7/3/22 1 UGANDA: THE BIRTH PLACE OF ROBUSTA & PIONEER OF SPECIALTY ROBUSTA HENRY NGABIRANO BRAZIL ROBUSTA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 12 TH JUNE 2012, VITORIA, ESPIRITO SANTO
Wednesday, April 12, 2023
1
UGANDA: THE BIRTH PLACE OF ROBUSTA &
PIONEER OF SPECIALTY ROBUSTA
HENRY NGABIRANO
BRAZIL ROBUSTA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE12TH JUNE 2012, VITORIA, ESPIRITO SANTO
DISCUSSION TO INCLUDE
• UGANDA vs BRAZIL• UGANDA’S HERITAGE AS THE BIRTH PLACE
OF ROBUSTA• COFFEE RESEARCH• ROBUSTA IN THE SPECIALTY MOVEMENT
&Where you must be come 14th Feb 2013
UGANDA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
UGANDA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
0000
WE WERE ONCE ONE
AFRICA IS HUGE
IT CAN SWALLOW (oh no is bigger than) CHINA, USA, INDIA, EUROPE, ARGENTINA & NEW ZEALAND combined
And
would still have space to fit South Korea
vs
It is a David and Goliath situation
Let’s look @AREA, POPULATION, GDPpp,
GDPpc, COFFEE PRODUCTION, and FARMERS
PARAMETER FACTOR
AREA (sq km) 0.241million 8,514 million 35 SmallerPOPULATION 35.8 million 205.7 million 6 SmallerGDPpp US$ $45.9 billion $2.282 trillion 50 SmallerGDPpc $1,300 $11,600 9 Smaller
Source: Personal research & CIA World factbook
IT WOULD BE ABOUT THE SIZE OF SAO PAULO(247K sq km)
Rio de Janeiro + Minas Gerais States combined
WHAT IF UGANDA WAS IN BRAZIL
GOIAS STATEGDPPOPULATION
Source: Personal research & CIA World factbook
PARAMETER FACTOR
PRODUCTION/YEAR 3-3.5m bags 50-55m bags 17 Smaller
FARMERS 1.3m 0.35m 4 BIGGER
BAGS/FARMER 2.5 bags 183 bags 73 (IN EFFICIENT USE OF LABOUR)
MAJOR REGIONS Western, Central, Eastern and North West
Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo & Bahia
4 X 4
ALTITUDE masl Robusta (1100-1600)Arabica (1300-2300)
Both A+R (700-1250) 2 HIGHER
PROCESSING METHODS DRY, SEMI AND FULLY WASHED
NATURAL, SEMI AND FULLY WASHED
3 X 3
GRADING SYSYEM SIZE, DEFECT COUNT & CUP
SIZE, DEFECT COUNT & CUP
SAME
Robusta coffee is indigenous to Uganda
• Robusta coffee is indigenous: It was found naturally occurring in the tropical forests near Lake Victoria crescent
• Before 1890 a few trees would be gathered near homestead for cultural use
• Cultivation on commercial basis literally started early 1900’s
• This was later confirmed by Maitland, 1926; Thomas, 1940 that same trees existed in: • Kibale, Itwara, Bwamba, Budongo in western Uganda; • Zoka in the northern Uganda • Kasai (defunct) in Central Uganda- near Lake Victoria.
“A COUNTRY WEAVED WITH COFFEE & CULTURE”
• Coffee is interwoven in the cultures of most tribes in Uganda
• It plays traditional roles socially, culturally and economically
• Many traditions have used Coffee as a uniting factor, for friendship, fire, love and medicine.
• When two families without biological relationships wanted to seal a friendship, they would use coffee beans
• The major Kingdoms used in coffee in royal and marriage ceremonies where Coffee beans would be used as a symbol of acceptance of the groom by the bride
Coffee was considered a special wind trapper for winds believed to be carrying spirits and gods.
It is generally held that lightening cannot strike a coffee tree.
This culture is gradually being phased out at the expense of modernization.
The only strong culture is coffee chewing.
Coffee is truly African
Source: Modified Manuel Diaz Report
Traced to other areas
Source: Modified Manuel Diaz Report
And later to the rest of tropical world
1950s: 5 policlons (Romex)
Ivory Coast main selection site from 1960
Uganda and DR Congo primary selection center between 1930 and 1960
Java (Indonesia) primary selection center between 1900-30
Secondary R&D centers: CAR, India, Madagascar and Mexico
Major Policy Changes Over Time
SINCE 1990’sPeriod of Liberalization
* Cooperatives * Private Sector
1960’sPeriod of Gov’t control * Coffee Marketing Board
1950’sPeriod of Private operations * Cooperatives * Private Traders
Coffee Value Chain Players
Importers (Consuming Countries) – Several (80% Europe)
Exporters - 42
Millers - 340
Middlemen - Many
Farmers – 1.3m HH
Coffee Federation
Farmer Asscns
Coffee Season in Uganda
Months
Regions Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Central Main Crop Fly Crop
Eastern Main Crop Fly Crop
S.Western Fly Crop Main Crop
N.Western Main Crop Fly Crop
COFFEE TYPES AVAILABLE FOR EXPORT
• Natural Robusta• Washed Robusta• Washed Arabica• Natural Arabica• Natural Organic Robusta• Washed Organic Arabica• Other certified coffees (Fair trade, Utz,
Rainforest Alliance) and 4C
Evolution of Robusta coffee research in Uganda
• Robusta coffee is indigenous to Uganda, where it is endemic to indigenous tropical forests (Maitland, 1926; Thomas, 1940)• Kibale, Itwara, Bwamba, Budongo in western Uganda; • Zoka in the northern Uganda • Kasai (defunct) in Central Uganda- near Lake Victoria.
• Pre- 1890:• No research• Few trees cultivated near homestead for cultural use• Propagated as open pollinated seedlings and mature stem cuttings of
any genotype• 1890-1910
• Germplasm collection• Emphasis on Arabica (considered high quality)• Importing and distribution of Arabica germplasm for cultivation
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Guinean
Congolese
Uganda-wildKibale
Uganda-wild Itwara
Uganda-cultivated • Nganda• Erecta
Genetic diversity of Ugandan C. canephora and other diversity groups
Uganda-feralKalangala
Musoli et al, 2007
• 1910-1916– Mainly Germplasm Collection– Emphasis changed to Robusta due to leaf rust on Arabica– Massive distribution of open pollinated seeds of nganda
phenotypes (due to vigour) to farmers• 1916-36
– Research was initiated (Mostly applied)– Germplasm collection– Evaluation and selection of natural genotypes for
• Bean size• Cup quality• Yield
– Emphasis on erecta phenotypes (large been size and high yielding)
– Massive distribution of open pollinated seeds of one tree selection and its descendants to farmers
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Erecta tree
Nganda tree
C. canephora phenotypes cultivated in Uganda
• 1936-56– Selections emphasizing natural nganda populations– Massive distribution of open pollinated seed of nganda
genotypes to farmers
• 1952-1970– Individual/clone selections emphasizing yield, quality,
resistance to leaf rust (8 elite clones – 3tn/ha)
• 1952-1970– Initiated conventional hybridization– Other research:
• soil fertility management (inorganic fertilizer application rates)
• tree population densities (spacing)• canopy management (pruning, stool stems)• insect pest management (cultural -berry borer)
• 1970-1990– Dark research period– Set up mother gardens for vegetative propagation
of 8 elite clones
• 1990-96– Revitalization of coffee research– Massive multiplication and distribution of 6 elite
clones – Selection of artificial hybrid clones (16 clones selected)– Research on
• Mulching + pest interactions (Mulch appropriateness) • Coffee + banana intercropping (4:1 coffee to banana;
profitability, food security))• Coffee + legume intercrops (profitability)• Inorganic vs. organic soil fertility management• Natural enemies of berry borer (Ugandan)
• Out break of coffee wilt disease
SEEDLINGS MULTIPLICATION & FARMING SYSTEMS
Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD) has been the major constraints of Robusta coffee production since 1993
31
•CWD infection is through wounds on stems and roots but direct penetration without wounds is possible through roots
•CWD is a vascular disease, whose symptoms progress from leaf curling to fatal wilting of infected trees (Fraselle, 1950; Saccas, 1951)
C. canephora tree which has wilted to death due to CWDHealthy C. canephora tree
Primary branches of C. canephora tree with curling leaves caused by CWD
CWD symptom on C. canephora trees in the field
• 1997-2012 emphasis– Development of CWD resistant varieties
• Screening populations for resistance to CWD
Leaf rust
Red blister
Evaluating CWD resistant genotypes for other traits (yield, quality, resistance to other diseases (leaf rust, red blister)
CWD resistant variety
Emerging issues
– Emergency and management of Black coffee Twig Borer• Epidemiology• Diversity• Cultural, Chemical and Biological control
– Climate change (especially unpredictable and prolonged drought periods)
– Molecular marker assisted breeding for • Drought tolerance• CWD resistance• BCTB resistance
Key points on research• Evolved from collection of local natural populations to
basic applied research• Driven by the needs of the industry
– Productivity– Quality
• Served the basic needs of the industry– High yielding, disease resistant and good quality varieties
and their propagation methods (seed, tissue culture, cuttings)
– Generic soil fertility management practices– Generic crop canopy management practices– Diagnostic and pest (weeds, insects +disease) management
services• Limited in Academia• Still have many un studied diverse populations
Areas of collaboration
• Need to leap to upstream science such as marker assisted selection for better varieties– Quality– Drought tolerance– Disease resistance– Adaptation marginal soil conditions (ph)– Pest and disease diagnosis
• Building capacity for the upstream science– Human– Infrastructure
Robusta’s space in specialty movement is empty
Arabica
Specialty(10%)
Conventional(90%)
Why 0% Specialty Robusta
Equated to poor quality
Limited effort from origins to differentiate robusta
Attitude change
R-GradingInitial effort + price discovery system
Perception
10th African Fine Coffee Conference + Exhibition Kampala Uganda 14-16th Feb 2013 will change attitude
Hard facts
• Robusta is a big contributor to global production/consumption (40%)
• Now makes zero contribution to the specialty movement
• Robusta also has outstanding quality characteristics• Differentiation in robusta like any product adds great
value• Robusta consumption is largely in low/medium
income economies they are also entitled to differentiation
• Is an important source of livelihood for millions of households
ROBUSTA’S SPACE IN DIFFERENTIATED MARKET
In the past two years we have held 9 international robusta workshops and outstanding robustas were found:– Western and Central Africa:
• Ivory Coast, Togo, Gabon• Cameroun, Angola
– East Africa: • Uganda, RD Congo and Tanzania • Madagascar
– South and South-East of Asia: • India and Indonesia (Java, Flores)
– Latin America• Mexico, Guatemala and Ecuador • Brazil (Conilon)
The 10th African Fine Coffee Conference + Exhibition Kampala Uganda 14-16th Feb 2013
• Washed robustas: mild, olives, cinnamon, milk chocolate• Robusta Naturals: fruty, dark chocolate, molases, cinnamon• Wild Naturals Robustas: blueberry, honey, spicy, cocoa and nutmeg
aromas and flavors
Fragrance / Aroma
Flavor
Aftertaste
Salt / Acid Balance
Bitter / Sweet Balance
Mouthfeel
7
7.25
7.5
7.75
8
UGANDA Robustas Flavor Profile
Bushenyi
Pearl
Kasambya N1
Kawacom W
ROBUSTA HAS SPACE IN DIFFERENTIATED MARKET
Therefore we need to commit to:• Quality improvement and development of
protocols• Country identification of locations and varieties
with intrinsic potential• Research and develop processing methods and
conditions important for robusta differentiation• Encourage and excite everyone about outstanding
robustas• Look into price discovery for specialty robusta
Intensive training for protocols development
THINGS TO CONSIDER
• Refine and expedite protocols development• Validate and internationalise the protocols• Recast the way robusta is traded • De-commoditize robusta (specialty robusta
exchange in Brazil?????????)
WHEN THE BIRTH PLACE OF ROBUSTA
MEETS
THE BIGGEST CONSUMER OF
ROBUSTA
SOMETHING FUNDAMENTAL MUST
HAPPEN
TOGETHER: LET’S WORK ON SPECIALTY ROBUSTA and stick till delivered like a postage stamp
Keeping together Is progress
Coming together is a beginning
WORKING TOGETHER IS SUCCESS
Henry Ford 1863-1947
COME TO UGANDA THEBIRTH PLACE OF ROBUSTA COFFEE
and also for THE 10TH AFRICA FINE COFFEE CONFERENCE
& EXHIBITION
14-16TH FEBRARY 2013
GREAT ROBUSTAS WILL BE UNVEILED
THANK YOU
“For magnificence, for variety, of form and color, for profusion of brilliant life – plant, bird, insect, reptile beast – for vast scale….Uganda is truly the Pearl of Africa.” Winston Churchill