Roundtable: Conserving Cacao Genetic Resources We are mankind’s stewards We are mankind s stewards of the Food of the Gods Dr. Pathmanathan Umaharan, CRU Trinidad Brigitte Laliberté, Bioversity International Peter Bretting USDA ARS 1 Peter Bretting, USDA-ARS Ed Seguine, Mars, Chair World Cocoa Foundation Partnership, Washington DC, Roundtable June 13, 2012
86
Embed
Roundtable: Conserving Cacao Genetic Resources · Biological features of cacao important for PGR management Genetic profile is usually highly heterozygous and heterogeneous. WildWild
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Roundtable: Conserving CacaoGenetic Resources
We are mankind’s stewardsWe are mankind s stewardsof the
Food of the GodsDr. Pathmanathan Umaharan, CRU Trinidad
Brigitte Laliberté, Bioversity InternationalPeter Bretting USDA ARS
1
Peter Bretting, USDA-ARSEd Seguine, Mars, Chair
World Cocoa Foundation Partnership, Washington DC, Roundtable June 13, 2012
Demands on the sectorChild labor
Demands on the sector
SustainabilityMarket demandMarket demandDisease pressuresM t f diMovement of diseasesLocal climate changes / erraticnessCompetitive crops / land useMultiple outside pressures
• Early Institutions –Imperial College “5 year scheme”• Collecting and preservation begins, 1930‐34 (Pound)• CRIG created 1938 as CCRS‐GC (research station Gold
Coast)Coast)• Breeding begins in earnest in 1940s• CATIE created 1940 (USDA driven)• INIAP created 1959• CRU formed 1964
Mars Researcher & USDAMotamayor, et. al., Geographic and y , , g pGentic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L.), PLoS ONE 3(10):e3311
7
September –December 2010
A new dayA new daydawns
2 Genome Sequences Released
Criollo & Forastero
Before:Before: Breeding takes 7 yearsg y
Now: B di t k 7 thBreeding takes 7 monthsAnd you can plan what you do!
Saturated Genetic Marker Maps (SSR + SNPs)
��1��2��3��4��5
Mine the genome for meaning
Use markers to build the future—for farmers and chocolate lovers of thechocolate lovers of the world
11
DIVERSITY is the KeyYield Disease and pest resistance Tree architecture Tree architecture Drought tolerance Photosynthetic efficiency Fl d ll it di it
12
Flavor and all its diversity
13
We are mankind’s We are mankind s stewards
of the F d f th G dFood of the Gods
14
Breeding Progress? NO!Breeding Progress? NO!We’ve been doing it wrongg g
• Mislabeling (it wasn’t what we thought it was)g g• Just plain not picking good choices
• Agricultural practices just not adequate• How do we teach 6,000,000 small farmers?• How do we make it sustainable?• Will the next generation want to grow cacao?
Global cacao genetic resource managementmanagement
Peter Bretting, USDA/ARSWCF Partnership Meeting, 13 June 2012
• Acquisition • Characterization• Acquisition
• Maintenance
• Characterization
• Evaluation
• Regeneration
• Documentation/
• Enhancement
• Overall goal is to• Documentation/ Data M t
• Overall goal is to maintain genetic di it itManagement
• Distribution
diversity ex situ for the long‐term.
• Understory tree • Indigenous to theUnderstory tree
• Reproduced by seeds, chupones, grafting or
Indigenous to the humid Neotropics, usually at lower p , g g
by cuttings ‐ (S.E.).
• Susceptible to a
elevations; cold‐sensitive.
variety of diseases and pests.
• Mainly cross‐pollinated by small insects; some• Seeds are short‐lived,
cold‐and desiccation‐iti
insects; some genotypes are self‐compatible.sensitive. compatible.
Biological features of cacao important for PGR managementimportant for PGR management
• Genetic profile is usually highly heterozygous and• Genetic profile is usually highly heterozygous and heterogeneous.
• Wild populations consist of widely‐dispersedWild populations consist of widely dispersed groves
• Generally cultivated by farmers in relatively smallGenerally cultivated by farmers in relatively small orchards or plots.
• Some trees might live to 100+ years in the wild.g y
• Under cultivation, the typical longevity might be 20‐50 yrs.
• In genebanks, they live perhaps 60‐90 yrs.
Germplasm exchange and
• Collect endangered wild trees and acquire
Germplasm exchange and collecting Plant exploration for cacao
trees, and acquire threatened material to fill collection gaps.
• Sample sizes can be large;Sample sizes can be large; seek locally frequent “adaptive” alleles or key horticultural traits.
• Relatively complicated and expensive because of biology of seeds, clonal
i ipropagation, quarantine, legal issues, etc.
Maintained as trees or in Cacao genebank, UWI‐CRU,
• Maintaining long‐term orchards plantings is
Maintained as trees or in tissue culture
Cacao genebank, UWI CRU, Trinidad and Tobago
orchards plantings is expensive; trees face continual biotic and abiotic threats.
• Accessions must be backed up in duplicate plantings; in the future in vitro or in cryo?
• Continual vigilance for tree health and trueness‐to‐type.
P UNSAEcuador ‐ INIAP• France ‐ CIRAD• French Guiana ‐ CIRAD• Ghana ‐ CRIG
• Peru ‐ UNSA• Thailand ‐ CHRC• Togo ‐ CRAF• USA ‐ USDA
• Guyana ‐MHOCGA• Honduras – FHIA• India – CPCRI
• USA ‐ USDA• Venezuela – INIA
• Costa Rica ‐ CATIE• Indonesia – Bah Lias• Indonesia – ICCRI
Costa Rica CATI• Trinidad and Tobago ‐ CRU/UWI• UK ‐ ICQC,R
The development of this Global Strategy was supported by financial and in‐kind contributions from:
• Bioversity International• CGIAR Research Programme
on Forests, Trees & Agroforestry
• Cocoa Research AssociationCocoa Research Association Ltd., UK (CRA Ltd.)
• Mars Inc.• USDA Agricultural Research• USDA Agricultural Research
Service • World Cocoa Foundation
Credit: M. Gilmour
Premise• The future of the world cocoa economy depends on the availability of a
wide range of genetic diversity and the sustainable use to breed improved varieties.
• Decreasing cacao genetic diversity is a serious problem and all its many causes need to be urgently addressed: g y
– Destruction of the Amazonian rainforests impacting
– Threats from natural disasters and extreme weather
L f t diti l i ti– Loss of traditional varieties
• The loss of diversity increases the vulnerability of cacao to sudden changes in climate and to new pests and diseases.
• Most of the countries involved in cacao improvement and production are highly dependent on genes and varieties from other countries and regions.
• The efforts necessary to manage cacao genetic resources effectively can therefore only be carried out through international collaboration.
A Gl b l St tA Global Strategy
VisionTo improve the livelihoods of the 5‐6 million farmers in developing countries across tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America who produce around 90% of cocoaLatin America who produce around 90% of cocoa worldwide, and the 40‐50 million people who depend upon cocoa for their livelihoods.
GoalGoalTo optimize the conservation and facilitate the use of cacao genetic resources, as the foundation of a
i bl b b i i hsustainable cocoa economy, by bringing together national and international players in public and private sectors.
O tp ts of the Global StrategOutputs of the Global Strategy1. The cacao genepool is conserved in situ and ex situ g p
for the long term by a global network of partners maintaining the most important diversity.
2 Th l b l t f th f h f2. The global system for the safe exchange of cacao germplasm is strengthened.
3. The use of cacao genetic diversity is optimized.3. The use of cacao genetic diversity is optimized.4. The effectiveness of global efforts to conserve and
use cacao genetic resources is assured. Credit: M. Gilmour
Facts• 90% of cacao is produced on small‐scale farms (2‐5 hectares) in
developing countries in West Africa, Asia and Latin America
• By 5‐6 million cocoa farmers• By 5‐6 million cocoa farmers
• Impacting on 40‐50 million people who depend upon cocoa for their livelihood
• 3 million tons ‐ annual cocoa production worldwide
• $5.1 billion ‐ current global annual market value
• 3% annual increase in demand for cocoa per year – now exceeding3% annual increase in demand for cocoa per year now exceeding production
• 1 million tons is needed by 2020
• Most of the planting material is low yielding due to susceptibility to pests and diseases
• 30‐40% of global production ($1‐2 billion) is lost due to pests and g p ($ ) pdiseases
Genetic DiversityGenetic DiversityTheobroma species are found naturally in tropical lowlandnaturally in tropical lowland rainforests extending from the Amazon basin through to gsouthern Mexico.
Cacao diversity in CATIE, Costa Rica. Credit: A. Mata/ W.
The genus Theobromais divided into 22
Phillips
is divided into 22 species of which Theobroma cacao is the most widely known. Credit: Evert Thomas, Bioversity International, 2012
Ref. Fig. 35 in B.G.D. Bartley, 2005
• Cacao was domesticated at least 3000 years ago in Mesoamerica.
• The diverse use of cacao led to it being widely grown in Mesoamerica before the arrival of the Europeans with further subsequent spreadbefore the arrival of the Europeans, with further subsequent spread through South America and then globally in the early 18th century.
• Hybridization between genetic groups, both natural and as a result of human actions has resulted in novel hybrid populations and varietieshuman actions, has resulted in novel hybrid populations and varieties.
Where we are todayWhere we are today• Over 35 collections maintain more than 24,000 samples of cacao diversity
• Wide variation for disease resistance and quality exists in ex situ collections q yand in farmers’ fields but its use it not optimised
• Access is often restricted by lack of legal & policy framework
• Only 2 international collectionsmanaged by CRU/UWI, Trinidad and TobagoOnly 2 international collections managed by CRU/UWI, Trinidad and Tobago and CATIE, Costa Rica with an international agreement to maintain global collections of cacao genetic resources for the long term and to make this germplasm freely available to any bona fide user
• Most collections have duplications internally and with other collections and misidentification of trees within collections can be as high as 30%
• Only a few have strategic safety duplication of unique materialsOnly a few have strategic safety duplication of unique materials
• Movement of germplasm brings risk of transferring pests and diseases
• The safe global movement of cacao germplasm is through the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre at the University of Reading UK (ICQC R) TheCocoa Quarantine Centre at the University of Reading UK, (ICQC,R). The USDA/ARS facility in Miami offers quarantine facilities for regional transfers
Asia/Pacific:Fiji ‐ DobuilevuIndia ‐ CPCRI
Americas:Bolivia ‐ El Ceibo CooperativeBrazil ‐ CEPEC‐SUEPA–SUERO‐ICA
What needs to changegTo increase the use of cacao genetic diversity in breeding:
1. Few breeding programmes and breeders
2. Constraints in accessing to the range of diversity as what is currently available has a narrow genetic base.
– Not all useful diversity is in ex situ collections
– What is in ex situ collections is not available internationally (except from a few)
– Quarantine facilities need to be strengthened
– Legal and policy frameworks need to be clarified in many countries
3. Lack of information and knowledge (particularly evaluation) about the materials allowing its efficient selection
4. Lack of or inadequate funding for the long‐term management of collection, for research on diversity conservation and distribution evaluation and use in breedingresearch on diversity, conservation and distribution, evaluation and use in breeding
Although the 2 international collections at CATIE and CRU/UWI and the ICQC,R have been supported by public and industry sources for many years, this support has not yet been secured for the long term. g
Their strong international commitment requires sustainable funding to ensure these resources are conserved in perpetuity.
Where we want to go• Safeguarding the entire global genetic• Safeguarding the entire global genetic
diversity• Filling in the gaps in ex situ collections
E i th i it d f• Ensuring the in situ and on‐farm conservation of wild species and landraces
• Increasing access to information on diversity for use
• Ensuring the safe movement of cacao germplasm for use
diversity for use
germplasm for use
• Strengthening the use of genetic resources through evaluationg
• Formalising the global partnership with all key players
• Building a sustainable funding mechanism
Credit: C. Montagnon
Credit: C. Turnbull
How you can helpLong‐term support for:the on‐going management of the GSCC including CANGISpriority collecting missions for capturing new diversityemergency support to safeguard threatened materialtraining and capacity building for national partners in the GSCCthe safe‐movement of germplasmC N hi d k h ld l iCacaoNet partnership and stakeholders consultations
Research agenda:Genetic diversity analysis and identification of gaps for priority collectingGenetic diversity analysis and identification of gaps for priority collectingTissue culture methods for the safe movement of germplasmDevelopment of in situ and on‐farm conservation options and plansMulti‐site evaluation trials of priority GSCC materialsMulti site evaluation trials of priority GSCC materialsEstablishment of regional quarantine centres
CacaoNetCacaoNet is the Global Network for
Cacao Genetic Resources.
It i t ti i th tiIt aims to optimize the conservation and use of cacao genetic resources as the foundation of a sustainable cocoa economy (fromsustainable cocoa economy (from farmers, through research, to consumers), by coordinating and strengthening the conservation g gand related research efforts of a worldwide network of public and private sector stakeholders, with member representatives from various cocoa research institutes and organizations that support
hcocoa research.
www.cacaonet.orgCredit: M. Gilmour
Thank youThank you
Conserving Cocoa Genetic Resources: The ICG,T Experience
Path Umaharan
Cocoa Research UnitCocoa Research UnitThe University of the West Indies
International Cocoa genebank TrinidadInternational Cocoa genebank, Trinidad(www.cacaocentre.com)
Statisticso 2400 accessions
Fi ld ll ti o Field collection 100 acres
o 16 clonal trees per iaccession
o 22 accessions of related species (4)
d li d io 28% duplicated in another location
o Errors in plot 25-30%
Cocoa Genetic Resources (Ex situ)
2500
3000
1500
2000
cces
sion
s
1000
5
No.
Ac
0
500
Genetic diversity of cacao in the ICG,T (400 SNPs)
ECUADOR
MISC.
CRIOLLO
TRINITARIOOLOW AMAZ.
VENEZUELA
FRENCH GUIANAGUIANA
PARINARI
NANAY
IMC
Representation of ICG TRepresentation of ICG,TUA FORASTERO
35
40
45
TRINITARIO
20
25
30
f IC
G,T
CRIOLLO
TRINITARIO
10
15
20
% o
f
LA FORASTERO
0
5
Motilal et al 2010. PGRCU
Obj i f ICG TObjectives of ICG,T
1 Conservation of cacao germplasm1. Conservation of cacao germplasm2. Provision of genetic resources to support worldwide
cacao breeding.3. Provision of information on the genetic resources –
characterisation/ evaluation of germplasm4 Prebreeding to improve populations4. Prebreeding to improve populations5. Opportunity for gene mining using OMICS and GWAS
H l h f ICG THealth of ICG,T
1.1. Level of Genetic ErosionLevel of Genetic Erosion2.2. ErrorsErrors
1. Vagaries of climate- Freak storms (wind breaks)
D ht ( bt i i ti )- Drought (subterranean irrigation)- Forest fires (fire watch, fire trace)- Flooding (drainage)- Flooding (drainage)
2. Vandalism3. Cost of maintenance (25% of CRU’s budget)4. Inadequate funding for genebank activities
Conclusions
1. Considerable phenomic data on accessions have been collected; and continue to be accumulated.
2. A number of prebreeding initiatives to improve resistance to diseases etc are underway.
3 Within plot errors can affect progress3. Within plot errors can affect progress4. Adequate funding is required to prevent genetic erosion5. Complete duplication must be the long-term goal
A k l dg tAcknowledgementsStaff of the Cocoa Research Unit