Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management The University of Hong Kong
Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis. Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in
China: A Conceptual Analysis
Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student
Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management
The University of Hong Kong
Outline• Background
• Relevant Theories
• Empirical Study
• Conclusion
Global perspective
China’s perspective
Concept of compact city
Features of compact city
Conceptual Model of compact city Research design
Findings
Part 1BACKGROUND
1. Global Perspective
• Rapid urbanization, boom of urban residents• Urban Growth
Urbanization in 1975
Urbanization in 2000
Urbanization in 2025(estimated by UN)
annual Urban growth rate
All the world 37.7% 49% 61.1% 2.38%
Developed countries
69.8% 76% 84.0% 0.71%
Developing countries
26.7% 39.9% 57.1% 3.21%
Source: UNCHS (1996) An Urbanising World: Global Report on Human Settlements, Oxford, University Press, Oxford.
Compact city
Sustainable Development
“Sustainable development declaration”, 1980
The announcement regarding sustainable cities in the Toronto Declaration, 1990
The answer to the sustainable city form
Sustainability becomes a planning goal
Relevant policies in the world
UK:Planning Policy Statement [Part1: Delivering Sustainable Development] (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005)
Netherlands:The National Spatial Strategy (2020) (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)
Hong Kong: Hong Kong 2030 Planning vision and Strategy (HKSAR, 2007)
National Population and Family Planning Commission(2004) reported:
by 2010, 1.37 billion people by 2020, 1.46 billion people by 2033, 1.5 billion people
National Development and Reform Commission(2004) reported:
By 2020, the urbanization will reach 57%, and the number of urban residents would be 0.84 billion.
China’s Situation
Limited land resource and extensive construction area
Ministry of Land and Resources reported in 2005
the area of territory per person per person is 0.73 hectare in China, and 2.9 hectare in the world
the cultivated land per person is 933 sq.m. in China, and 3200 sq.m. in the world
the construction area per person in China is more than 130 sq.m., and 82.4 sq.m in developed countries, 83.3 sq.m in developing countries.
The Compact city paradigm could be one of the approaches that cities could choose to maintain sustainability.
Urban area
Rapid urbanization & Population Growth
Economic Cost
Environm-ental Cost
Extensive land use
(Limited land resource)
Pressure
Sprawl Sprawl
Relevant Policies in China
Ministry of Development and Reform CommissionThe Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (Chapter 6)(2007)…………
The Ministry of Land and Resources P.R.C.National Land Use Master Plan Outline (1997—2010) …………..
Ministry of Construction P.R.C.Reply to Chongqing’s Master Plan (国函 [2007]90 号 );Reply to Hangzhou’s Master Plan (国函 [2007]19 号 );…………
Stimulating factors
China’s Status Policies Experiences in the World
Urban form developing trend Compact city
A question is proposed What is the existing degree of the compactness in Chinese cities?
Part 2RELEVANT THEORIES
What is the “compact city”? Three defining approaches: Unitary Definition, Composition
Definition and Measurement based Approach
An Image of a compact city
What is the “compact city”? Unitary Definition
high-density or monocentric development (Gordon and Richardson, 1997)
centralized compact development and decentralized compact development (Anderson, 1996)
some concentration of employment and housing, as well as some mixture of land uses (Ewing, 1997)
What is the “compact city”? Composition definition
high density, mix-used city, based on an efficient public transport system and dimensions that encourage walking and cycling (Burton, 2000)
to increase built area and residential population densities; to intensify urban economic, social and cultural activities and to manipulate urban size, form and structure and settlement systems (Burgess, 2000)
What is the “compact city”? Measurement based definition
a compactness index, rho—the ratio between the average distance from home to central business district (CBD), and its counterpart in a hypothesized cylindrical city with equal distribution of development (Bertaud and Malpezzi, 1999)
the degree to which development is clustered and minimizes the amount of land developed in each square mile (Galster, 2001)
Features of Compact city
High-density
Mixed-use
Intensification
Status quo
Changing process
High-density What is urban density?
In the geographical field, density means a theoretical ratio between a quantity of a statistical indicator and the occupied surface (Fouchier, 1994).
Why is high density important to compact city?
High densities are seen to be fundamental to urban vitality and creativity (Haughton and Hunter, 1994)
“take away the high concentration of people and activities, together with the diversity and vitality which go with them, and there is no longer any point living in a city ” (Sherlock, 1991).
Mixed-use What is mixed-use?
a coherent plan with three or more functionally and physically integrated revenue-producing uses (The Urban Land Institute, 1987)
a comprehensive conceptual model, based on the internal texture of a settlement: grain, density and permeability. (Rowley, 1996)
Four dimensions added to Rowley’s conceptual model: the shared premises dimension, horizontal dimension, vertical dimension and time dimension
Dimensions of mixed use
Dimensions of mixed use
Dimensions of mixed use
Dimensions of mixed use
Mixed-useWhy is mixed-use important to compact city?
a fine-grain mixing of diverse uses creates vibrant and successful neighborhoods (Jacobs, 1961) .
Housing White Paper, Our Future Homes (DoE, 1995a) asserts that:
“There is a trend back to mixed use development, providing homes alongside shops and offices. Such development can increase vitality through activity and diversity, help to make areas safer, and help to reduce travel… A balanced mix of households helps ensure sustainable city communities”.
IntensificationWhat is intensification?
a generic term for the process of making cities more compact
an increase in population, an increase in development, and an increase in the mix of uses within the city boundary (Burton, 2000)
Why is intensification important to compact city?
The aims to make city more intensified are reducing the need to travel by car, conserving land and encouraging regeneration of rundown city centers (Burton, 2002)
Source: Coupland,1997 (Originally: Department of the Environment, 1995)
Scales of research on compact city
a macro approach, at the city-wide or even metropolitan level
a micro approach, at the neighborhood or community level
a spatial structure approach, emphasizing a pattern oriented to downtown or the central city versus a polycentric (or dispersed) spatial pattern
Conceptual model
Compact city
High density
Mixed-use
Intensification
Population
Building
Employment
Public transport
Provision of facilities
Land use variety
Housing-job mix
Part 3Empirical Study
Research Design
City Selection
Indicator Selection
Research Method
Output the result
Economic and Social Factors
validity, reliability, availability and plausibility
Principal components analysis
Large Municipal citiesIn Coastal Provinces
Relevant data from statistic yearbooks and modification
Calculation of the score for each feature
Data collection and modification
Collection• China city statistical yearbook 2001,…, 2005 (中国城市统计年鉴 )• China city construction statistical yearbook 2001,…,2005 (中国城市建设年鉴 )• China statistical yearbook 2001,…,2005 (中国统计年鉴 )• Data from The fifth Census in 2000 (五普 ), 1% Population Sample Survey of China in
2005 (2005全国 1%人口抽样调查 )• Local statistical yearbook: Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2001, 2005• Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2001, 2005• …………………….• Websites of Local statistical information: e.g. http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/ (北京市统计信息
Index IndicatorsPopulation density Persons per unit in built-up areaBuilding density Residential area per personEmployment density Employees per unit in built-up area
Public transport density public transport capacityBuses per 10 thousand persons
Note: The population used in each indicator is the total permanent population in urban districts.Public transport capacity = Passenger Transport Quantity / total permanent population
Measurement of High Density Total Variance Explained
Provision of local facilities Numbers of libraries per 10 thousands persons
Numbers of cinemas per 10 thousands persons
Numbers of hospital beds per 10 thousands person
Land use variety Mixed use of different land use
Housing- job mix Housing-job mix index
Note: Land use variety = Land use variety = - Ph * ln(Pr) – Pi * ln(Pi) – Pr * ln(Pr) – Pg * ln(Pg), without unit;The total population employed for calculating the provision of the hospital beds and the theatres are permanent population.The housing-job mix = employees in urban districts / total household population.
The high scores of each feature would have a balanced series of variables.
Beijing, Xiamen, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan rank in top 10 both in the density degree and mixed-use degree; Shantou, Taian, Huaian, Maoming, Foshan, rank in the last 10 both in the density degree and mixed-use degree.
There is not an obvious relationship between the descriptive features(high density and mixed-use) and the changing process variable (intensification).
Conclusion
The compact city paradigm is the developing trend of Chinese cities.
Set up a conceptual model of the compact city at large scale municipal cities in China, as well as the indicator system for measuring the degree of the compactness of large cities
Give a brief description of the existing degree of the compactness of the large municipal cities in coastal provinces