Rosette

Chapter 2Physical and Motor Development of Children and Adolescents

I. Physical and Motor Development.

Children from higher socio-economic groups tend to be better nourished, and receive better prenatal and postnatal care,

variations in height, weight and muscular dev’t are in their favor.

EARLY CHILDHOOD

He will begin to communicate by making noises and imitating sounds.

Learning colors , basic math concepts and socialization skills as he plays with other persons.

Beginning to develop early reading skills.

MIDDLE CHILDHOODEnjoys practicing both motor and learning skills to improve his abilities.

GROSS MOTOR SKILLSThe large scale body movement skills such as walking and running.

Boys develop these skills slightly faster than do girls, except for skills involving balance & precise movements.

Girls to tend to develop fine motor skills slightly faster than boys.

Adolescence The early signs of maturation is the adolescent growth spurt or a noticeable increase in height & weight.

Female: usually begins bet. ages 10 and 14 and ends by age 18.

Male: usually begins bet. Ages 10 and 16, and ends with 18.

MENARCHE- onset menstruation among girls

NOCTURNAL EMISSIONS- (wet dreams) experience by the teen age boys a

harmless release of semen during sleep.

II. Brain Development.

A. Early childhood

Brain continues develop after birth. It doubles in weight after 6mos. at which

time it weighs about half that of the adult brain.

B. Middle childhood

95% of brain growth is reached by the time a child reaches the age of 9.

The demand of the growth processes give way to changes in the brain

metabolism.

C. Adolescence.

Teenaged years , there are two major brain growth spurts (1) occurring bet. ages 13 to

15. and the (2) beginning around age 17 and w/c continues into early childhood.

Environmental influences of dev’t of the brain.

chronic malnutrition. Bad environments.

Lateralization.- The corpus collosum , grows , and matures

during the early childhood years at faster rate than in any other period of life.

III. Factors affecting development:

1. Maternal Nutrition.2. Child Nutrition.3. Early Nutrition.

Factors that Affect Growth

1. Genetic The role of DNA- inherited trait. - Use as a fairly accurate predictor

of height. Predicting a child’s Height- the

height of a child’s parents in inches can be used to predict

height as an adult.

Delayed Growth Patterns- the problem maybe delayed born aged.

-Constitutional growth delay.Other factors affecting growth- a

deficiency of growth hormones.

2. Nutrition. -contributes to good health throughout all phases in life.

Carbohydrates- are the preferred source of energy for the body.

Protein- important for appropriate growth as well as immune function

and mentainance of muscle.

Healthy Fats- is often given a bad rap.Breakfast- is the most important meal of

the day.Dairy- is an essential mineral for bone

development.B vitamins

3. Medical condition- kids and teens grow and go through puberty at different

times.

4. Exercise- influences statural, hypertrophic and reparative growth.

5. Sleep- growth hormone is secreted during the night during specific sleep stages.

6. Emotional well-being.

The key to a happy and healthy life.

IV. Exceptional Development:A. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES..

The physically handicapped have impairments that are temporary or permanent such as: paralysis, stiffness or lack of motor coordination of bones, muscles or joints so that they need special equipment or help in

moving about

Crippling disabilities include the following:Impairment of the bone and muscle systems which affects mobility and manual dexterity difficult and impossible as in the case of the amputees

and those with severe fractures;Impairment of the nerve and muscle systems making mobility awkward

and uncoordinated as in cerebral palsy; andDeformities or absence of body organs and systems necessary for

mobility like in the case of the club-foot and paraplegics.It is evident that growth is affected by physical disabilities like

orthopedic handicaps, disfunction of the neuro-muscular system , and congenital deformities. These are contributory factors in the making of

the group of exceptional children called the crippled.

Causes of Handicaps A number of factors have been identified as cause of crippling handicaps, impairments, and

disabilities.

These are :

1. Prenatal factors . These are factors that affect normal development before and after conception virtually rasting

up to the first trimester or the third trimester of life . Specially these include the following:

A. Genetic or chromosomal aberrations. This results from blood incompatibility of the husband and wife. There is a

transfer of defective genes from parent to offspring.B. Prematurity. Birth of the fetus is usually earlier than

the ninth month of pregnancy.C. Infection. This is caused by bacteria or virus on the

fetus in the womb of the mother, the germs usually come from highly communicable diseases like rubella and veneral diseases. The neonatal sepsis is caused by

infection either directly from the mother or the outside environment like poorly sanitized delivery room, infected

hospital gadgets, and many others.

D. Malnutritions. Insufficient intake of food nutrients necessary to sustain growth and development of the fetus and the mother.E.Irradiation. Pertains to the exposure of the pregnant mother to radioactive elements like x-ray. Exposure of the mother also affects the fetus.

F. Metabolic disturbances. Inability of the mother or the fetus to make use of food

intake.G. Drug abuse. Entry of large quantities of medicines into the body thus effecting the

fetus. Thalidomide used by mothers has affected thousands of babies who were

born without limbs and other extremities

2. Perinatal factors. These are factors causing crippling conditions during the period of birth.

a .birth injury. These are injuries suffered by the newborn baby. Injury to the spine will cause

paralysis kernicterus.b. difficult labor. Hard and prolonged labor before

the actual birth which interrupts the oxygen intake of the mother to uterus.

c. hemorrhage. Profuse bleeding of the mother during birth which might be caused by damage of

the uterus.

3. Postnatal factors. These are factors causing crippling conditions after birth.

a. infections. These are caused by illness like diphtheria, typhoid, meningitis,

encephalomyclitis, and rickets in infants.b. tumor and abscess in the brain. They destroy the brain cells connected with movement thus

impairing mobility.c. fractures and dislocations. These are

destructions of mobility organs either through falls and other accidents causing bone fractures

or dislocation.

d. tuberculosis of the bones. TB germs are likely to attack the bones of the very young causing crippling conditions.

e. cerebrovascular injuries. These are injuries in the head region enough to cause brain damage.

f. post-seizure or post-surgical complications. These are convulsions after the delivery of the baby which cause

crippling conditions.g. arthritis, rheumatism. These are diseases affecting the

spinal column and muscles of locomotion at the back.

B. SENSORY IMPAIREMENTS

1. Visual impairement.

2. Blindness is the inability of the person to see anything.

CAUSES OF DEAFNESS:

1. Prenatal causes:a. Toxic conditions.b. Viral causesc. Congenital defects

2. Perinatal causes.

a. Injury sustained during delivery.b. Anoxia or lack of oxygen due to

prolonged labor.c. Heavy sedation due to overdose of

anesthesia in twilight deliveries.d. Blockage of the infant’s respiratory

passage.

3. Postnatal causes.

a. Diseases , ailments and ther conditions.

b. Accidents/trauma falls, head bumps , overexposure to high frequency sounds and extremely loud explosions.

4. Other causes.

a. heredity.b. Prematurity.c. Malnutrition.d. Rh factor- blood incompatibility of

parents.e. Overdosage of medecine.

Classification of Hearing Impaired Children.

1. Acc. to age at onset of deafness.a. Congenitally deafb. Adventitiously deaf.

2. acc. to language development.

a. Prelingually deafb. Postilingual deaf

3. Acc. to place of impairement.

a. Conductive hearing loss.b. Sensory neutral hearing loss.c. Mixed hearing loss.

4. acc. to degree of hearing loss.a. slight.b. Mild .c. Moderate .d. Severe .e. Profound.

C. Learning Disabilities.

The inability to listen well, process information readily, and inability to talk, read, write, spell, and even add numbers.

Also referred to as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, brain dysfunction and the like.

The different types learning disabilities are:

1. Dyslexia – reading2. Dysgraphia- writing3. Visual agnosia- sight4. Motor aphasia- speaking5. Dysathria- sttutering6. Auditory agnosia- hearing7. Olfactory agnosia- smelling8. Dyscalcula -math

D. Attention Deficit Hyperacivity Disorder (ADHD)

Refers to a chronic biobehavioral that initially manifests in childhood & is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and or inattention.

Symptoms:Inattention:Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork.Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.Often forgetful in daily activities.

Hyperactivity:

Often talks excessively .Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly.

Impulsivity:Often blurts out answers before questions have been completedOften has difficulty awaiting in his/her turnOften interrupts or intrudes on others

3 Principles of behavior therapy are:

1. Set specific goals.2. Provide rewards & consenquences.3. Keep using the rewards and

consequences.

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