Rome

Rome 1

Rome

RomeRoma

—  Comune  —

Roma Capitale

Views of Rome, from top left clockwise: the Colosseum, the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, the Castel Sant'Angelo, an aerial view of the city'shistoric centre, the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, the Trevi Fountain, the Piazza della Repubblica.

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname(s): The Eternal City, Caput Mundi,the City of seven hills

RomeLocation of Rome in Italy

Coordinates: 41°54′N 12°30′E

Country Italy

Region Lazio

Province Rome (RM)

Government

Rome 2

 • Mayor Gianni Alemanno (PdL)

Area

 • Total 1285.31 km2 (496.26 sq mi)

Elevation 20 m (70 ft)

Population (September 2011)[1][2]

 • Total 2777979

Demonym Roman

Time zone CET (UTC+1)

 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Postal code 00100; 00121 to 00199

Dialing code 06

Patron saint Saint Peter and Saint Paul

Saint day 29 June

Website Official website [3]

Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("RomaCapitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous cityin the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.8 million people live in the Rome urbanand metropolitan area.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on theTiber River within the Lazio region of Italy. Rome is referred to as "The Eternal City", a notion expressed by ancientRoman poets and writers.Rome's history spans more than two and a half thousand years, since its founding in 753 BC, with the union of ruralvillages. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was thedominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years fromthe 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization.Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital ofthe Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.After the Middle Ages, Rome was ruled by popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X, who transformed the city intoone of the major centers of the Italian Renaissance, along with Florence.[10] The current version of St Peter's Basilicawas built and the Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo. Famous artists and architects, such as Bramante,Bernini and Raphael resided for some time in Rome, contributing to its Renaissance and Baroque architecture.Rome has been ranked by GaWC in 2010 as a beta+ world city,[11] as well as the 28th most important global city.[12]

In 2007, Rome was the 11th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the mostpopular tourist attraction in Italy.[13] The city is one of Europe's and the world's most successful city "brands", bothin terms of reputation and assets.[14] Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[15]

Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are amongst the world's 50 most visitedtourist destinations (the Vatican Museums receiving 4.2 million tourists and the Colosseum receiving 4 milliontourists every year).[16] Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics.

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EtymologyAbout the origin of the name Roma several hypotheses have been advanced.[17] The most important are thefollowing:• From Rommylos (Romulus), descendant of Ascanius and founder of the city;• From Rumon or Rumen, archaic name of the Tiber, which in turn has the same root as the Greek verb ῥέω (rhèo)

and the Latin verb ruo, which both mean "flow";[18]

• From the Etruscan word ruma, whose root is *rum- "teat", with possible reference either to the totem wolf thatadopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus and Remus, or to the shape of the Palatine and AventineHills;

• From the Greek word ῤώμη (rhòme), which means strength.[19]

History

Earliest historyThere is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from at least 14,000 years ago, but thedense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.[20] Evidence of stone tools, pottery andstone weapons attest to at least 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations supports the view that Romegrew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. While somearchaeologists argue that Rome was indeed founded in the middle of the 8th century BC (the date of the tradition),the date is subject to controversy.[21] However, the power of the well known tale of Rome's legendary foundationtends to deflect attention from its actual, and much more ancient, origins.

Legend of the Founding of Rome

Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in termsof legend and myth. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths, is the storyof Romulus and Remus, the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf.[22] They decided to build a city, but after anargument, Romulus killed his brother. According to the Roman annalists, this happened on 21 April 753 BC.[23] Thislegend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape toItaly and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus, the namesake of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[24] This wasaccomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC.

Monarchy, republic, empire

Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulusand Remus.

The original settlement developed into the capital of the RomanKingdom (ruled by a succession of seven kings, according to tradition),and then the Roman Republic (from 510 BC, governed by the Senate),and finally the Roman Empire (from 27 BC, ruled by an Emperor).This success depended on military conquest, commercialpredominance, as well as selective assimilation of neighbouringcivilizations, most notably the Italics, Etruscans and Greeks. From itsfoundation Rome, although losing occasional battles, had beenundefeated in war until 386 BC, when it was briefly occupied by theGauls.[25] According to the legend, the Gauls offered to deliver Romeback to its people for a thousand pounds of gold, but the Romansrefused, preferring to take back their city by force of arms rather than

ever admitting defeat, after which the Romans recovered the city in the same year.

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Map depicting late ancient Rome.

The Republic was wealthy, powerful and stable before it became anempire. According to tradition, Rome became a republic in 509 BC.However, it took a few centuries for Rome to become the great city ofpopular imagination, and it only became a great empire after the rule ofAugustus (Octavian). By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become thepre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula, having conquered anddefeated the Sabines, the Etruscans, the Samnites and most of theGreek colonies in Sicily, Campania and Southern Italy in general.During the Punic Wars between Rome and the great Mediterraneanempire of Carthage, Rome's stature increased further as it became thecapital of an overseas empire for the first time. Beginning in the 2ndcentury BC, Rome went through a significant population expansion as Italian farmers, driven from their ancestralfarmlands by the advent of massive, slave-operated farms called latifundia, flocked to the city in great numbers. Thevictory over Carthage in the First Punic War brought the first two provinces outside the Italian peninsula, Sicily andCorsica et Sardinia. Parts of Spain (Hispania) followed, and in the beginning of the 2nd century the Romans gotinvolved in the affairs of the Greek world. By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were indecline, exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops. This saw the fall of Greece after theBattle of Corinth (146 BC) and the establishment of Roman control over Greece.[26]

The Roman Empire at its greatest extentcontrolled approximately 6.5 million square

kilometres[27] of land surface.

The Roman Empire had begun more formally when Emperor Augustus(63 BC–AD 14; known as Octavian before his throne accession)founded the Principate in 27 BC.[28] This was a monarchy systemwhich was headed by an emperor holding power for life, rather thanmaking himself dictator like Julius Caesar had done, which hadresulted in his assassination on 15 March 44 BC.[29] At home, EmperorAugustus started off a great programme of social, political andeconomic reform and grand-scale reconstruction of the city of Rome.The city became dotted with impressive and magnificent newbuildings, palaces, fora and basilicae. Augustus became a great andenlightened patron of the arts, and his court was attended by such poetsas Virgil, Horace and Propertius.[28] His rule also established the Pax

Romana, a long period of relative peace which lasted approximately 200 years.[30] Following his rule were emperorssuch as Caligula, Nero, Trajan, and Hadrian, to name a few. Roman emperor Nero was well known for hisextravagance, cruelty, tyranny, and the myth that he was the emperor who "fiddled while Rome burned" during thenight of 18 to 19 July 64 AD.[31] The Antonine Plague of 165–180 is believed to have killed as much as one-third ofthe population.[32]

Roman dominance expanded over most of Western Europe and the shores of the Mediterranean, though its influencethrough client states and the sheer power of its presence was wider than its formal borders. Its population surpassedone million inhabitants.[33] For almost seven hundred years, Rome was the most politically important, richest, andlargest city in the Western world. After the Empire started to decline and was split, it lost its capital status to Milanand then to Ravenna, and was surpassed in prestige by the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople,whose Greek inhabitants continued through the centuries to call themselves Roman.

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Middle Ages

15th century miniature depicting theSack of Rome (410)

The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days ofChristianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there.The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen) as the successors ofPeter, him being the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasingimportance in the Catholic Church. After the Sack of Rome in 410 AD by AlaricI and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Rome alternatedbetween Byzantine and Germanic control. Its population declined from morethan a million in 210 AD to a mere 35,000 during the Early Middle Ages,[34]

reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed amonglarge areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.[35] Romeremained nominally part of the Byzantine Empire until 751 AD, when theLombards finally extinguished the Exarchate of Ravenna which was the lastholdout of the Byzantines in northern Italy. In 756, Pepin the Short gave the Popetemporal jurisdiction over Rome and surrounding areas, thus creating the Papal States. In 846, Muslim Arabsstormed the city and managed to loot St. Peter's and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.[36]

Rome remained the capital of the Papal States until its annexation by the Kingdom of Italy in 1870; the city becamea major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy RomanEmpire starting with Charlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III. Apart frombrief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and "holy city" forcenturies, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377).

Early modernThe latter half of the 15th century saw the center of the Italian Renaissance move to Rome from Florence. ThePapacy wanted to equal and surpass the grandeur of other Italian cities and to this end created ever more extravagantchurches, bridges, squares and public spaces: among them, the new Saint Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, PonteSisto (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity, although on roman foundation), and Piazza Navona.The Popes were also patrons of the arts engaging the best artists of that age: just to name a few, Michelangelo,Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.

The Tempietto (San Pietro inMontorio), which is an excellentexample of Italian Renaissance

architecture

The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fatheringchildren, and engaging in nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes andthe huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the Reformation and,in turn, the Counter-Reformation. Popes, such as Alexander VI, were well knownfor their decadence, wild parties, extravagance and immoral lives.[37] However,under these extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre ofart, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able tocompete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth,grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture.

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Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel.

Rome in 1642

The Renaissance period changed Rome's face dramatically, with workslike the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the BorgiaApartment, all made during Innocent's reign. Rome reached the highestpoint of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and hissuccessors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medicifamily. In this twenty-year period Rome became one of the greatestcentres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by EmperorConstantine the Great[38] (which by then was in a terrible state) wasdemolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists likeGhirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante, who built the templeof San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate theVatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one the most famous paintersof Italy creating frescos in the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms,plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decorationof the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue ofthe Moses for the tomb of Julius. Rome lost in part its religiouscharacter, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a greatnumber of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentiousepisodes. Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi, who was afriend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time thepreservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the Cityin more than one thousand years. In 1527 the Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city, putting to anabrupt end the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.[39]

Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation as an answer to theReformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. (Thisloss of confidence then lead to major shifts of power away from the Church.) [39] Under the popes from Pius IV toSixtus V, Rome became the centre of the reformed Catholicism and saw the installment of new monuments whichcelebrated the papacy's restored greatness.[40] The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continuedthe movement by having city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings. During the Age of Enlightenment, newideas reached also the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archeological studies and improved the people'swelfare.[39] But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation.There were setbacks in the attempts to restrain the anti-Church policies of European powers of the time. The mostnotable setback perhaps being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuitorder suppressed.[39]

Late modern and contemporaryThe rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798), which was built under theinfluence of the French Revolution. During Napoleon's reign, Rome was annexed into the French Empire. After thefall of Napoleon, the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the Congress of Vienna of 1814. In 1849,another Roman Republic arose within the framework of revolutions of 1848. Two of the most influential figures ofthe Italian unification, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic.

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Italian soldiers enter Rome in 1870.

Rome became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification when the restof Italy was reunited under the Kingdom of Italy with a temporarycapital at Florence. In 1861, Rome was declared the capital of Italyeven though it was still under the control of the Pope. During the1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under Frenchprotection, thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. And it wasonly when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of theFranco-Prussian War, that Italian troops were able to capture Romeentering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Afterwards, PopePius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican, and in 1871 thecapital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.[41]

Soon after World War I, Rome witnessed the rise to power of Italian Fascism guided by Benito Mussolini, whomarched on the city in 1922, eventually declaring a new Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany. The interwarperiod saw a rapid growth in the city's population, that surpassed 1,000,000 inhabitants. In World War II, due to itsstatus of an open city, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities, but was occupied by theGermans from the Italian Armistice until its liberation on 4 June 1944. However, on 19 June 1943 Rome wasbombed by Anglo-American forces, being one of the hardest hit areas in the San Lorenzo district, resulting in about3,000 deaths and 11,000 wounded.Rome grew momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "Italian economic miracle" ofpost-war reconstruction and modernisation. It became a fashionable city in the 1950s and early 1960s, the years of"la dolce vita" ("the sweet life"), with popular classic fims such as Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, Roman Holiday and LaDolce Vita[42] being filmed in the city's iconic Cinecittà Studios. A new rising trend in population continued until themid-1980s, when the comune had more than 2,800,000 residents; after that, population started to decline slowly asmore residents moved to nearby suburbs.

Government

Local government

Composition of the City Council

Party Members

PDL 35PD 17Left 2

Palazzo Senatorio, Rome City Hall

Rome constitutes a comune speciale, named "Roma Capitale",[43] andis the largest both in terms of land area and population among the8,101 comuni of Italy. It is governed by a mayor, currently GianniAlemanno, and a city council. The seat of the comune is the PalazzoSenatorio on the Capitoline Hill, the historic seat of the citygovernment. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred toas "Campidoglio", the Italian name of the hill.

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Administrative and historical subdivisions

The 19 municipi of Rome.

Since 1972 the city has been divided into 19 (originally 20) [44]

administrative areas, called municipi (sing. municipio) (until 2001named circoscrizioni).[45] They were created for administrative reasonsto increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio is governed bya president and a council of four members who are elected by itsresidents every five years. The municipi frequently cross theboundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city.

Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units.The historic centre is divided into 22 rioni, all of which are locatedwithin the Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo.

These originate from the Regiones of ancient Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni.[46] Inthe Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they reached again the number of fourteen, and their boundaries were finallydefined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743.

A new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisationof the city until 1870, when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosionboth in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls. In 1874 a fifteenth rione,Esquilino, was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti. At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni wherecreated (the last one was Prati – the only one outside the Walls of Pope Urban VIII – in 1921). Afterward, for thenew administrative subdivisions of the city the name "quartiere" was used. Today all the rioni, except Borgo andPrati, are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides almost completely with the historical city (CentroStorico).

Provincial and regional governmentRome is the principal town of the homonymous Province, which includes the city's metropolitan area and extendsfurther north until Civitavecchia. The Province of Rome is the 9th largest by area in Italy. At 5,352 square kilometres(2,066 sq mi), its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria. Moreover, the city is also the capital of theLazio region.

National governmentRome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government. The official residences of the Presidentof the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister, the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that ofthe Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city;these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium.

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Geography

Astronaut View of Rome

Location

Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber river (Italian:Tevere). The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto aford beside the Tiber Island, the only natural ford of the river in thisarea. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the AventineHill, the Caelian Hill, the Capitoline Hill, the Esquiline Hill, thePalatine Hill, the Quirinal Hill, and the Viminal Hill. Modern Rome isalso crossed by another river the Aniene which flows into the Tibernorth of the historic centre.

Although the city centre is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the city territory extends tothe shore, where the south-western district of Ostia is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from13 metres (43 ft) above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon) to 139 metres (456 ft) above sea level (the peak ofMonte Mario).[47] The Comune of Rome covers an overall area of about 1,285 square kilometres (496 sq mi),including many green areas.

Topography

Rome seen from satellite.

Throughout the history of Rome, the urban limits of the city wereconsidered to be the area within the city walls. Originally, theseconsisted of the Servian Wall, which was built twelve years after theGaulish sack of the city in 390 BC. This contained most of theEsquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five.Rome outgrew the Servian Wall, but no more walls were constructeduntil almost 700 years later, when, in 270 AD, Emperor Aurelianbegan building the Aurelian Walls. These were almost 19 kilometres(12 mi) long, and were still the walls the troops of the Kingdom ofItaly had to breach to enter the city in 1870. Modern Romansfrequently consider the city's urban area to be delimited by itsring-road, the Grande Raccordo Anulare, which circles the city centreat a distance of about 10 km.

The Comune of Rome, however, covers considerably more territory and extends to the sea at Ostia, the largest townin Italy that is not a comune in its own right. The comune covers an area roughly three times the total area within theRaccordo and is comparable in area to the entire provinces of Milan and Naples, and to an area six times the size ofthe territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither foragriculture nor for urban development.

As a consequence, the density of the comune is not that high, its territory being divided between highly urbanisedareas and areas designated as parks, nature reserves, and for agricultural use.

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ClimateRome enjoys a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[48] with mild, humid winters and warm,dry summers.Its average annual temperature is above 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night. In the coldest month– January, the average temperature is 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 3 °C (37 °F) at night. In the warmest months– July and August, the average temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and 18 °C (64 °F) at night.December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) duringthe day and 3.6 °C (38.5 °F) at night. Temperatures generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during theday and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall israre but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter, generally without accumulation,and major snowfalls once every 20 or 25 years (the last one in 2012).[49]

The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from alow of 13 °C (55 °F) in February and March to a high of 24 °C (75 °F) in August.[50]

Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport (altitude: 105 m sl, satelitte view [51])

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 11.9(53.4)

13.0(55.4)

15.2(59.4)

17.7(63.9)

22.8(73)

26.9(80.4)

30.3(86.5)

30.6(87.1)

26.5(79.7)

21.4(70.5)

15.9(60.6)

12.6(54.7)

20.4(68.7)

Daily mean °C (°F) 7.5(45.5)

8.2(46.8)

10.2(50.4)

12.6(54.7)

17.2(63)

21.1(70)

24.1(75.4)

24.5(76.1)

20.8(69.4)

16.4(61.5)

11.4(52.5)

8.4(47.1)

15.2(59.4)

Average low °C (°F) 3.1(37.6)

3.5(38.3)

5.2(41.4)

7.5(45.5)

11.6(52.9)

15.3(59.5)

18.0(64.4)

18.3(64.9)

15.2(59.4)

11.3(52.3)

6.9(44.4)

4.2(39.6)

10(50)

Precipitation mm (inches) 67(2.64)

73(2.87)

58(2.28)

81(3.19)

53(2.09)

34(1.34)

19(0.75)

37(1.46)

73(2.87)

113(4.45)

115(4.53)

81(3.19)

804(31.65)

Avg. precipitation days (≥1 mm)

7.0 7.6 7.6 9.2 6.2 4.3 2.1 3.3 6.2 8.2 9.7 8.0 79.4

Mean monthly sunshinehours

120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2,472.8

Source: Servizio Meteorologico,[52] data of sunshine hours[53]

Climate data for Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, near sea (altitude: 15 m sl, satelitte view [54])

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 13.4(56.1)

13.9(57)

15.6(60.1)

17.8(64)

22.2(72)

25.9(78.6)

28.8(83.8)

29.4(84.9)

26.2(79.2)

22.1(71.8)

17.2(63)

14.2(57.6)

20.6(69.1)

Daily mean °C (°F) 8.6(47.5)

9.0(48.2)

10.7(51.3)

12.9(55.2)

17.1(62.8)

20.8(69.4)

23.6(74.5)

24.1(75.4)

21.1(70)

17.1(62.8)

12.4(54.3)

9.6(49.3)

15.6(60.1)

Average low °C (°F) 3.8(38.8)

4.1(39.4)

5.7(42.3)

8.0(46.4)

11.9(53.4)

15.6(60.1)

18.3(64.9)

18.8(65.8)

16.0(60.8)

12.1(53.8)

7.7(45.9)

5.0(41)

10.6(51.1)

Precipitation mm (inches) 67(2.64)

73(2.87)

57(2.24)

68(2.68)

42(1.65)

19(0.75)

15(0.59)

30(1.18)

70(2.76)

114(4.49)

103(4.06)

83(3.27)

741(29.17)

Avg. precipitation days (≥1 mm)

8.2 8.0 7.1 7.9 4.2 2.8 1.5 2.7 5.1 7.2 9.2 7.9 71.8

Source: Servizio Meteorologico[55]

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Climate data for Rome Urbe Airport, on the outskirts (altitude: 24 m sl, satelitte view [56])

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 12.6(54.7)

14.0(57.2)

16.5(61.7)

18.9(66)

23.9(75)

28.1(82.6)

31.5(88.7)

31.7(89.1)

27.5(81.5)

22.4(72.3)

16.5(61.7)

13.2(55.8)

21.4(70.5)

Daily mean °C (°F) 7.4(45.3)

8.4(47.1)

10.4(50.7)

12.9(55.2)

17.3(63.1)

21.2(70.2)

24.2(75.6)

24.5(76.1)

20.9(69.6)

16.4(61.5)

11.2(52.2)

8.2(46.8)

15.3(59.5)

Average low °C (°F) 2.1(35.8)

2.7(36.9)

4.3(39.7)

6.8(44.2)

10.8(51.4)

14.3(57.7)

16.9(62.4)

17.3(63.1)

14.3(57.7)

10.5(50.9)

5.8(42.4)

3.1(37.6)

9.1(48.4)

Precipitation mm (inches) 70(2.76)

76(2.99)

59(2.32)

76(2.99)

49(1.93)

41(1.61)

21(0.83)

34(1.34)

72(2.83)

107(4.21)

110(4.33)

84(3.31)

799(31.46)

Avg. precipitation days (≥1 mm)

7.6 7.4 7.8 8.8 5.6 4.1 2.3 3.2 5.6 7.7 9.1 8.5 77.7

Source: Servizio Meteorologico[57]

Average sea temperature

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Ave. sea temp. °C (°F) 14(57)

13(55)

13(55)

14(57)

17(63)

21(70)

23(73)

24(75)

23(73)

20(68)

18(64)

15(59)

18(64)

Source: Holiday Check[50]

Demographics

Historical populationYear Pop. ±%

1861 194,500 —

1871 212,432 +9.2%

1881 273,952 +29.0%

1901 422,411 +54.2%

1911 518,917 +22.8%

1921 660,235 +27.2%

1931 930,926 +41.0%

1936 1,150,589 +23.6%

1951 1,651,754 +43.6%

1961 2,188,160 +32.5%

1971 2,781,993 +27.1%

1981 2,840,259 +2.1%

1991 2,775,250 −2.3%

2001 2,663,182 −4.0%

2010 (Est.) 2,754,440 +3.4%

Source: ISTAT 2001

Rome 12

At the time of the Emperor Augustus, Rome was the largest city in the world: with a population of about one millionpeople (about the size of London in the early 19th century, when London was the largest city in theworld).[58][59][60][61]

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city's population fell dramatically to less than 50,000 people, andcontinued to either stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance.[62] When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870,the city had a population of about 200,000, which rapidly increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. TheFascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it fromreaching one million people by early 1930s. After the Second World War, growth continued, helped by a post-wareconomic boom. A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s.In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greaterRome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative province, with a population density ofabout 800inhab./km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km²). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76 percent. This compares with the Italian averageof 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared tothe Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54 percent,while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[63] The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitantscompared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

Ethnic groupsAccording to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT,[64] approximately 9.5% of the population consists ofnon-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chieflyRomanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7 percent of thepopulation. The remaining 4.8 percent are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis(12,154), Peruvians (10,530), and Chinese (10,283).The Esquilino district, off Termini Railway Station, has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood, it is nowseen as Rome's Chinatown, but in fact immigrants from more than a hundred different countries crowd its busystreets and piazzas. A thriving commercial district, Esquilino boasts dozens of restaurants featuring every kind ofinternational cuisine. There are innumerable wholesale clothes shops: of the 1,300 or so commercial premisesoperating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned, around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around theworld and some 200 are owned by Italians.[65]

Hundreds of Romani gypsies live in illegal trailer camps on the city's outskirts. There is a growing population ofhomeless people in Rome, mostly not Italian and estimated at 7000.

Religion

St. Peter's Square in Vatican City.Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly Roman Catholic, and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican City and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the

Rome 13

Romans were Jupiter, the most high, and Mars, god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus andRemus, according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was alsothe base of several mystery cults, such as Mithraism. Later, after St Peter and St Paul were martyred in the city, andthe first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian, and the St. Peter's Basilica was first constructed in 313AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy), Rome has for centuries been the home of the RomanCatholic Church and the Bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the pope.

Basilica of St. John Lateran, Rome's Cathedral.

Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter'sBasilica, Rome's cathedral is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, locatedto the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches inRome in total, aside from the cathedral itself, some others of noteinclude: the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of SaintPaul Outside the Walls, the Basilica di San Clemente, San Carlo alleQuattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesu. There are also the ancientCatacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly importantreligious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as thePontifical Lateran University, Pontifical Biblical Institute, PontificalGregorian University, and Pontifical Oriental Institute.

The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St.Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various otherbuildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bankof the Tiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of LeoIV, later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII.

The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore is one ofthe largest churches in the city.

When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its present formwas being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory wasinfluenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop.For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certainbuildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of thefrontier a modern wall was constructed.

The territory includes Saint Peter's Square, separated from the territoryof Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where ittouches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Viadella Conciliazione, which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's.This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the

conclusion of the Lateran Treaty. According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are locatedin Italian territory, most notably Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to thatof foreign embassies.

In recent years, there has been a significant growth in Rome's Muslim community, mainly due to immigration fromNorth African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a consequence of this increase of the local practitionersof the Islamic faith, the comune promoted the building of the largest mosque in Europe, which was designed byarchitect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on 21 June 1995. Since the end of the Roman Republic Rome is also thecenter of an important Jewish community,[66] which was once based in Trastevere, and later in the Roman Ghetto.There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the Tempio Maggiore.

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Cityscape

The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine.

Architecture

The Pantheon.

Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed,especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modernFascist architecture. Rome was for a period one of the world's mainepicentres of classical architecture, developing new forms such as thearch, the dome and the vault.[67] The Romanesque style in the 11th,12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture,and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance andBaroque architecture.[67]

Ancient Rome

Castel Sant'Angelo.

The Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura.

One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum (70–80 AD), the largestamphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable ofseating 60,000 spectators, it was used for gladiatorial combat. A list ofimportant monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the RomanForum, the Domus Aurea, the Pantheon, Trajan's Column, Trajan'sMarket, the Catacombs, the Circus Maximus, the Baths of Caracalla,Castel Sant'Angelo, the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Ara Pacis, theArch of Constantine, the Pyramid of Cestius, and the Bocca dellaVerità.

Medieval

Often overlooked, Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest inItalian cities. Basilicas dating from the Paleochristian age includeSanta Maria Maggiore and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the latter largelyrebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century ADmosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be alsofound in the churches of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santi QuattroCoronati, and Santa Prassede. Lay buildings include a number oftowers, the largest being the Torre delle Milizie and the Torre deiConti, both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to

the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.

Rome 15

Renaissance and Baroque

Rome was a major world centre of the Renaissance, second only to Florence, and was profoundly affected by themovement. Among others, a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio byMichelangelo. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as thePalazzo del Quirinale (now seat of the President of the Italian Republic), the Palazzo Venezia, the Palazzo Farnese,the Palazzo Barberini, the Palazzo Chigi (now seat of the Italian Prime Minister), the Palazzo Spada, the Palazzodella Cancelleria, and the Villa Farnesina.

Panoramic view of Piazza del Campidoglio, with the copy of the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius.Many of the famous city's squares – some huge, majestic and often adorned with obelisks, some small andpicturesque – got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are Piazza Navona,Piazza di Spagna, Campo de' Fiori, Piazza Venezia, Piazza Farnese, Piazza della Rotonda and Piazza della Minerva.One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi. Other notable17th-century baroque palaces are the Palazzo Madama, now the seat of the Italian Senate and the PalazzoMontecitorio, now the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy.

Neoclassicism

The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II.

Piazza del Popolo.

In 1870, Rome became the capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy.During this time, neoclassicism, a building style influenced by thearchitecture of antiquity, became a predominant influence in Romanarchitecture. During this period, many great palaces in neoclassicalstyles were built to host ministries, embassies, and other governingagencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism isthe Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of the Fatherland",where the Grave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000Italians that fell in World War I, is located.

Fascist architecture

The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943developed an architectural style that was characterised by its links withancient Roman architecture. The most important Fascist site in Rome isthe E.U.R district, designed in 1938 by Marcello Piacentini. It wasoriginally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition, and was called"E.42" ("Esposizione 42"). The world exhibition, however, never tookplace because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940. The mostrepresentative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the Palazzo

Rome 16

della Civiltà Italiana (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum.After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district ofthe type that other capitals were still planning (London Docklands and La Défense in Paris). Also the Palazzo dellaFarnesina, the current seat of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style.

Parks and gardens

The gardens of Villa Borghese.

Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and thecity has one of the largest areas of green space amongst Europeancapitals.[68] The most notable part of this green space is represented bythe large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by theItalian aristocracy. While many villas were destroyed during thebuilding boom of the late 19th century, a great many remain. The mostnotable of these are Villa Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa DoriaPamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprisingsome 1.8 km2. Also on the Gianicolo hill there is Villa Sciarra, withplaygrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby areaof Trastevere the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady

green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space but the main attraction isthe ancient site of the chariot racing and it has few trees. Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardenssurrounding the Baths of Caracalla and Rose Garden (‘roseto comunale’). The Villa Borghese garden is the bestknown large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. It is close to the Spanish Stepsthat climb the slope to the Piazza Trinita dei Monti from the Piazza di Spagna,and Piazza del Popolo with itsAugustinian Church built in the 13th century. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent originincluding the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marciglianaand at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

Fountains and aqueducts

The Trevi Fountain, one of the most famous in the world.

Rome 17

Trevi Fountain ("Fontana di Trevi") 1995

Fontana della Barcaccia in Piazza diSpagna.

Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains, built in all differentstyles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. Thecity has had fountains for more than two thousand years, and they haveprovided drinking water and decorated the piazzas of Rome. Duringthe Roman Empire, in 98 AD, according to Sextus Julius Frontinus, theRoman consul who was named curator aquarum or guardian of thewater of the city, Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39 monumentalfountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to theImperial household, baths and owners of private villas. Each of themajor fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case onewas shut down for service.[69]

During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed otherruined Roman acqueducts and built new display fountains to mark theirtermini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. Thefountains of Rome, like the paintings of Rubens, were expressions ofthe new style of Baroque art. They were crowded with allegoricalfigures, and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains,sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simplyto animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens,were "a visual representation of confidence and power".[70]

Statues

The 39.7 m tall[71] Column of MarcusAurelius.

Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the talking statues ofRome. These are usually ancient statues which have become popularsoapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (oftensatirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: thePasquino and the Marforio, yet there are four other noted ones: il Babuino,Madama Lucrezia, il Facchino and Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues areancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods,ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents Menelaus, AbbotLuigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus,Marforio represents Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis, and ilFacchino is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representinganyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placardsor graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in thecity, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the PonteSant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to

Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori.

Rome 18

Obelisks and columnsThe city contains eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks, together with a number of more modernobelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome.[72] The city contains some ofobelisks in piazzas, such as in Piazza Navona, St Peter's Square, Piazza Montecitorio, and Piazza del Popolo, andothers in villas, thermae parks and gardens, such as in Villa Celimontana, the Baths of Diocletian, and the PincianHill. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan's and Antonine Column, two ancient Roman columns withspiral relief.

Bridges

Bridge of Angels which leads to CastelSant'Angelo.

The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross theTiber. Famous ones include the Ponte Cestio, the Ponte Milvio, thePonte Nomentano, the Ponte Sant'Angelo, the Ponte Vittorio EmanueleII, the Ponte Sisto and the Ponte dei Quattro Capi. Currently there arefive ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.[73] Most of thecity's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, butalso in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to theEncyclopædia Britannica, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Romeis the Ponte Sant'Angelo, which was completed in 135 AD, and wasdecorated with 10 statues of the angels, designed by Bernini in1688.[74]

CatacombsRome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of whichthere are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, theyinclude pagan and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombswere excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through tuff, a soft volcanic rock, outsidethe boundaries of the city, because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently maintenance of thecatacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of theCatacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.

Economy

Panoramic view of EUR business district.Being the capital city of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, like the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City (curiously, Rome also hosts, in the Italian part of its territory, the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City, a unique case of an Embassy within the

Rome 19

boundaries of its own country). Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientificones – such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, theGerman Archaeological Institute – for the honour of scholarship in the Eternal City, and Specialized Agencies of theUnited Nations, such as the FAO. Rome, also hosts major international and worldwide political and culturalorganisations, such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP),the NATO Defence College and ICCROM, the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restorationof Cultural Property [75]. Rome is currently an beta+ world city, falling down from its alpha- status in 2008, alongwith Berlin, Stockholm, Athens, Prague, Montreal and Vancouver, to name a few.[11] With a score of 2.56, Romewas also ranked in 2010 as 28th in the Global Cities Index (moving up two places from its 2008 position), being thehighest-ranking city in Italy (Milan comes second at 42nd).[12] Furthermore, Rome was in 2008, also ranked 15th outof all the cities of the world for global importance, mainly for cultural experience.[76]

With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),[77] the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more thanany other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, isnow one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.[77] Rome grows +4.4% annually and continuesto grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.[77] This means that were Rome acountry, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$ 37,412), which was second in Italy, (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% ofthe EU average GDP per capita.[78] Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching€47,076,890,463 in 2008,[79] yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with€24,509[79] On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higherthan in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.[80]

Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated byservices, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction andcommercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremelyimportant to its economy. Rome's international airport, Fiumicino, is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the headoffices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100largest companies: Enel, Eni, and Telecom Italia.[81]

Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy:Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city isalso a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerousinternational companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, andmuseums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the Torrino(further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valleyalong the ancient Via Tiburtina.

EducationRome is a nation-wide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, collegesand universities. According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically,educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.[82] It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, andhas always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during Ancient Rome and theRenaissance, along with Florence.[83]

Rome 20

La Sapienza University in Rome is Europe'slargest, with 140,000 students.[84]

Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Its firstuniversity, La Sapienza (founded in 1303), is the largest in Europe andthe second-largest in the world, with more than 140,000 studentsattending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university[85] andcurrently ranks amongst Europe's 50 and the world's 150 bestcolleges.[86] In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, twonew public universities were founded during the last decades: TorVergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome hosts also the LUISSSchool of Government [87], Italy's most important graduate universityin the areas of international affairs and European studies. Rome ISIAwas founded in 1973 by Giulio Carlo Argan and is Italy's oldestinstitution in the field of industrial design.

Rome contains also a large number of pontifical universities and other institutes, including the British School atRome, the French School in Rome, the Pontifical Gregorian University (The oldest Jesuit university in the world,founded in 1551), Istituto Europeo di Design, the John Cabot University, the American University of Rome the St.John's University, the Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici, the Link Campus of Malta, and the Università CampusBio-Medico. Rome is also the location of the John Felice Rome Center, a campus of Loyola University Chicago. TheRoman Colleges are several seminaries for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at thePontifical Universities.[88] Examples include the Venerable English College, the Pontifical North American College,the Scots College, and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome.

Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; theBiblioteca Casanatense, opened in 1701; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana; Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Instituteof Art History, a German library located in Rome, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences;[89] the NationalCentral Library, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca delMinistero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istitutodell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; theBiblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; theBiblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana, which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most importantgeographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;[90] and the Vatican Library, one of the oldest andmost important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has75,000 codices from throughout history.[91]

Culture

Entertainment and performing artsRome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious musicconservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which newconcert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Romealso has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city alsoplayed host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been

Rome 21

associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composersworking in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.

Tourism

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City EnjoyingExtraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura

Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List [92]

Country Italy andHoly See

Type Cultural

Criteria i, ii, iii, iv, vi

Reference 91 [93]

UNESCO region [94] Europe and North America

Inscription historyInscription 1980 (4th Session)

Extensions 1990

Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of itsarchaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramicviews, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the manymuseums – (Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums, Galleria Borghese, including those dedicated to modern andcontemporary art and great many others) – aqueducts, fountains, churches, palaces, historical buildings, themonuments and ruins of the Roman Forum, and the Catacombs. Rome is the 3rd most visited city in the EU, afterLondon and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years.The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th(respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.[95]

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of archaeological research. There arenumerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the American Academy in Rome,[96] and TheSwedish Institute at Rome,[97] to name a few. Rome contains numerous ancient sites, including the ForumRomanum, Trajan's Market, Trajan's Forum,[98] the Colosseum, and the Pantheon, to name but a few. TheColosseum, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a wonder of the world.[99][100]

Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art, sculpture, fountains, mosaics, frescos, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important Roman art such as architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work, coin die and gem engraving, ivory carvings, figurine glass, pottery, and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.[101] Rome later became a major centre of Renaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose basilicas, palaces, piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of

Rome 22

Renaissance artwork, second only to Florence, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such asParis and Venice. The city was affected greatly by the baroque, and Rome became the home of numerous artists andarchitects, such as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini and Cortona, to name a few.[102] In the late 18th centuryand early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour,[103] when wealthy, young English andother European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture, art, philosophy and architecture.Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today, thecity is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes[104] and museums.

Internal view of the ColosseumRome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Arthas works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato,Kandisky, Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 sees the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, acontemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as MAXXI –National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi[105]

features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study andresearch. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parcodella Musica[106] and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EURdistrict, due to open in 2011.[107] The Convention Center features a huge translucent container inside which issuspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium withtwo piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the world's4th most important center for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan,New York and Paris, and beating London.[108] Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as Bulgari,Fendi,[109] Laura Biagiotti and Brioni (fashion), just to name a few, are headquartered or were founded in the city.Also, other major labels, such as Chanel, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and Versace have luxury boutiques inRome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti.

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Cuisine

Spaghetti alla Carbonara, a typical Roman dish

A typical Sidewalk cafe on Via Veneto

Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social,cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomicalcentre during the ancient Age. Ancient Roman cuisine was highlyinfluenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormousexpansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habitsand cooking techniques. Later, during the Renaissance, Rome becamewell known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs ofthe time, worked for the popes. An example of this could beBartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef, working for Pius IV in theVatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbookOpera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he listsapproximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describescooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of afork.[110]

In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, basedon products of the nearby Campagna, as lamb and vegetables (globeartichokes are common).[111] In parallel, roman Jews -present in thecity since the 1st century BC- developed their own cuisine, the cucinagiudaico-romanesca. Examples of roman dishes include "Saltimboccaalla Romana" – a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham andsage and simmered with white wine and butter; "Carciofi alla giudia" – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical ofRoman Jewish cooking; "Carciofi alla romana" – artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint,garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "Spaghetti alla carbonara" – spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino, and"Gnocchi di semolino alla romana" – semolina dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.

Cinema

Set of Gangs of New York in Cinecittà studios,Rome

Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios,[112] the largest film and televisionproduction facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italiancinema, where a large number of today's biggest box office hits arefilmed. The 99-acre (40 ha) studio complex is 5.6 miles (9 km) fromthe centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest productioncommunities in the world, second only to Hollywood, with well over5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effectsspecialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot,from recent features like The Passion of the Christ, Gangs of NewYork, HBO's Rome, The Life Aquatic and Dino De Laurentiis’Decameron, to such cinema classics as Ben-Hur, Cleopatra, and thefilms of Federico Fellini.

Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second WorldWar. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequentlybecame the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world withpre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk inwith their script and "walk out" with a completed film.

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LanguageAlthough associated today only with Latin, ancient Rome was in fact multilingual. In highest antiquity Sabine tribesshared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes. The Sabine language was one of the Italic group of ancientItalian languages, along with Etruscan, which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruledthe city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Urganilla, or Plautia Urgulanilla, wife of Emperor Claudius, isthought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date, according to Suetonius' entry on Claudius.However Latin, in various evolving forms, was the main language of classical Rome, but as the city had immigrants,slaves, residents, ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual. Many educated Romans alsospoke Greek, and there was a large Greek, Syriac and Jewish population in parts of Rome from well before theEmpire. Latin evolved during the Middle Ages into a new language, the volgare. The latter emerged as theconfluence of various regional dialects, among which the Tuscan dialect predominated, but the population of Romealso developed its own dialect, the Romanesco. The Romanesco spoken during the Middle Ages was a southernItalian dialect, very close to the Neapolitan. The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance, and,above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines following the two Medici Popes (Leo X and Clement VII),caused a major shift in the dialect, which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties. This remained largelyconfined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of Lazio (Civitavecchia, Latina), from thebeginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As aconsequence of education and media like radio and television, Romanesco became more and more similar tostandard Italian. Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors asGiuseppe Gioachino Belli (one of the most important Italian poets altogether), Trilussa, and Cesare Pascarella.Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such as Aldo Fabrizi, Alberto Sordi, NinoManfredi, Anna Magnani, Gigi Proietti, Enrico Montesano, and Carlo Verdone.Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however. Through the processof Romanisation, the peoples of Gallia, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Dacia developed languages which derivedirectly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world both through colonization and cultural influence.Moreover, also modern English, because of the Norman Conquest, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabularyfrom the Latin Language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world used bythe greatest number of languages.[113]

Rome has long hosted artistic communities, foreign resident communities and a large number of foreign religiousstudents or pilgrims and so has always been a multilingual city. Today because of mass tourism many languages areused in servicing tourism, especially English which is widely known in tourist areas, and the city hosts largenumbers of immigrants and so has many multilingual immigrant areas.

Sports

Stadio Olimpico, one of the largest in Europe,with a capacity of over 70,000.[114]

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest ofthe country. The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990FIFA World Cup. The latter took place in the Olympic Stadium, whichis also the home stadium for local Serie A clubs S.S. Lazio, founded in1900, and A.S. Roma was founded in 1927, whose rivalry has becomea staple of Roman sports culture. Footballers who play for these teamsand are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as hasbeen the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele DeRossi (both for A.S. Roma). Atletico Roma is a minor team that playsin First Division; its home stadium is Stadio Flaminio.

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Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, with great success, using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borgheseand the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games many new structures were created, notably the newlarge Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the 1990FIFA World Cup), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after thegames as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics but it was withdrawnbefore the deadline for applicant files.[115][116]

Rugby union is gaining wider acceptance. The Stadio Flaminio is the home stadium for the Italy national rugbyunion team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000, albeit with less than satisfactoryperformances, as they have never won the championship. Rome is home to local rugby teams, such as Unione RugbyCapitolina, Rugby Roma, and S.S. Lazio.Every May, Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. Cyclingwas popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion ofthe Giro d'Italia twice, in 1989 and 2000. Rome is also home to other sports teams, including basketball (VirtusRoma), volleyball (M. Roma Volley), handball or waterpolo.

PilgrimageRome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian worldvisit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The Pope was the most influential figure duringthe Middle Ages. the city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles betweenthe Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in800 by Pope Leo III. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status asPapal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377).Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. to this day, thousand of believers flock to thecity to Rome. One of the pilgrimage stopping point is Pilate's stairs where, according to the Christian tradition, thesteps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion onhis way to trial.[117] The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome by St. Helena in the 4th Century. For centuries, theScala Santa has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honor the Passion of Jesus.Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites, both within the Vatican City and in Italianterritory in the city of Rome itself. Some of these are the catacombs of antiquity in which Christians prayed, buriedtheir dead and performed worship during periods of persecution, and various national churches, most famously theChurch of St. Louis of the French, or churches associated with individual religious orders, such as the Jesuit Churchof Jesus. Traditionally there have been seven churches known as the Pilgrim churches, visited because an individualsaint is venerated there, or in the Middle Ages to obtain indulgences, or for national reasons since there are nationalchurches in Rome for most Catholic countries. St Peter’s basilica is the main destination for pilgrimage, because ofthe presence of the pope and the burial of many past popes there, including St Peter, recognised by Catholics as thefirst pope. St Peters and three other major churches, all within Italian territory and therefore outside Vatican Cityform what are called the four main basilicas, these are the Basilica of St John Lateran, the Basilica of St Paul Outsidethe Walls, where St Paul is believed buried, and Saint Mary Major. Three other minor basilicas, all within Rome,form the seven pilgrimage sites.

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Transport

Rome-Fiumicino Airport in 2008 was the sixthbusiest airport in Europe.

Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly followthe lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hilland connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at adistance of about 10 km (6 mi), by the ring-road (the Grande RaccordoAnulare or GRA).

Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is aprincipal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station,

Termini, is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousandtravellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, Roma Tiburtina, is currently beingredeveloped as a high-speed rail terminus.[118]

Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci International Airport is Italy's chief airportand is commonly known as "Fiumicino Airport", as it is located within the nearby Comune of Fiumicino, south-westof Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as"Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside Ciampino, south-east of Rome. A third airport, the Roma-Urbe Airport, isa small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and privateflights.The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to moveeasily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using thering-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other citiesof similar size. In addition, Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major Europeancities.[119] Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicleaccess to the inner city-centre during the hours of daylight. Areas where these restriction apply are known as LimitedTraffic Zones (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL) in Italian). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere andSan Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts, and there are also plans to create anothernight-time ZTL in Testaccio.

Overview map of Rome's underground and railsystem in 2011

A 2-line metro system called the Metropolitana operates in Rome.Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had beenplanned to quickly connect the main railway station with the newlyplanned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 World Fairwas supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war.The area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR (EsposizioneUniversale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serveas a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, andit is now part of the B Line.

The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, laterextended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, anextension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. Thisunderground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events,especially the A line) as it is relatively short.

The two existing lines, A and B, intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi). A third line, line C, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace the existing rail line, Termini-Pantano. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.[120] The first section was due to open in 2011 and

Rome 27

the final sections in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. A fourth line, Dline, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi). The first section is projected to openin 2015 and the final sections before 2035.Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus andtram network is run by Trambus S.p.A. under the auspices of Atac S.p.A. (which originally stood for the MunicipalBus and Tramways Company, Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune in Italian). The bus network has in excess of350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has 39 km of track and 192stops.[121][122] There is also one trolleybus line, opened in 2005, and additional trolleybus lines are planned.[123]

International entities, organisations and involvement

FAO headquarters in Rome

Rome is unique in having a sovereign state located entirely within itscity limits, the Vatican City. The Vatican is an enclave of Rome and asovereign possession of the Holy See, the supreme government of theRoman Catholic Church. Rome hosts foreign embassies to both Italyand the Holy See, although frequently the same ambassador isaccredited to both.

Another body, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), tookrefuge in Rome in 1834, due to the conquest of Malta by Napoleon in1798. It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does notclaim any territory in Rome or anywhere else, hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status.

Rome is also the seat of international agencies of the United Nations, such as the World Food Programme (WFP),the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. In 1957, the city hosted thesigning of the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community (predecessor to the EuropeanUnion), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004.Rome is the seat of the NATO Defense College and is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Courtwas formulated.

Twin towns, sister cities and partner cities

Column dedicated to Paris in 1956near the Baths of Diocletian

Rome is since 1956 exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with:•• Paris, France

(French) Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.

(Italian) Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.

"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy ofParis."[124][125][126]

Rome's sister and partner cities are:• Achacachi, Bolivia• Algiers, Algeria• Beijing, China[127][128]

• Belgrade, Serbia• Brasília, Brazil• Cairo, Egypt• Kiev, Ukraine

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• London, United Kingdom• Multan, Pakistan• Mumbai, India• Madrid, Spain[129]

• Marbella, Spain• Montreal, Canada• New York City, United States[130]

• Plovdiv, Bulgaria• New Delhi, India• Seoul, South Korea• Sydney, Australia• Tirana, Albania[131][132]

• Tokyo, Japan• Tongeren, Belgium• Tunis, Tunisia[133]

• Washington, D.C.[134]

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Collage Rome.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Collage_Rome.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Oliver-Bonjoch,Andreas Tille, Pasgabriele, NormanB, Ra Boe, Roberto Larcher, collection by DaniDF1995File:Flag of Rome.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Rome.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:RixxardoFile:Coat of arms of Rome.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rome.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: S. Solberg J.file:Italy provincial location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Italy_provincial_location_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: TUBSFile:Red pog.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SarangFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous editsFile:She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Benutzer:Wolpertinger on WP deFile:Roma Plan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roma_Plan.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (H. Jordan ?)File:RomanEmpire 117.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RomanEmpire_117.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Andrei nacu at en.wikipediaFile:Eroberung roms 410.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eroberung_roms_410.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, FSII, Maksim, Millevache,Nilfanion, Shakko, Warburg, 3 anonymous editsFile:Roma-tempiettobramante01R.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roma-tempiettobramante01R.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Bryan, Dogears, FlickreviewR, G.dallortoFile:Sistine Chapel ceiling left.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_left.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Baa, Hiwhatsurname, Mr.Absurd, 2 anonymous editsFile:1652 Merian Panoramic View or Map of Rome, Italy - Geographicus - Roma-merian-1642.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1652_Merian_Panoramic_View_or_Map_of_Rome,_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Roma-merian-1642.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Missvain, WereSpielChequersFile:Porta Pia Pagliari Vizzotto.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Battaglia_di_San_Martino_Affresco_001.JPG: Frizzoni (?), Bergamo derivative work: Ligabo (talk)File:Piazza del Campidoglio.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piazza_del_Campidoglio.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:RadomilFile:Rome - Overview numbered.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rome_-_Overview_numbered.PNG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:M.MinderhoudFile:Rome, Italy.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rome,_Italy.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aresceo, LalupaFile:Rome L7 8 3 2001 lrg.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rome_L7_8_3_2001_lrg.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/File:Vatikan Kolonaden Petersdom.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: Johann Kleindl (Klettermaxe)File:Magnify-clip.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Erasoft24File:Facade San Giovanni in Laterano 2006-09-07.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Facade_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: JastrowFile:Piazza Esquilino, Santa Maria Maggiore.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piazza_Esquilino,_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.JPG  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: SixtusFile:Colosseum-panoramic.view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Colosseum-panoramic.view.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:JuloFile:Pantheon Front.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pantheon_Front.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: Keith YahlFile:RomaCastelSantAngelo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RomaCastelSantAngelo.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Apalsola, Berrucomons, DenghiùComm,Didactohedron, G.dallorto, Joanjoc, Lilyu, Mac9, Man vyi, MarkSweep, Mattes, Para, Paris 16, Pko, Roland zh, Solipsist, Tillea, Túrelio, Yuriy75, Ö, と あ る 白 い 猫

File:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roma_San_Paolo_fuori_le_mura_BW_1.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Berthold WernerFile:Piazza del Campidoglio panoramic view 39948px.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: User:MatthiasKabelFile:RomaAltarePatriaTramonto.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RomaAltarePatriaTramonto.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:MM, User:MMFile:Roma Piazza del Popolo BW 1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_BW_1.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Berthold WernerFile:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Jean-Christophe BENOISTFile:Trevi Pano.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trevi_Pano.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Andrew Chen(Achen33)File:RomTreviBrunnenNahansicht1995.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RomTreviBrunnenNahansicht1995.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: User:JoergsamFile:Rom Spanish Steps BW 1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rom_Spanish_Steps_BW_1.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Berthold WernerFile:Kolumna Aureliusza.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kolumna_Aureliusza.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:RadomilFile:Bridge of Angels.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bridge_of_Angels.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Tatiana kittyFile:Z eur1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Z_eur1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DueduezerosettesettequattroFile:Université La Sapienza.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Université_La_Sapienza.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:LPLTFile:Forum Romanum Rom.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Stefan Bauer, http://www.ferras.atFile:Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Paolo Costa BaldiFile:Spaghetti alla Carbonara.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mattes Boch (Mboch on EnglishWikipedia)File:Roma-viaveneto.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roma-viaveneto.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: FlickreviewR,G.dallorto, Leoboudv, MBisanz, Mac9

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 35

File:Martin scorsese gangs of new york set in cinecitta italy.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Martin_scorsese_gangs_of_new_york_set_in_cinecitta_italy.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lalupa, Supercazzola, TwoWings, 2 anonymous editsFile:Stadio Olimpico 2008.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stadio_Olimpico_2008.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: AndrewiFile:Rom Fiumicino 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rom_Fiumicino_01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Raboe001File:Roma MetropolitanaC e Ferrovia 2011.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roma_MetropolitanaC_e_Ferrovia_2011.svg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike  Contributors: Barlemi74File:FAO sede.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FAO_sede.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ScopritoreFile:Castro Pretorio - Colonna di Parigi alle Terme di Diocleziano 1010023.JPG  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: GJo,Lalupa, Man vyi, Paris 16, Wst, 1 anonymous edits

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