© Mincom 2002 Page 1 Roads Roads Version 4.114a Presented by Wayne Stasinowsky
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MineScape Roads v4.114aPage > Open Product > Roads
Page > Change Product > Roads
Select the design file from the list of road design files
(The list will only present design files associated with the roads product.)
Notes:__________________________________________________________
Roads - WARNING
The Roads product needs to keep track of Roads layers, objects, windows and views.
(Layers associated with a road design
are prefixed with the road name.)
Do not edit or delete Roads layers or their objects manually.
“Undo” should not be used.
Redo the actions if needed.
It is recommended that only one window remains open when using the Roads page.
Layer names and elements within layers are used by MineScape Roads in a complex fashion. Renaming Roads layers and deleting or editing elements in Roads layers can cause problems in many actions.
The “Undo” function only applies to the CAD window. Roads also sets status and creates other objects such as tables and surfaces which cannot be “undone”. Redoing the action will overwrite the previous action.
If more than one window is open, focus may change between windows when moving the mouse over a second window during normal computer operation. In the current version, this can cause some minor problems when being asked to choose points during the horizontal and vertical alignment actions. The view may not match the draft plane. This can be corrected manually but it is easier to only have one window open.
Notes:_________________________________________________________
Three specific Road Menus
When you open the Roads page, the menu bar will have three options specific to Roads: Set Up, Road and Reports.
To generate a Road the following steps should be followed:
1. Set up parameters - Follow the Set Up menu from top to bottom.
2. Design the Road - Follow the Road menu from top to bottom.
2.1 Define the initial layout of the road in plan
2.2 Adjust the horizontal alignment including curves.
2.3 Drape the horizontal alignment onto the reference surface
2.4 Adjust the vertical alignment
2.5 Apply road cross-sectional templates to key points
2.6 Generated the road strings
2.7 Create cut and fill benches to the reference surface
3. Report the results - Using the Reports menu.
Smart Menus should be turned on so menu items for design actions will only be available when previous stages have been completed.
Notes:__________________________________________________________
Setup before Design
Many of the road design actions require a setup process to be performed before the action can be undertaken. The setup parameters are saved separately so they can be applied to different designs. Several different sets of setup parameters can be saved under different names to allow different scenario testing for a particular design step.
Although all the setup steps do not need to be done before any design steps, you will need to have done at least one setup before performing the corresponding design step.
Notes:__________________________________________________________
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Hint: It is sometimes better to perform the setup or review the setup immediately before the corresponding design step so the parameters are fresh in your mind.
© Mincom 2002
Setup Default Parameters
The road default parameters define general parameters for road design and display. One of the most important ones to consider is the Station Spacing. This defines the default spacing between each chainage point. This setting should depend on the length of road being designed and the detail required. For more detailed work, consider splitting the design into a number of sections. The design should not use more that 400 stations, as additional intermediate stations are automatically generated.
All other parameters, including those under the Layers and Display tabs, can be left as their defaults.
· Maximum grade - A warning is displayed if any segment exceeds this value. Grade may be entered in several formats which convert to the first.
A Grade Ratio e.g. “1:8”
A percentage e.g. “35%” (i.e. 35:100)
An angle e.g. “30” ( in current angular units e.g. degrees)
· Maximum grade change - A warning is displayed if the difference between the grades of any two adjacent segments exceeds this value.
· Vertical curve length percentage - A parabolic curve will start this percentage along the vertical segment. E.g. if a segment is 900 m and the percentage is 30%, the curve will start 300 m from the vertex.
Distance weight power – when superelevated roads are designed, the rate of change from the superelevated template to a normal template depends on the distance between the points and this power weighting.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Set Current Default
Several default specifications can be saved and their parameters can be used at various stages by setting the current default.
To set one as the current default specification, use menus:
Set Up > Default > Set Current
If there is already a current design you will be asked to confirm its termination.
Select or enter a road design name. This is set as the current road design.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Setup Design Parameters
(First Time Only)
On the initial entry to the design setup screen (menu option SetUp > Design > Parameters) you will be asked to select the current default parameters to use.
The Road Design Parameter form is presented with most fields set with defaults.
If you wish to alter any of the default names now is the time to do it, not after the road design has been commenced.
Enter a name for the road design.
(Tip: This is appended to all layer names for the design so make it short and not more than 12 characters)
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Warning: Altering the layer names after the design has started can cause serious problems with actions not being able to function properly.
© Mincom 2002
Best to have a separate “template” design file
The only other field that must must be filled out is the road Reference surface definition and the Template design file. However, these can be entered at a later stages or changed at any time during the design phase.
The Reference surface is any valid surface definition in Minescape, and it is the surface to which the road design will be generated. Typically it will be the current topographical surface.
The Template design file may be any Minescape design file which contains named road template objects. It is recommended that it is not the same design file as the road design file.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
No Changes
All operation in the road design system operate on the current road design, which keeps track of the current status, which layers are active for the design, and the location of the different design elements.
Several road design specifications can be saved and their designs can be at various stages. Setting a partially completed design to current, will restore its status, menus and parameters to the previously reached stage.
To set one as the current default specification, use menus:
Set Up > Design > Set Current
If there is already a current design you will be asked to confirm its termination.
Select or enter a road design name. This is set as the current road design.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Next steps to do
Completed steps
At any time during road design you can inspect the road Status which shows which key steps have been completed. This is achieved using menus:
Road > Status
By default the current road design is shown, but by using the pull down list in the road name field, the status of any existing designs may be displayed.
The completed parts of the road design are shown with a “Yes” in the "Completed" Tab. In addition, an ordered list of suggested next steps is shown in the "To Do" Tab.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: If part of a step is completed satisfactorily, the status shows that step as completed, even if the user has not completed all parts of that step.
NOTE: Redoing an earlier step will normally reset the status of all subsequent steps.
© Mincom 2002
Enter the Initial Line
The whole road design starts with an initial line in plan. Use menus:
Road > Initial Alignment > Input Line
If you have an existing line that you wish to choose, use menus:
Road > Initial Alignment > Pick Existing
If you have not set the current road, you will be asked to do so.
If the initial line already exists, you will be asked to confirm it is OK to overwrite it. Changing an initial line after designing a complete road will reset the status for ALL subsequent steps so you will lose that road design. If you wish to keep a current road design, start a new road design.
Enter the points as for any CAD line, finishing with a “Q”. Roads will redraw the line inserting chainage points (CH) as stars. Initial points (IP) are marked with crosses.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Setup Chainage Labels
Enter the tag points in the chainage object are required for labels. Labels will be generated at each chainage point that match the tag names entered in this list. The tags must be on the centre line so valid tags are initially only IP and CH. Other default tags will not show as chainage labels.
Controls
Start and End chainage - Any of the requested chainage tags that lie within this range will be output. If missing is entered, all chainage points are used.
Offset - an offset distance from the centre line (positive to the right, negative to the left looking from the start of the line).
Format A format which may include text e.g. “{N.3}” which will produce 1200.000 or “Chainage {N10.3}” which will produce Chainage 1200.000
Colour and Font - the font and colour to use for the text.
Text Size - a text width and height in design file units.
Tag Labels - Yes for tag labels to be output e.g. the text “CH”
Notes:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
To Display the chainage labels at any stage, use menus:
Road > Display > Labels...
You will be asked for a chainage label definition.
You may not see the chainage labels because they are put into the chainage layer and it may not be visible. Use Road > Display > Layers to turn this layer on.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hint: To get the display correct, leave both the chainage setup and display forms open and use “Apply”.
© Mincom 2002
Display Layers
Roads uses several layers to store and display information. Although actions turn layers on and off, you may wish to see other layers. You can use the MineScape layer manager to do this but a more convenient method has been built into Roads.
To manage layers for the current road design at any time, use menus:
Road > Display > Layers...
Only the layers for the current road design are displayed. Select the layers to display or hide and use > or < to move the layer names. Use >> or << to move all layer names.
Once the selection is as required, click OK or Apply for the currently selected layers to become visible.
Notes:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Curve the Initial Line
After the initial line has been drawn, we need to curve the corners. Use menus:
Road > Horizontal Alignment > Curve
Interactively move the mouse until the desired curvature is obtained.
Input is restricted to a line along the horizontal that bisects the angle subtended by the vertex. If an exact radius is required to be entered, use the Key In Distance option from the pop-up menu or the quick key Ctrl D.
The type of curve generated (circular or transtional), depends on the current setting for design parameters Set Up > Curve Type…
Verticies in the initial road can be deleted , inserted or moved using the other options in the Road > Horizontal Alignment menu.
Notes:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Changing Curve Types
The type of curve generated depends on the current setting for design parameters Set Up > Curve Type…
This is simply a duplicate call to the CAD menu option Settings > Drawing > Parameters so only the top panel relating to curve type is relevant.
The options are:
Circular - a circular curve begins from the start tangential point and continues with a constant radius to the end tangential point.
Transitional - a transitional curve begins from the tangential point with an infinite radius which incrementally reduces to the design radius over the transitional length. The curve then continues with a constant radius until the exit transitional part of the curve is reached. The radius is then incrementally increased to infinity until the exit tangential point is reached.
A Transitional % Is a percentage of the horizontal radius.
Notes:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: You should use one curve type only. Using both types in the one road may case problems with applying templates.
© Mincom 2002
Drape Line onto the Surface
The horizontal road alignment is draped onto the reference surface to produce a new line in the “Draped Line” layer. The road is not actually draped until the the vertical alignment is adjusted and committed. The draped line is a reference line to allow vertical alignment to be performed.
Notes:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Setup Long Section Definition
Additional information can be displayed beneath the section. Any of the following options can be displayed:
Datum - datum will always be output, use this to change the label
Chainage - chainage distance
Reference - the elevation of the reference surface
Difference – the difference in elevation between the road and surface
Labels - the label to use for each item if required.
Vertical Line Points - tag points in the chainage object are required to be displayed as vertical lines. A vertical line will be drawn at each chainage point that matches the tag names entered in this list. These positions are also used to calculate the requested information. The tag points must be on the initial line (defaults are IP and CH only ). If you do not want vertical lines, do not select any tag points.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Controls
Colours - enter the colours to use for the different parts of the plot.
Datum - enter a datum to used for the section. If missing is entered a datum will be calculated.
Exaggeration - Enter a Z exaggeration if required. The text will be adjusted.
Text size Text can be adjusted in size by applying a text size factor. Enter a value larger than 1.0 to increase the text size, and a value less than 1 to decrease the size. (Do not enter a value less than or equal to zero).
Notes:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Longitudinal Section Lines
A long section is created by stretching a road into a vertical plane.
It will be displayed in front view located at the start point of the road.
The following items may be displayed:
A company name and title
The reference surface (e.g. topography)
Design lines
Datum Datum elevation.
Chainage Chainage distance.
Elevation The elevation of the road.
Reference The elevation of the reference surface.
Difference Difference in elevation between the road and reference surface.
The initial long section shows the grade between the start and end points. This is also what is generated if the “Initialise Line” option is checked (although it has no effect for the first section generated)
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Insert Vertical Alignment Points
Insert a vertex to vertically grade the road. A vertical parabolic curve is applied. The grade of the section is displayed as feedback
At completion of each action to inset a vertex, move or vertically move vertex. The curve will be reapplied and any point that exceeds the design criteria e.g. maximum grade or maximum change of grade (from Setup > Defaults > Parameters) will be reported as a warning.
If you receive the following warning:
Your vertex is too close to the previous vertex and a parabolic curve cannot be applied.
To have the information at the bottom of the section updated, you may need to redo the vertical section but make sure the “Initialise Line” is UNCHECKED.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Commit the Vertical Alignment
Commit the vertical alignment for the road. This involves taking the vertical alignment definition (as defined by using the long section) and applying it to the horizontal curve definition for the road, and generating a combined curved alignment element in 3D space.
Note: Any subsequent change in vertical or horizontal alignment will require the road to be committed again.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
in the CAD window
A road template defines the cross-sectional profile of one half of the road surface. Typically this might slope away from the crown of the road.
A number of named profile templates must be designed before they can be applied to the road path. It is recommended that they be placed in a separate design file. Both standard cross sectional profiles and super elevated profiles should be designed.
To create a template, from the Roads page, open a new or existing design file, preferably not one with a road design. Use menus:
Set Up > Templates > Create Template
Pick a start location point which will be used as the origin for the template. You are then provided with a form that corresponds with the object definition. The origin you selected is put in the form but you can edit this to move the origin (e.g. to line up several templates).
The start location point is used as a local origin. When the template is applied to the road, the local origin is translated to the relevant point on the road centre line. Offsets from the local origin will give similar offsets from the centre line.
On the top line, there are four fields. Only the “Name” field can be edited (the others will be completed for you). In the “Name” field. enter a name by which this template can be referenced when generating a road.
Notes:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Setup Templates - Vertices
Templates - Entering Vertices:
The initial vertex added by default is at offset 0,0,0. A non-zero offset for the initial vertex will start the template with an offset from the centre line.
Add new vertices by adding additional lines to the form and directly typing in the offsets required. Use only the x and z offsets. Set y offset to zero. Make sure that the segment line colour is set to a valid colour. Add markers at each vertex if desired (these will show on the extruded road).
Alternatively, you can add vertices graphically by clicking the Add Vertex button. (Note: The form will be stowed during cad entry) Press "q" to terminate vertex entry, and the offsets from the line entered will be placed in the form.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hint: Adding extra annotation to the template design file does not affect the templates. Adding descriptive text, including the template’s name, makes later editing and referencing easier.
© Mincom 2002
corners
Apply road cross-sectional templates to the road centre line using menus:
Road > Templates > Apply
Enter the names of the templates required. Only the Normal template needs to be specified, however by specifying different profiles for the inside and outside curve, super elevated curves can be generated. Any template not named will use the Normal profile. These may be applied to:
The complete road
A selected curve
If you choose “Complete Road”, normal profiles are appled at the start and end of the road and at the start and end of each curve. The inside and outside templates are applied either side of the centre line at each curve apex (no matter how sharp or gentle the curve might be). The templates can be adjusted by deleting templates and reapplying them at selected chainage points or for selected curves.
Notes:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Generate Road
A road surface is generated by extruding the cross-sectional profiles along the length of the road by following the curved centre line and graduating the cross sectional profiles between the applied templates. Initiate this action using menus:
Road > Generate Road
In this option, edge profiles may be added. For example, a channel profile may be added for cut area, whereas a safety berm may be added to a fill area.
Enter the names of cut and fill edge templates if required.
Longitudinal line strings are generated at the key points in cross-sectional profiles and at the road edges. It also genrates a boundary polygon.
Note: The distance power weighting in the current road defaults specification is used to define the rate of change between profiles when changing from a normal to super elevated profile. A value of 1 give a linear change. Higher numbers
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Target surface
Benching Method
Enter a batter definition to use when projecting the edges of the roadway, either up or down, to the reference surface.
The target surface for the road is defined in the Road design parameters Spec. It is not required here but as this Spec may be used for general bench definition, it has been included for completeness.
Three benching methods are available:
1. None - No benches will be generated.
2. Parallel - Parallel benches are created parallel to the roadway surface.
3. Horizontal - Horizontal benches are at a constant elevation. The actual elevation used depends on the base level and the distance between benches.
Also enter the bench height, slope or angle and bench width required foe both the cut areas and the fill areas.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
None - no benches are included in either cut or fillbatters..
Parallel - Benches are generated parallel to the road surface. Where the road has a grade, the benches at that point will also have the same grade.
Horizontal - Horizontal benches are at a constant elevation. The actual elevation used depends on the base level and the distance between benches. For example if a base level of 35 is entered and benches are to be created every 10 units (metres or feet), then benches will be created at 45, 55, 65 etc. (if required). If the base level is missing, the default elevation of zero will be used.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cut & Fill Batter Generation
Choose a previously saved batter definition to use when projecting the edges of the roadway to the reference surface.
The batter generation module generates rays from the road edge points up to the surface and saves those in the “Batter Rays” layer. It then joins lines along the benches and saves those in the “Batter Lines” layer.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Road Surface Generation
A triangulated surface of the roadway including the cut and fill batters is generated using this option.
Note: This must be created before volumes or cross-sections can be generated.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Output
On each section, additional information can be displayed. Choose any or all of the following options:
Datum - The datum is always output.
Offset - offset distance of the section point from the centre line.
Elevation - the elevation of the section point.
Difference - the difference in elevation between the section point and reference surface.
CutFill - Choose this option if you want the cut and fill areas to be determined. You will not be able to generate volumes later if this option is not chosen.
You can enter a label to use for each item, otherwise its name will be used.
Note: The order that the options are entered dictates the order of the rows.
Chainage Points for Cross Sections - enter which tag points in the chainage object are required for sections. A cross section will be calculated at each chainage point that matches the tag names entered in this list. The chainage points must be on the centre line object for a section to be generated there.
(By default this is only IP - Initial Point and CH - Chainage point.)
Notes:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Controls
Start and end Chainage - enter a start and end chainage for the sections. Any of the requested chainage tags that lie within this range will be output. If missing is entered, all chainage points are used.
Number of Columns and Rows - enter the number of columns or rows to use for the sections. Do not enter both. e.g. If there were 20 sections and you chose 5 columns, 4 rows would be used. If you chose 3 rows, 7 columns would be used.
Column and Row Offsets - The distance between the local origins for adjacent sections (in design file units).
Text Size and Offset - Size of text and offset from the local origins to the start of the labels for each row of information (in design file units).
Z exaggeration - Vertical exaggeration for the sections. Text is adjusted.
Notes:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
?? Toalster Original Slides
Page > Change Product > Roads
Select the design file from the list of road design files
(The list will only present design files associated with the roads product.)
Notes:__________________________________________________________
Roads - WARNING
The Roads product needs to keep track of Roads layers, objects, windows and views.
(Layers associated with a road design
are prefixed with the road name.)
Do not edit or delete Roads layers or their objects manually.
“Undo” should not be used.
Redo the actions if needed.
It is recommended that only one window remains open when using the Roads page.
Layer names and elements within layers are used by MineScape Roads in a complex fashion. Renaming Roads layers and deleting or editing elements in Roads layers can cause problems in many actions.
The “Undo” function only applies to the CAD window. Roads also sets status and creates other objects such as tables and surfaces which cannot be “undone”. Redoing the action will overwrite the previous action.
If more than one window is open, focus may change between windows when moving the mouse over a second window during normal computer operation. In the current version, this can cause some minor problems when being asked to choose points during the horizontal and vertical alignment actions. The view may not match the draft plane. This can be corrected manually but it is easier to only have one window open.
Notes:_________________________________________________________
Three specific Road Menus
When you open the Roads page, the menu bar will have three options specific to Roads: Set Up, Road and Reports.
To generate a Road the following steps should be followed:
1. Set up parameters - Follow the Set Up menu from top to bottom.
2. Design the Road - Follow the Road menu from top to bottom.
2.1 Define the initial layout of the road in plan
2.2 Adjust the horizontal alignment including curves.
2.3 Drape the horizontal alignment onto the reference surface
2.4 Adjust the vertical alignment
2.5 Apply road cross-sectional templates to key points
2.6 Generated the road strings
2.7 Create cut and fill benches to the reference surface
3. Report the results - Using the Reports menu.
Smart Menus should be turned on so menu items for design actions will only be available when previous stages have been completed.
Notes:__________________________________________________________
Setup before Design
Many of the road design actions require a setup process to be performed before the action can be undertaken. The setup parameters are saved separately so they can be applied to different designs. Several different sets of setup parameters can be saved under different names to allow different scenario testing for a particular design step.
Although all the setup steps do not need to be done before any design steps, you will need to have done at least one setup before performing the corresponding design step.
Notes:__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Hint: It is sometimes better to perform the setup or review the setup immediately before the corresponding design step so the parameters are fresh in your mind.
© Mincom 2002
Setup Default Parameters
The road default parameters define general parameters for road design and display. One of the most important ones to consider is the Station Spacing. This defines the default spacing between each chainage point. This setting should depend on the length of road being designed and the detail required. For more detailed work, consider splitting the design into a number of sections. The design should not use more that 400 stations, as additional intermediate stations are automatically generated.
All other parameters, including those under the Layers and Display tabs, can be left as their defaults.
· Maximum grade - A warning is displayed if any segment exceeds this value. Grade may be entered in several formats which convert to the first.
A Grade Ratio e.g. “1:8”
A percentage e.g. “35%” (i.e. 35:100)
An angle e.g. “30” ( in current angular units e.g. degrees)
· Maximum grade change - A warning is displayed if the difference between the grades of any two adjacent segments exceeds this value.
· Vertical curve length percentage - A parabolic curve will start this percentage along the vertical segment. E.g. if a segment is 900 m and the percentage is 30%, the curve will start 300 m from the vertex.
Distance weight power – when superelevated roads are designed, the rate of change from the superelevated template to a normal template depends on the distance between the points and this power weighting.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Set Current Default
Several default specifications can be saved and their parameters can be used at various stages by setting the current default.
To set one as the current default specification, use menus:
Set Up > Default > Set Current
If there is already a current design you will be asked to confirm its termination.
Select or enter a road design name. This is set as the current road design.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Setup Design Parameters
(First Time Only)
On the initial entry to the design setup screen (menu option SetUp > Design > Parameters) you will be asked to select the current default parameters to use.
The Road Design Parameter form is presented with most fields set with defaults.
If you wish to alter any of the default names now is the time to do it, not after the road design has been commenced.
Enter a name for the road design.
(Tip: This is appended to all layer names for the design so make it short and not more than 12 characters)
Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Warning: Altering the layer names after the design has started can cause serious problems with actions not being able to function properly.
© Mincom 2002
Best to have a separate “template” design file
The only other field that must must be filled out is the road Reference surface definition and the Template design file. However, these can be entered at a later stages or changed at any time during the design phase.
The Reference surface is any valid surface definition in Minescape, and it is the surface to which the road design will be generated. Typically it will be the current topographical surface.
The Template design file may be any Minescape design file which contains named road template objects. It is recommended that it is not the same design file as the road design file.
Notes:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
No Changes
All operation in the road design system operate on the current road design, which keeps track of the current status, which layers are active for the design, and the location of the different design elements.
Several road design specifications can be saved and their designs can be at various stages. Setting a partially completed design to current, will restore its status, menus and parameters to the previously reached stage.
To set one as the current default specification, use menus:
Set Up > Design > Set Current
If there is already a current design you will be asked to confirm its termination.
Select or enter a road design name. This is set as the current road design.
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Next steps to do
Completed steps
At any time during road design you can inspect the road Status which shows which key steps have been completed. This is achieved using menus:
Road > Status
By default the current road design is shown, but by using the pull down list in the road name field, the status of any existing designs may be displayed.
The completed parts of the road design are shown with a “Yes” in the "Completed" Tab. In addition, an ordered list of suggested next steps is shown in the "To Do" Tab.
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NOTE: If part of a step is completed satisfactorily, the status shows that step as completed, even if the user has not completed all parts of that step.
NOTE: Redoing an earlier step will normally reset the status of all subsequent steps.
© Mincom 2002
Enter the Initial Line
The whole road design starts with an initial line in plan. Use menus:
Road > Initial Alignment > Input Line
If you have an existing line that you wish to choose, use menus:
Road > Initial Alignment > Pick Existing
If you have not set the current road, you will be asked to do so.
If the initial line already exists, you will be asked to confirm it is OK to overwrite it. Changing an initial line after designing a complete road will reset the status for ALL subsequent steps so you will lose that road design. If you wish to keep a current road design, start a new road design.
Enter the points as for any CAD line, finishing with a “Q”. Roads will redraw the line inserting chainage points (CH) as stars. Initial points (IP) are marked with crosses.
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Setup Chainage Labels
Enter the tag points in the chainage object are required for labels. Labels will be generated at each chainage point that match the tag names entered in this list. The tags must be on the centre line so valid tags are initially only IP and CH. Other default tags will not show as chainage labels.
Controls
Start and End chainage - Any of the requested chainage tags that lie within this range will be output. If missing is entered, all chainage points are used.
Offset - an offset distance from the centre line (positive to the right, negative to the left looking from the start of the line).
Format A format which may include text e.g. “{N.3}” which will produce 1200.000 or “Chainage {N10.3}” which will produce Chainage 1200.000
Colour and Font - the font and colour to use for the text.
Text Size - a text width and height in design file units.
Tag Labels - Yes for tag labels to be output e.g. the text “CH”
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To Display the chainage labels at any stage, use menus:
Road > Display > Labels...
You will be asked for a chainage label definition.
You may not see the chainage labels because they are put into the chainage layer and it may not be visible. Use Road > Display > Layers to turn this layer on.
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Hint: To get the display correct, leave both the chainage setup and display forms open and use “Apply”.
© Mincom 2002
Display Layers
Roads uses several layers to store and display information. Although actions turn layers on and off, you may wish to see other layers. You can use the MineScape layer manager to do this but a more convenient method has been built into Roads.
To manage layers for the current road design at any time, use menus:
Road > Display > Layers...
Only the layers for the current road design are displayed. Select the layers to display or hide and use > or < to move the layer names. Use >> or << to move all layer names.
Once the selection is as required, click OK or Apply for the currently selected layers to become visible.
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Curve the Initial Line
After the initial line has been drawn, we need to curve the corners. Use menus:
Road > Horizontal Alignment > Curve
Interactively move the mouse until the desired curvature is obtained.
Input is restricted to a line along the horizontal that bisects the angle subtended by the vertex. If an exact radius is required to be entered, use the Key In Distance option from the pop-up menu or the quick key Ctrl D.
The type of curve generated (circular or transtional), depends on the current setting for design parameters Set Up > Curve Type…
Verticies in the initial road can be deleted , inserted or moved using the other options in the Road > Horizontal Alignment menu.
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Changing Curve Types
The type of curve generated depends on the current setting for design parameters Set Up > Curve Type…
This is simply a duplicate call to the CAD menu option Settings > Drawing > Parameters so only the top panel relating to curve type is relevant.
The options are:
Circular - a circular curve begins from the start tangential point and continues with a constant radius to the end tangential point.
Transitional - a transitional curve begins from the tangential point with an infinite radius which incrementally reduces to the design radius over the transitional length. The curve then continues with a constant radius until the exit transitional part of the curve is reached. The radius is then incrementally increased to infinity until the exit tangential point is reached.
A Transitional % Is a percentage of the horizontal radius.
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Note: You should use one curve type only. Using both types in the one road may case problems with applying templates.
© Mincom 2002
Drape Line onto the Surface
The horizontal road alignment is draped onto the reference surface to produce a new line in the “Draped Line” layer. The road is not actually draped until the the vertical alignment is adjusted and committed. The draped line is a reference line to allow vertical alignment to be performed.
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Setup Long Section Definition
Additional information can be displayed beneath the section. Any of the following options can be displayed:
Datum - datum will always be output, use this to change the label
Chainage - chainage distance
Reference - the elevation of the reference surface
Difference – the difference in elevation between the road and surface
Labels - the label to use for each item if required.
Vertical Line Points - tag points in the chainage object are required to be displayed as vertical lines. A vertical line will be drawn at each chainage point that matches the tag names entered in this list. These positions are also used to calculate the requested information. The tag points must be on the initial line (defaults are IP and CH only ). If you do not want vertical lines, do not select any tag points.
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Controls
Colours - enter the colours to use for the different parts of the plot.
Datum - enter a datum to used for the section. If missing is entered a datum will be calculated.
Exaggeration - Enter a Z exaggeration if required. The text will be adjusted.
Text size Text can be adjusted in size by applying a text size factor. Enter a value larger than 1.0 to increase the text size, and a value less than 1 to decrease the size. (Do not enter a value less than or equal to zero).
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Longitudinal Section Lines
A long section is created by stretching a road into a vertical plane.
It will be displayed in front view located at the start point of the road.
The following items may be displayed:
A company name and title
The reference surface (e.g. topography)
Design lines
Datum Datum elevation.
Chainage Chainage distance.
Elevation The elevation of the road.
Reference The elevation of the reference surface.
Difference Difference in elevation between the road and reference surface.
The initial long section shows the grade between the start and end points. This is also what is generated if the “Initialise Line” option is checked (although it has no effect for the first section generated)
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Insert Vertical Alignment Points
Insert a vertex to vertically grade the road. A vertical parabolic curve is applied. The grade of the section is displayed as feedback
At completion of each action to inset a vertex, move or vertically move vertex. The curve will be reapplied and any point that exceeds the design criteria e.g. maximum grade or maximum change of grade (from Setup > Defaults > Parameters) will be reported as a warning.
If you receive the following warning:
Your vertex is too close to the previous vertex and a parabolic curve cannot be applied.
To have the information at the bottom of the section updated, you may need to redo the vertical section but make sure the “Initialise Line” is UNCHECKED.
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Commit the Vertical Alignment
Commit the vertical alignment for the road. This involves taking the vertical alignment definition (as defined by using the long section) and applying it to the horizontal curve definition for the road, and generating a combined curved alignment element in 3D space.
Note: Any subsequent change in vertical or horizontal alignment will require the road to be committed again.
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in the CAD window
A road template defines the cross-sectional profile of one half of the road surface. Typically this might slope away from the crown of the road.
A number of named profile templates must be designed before they can be applied to the road path. It is recommended that they be placed in a separate design file. Both standard cross sectional profiles and super elevated profiles should be designed.
To create a template, from the Roads page, open a new or existing design file, preferably not one with a road design. Use menus:
Set Up > Templates > Create Template
Pick a start location point which will be used as the origin for the template. You are then provided with a form that corresponds with the object definition. The origin you selected is put in the form but you can edit this to move the origin (e.g. to line up several templates).
The start location point is used as a local origin. When the template is applied to the road, the local origin is translated to the relevant point on the road centre line. Offsets from the local origin will give similar offsets from the centre line.
On the top line, there are four fields. Only the “Name” field can be edited (the others will be completed for you). In the “Name” field. enter a name by which this template can be referenced when generating a road.
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Setup Templates - Vertices
Templates - Entering Vertices:
The initial vertex added by default is at offset 0,0,0. A non-zero offset for the initial vertex will start the template with an offset from the centre line.
Add new vertices by adding additional lines to the form and directly typing in the offsets required. Use only the x and z offsets. Set y offset to zero. Make sure that the segment line colour is set to a valid colour. Add markers at each vertex if desired (these will show on the extruded road).
Alternatively, you can add vertices graphically by clicking the Add Vertex button. (Note: The form will be stowed during cad entry) Press "q" to terminate vertex entry, and the offsets from the line entered will be placed in the form.
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Hint: Adding extra annotation to the template design file does not affect the templates. Adding descriptive text, including the template’s name, makes later editing and referencing easier.
© Mincom 2002
corners
Apply road cross-sectional templates to the road centre line using menus:
Road > Templates > Apply
Enter the names of the templates required. Only the Normal template needs to be specified, however by specifying different profiles for the inside and outside curve, super elevated curves can be generated. Any template not named will use the Normal profile. These may be applied to:
The complete road
A selected curve
If you choose “Complete Road”, normal profiles are appled at the start and end of the road and at the start and end of each curve. The inside and outside templates are applied either side of the centre line at each curve apex (no matter how sharp or gentle the curve might be). The templates can be adjusted by deleting templates and reapplying them at selected chainage points or for selected curves.
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Generate Road
A road surface is generated by extruding the cross-sectional profiles along the length of the road by following the curved centre line and graduating the cross sectional profiles between the applied templates. Initiate this action using menus:
Road > Generate Road
In this option, edge profiles may be added. For example, a channel profile may be added for cut area, whereas a safety berm may be added to a fill area.
Enter the names of cut and fill edge templates if required.
Longitudinal line strings are generated at the key points in cross-sectional profiles and at the road edges. It also genrates a boundary polygon.
Note: The distance power weighting in the current road defaults specification is used to define the rate of change between profiles when changing from a normal to super elevated profile. A value of 1 give a linear change. Higher numbers
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Target surface
Benching Method
Enter a batter definition to use when projecting the edges of the roadway, either up or down, to the reference surface.
The target surface for the road is defined in the Road design parameters Spec. It is not required here but as this Spec may be used for general bench definition, it has been included for completeness.
Three benching methods are available:
1. None - No benches will be generated.
2. Parallel - Parallel benches are created parallel to the roadway surface.
3. Horizontal - Horizontal benches are at a constant elevation. The actual elevation used depends on the base level and the distance between benches.
Also enter the bench height, slope or angle and bench width required foe both the cut areas and the fill areas.
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None - no benches are included in either cut or fillbatters..
Parallel - Benches are generated parallel to the road surface. Where the road has a grade, the benches at that point will also have the same grade.
Horizontal - Horizontal benches are at a constant elevation. The actual elevation used depends on the base level and the distance between benches. For example if a base level of 35 is entered and benches are to be created every 10 units (metres or feet), then benches will be created at 45, 55, 65 etc. (if required). If the base level is missing, the default elevation of zero will be used.
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Cut & Fill Batter Generation
Choose a previously saved batter definition to use when projecting the edges of the roadway to the reference surface.
The batter generation module generates rays from the road edge points up to the surface and saves those in the “Batter Rays” layer. It then joins lines along the benches and saves those in the “Batter Lines” layer.
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Road Surface Generation
A triangulated surface of the roadway including the cut and fill batters is generated using this option.
Note: This must be created before volumes or cross-sections can be generated.
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Output
On each section, additional information can be displayed. Choose any or all of the following options:
Datum - The datum is always output.
Offset - offset distance of the section point from the centre line.
Elevation - the elevation of the section point.
Difference - the difference in elevation between the section point and reference surface.
CutFill - Choose this option if you want the cut and fill areas to be determined. You will not be able to generate volumes later if this option is not chosen.
You can enter a label to use for each item, otherwise its name will be used.
Note: The order that the options are entered dictates the order of the rows.
Chainage Points for Cross Sections - enter which tag points in the chainage object are required for sections. A cross section will be calculated at each chainage point that matches the tag names entered in this list. The chainage points must be on the centre line object for a section to be generated there.
(By default this is only IP - Initial Point and CH - Chainage point.)
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Controls
Start and end Chainage - enter a start and end chainage for the sections. Any of the requested chainage tags that lie within this range will be output. If missing is entered, all chainage points are used.
Number of Columns and Rows - enter the number of columns or rows to use for the sections. Do not enter both. e.g. If there were 20 sections and you chose 5 columns, 4 rows would be used. If you chose 3 rows, 7 columns would be used.
Column and Row Offsets - The distance between the local origins for adjacent sections (in design file units).
Text Size and Offset - Size of text and offset from the local origins to the start of the labels for each row of information (in design file units).
Z exaggeration - Vertical exaggeration for the sections. Text is adjusted.
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Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
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Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
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Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
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Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
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Two options are available for calculating volumes:
Surface Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the triangulated road surface and reference surface definition.
Sectional Volumes - the volumes associated with the road definition are calculated from the cross-sectional elements.
Note: This option can only be run after generating cross sections. Volumes are calculated by applying half the averaged distance between the cross-sectional area to each cut or fill area found in the sections.
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?? Toalster Original Slides
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