Robotics

ROBOTICS

INDEX About robotics History of robotics Components Controls Robotic research Education & training Employment

Biblography

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About roboticsRobotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction,

operation & applicable of robots, as well as computer system for their control,

sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies deal with

automated machines that can take the place of human in dangerous

environments or manufacturing process, or resemble human in appearance,

behavior & Cognition.

History of robots In 1927 the Maschinenmensch ("machine-human") gynoid humanoid

robot (also called "Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Maria impersonator") was the first depiction of a robot ever to appear on film was played by German actress Brigitte Helm in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis

In 1942 the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov formulated his Three Laws of Robotics.

In 1948 Norbert wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.

Fully autonomous robots only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, or more accurately and reliably, than humans. They are also employed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

Components  Power sources  Actuation Sensing Manipulation Locomotion Environmental interaction and navigation Human robot interaction

Power sourcesAt present mostly (lead-acid) batteries are used as a power source. Many

different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They

range from lead acid batteries which are safe and have relatively long shelf

lives but are rather heavy to silver cadmium batteries that are much smaller in

volume and are currently much more expensive. Potential power sources

could be: pneumatic(compressed gases) hydraulics (liquids) Flywheel energy storage organic garbage (through anaerobic digestion)

ActuationActuators are like the “muscles" of a robot, the parts Which convert stored

energy into movement. By far the most popular actuators are electric motors

that spin a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in

factories. But there are some recent advances in alternative types of

actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air . There

are more actuators:

Electric motors Linear actuators Linear actuators Air muscles Muscle wire Electro active polymers Piezo motors Elastic nanotubes

SensingSensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of

the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to

perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to

calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of

measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and

to provide real time information of the task it is performing. There are more

sensing robots are: Touch Vision

ManipulationRobots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or other wise

have an effect. Thus the "hands" of a robot are often referred to as end

effectors, while the "arm" is referred to as a manipulator. Most robot arms

have replaceable effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range

of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator which cannot be replaced, while a

few have one very general purpose manipulator, for example a humanoid

hand. There are different manipulating are: Mechanical grippers Vacuum grippers General purpose effectors

LocomotionRobot locomotion is the collective name for the various methods that

robots use to transport themselves from place to place. Although wheeled

robots are typically quite energy efficient and simple to control, other forms

of locomotion may be more appropriate for a number of reasons (e.g.

traversing rough terrain, moving and interacting in human environments).

There are different types of locomotion: Rolling robots Two-wheeled balancing robots One-wheeled balancing robots Spherical orb robots Six-wheeled robots Tracked robots

Walking applied to robots ZMP Technique Hopping Dynamic balancing (controlled falling) Passive dynamics Flying Snaking Skating Climbing Swimming (Piscine)

Environmental interaction and navigation

Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human

controlled, or operate in a static environment, there is an increasing interest in

robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. These robots

require some combination of navigation hardware and software in order to

traverse their environment. Most of these robots employ a GPS navigation

device with waypoints, along with radar, sometimes combined with other sensory

data such as LIDAR, video cameras, and inertial giddiness system for better

navigation between waypoints. There are different Environmental interaction and

navigation are: Human-robot interaction Speech recognition Robotic voice Gestures Facial expression Artificial emotions Personality

ControlThe mechanical structure of a robot must be controlled to perform tasks. The

control of a robot involves three distinct phases – perception, processing, and

action (robotic paradigms). Sensors give information about the

environment or the robot itself. The processing phase can range in

complexity. At a reactive level, it may translate raw sensor information directly

into actuator commands .Sensor fusion may first be used to estimate

parameters of interest (e.g. the position of the robot's gripper) from noisy

sensor data. An immediate task (such as moving the gripper in a certain

direction) is inferred from these estimates. Techniques from  control

theory convert the task into commands that drive the actuators. There are

different controls are: Autonomy levels

Robotics researchMuch of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but

on investigations into new types of robots, alternative ways to think about or

design robots. First generation robots, Moravec predicted in 1997, should

have an intellectual capacity comparable to perhaps a lizard and should

become available by 2010. Because the first generation robot would be

incapable of learning, however, Moravec predicts that the second

generation robot would be an improvement over the first and become

available by 2020, with the intelligence maybe comparable to that of

a mouse. The third generation robot should have the intelligence comparable

to that of a monkey. Though fourth generation robots, robots

with human intelligence, professor Moravec predicts, would become possible,

he does not predict this happening before around 2040 or 2050.

Education and training

Robotics engineers design robots, maintain them, develop new applications

for them, and conduct research to expand the potential of robotics . Robots

have become a popular educational tool in some middle and high

schools, as well as in numerous youth summer camps, raising interest in

programming, artificial intelligence and robotics among students .There

are different Education and Training : Career training Certification Summer robotics camp Robotics afterschool programs

Employment

Technological unemployment is unemployment primarily caused by

technology change. Given that technological change generally increases

productivity, it is a tenet held in economics since the 19th century that

technological change, although it disrupts the careers of individuals and the

health of particular firms, produces opportunities for the creation of new,

unrelated jobs. The notion of technological unemployment leading to

structural unemployment (and being macro economically injurious) is often

called the Luddite fallacy, named after the early historical example of

the  Luddite.