ROMANS ROAMED THE WORLD THE ROMAN EMPIRE The Romans ruled the whole Mediterranean region. They were the strongest and greatest nation. Their empire lasted 1,229 years.
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ROMANS ROAMED THE WORLD THE ROMAN EMPIRE The Romans ruled the whole Mediterranean region. They were the strongest and greatest nation. Their empire lasted.
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Slide 1
Slide 2
ROMANS ROAMED THE WORLD THE ROMAN EMPIRE The Romans ruled the
whole Mediterranean region. They were the strongest and greatest
nation. Their empire lasted 1,229 years.
Slide 3
Roman Numerals The Romans came up with the roman numerals They
used letters from their alphabet to denote the numbers There was no
numeral for zero Today, the numerals are rarely used in everyday
life However, we still see them on outlines, clocks, books to show
a new chapter or page numbers (ex. Romeo and Juliet) Conversions: I
= 1 II = 2 III = 3 IV = 4 V = 5 VI = 6 VII= 7 VIII = 8 IX = 9 X =
10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000
Slide 4
This alphabet evolved from the Greek Cumae alphabet The ancient
Romans only used 23 letters in their alphabet (all the letters we
use today except 3). The letters J, U, and W were added later
during the Middle Ages Almost all of our English words, and from
other European languages today, come from the Roman alphabet The
Roman alphabet, also known as Latin, is what use today many parts
of the world, especially the Western part of the world and Europe,
still use today. It was first introduced by the Latin tribes who
founded Rome. The Alphabet
Slide 5
The Roman Calendar Had 10 months Winters 2 months were not
included because they were periods of inactivity Julius Caesar
introduced the idea of the year consisting of 365.25 days, based on
the Egyptian calendar He added an extra day every 4 years on the
month of February He determined that every month to be 30 or 31
days, except for February February stayed 28 days long because it
is believed that it was sacred to the deities of the Underworld,
who wouldve been mad at any change to their annual schedule After
Julius died, Quintilis, the 5 th month of the year was renamed
Julius in his honor Ancient Romes Calendar Our Western calendar
that we use today is based on the Romans calendar. The months names
come from Roman names.
Slide 6
Roman Art Sculpture o Statuary and relief sculptures from
ancient Rome have survived through the ages more intact than most
paintings o Made of various materials including concrete, marble,
and bronze o Subjects included emperors, mythical characters,
battles, and scenes from everyday life Roman art was influenced
greatly by the Greeks and Etruscans
Slide 7
Roman Art (Cont.) Painting o Came from ancient villas where the
most wealthy Romans lived o Paintings with Christian subjects also
exist o Art scholars classified paintings into four different
styles 1 st style: shows how painters copied certain kinds of stone
ex. Marble 2 nd style: show entire scenes on the wall, sometimes
scenes from mythical stories 3 rd style: shows a single small
mythical scene floating in a void of one color and framed by an
architectural structure 4 th style: a combination of the first
three styles This is the Ixion Room in the House of the Vettii in
Pompeii. This painting demonstrates how the four three styles were
used.
Slide 8
Roman Art (Cont.) Mosaic o Early Romans and Etruscans did not
use the mosaics, but examples of Republican mosaics were found in
Roman homes o Imperial Rome used mosaics ex. A floor mosaic was
found in the Baths of Neptune in Ostia. He is riding a horse- drawn
chariot and is surrounded by figures of men and sea creatures o
Early Roman Christians made many mosaics to teach people about
their beliefs and stories ex. In the mausoleum of Galla Placidia in
Ravenna, Christ is shown in a scene as a shepherd, wearing purple
and gold. Hes holding a cross and has a halo around his head. A
group of sheep sit around him
Slide 9
Concrete/Cement Concrete/Cement Made from tufa volcanic rock
Replaced the cut-stone construction of the Greeks, and became the
primary building material Strong Could span great distances in
molding space Did not require skilled labor, therefore was cheaper
Fast to construct Baked bricks and marble were used to cover the
surface of the concrete walls Is considered the Roman contribution
most relevant to the modern world This tufa rock could easily be
made into powder, and with some water, gravel, and sand,
cement.
Slide 10
ARCHITECTURE Built to impress and be majestic as well as
functional First built with timber, then changed to stone and
marble Took thousands to built the great structures Marble was
primary building material, used to build almost all buildings Dome
Provided large covered public space (ex. Public baths) Based much
of their architecture on domes (ex. Hadrian Pantheon, Baths on
Caracalla) Today, not used frequently Used to show elegance in
government buildings Arch Adopted form Greeks Helped the
construction of many aqueducts throughout the empire o ex.) Romans
used arches to build their bridges, some still survive today and
are still used Today, arches are seen everywhere used today to
support substantial weight, reducing stress on columns
significantly Origins of Roman architecture can be traced to
Etruscans
Slide 11
Examples Of Roman Architecture Pantheon (Dome) Roman Arch
Slide 12
Sports and Entertainment Gladiators They were professional
fighters who fought against other enemies, wild animals, and slaves
These were fought in front crowds in huge arenas Campus This was
the town where track and field was held There was foot racing,
jumping, archery, wrestling and boxing After, all the participantes
would jump in the Tiber River for a bath
Slide 13
Sports and Entertainment (Cont.) Circuses Circuses in Rome are
much different than circuses today In Rome, circuses were arenas
where wrestling, races, and other sports took place Chariot Races
Chariot races were the most popular sports in ancient Rome There
were four different teams; the blues, greens, whites, and reds. If
a charioteer won he bacame famous throughout Rome.
Slide 14
Religion At first, Romans were pantheists: they believed in
spirits that lived in plants, animals, and in the ground As Rome
become a more powerful Republic, they started to borrow the Greek
religion and worship Greek gods Later, Romans adapted the ancient
Egyptian goddess, Isis, to help fertilize their land Christianity
spread across the Roman Empire. Emperors persecuted Christians for
refusing to make sacrifices, which then alienated Christians from
Romans
Slide 15
Sanitation In Rome Aqueducts An aqueduct is a channel for
conducting water by means of gravity The aqueducts carried water to
Rome form mountain springs as far as 30 miles away There were
eleven aqueducts that carried water throughout Rome From mountain
streams and springs, they brought about 97 million gallons of water
to Rome each day as far as 57 miles They were used for drinking,
washing, flushing the sewer systems, and filling the emperors fish
pond This is the Cloaca Maxima. Most of the network of sewers
linked to the Cloaca Maxima. It was Romes main sewer built to drain
marshlands between the Palatine and Capitoline hills.
Slide 16
Sewage System This system was designed by using the 11
aqueducts The sewer system was covered by stones Waste that was
flushed from the toilets or latrines went through a main channel
and into a river or stream Other waste sources traveled through an
intricate set of channels set up underground This was an extremely
efficient system
Slide 17
Map of Aqueducts and Sewage System
Slide 18
Roads 50 thousand miles of roads connected parts of the Roman
Empire The old and most famous road was the Via Appia, it was more
than 350 miles long, 35 ft. wide, and very straight Roman roads
survived throughout the centuries, long after the fall of the Roman
Empire o ex.) the Via Appia was so well built, some parts of it are
still in use Roads through rainy areas had arched surfaces o They
were higher in the center than the sides o This shape let rainwater
drain off quickly, so that it didnt soak in and damage the pavement
o Most roads had drainage ditches at sides of road They had a
sturdy foundation o 5 ft. thick o made of packed earth and layers
of stone blocks, broken stone, sand, and other material o Paved
with blocks of cut stone Via Appia
Slide 19
First to Raise Their Animals -The climate in Rome was mild,
Mediterranean climate. -The Romans were the first people to give
out welfare. Romans grew olives, grapes, grain, and livestock They
produced so much grain, they dont need to trade with other nations
as much They fed their grain to their livestock Romans raised
sheep, goats, and pigs
Slide 20
Greatest Army in the World After conquering places, they didnt
make their enemies slaves like other civilizations had. The Romans
made them citizens. This was smart of them, because it made the
newly citizens loyal to Rome. The Roman Army conquered all the
nations in the Mediterranean region. Romans believed they ruled the
world, which was true Being in the army was a privilege They had
the strongest army, with their strong weapons and armor. Its
central location was in the Mediterranean Sea. This allowed Rome to
get control of all the nations in the Mediterranean, because they
were right in the middle of the nations.
Slide 21
Army Weapons Swords Spatha-could be any sword Generally a long
sword used in the late 2 nd or early 3 rd century because it was
more efficient than the gladius Gladius: a short stabbing sword
used for close combat Onager Extremely similar to a catapult It had
a fixed base and an arm wound in twined hair This provided the
tension in order to launch the projectile A payload, a projectile,
was placed in a small pocket at the end of the arm
Slide 22
Javelin It was a throwing weapon It had an iron tip, heavy
handle, and it was soft in the middle so it could travel faster
Feared because of its accuracy Made so that the enemy could not
throw it back once it was thrown by the Romans Scorpion: worked
like a crossbow and threw large javelins Ballista: a large
crossbow-type weapon (6 meters tall) that could hurl 50lbs. over
500 meters Battering ram: used to attack gates Was swung by two
teams on men Army Weapons (cont.)
Slide 23
Army Armor Roman armor was designed to protect the soldier
mainly from projectiles like spears, javelins, arrows, swords, or
daggers. body armor varied depending on rank and position Scutum
(shield): Was a curved oval shape Made from wood, covered with
canvas and leather Weighed 10kg (about 22lbs.) Scale armor: a
covering of small metal scales sewn to a fabric backing Wired
together in horizontal rows Used during the Republic Chain mail
armor: a covering for the chest and torso of interlinked metal
rings Made the armor flexible and strong, most weapons couldnt
penetrate it Used during the Republic and throughout the Roman
Empire
Slide 24
Army Armor (cont.) Under the armor, soldiers wore tunics made
of wool Vest: included hooks and ties made out of metal Belt: holds
sword came with an apron to protect the lower stomach area Manica:
armguards Greave: sheet metals protecting the legs Sandals: made of
leather The soles had iron hobnails to make them last longer
Helmet: included cheek pieces, head guard, ear pieces, brow band,
and neck guard Made of bronze
Slide 25
Army Must state the military oath: The soldiers swear to
perform with enthusiasm whatever the emperor commands, never to
desert, and not to shrink from death on behalf of the roman state
The first thing soldiers were taught to do was march in a line to
keep the army a compact fighting unit The Roman soldier had to be
able to march 24 miles in 5 hours carrying a 60 lb. pack Must
practice running so that he could advance on enemy with greatest
speed possible and overtake them Long and high jumps were also
practiced so they would cross ditches or scale difficult objects
Soldiers also needed to know how to swim. If their camp was near
water, they would be made to swim. Taught to use the bow and arrow
and javelin:trained soldiers to throw them with proper aim and
force Soldiers were even trained to throw stones because the wound
stones caused were fatal w/o any loss of blood Was a strict system
of rewards and punishments Order and discipline was maintained in
the army by fear Sentries who fell asleep was beaten or stoned to
death Punished with death for desertion, mutiny, insubordination
Corporal punishment, monetary fine, added duty, reduction in rank,
or dishonorable discharge from service were all forms of minor
punishments Practice decimation: execution by colleagues If there
was a coward in a Roman unit, all the soldiers would pick a straw
and whoever got the shortest straw was killed even if he was not
the coward Training Discipline
Slide 26
Army Tactics soldiers were divided into legions that had 5000
men in each legion Within the legions, soldiers were divided
further into centuries that had 80 men intercepting the supplies en
route. the amount of supplies that could reach the enemy was
drastically reduced build a wheeled tower higher than the walls,
and use that to place the troops on top of the wall. While not
attempting to mount the wall, archers could climb to the top of the
tower to increase their range The main goal for the Roman army was
to cut off their opponent from his resources The first method was
to destroy the resources themselves This gave them more food and
also prevented them from falling into their opponents hands The
second method was the most famous one: the siege When the enemy
holed up in a city or fort, the army would surround the city and
begin constructing the various parts of their siege arsenal they
would build another wall around the city, out of range of the
archers, to keep the enemy from escaping. They would use onagers to
throw stones and spears from safe distances
Slide 27
Government Julius Caesar was also a ruler of Rome, but he ruled
as a dictator, not an emperor Emperors were very important in Roman
history even though they werent part of the government in the
beginning of the empire
Slide 28
Roman Republic Form of government in which voters elect
officials to run the state The Roman Government had 3 branches
Assembly of Centuries: all members of army: term of 1 year The
Senate: 100 members, most important and most powerful branch: term
of lifeThe Assembly of Tribes: 35 tribes, 31 rural 4 urban: term of
1 year Assembly of tribes: 35 tribes, 31 rural 4 urban: term of 1
year
Slide 29
Credits By: Colin Sullivan, Zane Tatro, Jack Murphy, and Cindy
Trinh World History Mrs. Greenblatt June 8, 2011 Period 7