Rome, November 20 th 2014 The Land Registration System in Italy Principles, organization and evolution Aldo de Luca Central Director Land Registration and Legal Affairs
Dec 19, 2015
Rome, November 20th 2014
The Land Registration System in Italy
Principles, organization and evolution
Aldo de LucaCentral Director Land Registration and Legal Affairs
The principle of real consent:a dogma difficult to be overtaken
The civil law principle that applies to immovable transactions is known as
«principle of real consent» and is provided by art. 1376 of the current Italian
Civil Code, inspired by the Code Napoléon. This principle, which affirms the
primacy of the individual against the feudal domain, led to the assertion of a
private will, consolidated in the agreement, capable on its own of producing
effects not only between the parties but also “erga omnes”.
In Italy, as in the other countries of Napoleonic law, the principle of “real consent", incorporated by the Civil Code of 1865 in the category of the “real effects contract”, was balanced by a system of rules for the transcription of real estate transactions, inspired by the French law of 1855.
The fundamental principles that inspired the Italian system of transcription are totally opposed to those that govern the Germanic systems of “Title Registration" (“Grundbuch” in Austria and Germany).The process of transcription is more agile and quick than the “Title Registration” process and this depends on the following circumstances:
• Transcription has no probative value; therefore the work and responsibility of the Registrar (Conservatore) does not extend to the examination of the validity and substantial efficacy of the title;
• Transcription does not constitute the real effect - acquisition of ownership - having mainly declarative effects.
Principles
To avoid the danger of huge gaps in the registers, the Italian legislator provided some measures:
• the obligation for the notary, who received or authenticated the deed, to apply for transcription in the shortest time possible (art. 2671 Civil Code)
• the widespread legitimation to apply for transcription, irrespective of the existence of a legitimate interest (art. 2658 and 2659 Civil Code)
• the introduction of the continuity principle, regulated by art. 2650 of the Civil Code
1. Continuity of transcriptions
The introduction of the continuity principle is the breaking point with respect to the original model of register of deeds:(art. 2650 of the Civil Code)"Where [...] a deed of acquisition is subject to transcription, the following transcriptions or inscriptions against the acquirer will have no effect if the previous acquisition deed has not been transcribed. Once the previous acquisition is transcribed, the following transcriptions or inscriptions will produce effects according to their respective order, except for what is provided in art. 2644 ".
2. Declaratory function of transcription
The transcription of a deed in the Register fulfils a declaratory function in respect of the “exceptionability” principle
(art. 2644 Civil Code, in relation to the articles 2643 and 2645)
This is the tipical effect of transcription
The “exceptionability” principle represents a sort of limitation to the principle of the “real consent” provided by art. 1376 of the Italian Civil Code, to the extent that transcription ends up by also having a discriminatory function between conflicting real rights coming from the same assignor.
This effect can be clearly understood when the first who transcribes is also the first who acquired the right
1° 1°
2°
The case is different when the second acquirer transcribes first:in this case transcription plays a role, rather than declarative, “constitutive” because the transmission of the right without transcription doesn’t produce any real effect, nor between the parties (as acquiring a non domino) nor erga omnes.
1°
2°
1°
2°
1°
The second acquirer transcribes first
3. Further effects
Constitutive efficacy was attributed to the case when the fulfillment of the formality completes the acquisition:
• foreclosure, ex art. 555 of Civil Procedure Code
• conservative seizure, ex art. 679 of Civil Procedure Code
have been inserted by the doctrine in this category.
Transcription plays, in the cases covered by Art. 2652 (transcription of legal claims) a reservation function for the effects of the judicial decision that is going to be issued: deeds transcribed and inscribed against the respondent during the course of judicial proceedings will be unenforceable to the victorious claimant.
A further hypothesis of transcription with reservation efficacy is the transcription of the preliminary contract, regulated by art. 2645 bis
The Land Registry Organization
Land Registries can be defined as an unicum of registries and deeds
• stored and preserved by the Registrar, as provided by art. 2679 of the Civil Code and
• properly ordered to be made available to the public for consultations and copies and issue of certificates
Complementary Registries
Book of surnames and Table of surnames
Repertories
Registries provided by the Civil Code
General Order Register
Special Registries of Transcriptions, Inscriptions and Annotations
The tecnological evolution of Land Registration services
Land Registry
Cadastre
Tax Office
exceptionability
Changing the holder in
cadastre
Deed
Registrar’s and
Cadastral offices
Taxes payment
Tax Office
Notaries’ duties in the civil and fiscal field after the conclusion of a real estate contract.
DEEDNOTATION Land Registry
Notary
Court
Public Officer
Before Automation...
The legal bases of the land services automation were provided by the Law n. 52 of the 27 February 1985
The automation process was carried out in steps
In the 8o’s:
The model for entering notations had been
mechanized
In the 9o’s: The model had to be
submitted in a device fit for computer processing
Searches via internet started
2000
The single on line model 2012:
The on line deed
Since the 80’s:
Notation in paper format, electronically transmitted
by an operator, to the central system
Notation
Since the 90’s: Notation are submitted
in a device fit for computer processing
andSearches are made via
internet
2000:
telematics single model
SISTER
Bank
Cadastre
MUI
RNINational Interbank
Network
Notary
DEED
Land Registry
Ufficio delle Entrate
Land Registry
Electronic deed In XML format
SISTER platform
Electronic document in XML format
Receipt
Notary
Electronic connection
Single model
Deed 2
Deed n
Deed 1
Payments details
RNINational
interbank network
Bank
Cadastre
Digital signature
results of formalitiesprocessing
2012:
DEEDS in Digital Format
Evolution linesElectronic Land Registries
Digital preservationDeeds submitted in digital format are kept in accordance with the Digital Administration Code (CAD)Land Registries are constituted in electronic format The DPCM, to which art. 40 of the Digital Administration Code refers, will establish the date from which all registries in electronic format will have full legal value instead of paper ones
The computerization of paper deeds
In order to preserve from decay our current paper archives, a project is in progress to computerize the old search registries and to put in digital format the names of the subjects included in them.
At the completion of this project, searches will be done totally on line, irrespective of the interested period
Electronic Land Registries
The integration between the two databases,cadastre and land registries
The A.I.I is a new integrated information infrastructure that, in compliance with the current legislation, uses and integrates data managed by the Agency (cadastral and land registries), created and originally maintained separately. Its goal is to certify, for fiscal purposes, the situation of the integration between the two data bases, aiming at identifying, for each real estate unit, the person holder of real estate rights.
1. Owners 2. Holders
Cadastre
1. Titles2. Notes
OMI
Real estatetaxpayer
Integrated real estate register
Land Registries
Cartography
Project scope
Deeds to update rights
Declarations by private
parties
The project called “Register of Holders” is operating within the described scheme, to create the data base of “Real estate taxpayers”, strictly linked with two other databases:
-the land registries, including deeds creating, modifying or transferring real estate rights;
- the tax register, that focuses the issue from the taxation point of view.
The measure of the integration level between the cadastral and land registries data bases, only possible for the computerized period, has recently showed that the univocal correspondence exists only for 44% of buildings and 30% of land.
As a consequence, this project aims at identifying for fiscal purposes the “holders” of real estate rights related to each property registered at the Cadastre, through:
• the deeds maintained in the land registries;
• the declaration made by the interested parties to register the property at
the cadastre.
In conclusion, our system has taken two directions:
1. Computerization, since 1986, has made possible an easier and quick
access to the registry and a higher level of security and precision in
achieving the effects of publicity, with advantages not only for its users,
but also for people that must rely on the registry efficiency.
2. The integration between cadastral and land registries data bases, through which it will become possible to create a relation between the real estate data included in the legal deeds and the holders.
These evolutions don’t make the system similar to a title one, based on real folio principle, nor modify the transcription scheme, that remains anchored to its tradition and principles.
Thank you for your kind attention