ROMANASQUE 1

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Amity School of Architecture and PlanningB.Arch. Sem - III

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE, ART AND CULTURE - III

Ar. Seepika Chandra

Ar. Tanya Gupta


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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE


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ROMANESQE ARCHITECTURE-

On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque

style grew up in those countries of Western Europewhich had been under the rule of Rome,

Between 6th to the 10th century

and geographical position determined many of thepeculiarities of the style in each country.


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ROMANESQE ARCHITECTURE-

By the different architectural style of development, we canbroadly divide the Romanesque architecture in four categories:

Romanesque Architecture in Germany PRE ROMANESQE

Romanesque Architecture in Europe ---

Romanesque Architecture in Italy --- FIRST ROMANESQUE

Romanesque Architecture in France ---


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MONASTICISM

The system of monasticism in which the religiousbecome members of an order, with common ties and

a common rule, living in a mutually dependentcommunity,


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MONASTICISM

(1) The Benedictine Order was founded during the sixthcentury in South Italy by S. Benedict,

(2) The Cluniac Order was founded A.D. 909 (3) The Cistercian Order was founded A.D. 1098

(4) The Augustinian Order differed little from theBenedictine and was introduced into England in A.D.

1105. (5) The Premonstratensian Order was instituted at

Premontre, Picardy (A.D. 1119).


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MONASTICISM

(6) The Carthusian Order was founded by S. Brunoabout A.D. 1080

(7) The Military Orders included the Knights Templarsand the Knights Hospitallers, or Knights of S. John.

(8) The Friars

(9) The Jesuits were established as a counterforce to the

Reformation, and they came to England about A.D.1538.


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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER-

Romanesque architecture is often divided into twoperiods known as the "First Romanesque" style and

the "Romanesque" style.

The First Romanesque employed rubble walls, smallerwindows and unvaulted roofs.

A greater refinement marks the Second Romanesque,along with increased use of the vault and dressedstone.


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Walls

The walls of Romanesque buildings are often ofmassive thickness with few and comparatively smallopenings.

In Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of theNetherlands, brick is generally used.

Other areas saw extensive use of limestone, granite

and flint.

The building stone was often used in comparativelysmall and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.

(Ashlar Masonary)


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Buttresses

Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat squareprofile and do not project a great deal beyond the wall.


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Arches and openings

The arches used in Romanesque architecture arenearly always semicircular, for openings such as doors

and windows, for vaults and for arcades.


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Arcades

An arcade is a row of arches, supported on piers orcolumns.

They occur in the interior of large churches, separatingthe nave from the aisles, and in large secular interiorsspaces,

Arcades also occur in cloisters and atriums, enclosingan open space.


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Piers

In Romanesque architecture, piers were oftenemployed to support arches.

They were built of masonry and square or rectangularin section,

generally having a horizontal molding representing acapital at the springing of the arch.


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Columns

Columns are an important structural feature ofRomanesque architecture.

Colonnades and attached shafts are also usedstructurally and for decoration.

Monolithic columns cut from a single piece of stonewere frequently used in Italy, as they had been inRoman and Early Christian architecture.

They may have retained their original Roman capitals,generally of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.


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Capitals

The foliate Corinthian style provided the inspiration formany Romanesque capitals,


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Vaults and roofs

The majority of buildings have wooden roofs, generallyof a simple truss, tie beamor king postform.

In churches, typically the aisles are vaulted, but thenave is roofed with timber

Vaults of stone or brick took on several different forms

and showed marked development during the period,evolving into the pointed ribbed arch which ischaracteristic of Gothic architecture.


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Barrel vault

The simplest type of vaultedroof is the barrel vault in which asingle arched surface extendsfrom wall to wall, the length ofthe space to be vaulted,

However, the barrel vault

generally required the supportof solid walls, or walls in whichthe windows were very small.


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Groin vaultGroin vaults occur in early Romanesque buildings,groin vaults are most frequently used for the lessvisible and smaller vaults, particularly in crypts andaisles.

A groin vault is almost always square in plan and isconstructed of two barrel vaults intersecting at rightangles.

Groin vaults are frequently separated by transversearched ribs of low profile,

the ribs are square in section, strongly projecting


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Ribbed vault

In ribbed vaults, not only are there ribs spanning thevaulted area transversely, but each vaulted bay hasdiagonal ribs.

In a ribbed vault, the ribs are the structural members,and the spaces between them can be filled with lighter,non-structural material.


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Pointed arched vault

Late in the Romanesque period another solution came

into use for regulating the height of diagonal andtransverse ribs.


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Plan and section


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Church towers


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Pisa Cathedral Italy

1063-92


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EXAMPLES - GERMANY

Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral (A.D. 796804)

The Monastery of S. Gall (c. A.D. 820)

Treves Cathedral (A.D. 101647)

The Church of the Apostles, Cologne (A.D. 1220-50)


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EXAMPLES - EUROPE

Benedictine Monastery of S. Gall, Switzerland


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EXAMPLES - ITALY

Pisa Cathedral (A.D. 106392)

The Campanile, Pisa (A.D. 1174)

The Baptistery, Pisa (A.D. 11531278)

S. Miniato, Florence (A.D. 1013)

Monreale Cathedral (A.D. 1174)


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EXAMPLES - FRANCE

Notre Dame du Port, Clermont-Ferrand,

S. Austremoine

The Abbey Church, Cluny (A.D. 1089-1131)

S. Philibert, Tournus, in Burgundy

ROMANASQUE 1

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