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Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures
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Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Robert W. ChristophersonCharlie Thomsen

Chapter 5 Global

Temperatures

Page 2: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Frozen tundra, very sensitive to global temperature change. Temperature increase in the polar region is more than double the rate of the rest of the globe.

Page 3: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

The Sad Face of Melting

Picture taken by Michael Nolan, a oceanic photographer, on July 16, 2009 in Norway

Page 4: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Temperature Concepts and Measurement  

Principal Temperature Controls  

Earth’s Temperature Patterns 

Air Temperature and the Human Body 

Global Temperatures

Page 5: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy (motion) of individual molecules in matter.

Heat always transfer in the direction from higher temperature to lower temperature.

High temperature does not necessarily mean more heat.

Temperature

Page 6: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Temperature Scales Fahrenheit

Celsius

Kelvin 

Measuring TemperatureMechanical (shrink/expansion)

Electric  

Temperature Concepts and Measurement  

Page 7: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Temperature Scales

Figure 5.1

Page 8: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Thermometer and Instrument Shelter

Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3

Min-max thermometer

Page 9: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Electric Device: Thermal Couple and Thermistor

Thermistor: is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting over current protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

Thermal Couple: In 1822, an Estonian physician named Thomas Seebeck discovered (accidentally) that the junction between two metals generates a voltage which is a function of temperature.

Unlike a thermometer, the electrical signals from a thermal couple or thermistor can be logged automatically with much higher accuracy.

Page 10: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

What do we Care About Temperature

1. It is one of the most important weather and climate factors2. All living species, plants, animals or microbes, have a suitable

temperature range to live.3. All biological and many physical processes are influenced by temperature

i) Plant growthii) Decomposition of plant residualsiii) Melting of ice and snowiv) Evaporation of water

4. Commonly used temperaturei) Effective temperature: usually refers the temperature above the minimum required for a particular plant to be active (e.g. corn or peas ). For most plant, it is 5oC.ii) Growing Degree Days: sum of mean daily temperature above the effective temperature. A very good predictor for phenology, e.g. time to flowering, time to harvest etc.

iii) Extreme low/high temperature: can be a determinant factor limiting certain species spatial distribution.

Page 11: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Mean Temperatures

1. During the old days when there is no automatic data logging, staff at meteorological stations took a reading on their instrument four times a day: 02:00, 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00. The mean daily temperature is the mean of the four measurements.

2. Average of daily maximum and minimum temperature.

3. Modern automatic technology can set the instrument to measure the temperature every second and provide us with a mean at any time interval we want

4. Monthly Mean Temperature: adding daily mean temp and then divide the sum by the number of days in a month.

5. Annual Mean Temperature: adding the monthly mean temperature, and divide the sum by 12.

Page 12: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Latitude  Affects insolation, which is the primary factor causing the spatial variation of temperature on Earth surface.

Altitude  High altitude has greater daily rangeHigh altitude has lower annual average

Cloud Cover: Globally, 50% at any time.  High albedoModerate temperatures – cooler days, warmer nights

Sun Declination angle (Season)Land and Water  

Principal Temperature Controls  

Page 13: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Latitude and Temperature

Figure 5.4

Page 14: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Altitude

Figure 5.5

Page 15: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Evaporation

Transparency

Specific heat

Movement

Ocean currents and sea-surface temperatures

Marine vs. continental effects

Land–Water Heating Differences 

Page 16: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Land–Water Heating Differences  

Figure 5.7

Page 17: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Land Is Opaque

Figure 5.8

Page 18: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

The Gulf Stream

Figure 5.10

Red/orange: 25-29oCYellow/green: 17-24oCBlues: 10-16oCPurple: 1-9oC

Page 19: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Marine and Continental Climates:Vancouvervs.Winnipeg

Figure 5.12

Page 20: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Figure 5.13

Marine and Continental Climates:San Franciscovs.Wichita, KS

Page 21: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Marine and Continental Climates:Trondheimvs.Verkhoyansk

Figure 5.16

Page 22: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

January Temperature Map  Thermal equator movement southward

More pronounced over large continents

July Temperature Map  Thermal equator movement northward

More pronounced over large continents

Annual Temperature Range Map Continentality

Earth’s Temperature Patterns

Page 23: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

(b)

(c)

(a)

January Temperatures

Figure 5.14

Isotherm (iso=equal, therm=temperature: a line collects the points on the map that have the same temperature.

The closer the line is, the greater the temperature gradient, i.e. the faster the temperature changes in space.

Page 24: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

January Temperatures

Figure 5.14Note the coldest and hottest areas are both on land.

Page 25: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

(c)

(b)

(a)

July Temperatures

Figure 5.17

Thermal equator migrated north.

Page 26: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

July Temperatures

Figure 5.17

There is a greater seasonal N-S shift for the thermal equator on land than in oceans! Why?

Page 27: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Global Temperature Ranges

Figure 5.19

Page 28: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Wind chillCorrelates cold and wind speed

Heat indexCorrelates heat and humidity

Air Temperature and the Human Body

Page 29: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Wind Chill Table

Figure FS 5.1.1

Page 30: Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures.

Heat Index Table

Figure FS 5.1.2