1 1 Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Temperature Development Temperature Development and and Structural Fire Behaviour Structural Fire Behaviour Y C Wang, C G Bailey Y C Wang, C G Bailey Y C Wang, C G Bailey Y C Wang, C G Bailey and X H Dai and X H Dai and X H Dai and X H Dai School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering The University of Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, UK
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Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Robustness of Steel Joints in Fire: Temperature Development Temperature Development and and
Structural Fire BehaviourStructural Fire Behaviour
Y C Wang, C G BaileyY C Wang, C G BaileyY C Wang, C G BaileyY C Wang, C G Bailey and X H Daiand X H Daiand X H Daiand X H Dai
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering
The University of Manchester, UKThe University of Manchester, UKThe University of Manchester, UKThe University of Manchester, UK
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Main contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contentsMain contents
�� PartPart--1: Joint temperature development1: Joint temperature development
Effects of partial fire protection on temperature Effects of partial fire protection on temperature development in steel joints protected using development in steel joints protected using intumescentintumescent coatingcoating
�� PartPart--2: Structural fire 2: Structural fire behaviourbehaviour
Failure modes and joint tying forces of typical Failure modes and joint tying forces of typical steel beamsteel beam--column joint assemblies under column joint assemblies under elevated temperatureelevated temperature
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PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development
(b)(b) Partial protection in joint zone: Partial protection in joint zone: Leaving the bolts unprotected in Leaving the bolts unprotected in a protected joint.a protected joint.
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development
conclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by testsconclusions by tests
�� Whether or not protecting bolts had little Whether or not protecting bolts had little
influence on temperatures in other connection influence on temperatures in other connection
components in a protected joint. components in a protected joint.
�� In a protected joint with unprotected bolts, the In a protected joint with unprotected bolts, the
unprotected bolt temperatures were higher than unprotected bolt temperatures were higher than
those with full bolt protection, but still much those with full bolt protection, but still much
lower than bolt temperatures in a completely lower than bolt temperatures in a completely
unprotected joint. unprotected joint.
�� Protecting the beam for 400mm is sufficient to Protecting the beam for 400mm is sufficient to
achieve full protection to the joint.achieve full protection to the joint.
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PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development1: Joint Temperature Development
•• Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated
by assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protectedby assuming the joint is fully protected
•• Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately
calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:
andandandandandandandandup
T fpT Calculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation method
Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate Exposure factor may be calculated using the approximate
calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: calculation method as described following: Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio Which is the ratio
of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the of the unprotected surface area of a bolt connection to the
total surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connectiontotal surface area of the bolt connection
eF
(1 )up e e pQ F A F Q A⋅ ⋅ + − ⋅ ⋅
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PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Specimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test setSpecimen and test set--------upupupupupupupup
(a) Fin plate
(b) Web cleat
(c) Flexible end plate
(d) Flush end plate
(e) Extended end plate
Loads: 40kN
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PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Details of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensionsDetails of specimen member dimensions
Fire test ID Connection component
dimension (mm)
Column section Beam section
Test-1: fin plate 150x130x10
Test-2: flexible endplate 150x130x8
Test-3: flush endplate 150x200x8
Test-4: web cleat 90x150x10 (depth: 130)
Test-5: extended endplate 150x250x8
UC 254x254x73
Test-6: fin plate 150x130x10
Test-7: flexible endplate 150x130x8
Test-8: flush endplate 150x200x8
Test-9: web cleat 90x150x10 (depth: 130)
Test-10: extended endplate 150x250x8
Uc152x152x23
UB 178x102x19
10
10
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Fail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate jointFail modes of specimens with fin plate joint
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Tying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate jointTying force development in fin plate joint
�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp
when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force
developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C 748C
and 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733C
�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps
when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary
force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed:
760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C760C and 757C
�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces forces forces forces forces forces forces forces
and 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kNand 25.6kN
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Ty
ing
fo
rce
(k
N)
Test-1
Test-6
12
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PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Fail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flexible end plate joint
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Tying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate jointTying force development in flexible end plate joint
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Ty
ing
fo
rce
(k
N)
Test-2
Test-7
�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp
when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force
developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C
and 700Cand 700Cand 700Cand 700Cand 700Cand 700Cand 700Cand 700C
�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps
when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary
force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed:
739C and 714C739C and 714C739C and 714C739C and 714C739C and 714C739C and 714C739C and 714C739C and 714C
�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces forces forces forces forces forces forces forces
developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN 34.5kN
and 32.6kNand 32.6kNand 32.6kNand 32.6kNand 32.6kNand 32.6kNand 32.6kNand 32.6kN
14
14
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Temperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two joints
�� Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right
joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much
higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that higher than that
in left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left jointin left joint0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fire time (min)
Tem
pera
ture
(C
)
Left connection
Right connection
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fire time (minutes)
Ap
plied
lo
ad
(kN
)
Right jack
Left jack
15
15
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Fail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate jointFail modes of specimens with flush end plate joint
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Tying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate jointTying force in flush end plate joint
�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps
when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force
developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C 728C
and 706Cand 706Cand 706Cand 706Cand 706Cand 706Cand 706Cand 706C
�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps
when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary
force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed:
729C and 719C729C and 719C729C and 719C729C and 719C729C and 719C729C and 719C729C and 719C729C and 719C
�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces forces forces forces forces forces forces forces
developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN 29.4kN
and 17.7kNand 17.7kNand 17.7kNand 17.7kNand 17.7kNand 17.7kNand 17.7kNand 17.7kN
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Tyin
g f
orc
e (
kN
)
Test-3
Test-8
17
17
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Temperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two jointsTemperatures in two joints
�� Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right measured in right joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much joint was much lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in lower than that in left jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft jointleft joint
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Fire time (min)
Tem
pera
ture
(C
)
Lef t connection
Right connection
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Fire time (minutes)
Ap
plied
lo
ad
s (
KN
)
Right jack
Left jack
18
18
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Fail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat jointFail modes of Specimens with web cleat joint
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Tying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat jointTying force development in web cleat joint
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Tyin
g f
orc
e (
kN
)
Test-4
Test-9
�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C 743C and 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721Cand 721C
�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary force force force force force force force force developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: developed: 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C 767C and 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733Cand 733C
�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenaryforces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed forces developed 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 41.3kN and 16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN16.9kN
20
20
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Fail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate jointFail modes of specimens with extended end plate joint
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Tying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate jointTying force in extended end plate joint
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Ty
ing
fo
rce
(k
N)
Test-5
Test-10
�� max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp max beam temp when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C 755C and 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742Cand 742C
�� max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps max beam temps when max when max when max when max when max when max when max when max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenaryforce developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: force developed: 818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C818C and 754C
�� max max max max max max max max catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces forces forces forces forces forces forces forces developed developed developed developed developed developed developed developed 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN 54.6kN and 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kNand 21.4kN
22
22-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Ty
ing
fo
rce
(k
N)
Test-6: fin plate
Test-7: flexible endplateTest-8: flush endplate
Test-9: web cleatTest-10: extended endplate
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
Tying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperatureTying force in joint against beam max temperature
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Max temperature at beam bottom flange (C)
Tyin
g fo
rce (kN
)
Test-1: fin plate
Test-2: flexible endplate
Test-3: flush endplate
Test-4: web cleat
Test-5: extended endplate
�� MMMMMMMMax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature
when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force when 0 tying force
�� MMMMMMMMax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature ax beam temperature
when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force when max tying force
PartPartPartPartPartPartPartPart--------2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour2: Structural Fire Behaviour
General cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral cGeneral conclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusionsonclusions
�� Various Various Various Various Various Various Various Various possible possible possible possible possible possible possible possible joint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observedjoint failure modes observed
�� Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though Beam deflections were very large (span/8~span/6), even though no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.no failure (fracture) was observed in some tests.
�� SpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimensSpecimens with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended with stronger connections such as extended endplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, surviveendplate, survivedddddddd higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is higher temperatures. But the difference is small (small (small (small (small (small (small (small (less thanless thanless thanless thanless thanless thanless thanless than 5050505050505050°°°°°°°°C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based C) if the beam limiting temperature is based on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).on bending (axial force=0).
�� The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures The difference of limiting temperatures (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) (based on axial force=0) between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small between specimens with two column sizes is very small ((((((((less less less less less less less less thanthanthanthanthanthanthanthan 3030303030303030°°°°°°°°C)C)C)C)C)C)C)C). However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column . However some joints connected to the large column failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher failed due to higher catenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenarycatenary forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.forces.
�� It would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedIt would be interesting to conduct further tests using protectedjoints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests joints (which will be necessary anyway) and follow the tests until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.until failure.
��EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of EPSRC funding (collaborator: University of
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