995
1996
1996
1996.5
1996.5
1997
1997
1998
1998
1998.5
1998.5
1999.5
1999.5
See also, http://www.mrob.com/computer-history.html
Source: http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds5-3/pmgap.html
Chart2
33909
34516
34516
34669
34669
34759
34881
34973
35065
35125
35125
35217
35309
35339
35339
35431
35462
35643
35735
35886
35886
36100
36100
36373
36434
36495
36678
36800
36892
Baseline
years to double Spec95int
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Jan-1996
9
Jan-1996
9
Apr-1996
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Mar-96
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
Oct-97
10
Compaq
Oct-97
Dec-1997
Apr-2000
48.24%
40.46%
2.0400122773
Mar-96
5.23
4.31
CINT95
Apr-1996
2
Apr-1996
2
Apr-1996
2
512MB
512MB
Jan-1998
2
2MB
192MB
None
1GB
None
1GB
2MB
192MB
2MB
64MB
1024MB
1024MB
none
8GB
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
384MB
6GB
384MB
6GB
Jan-1998
2
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
6GB
Jan-1998
2
Sep-99
2
none
8GB
1
16KB(I)+16KB(D) on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Feb-00
2
none
Jul-00
2
Jul-00
2
none
8GB
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Apr-1996
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Aug-1995
2
Mar-96
2
Apr-1996
2
Jan-1996
9
Jan-1996
9
Apr-1996
2
Apr-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
2MB
192MB
512MB
2MB
64MB
2MB
192MB
384MB
6GB
1024MB
Oct-97
10
Compaq
Oct-97
Dec-1997
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jan-98
512MB
Jan-1998
2
1024MB
384MB
6GB
Jan-1998
2
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
2 MB
128 MB
Jan-1998
2
6GB
Jan-1998
2
none
8GB
None
1GB
Sep-99
2
None
1GB
none
8GB
none
35.9
35.5
1
16KB(I)+16KB(D) on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Feb-00
2
Jul-00
2
Jul-00
2
none
8GB
42.9
42.9
1
64KBI + 64KBD
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.5 with
Feb-00
49
AMD
Mar-00
Apr-2000
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-00
37.8
37.8
1
64KBI + 64KBD
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
42
42
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
32.9
32.9
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Nov-99
49
AMD
Dec-1999
Dec-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jan-00
34.9
34.9
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
36.9
36.9
1
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0
0
25
1
none
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Apr-1999
49
AMD
Jun-99
Aug-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
0
27.2
1
none
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Apr-1999
49
AMD
Jun-99
Aug-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
29.3
29.3
1
none
Intel C/C++ Compiler 4.0 with
Apr-1999
49
AMD
Sep-99
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Oct-00
none
none
32
32
1
none
Microsoft Visual C++ V6.0
Apr-1996
20
Jun-97
20
Oct-97
20
Oct-97
20
Feb-96
20
Feb-96
20
Feb-96
20
35.9
35.5
1
16KB(I)+16KB(D) on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
2
none
8GB
none
8GB
none
8GB
Compaq C T6.3-120-44A2I
Compaq C T6.3-120-44A2I
none
Intel C 2.4 for NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 4.2
Oct-97
10
Compaq
Oct-97
Dec-1997
Apr-2000
CINT95
Feb-99
Compaq C V6.1-109-4296F
None
1GB
None
1GB
8.67
8.67
4
None
512MB
Jan-1998
1014
8.44
8.44
8
None
Intel C/C++ Compiler Version 2.4 P98012
Jan-1998
1014
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-96
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jun-95
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Jan-97
4
4
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
4.1
4.1
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
4.56
4.56
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
5.59
5.59
1
16KBI+16KBD
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
5.1
5.1
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jan-97
6.41
6.41
1
16KBI+16KBD
Feb-96
13
Intel
Dec-1996
Feb-97
Feb-97
CINT95
Jun-96
6.25
6.25
1
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
CINT95
Jun-96
7.28
7.28
1
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
CINT95
Aug-98
12.2
12.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Mar-96
14
Intel
May-96
Jun-96
Jul-96
CINT95
Dec-95
8.08
8.08
1
Intel C Compiler V2.4 Plug In, Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0
Jul-97
14
13.5
13.5
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Jul-97
55
Dell
Mar-98
Apr-1998
Apr-2000
CINT95
Apr-98
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Jul-97
55
Dell
Mar-98
Apr-1998
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-98
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT,
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Aug-1998
Sep-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Dec-99
31.6
31.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
33.8
33.3
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
36
35.5
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Feb-00
55
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5,
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5,
30
29.7
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
35.7
35.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Dec-1999
55
38.7
38.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Feb-00
55
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT,
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Oct-98
Oct-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 sp4
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for
Aug-1999
55
Dell
Aug-1999
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 sp4
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for
Aug-1999
55
Dell
Aug-1999
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jun-98
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Jun-98
Jul-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jun-98
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Jun-98
Jul-98
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jan-99
16KBI+16KBD
1MB(I+D)ECC
Intel C Compiler 2.4 for Windows NT,
Apr-1997
55
Dell
Nov-98
Jan-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Mar-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT
Mar-99
55
Dell
Mar-99
Apr-1999
Apr-2000
CINT95
Aug-99
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 sp4
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (for
Aug-1999
55
Dell
Aug-1999
Sep-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Apr-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.0 for Windows NT,
Apr-1999
55
Dell
Apr-1999
May-99
Apr-2000
CINT95
Nov-97
Jan-1996
9
Jan-1996
9
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.3-004/DEC FORTRAN V3.8
Mar-96
2
Aug-1996
2
Aug-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C X5.3
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C X5.3
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
Aug-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C X5.3-032 (GEM 32IN)/DEC FORTRAN V3.8
Apr-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
Apr-1996
2
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
DEC C V5.0-106
512MB
Microsoft Visual C++ V5.0
1024MB
384MB
6GB
Microsoft Visual C++ V5.0
6GB
Microsoft Visual C++ V5.0
2 MB
128 MB
DEC C T5.7-566-367A7
2 MB
128 MB
DEC C T5.7-566-367A7
DEC C V5.0-106
384MB
6GB
512MB
1024MB
2MB
192MB
2MB
64MB
2MB
192MB
2.0MB(I+D) off chip
4.0MB(I+D) off chip
4.0MB(I+D) off chip
8.0MB(I+D) off chip
8.0MB(I+D) off chip
Jun-96
42
Fujitsu
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jun-97
Fujitsu
Jun-96
42
Fujitsu
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jun-97
Fujitsu
Jun-96
42
Fujitsu
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jun-96
May-96
42
ICL
Mar-96
May-96
May-96
CINT95
Jul-96
Jun-96
42
ICL
May-96
Jun-96
Jun-96
CINT95
Dec-99
16KBI+16KBD
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00,
Feb-00
22
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Nov-96
Nov-99
3
Nov-99
3
Nov-99
3
May-99
3
May-99
3
Jan-2000
3
Jun-95
3
Jun-95
3
May-99
3
Jan-2000
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
Jul-96
3
12.3
11.4
1
Aug-1995
3
Aug-1995
3
Feb-96
3
Mar-97
3
Jul-97
3
Jan-2000
3
Dec-1999
Mar-00
Apr-2000
CINT95
Jul-97
Hewlett-Packard
14.6
13.7
1
Aug-1995
3
Sep-96
3
Aug-1995
3
Aug-1995
3
Sep-96
3
14.6
13.7
1
17.4
16.4
1
Jul-99
3
HP92453-01 A.11.01.00 HP C Compiler
Apr-2000
3
May-99
3
May-99
3
Sep-96
3
11.8
10.6
1
13.8
12.6
1
Nov-97
3
3.76
3.52
1
2.08
1.83
1
1.62
1.62
1
Feb-96
3
3.12
2.96
1
2.45
2.45
1
Feb-96
3
2.89
2.89
1
Aug-1995
3
3.33
3.33
1
Jan-1996
3
4.55
4.18
1
1.57
1.57
1
Aug-1995
3
4.04
4.04
1
Aug-1995
3
3.27
3.27
1
Aug-1995
3
None
None
1.5GB
HP92453-01 G.10.32.05 HP C Compiler
Dec-1998
3
Jul-97
3
Jul-97
3
Jul-97
3
Jul-97
3
16KBI+16KBD on-die
None
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.00
Mar-00
3
0
3.47
1
Sep-95
11
Jun-95
11
1MB unified (off chip)
4MB unified (off chip)
12.5
11.5
1
4MB unified (off chip)
16
13.7
1
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.2
8.71
7.8
1
1MB unified (off chip)
4MB unified (off chip)
4MB unified (off chip)
9.41
8.46
1
7.52
6.79
1
21.7
18.7
1
None
2GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
21.7
18.7
1
None
2GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
24.1
20.7
1
None
4GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
14.4
14
1
14.4
14
1
13.9
12.8
1
4MB unified (off chip)
23.5
21.8
1
None
32GB
IBM C/C++ 3.6.4.0
24.4
22.6
1
8MB unified (off chip)
19.7
19.7
1
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
Mar-99
14
21.6
21.6
1
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
Mar-99
14
23.6
23.6
1
16KBI+16KBD
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
Mar-99
14
Feb-96
14
Intel
Sep-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Mar-96
7.11
7.11
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
May-96
7.29
7.29
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
May-96
8.09
8.09
1
Feb-96
14
Intel
Oct-95
Dec-1996
Jan-1996
CINT95
Aug-98
11.9
11.9
1
Mar-99
14
8.81
8.81
1
Mar-99
14
12.9
12.9
1
Mar-99
14
13.9
13.9
1
Mar-99
14
14.9
14.9
1
Mar-99
14
15.8
15.8
1
Mar-99
14
9.45
9.45
1
Jul-97
14
10.8
10.8
1
Jul-97
14
11.6
11.6
1
Jul-97
14
11.7
11.7
1
12.7
12.7
1
Jul-97
14
12.8
12.8
1
11.6
11.6
1
12.7
12.7
1
5.6
5.6
1
16KBI+16KBD
6.44
6.44
1
16KBI+16KBD
7.12
7.12
1
16KBI+16KBD
3.95
3.95
1
Jul-97
14
4.09
4.09
1
Jul-97
14
5.53
5.53
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Jul-97
14
4.54
4.54
1
Jul-97
14
6.37
6.37
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Jul-97
14
5.14
5.14
1
Jul-97
14
7.03
7.03
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Jul-97
14
16.5
16.5
1
16KBI+16KBD
Jul-97
14
16.3
16.3
1
16KBI+16KBD
Jul-97
14
7.73
7.73
1
11.3
11.3
1
8.3
8.3
1
12.3
12.3
1
16KBI+16KBD on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD on chip
256KB(I+D) on chip
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (SVP 5.0)
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
9.49
9.49
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jul-97
9.13
9.13
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
May-97
10.8
10.8
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Jul-97
10.4
10.4
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Aug-97
11.6
11.6
1
Feb-96
13
Intel
Apr-1997
Jun-97
Jun-97
CINT95
Apr-98
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
Jul-97
14
13.4
13.4
1
Jul-97
14
13.5
13.5
1
Jul-97
14
15.2
15.3
1
Jul-97
14
15.4
15.4
1
17.2
17.2
1
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows NT 4.0
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD on chip
None
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD on chip
None
Intel C Compiler 4.5 for Windows NT 4.0,
Feb-00
14
24.1
24.1
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Mar-99
14
12.9
12.9
1
Mar-99
14
14
14
1
Mar-99
14
14.9
14.9
1
Mar-99
14
16.9
16.9
1
Mar-99
14
18.7
18.7
1
Mar-99
14
18.5
18.5
1
Mar-99
14
20.7
20.7
1
Mar-99
14
22.3
22.3
1
16KBI+16KBD
512KB(I+D)
Mar-99
14
16KBI+16KBD on-die
Intel C Compiler Plug-in V4.5 for Windows 2000,
Feb-00
14
16KBI+16KBD
256KB(I+D)