Roadmap for the Development of a Sustainability …...CAPE REGION: The Southern Right, Steenbras Street, Brenton on Sea, KNYSNA | PO Box 2984, Knysna 6570 Tel: +27 (0)44 381 0712 |

Roadmap for the Development of a Sustainability Programme for the 2022

Commonwealth Games, Durban

Contract Number: 7N-18364 Date of Report: 23 June 2016

KWAZULU-NATAL: 80 Davenport Square, 89 Helen Joseph Rd, Glenwood, DURBAN

CAPE REGION: The Southern Right, Steenbras Street, Brenton on Sea, KNYSNA | PO Box 2984, Knysna 6570

Tel: +27 (0)44 381 0712 | Fax: +27 (0)86 569 5554

www.futureworks.co.za

Sustainability Programme Roadmap: Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 ‐ REVIEW OF GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY CONTEXT & PRIORITIES .................................................. 23 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 23 1.2 Global Climate Change .................................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................ 29 1.4 Financial & Technical Support from the Global Community ........................................................... 33 1.5 Pointers for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme ........................ 34

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF NATIONAL & LOCAL CONTEXT & PRIORITIES .......................................................... 37 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Applicable National Legislation & Policy ......................................................................................... 37 2.3 Relevant Local / Regional Policies, Plans and Functions ................................................................. 45 2.4 Pointers for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme ........................ 52

CHAPTER 3 – LESSONS FROM PREVIOUS MUNICIPAL EVENT GREENING PROGRAMMES .............................. 56 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Overview of the Greening Durban 2010 Programme ...................................................................... 56 3.3 Overview of the COP17/CMP7 Greening Programme..................................................................... 62 3.4 General Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 67 3.5 Pointers for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme ..................................... 67

CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINABILITY APPROACHES IN COMMONWEALTH GAMES EVENTS .................................... 70 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 70 4.2 Commonwealth Games Federation Sustainability Requirements .................................................. 70 4.3 Sustainability and the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games ...................................................... 70 4.4 Pointers for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme ..................................... 72

CHAPTER 5 – SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH IN THE DURBAN 2022 COMMONWEALTH GAMES BID ............... 74 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 74 5.2 Summary of the Bidding Process ..................................................................................................... 74 5.3 Key Aspects of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Bid ........................................................ 74 5.4 Pointers for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Plan ..................................... 76

CHAPTER 6 ‐ ROADMAP ................................................................................................................................... 78 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 78 6.2 Summary of Key Underpinning Approaches / Concepts ................................................................. 78 6.3 Sustainability Workstreams, Goals and Objectives ......................................................................... 80 6.4 Sustainability Coordinating Structure.............................................................................................. 83 6.5 Human and Financial Resourcing .................................................................................................... 84 6.6 Further Stakeholder Engagements .................................................................................................. 85 6.7 Identifying Strategic Partnerships ................................................................................................... 85 6.8 Visual Roadmap ............................................................................................................................... 86

ANNEXURE A: KEY ORGANISATIONS / POTENTIAL PARTNERS ........................................................................ 87

ANNEXURE B: REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 90

ANNEXURE C: UN SDGS AND TARGETS ........................................................................................................... 94


TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Summary of Programme Workstreams and Goals ........................................................................... 19

Figure 2: Planetary Boundaries ....................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 3: The Oxfam Doughnut Model ............................................................................................................ 32

Figure 4: The South African Doughnut. ........................................................................................................... 33

Figure 5: Sustainability Programme organisational structure ......................................................................... 84

TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1: Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations ‐ list of relevant government notices .................... 40

Table 2: Waste Management Regulations ‐ list of relevant government notices ........................................... 40

Table 3: Summary of Key Approaches and Concepts underpinning the Roadmap Goals and Objectives ...... 78

Table 4: Sustainability Workstreams, Goals and Objectives ........................................................................... 80

Table 5: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Targets ........................................................... 94

LIST OF ACRONYMS 100RC 100 Resilient Cities Programme (Rockefeller Foundation)

ACCCRN Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network

B&B Bed and Breakfast

CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent

CDM Clean Development Mechanism (in term of the Kyoto Protocol)

CEBA Community Ecosystem Based Adaptation

CER Certified Emissions Reduction

CGF Commonwealth Games Federation

CKZNCCC Central KwaZulu‐Natal Climate Change Compact

CMP Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC)

COP Conference of the Parties (UNFCCC)

DAC Durban Adaptation Charter

DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa

DCCS Durban Climate Change Strategy

DEA RSA National Department of Environmental Affairs

DERO Desired Emissions Reductions Outcomes

DWS RSA National Department of Water and Sanitation

EDTEA KwaZulu‐Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism & Environmental Affairs

EMS Environmental Management System

EPCPD EThekwini Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department

ETA EThekwini Transport Authority

EU European Union

EWS eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit

FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association

GBCSA Green Building Council of South Africa

GC2018 Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games

GCF Green Climate Fund

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GOLDOC Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Organising Committee

GRI Global Reporting Initiative

ICC International Convention Centre Durban


IDP Integrated Development Plan

IEP Integrated Energy Plan

IFC International Finance Corporation

INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IRP Integrated Resource Plan

IRPTN Integrated Rapid Public Transport Network

LED Light Emitting Diode

LOC Local Organising Committee

LTDF Long term Development Framework

LTDP Long term Development Plan

MCPP Municipal Climate Protection Programme (eThekwini Municipality)

MDGs Millennium Development Goals (UN)

MILE Municipal Institute of Learning (eThekwini)

NCCRP National Climate Change Response Policy

NDP National Development Plan

NEMA National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998)

NEMWA National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act 59 of 2008)

NGO Non‐governmental Organisation

NGP National Growth Path

NHRA National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999)

NSRP National Sport and Recreation Plan

NWA National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)

NWMS National Water Management Strategy

PBs Planetary Boundaries

REIPPP Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Programme

RSA Republic of South Africa

SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute

SASCOC South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals (UN)

SMS Sustainability Management System

SSN SouthSouthNorth

UEIP UMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership

UKZN University of KwaZulu‐Natal

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

USD United States Dollar

WESSA Wildlife and Environment Society of Southern Africa

WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Introduction

EThekwini Municipality is successfully positioning itself to grow Durban’s tourism and associated logistics and

business services economy through the hosting of major international and national events. In line with this

objective, eThekwini Municipality, with support from National and Provincial Government and the

Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), will act as the primary host for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in

Durban, and is now beginning preparations for this major event.

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games is proposed to be held over 14 days in July 2022. The event is to be

organised by the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Organising Committee, which is to be a legal entity

established as a non‐profit organisation with representation from the South African Sports Confederation

and Olympic Committee (SASCOC), National Government (through an inter‐ministerial committee to be

established), KwaZulu‐Natal Provincial government, and eThekwini Municipality. Further to this, the CGF has

indicated that it intends to play a partnering role with this organisation to ensure risks and delivery are

managed.

In seeking to continue to grow the achievements of the event greening programmes that eThekwini

Municipality has implemented for the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and 2011 United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP17/CMP7 events, as well as to use the opportunities presented

by hosting the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Durban to leverage further transitioning to sustainable built

and natural environments and governance systems in the greater Durban region, eThekwini Municipality

intends to develop and implement a Sustainability Programme for the 2022 Commonwealth Games. This

Sustainability Programme is not intended to be a stand‐alone initiative, but will rather develop the

municipality’s existing workstreams into a transformative, community‐focused adaptation programme to

achieve event sustainability objectives as part of its regular operations.

The Sustainability Programme that is developed for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games therefore needs

to be responsive to:

1. Emerging global climate change and sustainable development context and priorities;

2. National, regional and local sustainable development priorities and legislative / policy requirements;

and

3. Mega‐event sustainability benchmarks and lessons, particularly those from Durban itself and other

recently hosted Commonwealth Games events.


2. Emerging Global Climate Change and Sustainability Priorities

With the achievement of the Paris COP21 Agreement and the adoption of the United Nations (UN)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2015 stands out as a landmark year for the establishment of

enhanced global climate change action and sustainable development priorities. However, it is clear from the

global discourses that have emerged in response to these landmark events and policies that large‐scale and

comprehensive change in patterns of investment and governance is needed if the risks faced by people and

the planet resulting from past patterns of development and resource consumption are to be reduced. It is

for this reason that the world’s leading practitioners are calling for rapid transformative processes to be

adopted in respect of governance, spatial planning and human settlements, infrastructure, technology,

capacity building, and financing.

In South Africa, it is not possible or appropriate to focus on addressing global environmental change priorities

without directing attention towards its already high and rapidly increasing social and economic inequality

and development needs. For a country grappling with major issues of social inequality, weak economic

growth and increasing natural resource scarcities, any investment in addressing global priorities must clearly

demonstrate local developmental and transformative benefits to be justifiable.

It is in this context that the following key pointers emerge from the current and emerging global climate

change and sustainable development context, and which should be used in shaping a Sustainability

Programme for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games:

1. Leveraging transitionary processes

Recent global discourses on the Paris COP21 Agreement and the UN SDGs are fairly unanimous in identifying

that global patterns of unsustainable resource consumption and harmful greenhouse gas emissions can only

be diverted if there can be a rapid transitioning (or reform) in systems of governance and investment,

patterns and forms of human settlements, technology and human capital.

Mega‐events, such as the 2022 Commonwealth Games have been shown to present an important

opportunity for the host country, and host city in particular, to operate outside of ‘business as usual’

(Diederichs and Roberts, 2015), to test new approaches and establish new skills (Roberts et al. 2012). The

2022 Commonwealth Games therefore offers an opportunity for eThekwini Municipality to utilise the

elevated levels of international technical support and funding available to leverage a strategic realignment

and rapid enhancement of existing internal capacity, skills and systems for improved climate protection and

sustainability outcomes. This implies a legacy of enhanced governance that is more responsive to global and

national sustainability and climate protection priorities. It also implies a key opportunity to leverage new /


additional sources of long term finance for workstreams embedded within the municipal administration that

have climate protection and urban resilience‐building goals.

2. Balanced mitigation‐adaptation focus for ‘resilience’ outcomes

The Paris COP21 Agreement makes a clear distinction that investment in climate protection should seek to

enhance the resilience of societies, economies and the natural environment to global climate change. South

Africa’s commitment to climate action is embodied in its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

(INDC), which also articulates the country’s need to achieve its climate mitigation and adaptation goals

through developmental processes that address the country’s key social and economic needs.

These approaches set the climate mitigation and adaptation pathway for the Sustainability Programme for

the 2022 Commonwealth Games: investment in mitigation of the carbon emissions from the event are

imperative, but this investment needs to be directed in such a way as to achieve enhanced social equality

and resilience, sustainable (and low carbon) economic development, and enhanced resilience of ecological

systems. Such investment needs also to be centred on addressing locally specific vulnerabilities and risks,

such that the resilience outcomes are high impact and long‐lasting.

3. Emphasis on partnerships and collaboration

Global discourses on climate action and sustainability suggest that partnerships are key for achieving lasting

and impactful outcomes. This has been shown to be true in Durban in the hosting of the 2010 FIFA™ World

Cup and 2011 UNFCCC COP17/CMP7 (Roberts et al. 2012).

In order to leverage a transition towards enhanced systems of sustainability and climate action in the greater

Durban region, eThekwini Municipality should seek to establish / enhance meaningful partnerships with

business and industry, non‐governmental organisations, education / research institutions and other

government agencies. These partnerships should not be confined by the administrative boundaries of

eThekwini Municipality, and should seek to foster regional collaboration, capacity building, influence and

impact. They should seek to leverage enhanced investment in human capital, natural capital, institutional

capital and social capital, with the aim of contributing positively towards climate change mitigation, climate

resilience, sustainable development, social equity and social justice.

The concept of the ‘energetic society’ espoused by Hajer and Huitzing (2012) is worth further consideration

in the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme (see Footnote 4). The direct

involvement and energy of civil society and business, both in the sustainability activities of the event and

beyond, could be leveraged through appropriate incentives, thereby increasing the footprint and impact of

the event sustainability programme.


4. Environmental and social sustainability threshold considerations

While the sustainability initiatives for mega‐event needs to take into account the minimisation and mitigation

of a wide range of negative impacts, the work being done at an international, national and local scale on ‘safe

and just operating space’ needs to be taken into account when setting priorities and reporting frameworks

for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme.

According to Cole (2015), impoverished communities in South Africa are ‘below the social floor’ in terms of

issues such as: voice, healthcare, education, electricity, housing, sanitation, water, income, jobs, safety,

household goods and food security. Cole also indicates that in the South African context, environmental

sustainability boundaries have been crossed with respect to: marine resource harvesting, freshwater use,

climate change and biodiversity loss. Steffen et al. (2015) report that at a global scale, nitrogen and

phosphorus pollution have moved beyond ‘safe’ levels, as has loss of genetic diversity, land system changes

and climate change.

The above implies that for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme to be relevant

in the international context, the programme should not only be designed to respond to these ‘safe and just

operating space’ priorities, but should also be able to report on the contribution of the event to these issues.

The design of the monitoring and reporting frameworks will therefore require an innovative approach, and

it is suggested that collaboration with international researchers leading the work on the safe and just

operating space should be sought.

3. National and Local Climate and Sustainability Context and Priorities

National Policy Platform

South Africa’s National Development Plan (NDP) (2012), the primary economic and social development

strategy for the country, makes an urgent call for economic growth, job creation, and improvement of social

equality through appropriate development. The NDP, National Climate Change Response White Paper, and

the National Framework for Sustainable Development set out the need to ensure that South Africa’s

economic development path needs to be socially and environmentally sustainable. The checks and balances

to achieve this sustainability are provided by host of laws that govern the protection of water resources,

cultural heritage resources, natural ecosystems, human health and waste management systems. Additional

tools, such as the National Responsible Tourism Guidelines, National Minimum Standards for Responsible

Tourism, energy efficient Building Standards (SANS 204‐1, 204‐2 and 10400‐XA) and ISO14000 Environmental

Management System standards, provide additional technical guidance on how this sustainability should be

achieved in practice.


Interestingly, the National Tourism Sector Strategy (2011) argues for sustainability not only in tourism

operators and associated service industries, but also through encouraging visitors to choose and participate

in responsible tourism: “Visitors – both domestic and international – could be encouraged to participate in

the protection and conservation of South Africa’s natural environment, and to enjoy a responsible travel

experience while in South Africa, helping the various tourism businesses in the country to achieve the triple

bottom‐line, namely economic growth, ecological sustainability and social responsibility”. This implies a need

for ensuring that visitors to South Africa as part of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games are actively

engaged through appropriate communication / awareness campaigns, and the provision of appropriate

‘responsible’ accommodation, transport etc. choices while in South Africa.

There is thus a wide and well‐developed national policy platform directing and supporting the need for

sustainability to be addressed as part of economic development and as part of the activities of all economic

sectors in South Africa, including in sports eventing and the tourism sector. This context provides a sound

basis for the development of a comprehensive set of sustainability principles and initiatives to be integrated

into all aspects of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

Local Policy Platform

EThekwini Municipality’s Long‐term Development Framework (LTDF), Long‐term Development Plan (LTDP)

and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) (2015‐16) all demonstrate a high level commitment to economic

development that respects and supports the protection of the natural environment (and the critical goods

and services that it delivers to people) and the fostering of socially equitable development.

These plans recognise that Durban is a rapidly growing African city, with significant social issues, high levels

of unemployment and accelerating pressure on the remaining natural capital within the city. These plans

strongly promote a developmental agenda for the city, which includes growing the local economy, addressing

social inequality and human health / risk issues, and protecting the natural capital base needed to ensure a

safe and good quality living environment for people. The implementation of a sustainability programme for

the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games therefore needs to take this approach as its lead, and ensure that

the games delivers positive social, economic and environmental outcomes.

EThekwini Municipality also has a reasonably well‐developed set of environmental sustainability policies,

including the Durban Climate Change Strategy, that provide direction on the environmental and social risks,

issues and priorities that need to be addressed as part of the city’s development agenda. Further work on

this policy environment is ongoing, as the municipality moves to incorporate the new directions emerging

from the Paris COP21 Agreement and the UN SDGs (2015).


EThekwini Municipality therefore has a local policy environment that is strongly supportive of the Durban

2022 Commonwealth Games as a means to fast‐tracking or supporting its economic and infrastructure

development agenda. However, this policy environment equally directs that the city’s activities and

development path should be socially and environmentally sustainable, and in particular should address risks

presented by social inequality, climate change, and increasingly scarce natural resources (such as water,

energy and food). The need to protect natural capital as a means of protecting human health, safety and

quality of life, including in the face of climate change, is a key aspect of this sustainability approach.

The above eThekwini Municipality policy context is clearly supportive of the establishment of a

comprehensive and integrated sustainability approach and set of initiatives as part hosting the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games. The prioritisation of desired legacy outcomes from the hosting of this event should

also be informed by current and emerging policy within the municipality.

Building from existing foundations

A key thread that emerged from discussions with various line functions in eThekwini Municipality during the

preparation of the Roadmap, was that there is a significant amount of existing work / planning and capacity

that is already in place that should be used to “leap‐frog” key infrastructure, legacy or other sustainability

initiatives forward – rather than starting from scratch.

EThekwini Municipality has numerous line functions that already undertake activities which contribute

towards the building of a ‘sustainable city’. A key approach in the development of a sustainability programme

for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games would therefore be to use existing capacity in municipal line

function departments to implement the various sustainability objectives, but where necessary provide

technical support to those line functions which may need it. This will ensure that capacity is built within the

municipal institution on how to implement sustainability approaches, principles and projects, thereby leaving

a legacy of ‘sustainability in practice’.

The above approach, of building from existing foundations, will allow more to be achieved in a shorter space

of time. Where possible, existing resources, institutional platforms, plans already completed, work already

started, etc. should therefore be used in developing the sustainability initiatives required for the Durban

2022 Commonwealth Games.

Local Priorities

The sustainability priorities for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games that emerged from a review of

existing municipal policy, and engagement with various line functions are:


The mitigation of global climate impacts from the hosting of the event is an imperative. Investment

should be in local initiatives that achieve this while enhancing local adaptive capacity and climate

resilience, including addressing social inequality.

Opportunities to fast track development of key infrastructure associated with eThekwini

Municipality’s Integrated Rapid Public Transportation Network (IRPTN) as part of the hosting of the

event (including the city’s cycle route network).

Opportunities to promote green buildings, including sustainable building management systems and

Environmental Management Systems for municipal eventing facilities. Use of highly visible iconic

infrastructure is important in association with the Commonwealth Games.

Further roll out of implementation of cycling infrastructure and other upgrades / investments in the

uMngeni Green Precinct.

Opportunities to implement renewable energy and promote energy efficiency.

Opportunities to promote sustainable urban settlement spatial patterns and forms, and sustainable

/ green servicing technologies and systems, including the design of the primary sports precinct(s).

Greening of the primary event precincts is key.

Opportunities to promote local economic initiatives that support more sustainable municipal

services and / or create jobs and sustainable livelihoods, for example informal recycling businesses

and community‐based eco‐tourism activities.

Opportunities to enhance sustainability policy, capacity and institutions locally in Durban and

regionally in KwaZulu‐Natal, such that emerging global priorities (e.g. Paris COP21 Agreement, UN

Sustainable Development Goals etc.) are better understood and integrated into municipal / other

sector plans, policies, functions and programmes.

Opportunities to leave an iconic educational / awareness raising and mind‐set shifting legacy for

South Africa’s youth that promotes a better understanding of the urgent need to choose sustainable

living and behaviour patterns.

The need to use the opportunity to actively engage business and industry in sustainability initiatives

and build partnerships and collaboration for the future.

Investment in climate change resilience building / adaptation should seek to be systematic, or

contribute towards a systematic intervention in interlinked socio‐ecological systems.


Enhanced messaging about the full impact of mega‐events like the Commonwealth Games – using

tools like Ecological Footprinting to promote awareness of people’s impacts on the carrying capacity

of Earth’s ecosystems etc.

4. Lessons from eThekwini Municipality’s Event Greening Experiences

When reflecting on the experiences of having hosted the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and UNFCCC

COP17/CMP7 in 2011, it has recognised that Durban has built significant capacity and experience in mega‐

event hosting, and that the city has the capability to position itself as a major competitor in the global mega‐

event hosting arena. In the course of hosting these mega‐events, Durban has also gained important

experience in ‘green eventing’, something which is becoming a growing priority for cities that bid to host

events. Key lessons include:

1. Mainstreaming Sustainability in Event Organising Structures

The previous two eThekwini Municipality event greening programmes have shown that there is significant

value to be gained in mainstreaming the implementation of sustainability approaches into all other event

organising workstreams. If the sustainability programme is seen as a separate / add‐on initiative, the extent

of sustainability achievements is significantly reduced.

Effective mainstreaming will also assist in achieving an enhanced institutional legacy from the event

sustainability programme, as municipal officials working with sustainability targets around an event delivery

programme are able to build their technical build capacity and understanding of resource efficient

technologies and other sustainable development aspects, and are therefore more likely to continue to apply

these in their day to day work beyond the event.

The establishment of an effective institutional structure to coordinate and drive the event sustainability

programme is therefore a key requirement. The powers and functions of this institution, and its role and

powers in the main event organising structures, need also to be established such that effective

mainstreaming across all sectors can be achieved.

2. Resourcing the Sustainability Workstream

The preparations for and management of mega‐events is an intense process. The previous two greening

programmes have relied to a significant extent on the EPCPD core staff contingent to provide the capacity to

undertake additional work which falls outside of their normal daily tasks. While this approach has been good

in building capacity and providing opportunities for junior staff to be exposed to interesting new processes


and information, it has not always been easy. Even with assistance from contracted consultants, the pressure

on municipal staff was overwhelming at times.

It is therefore critical for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games that existing capacity, budgets and

commitments of municipal staff that are required to work on the Sustainability Programme are reviewed,

and where necessary staff may need to be re‐deployed or additional staff hired. This is an important

approach, as there are significant opportunities for capacity building and skills development through such

event sustainability programmes, and where possible these opportunities should be retained within the

municipal administration rather than outsourced (particularly in light of eThekwini Municipality’s intention

to grow its event‐hosting role over time).

3. Approach to managing event Climate Impacts

The measurement, reporting, reduction and offsetting of the carbon emissions associated with hosting a

mega‐event is both a complex and potentially very expensive process. Even a ‘low carbon’ goal for Durban

2022 Commonwealth Games event will come with a significant price tag, and in light of the recent Paris

Agreement, giving appropriate attention to the issue of mitigating the global climate impact of this major

international event in a proper way is no longer negotiable. Obtaining and securing funding for the

management of the climate impacts of the event will therefore need to be a key focus.

In this regard, although unlikely to stand as the primary source of required funding, much can be gained from

establishing a campaign which encourages event participants and spectators to offset their carbon footprints

through a voluntary contribution into a carbon offset fund, as this would continue to reinforce that

individuals should take responsibility for their contribution towards global climate change.

Identifying local carbon offset projects which benefit poor and marginalised sectors of society, and contribute

positively towards enhanced resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change, has been a key success of

eThekwini Municipality’s previous two event greening programmes. However, such interventions come with

a long term financial and management commitment, which need to be understood and factored into

decision‐making about which projects to pursue and how these will be funded.

4. Full Cost Accounting of Event Ecological Impacts

The development and application of Ecological Footprinting Tool for the COP17/CMP7 event highlighted the

fact that full cost accounting of mega‐events is almost never undertaken, and that this is a key gap in event

sustainability programmes worldwide.


In a world where there is increasing competition for food, water, energy and biodiversity resources, there is

a rapidly accelerating need to develop a greater understanding of the full costs and benefits of mega‐events,

so that the impacts of these events on the host country’s ecosystems can be better managed. It would

therefore be important for Durban to show leadership on this aspect of mega‐event sustainability practices,

and undertake that the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games considers how the ecological footprint of the

event may be minimised, and to report on this aspect alongside its carbon, economic and social impact

reporting processes.

Equally, with the increasing issues around water availability in South Africa, the event sustainability

programme should place special emphasis on water conservation (and water use reporting), and should

consider making a direct link between the investment into carbon offsets with investment in water offsets

(e.g. through ecosystem restoration projects).

5. Partnerships

The previous event greening programmes have shown how the range, extent and intensity of benefits and

impacts can be increased through the establishment of effective partnerships. These may be partnerships

set up to facilitate funding streams, implementation, communications and awareness raising and future roll

out of legacy initiatives.

Although an attempt was made to engage the hospitality sector in the COP17/CMP7 greening programme

through a Responsible Accommodation Campaign, it is felt that more could have been achieved with more

time in hand. This should be addressed going forward, particularly in light of the important legacy that more

resource efficient, “greener” accommodation facilities would offer Durban as a global event‐hosting

destination. Partnerships should be used to support the achievement of this aim.

The business / industry sector was also not well or extensively engaged in the previous greening programmes,

and it’s thought that more should be done in this regard in respect of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth

Games through the establishment of partnerships and appropriate collaboration platforms.

5. Sustainability Approaches in Recent Commonwealth Games Events

The CGF places a notable amount of emphasis on the desire for its events to leave a positive social and

economic legacy for host countries and cities. In so doing, the environmental legacy of the event should not

be negative, and the impacts of the event on the natural environment must be properly managed. The 2014

Glasgow sustainability programme appears to have put a significant amount of effort into this through

building capacity around sustainability during the event process, and after. Numerous events were held to


share the sustainability programme experiences and promote the adoption of sustainability principles in city,

regional and state operations and capital programmes.

Durban 2022 should consider how to link the social, economic and environmental legacy objectives in a way

that is meaningful to the Durban and South African agendas focusing on sustainable economic development,

poverty and inequality, human and ecological vulnerability to climate change, and water and energy security.

Both Glasgow 2014 and Gold Coast 2018 have developed event sustainability management systems that

comply with ISO 20121 international standard. Given the CGF requirement to implement a credible

sustainability programme that meets international standards, the use of the ISO 20121 standard emerges as

a minimum requirement for the sustainability programme for Durban 2022.

Gold Coast 2018 aligned with the global One Planet Living initiative, which also was linked to the London

2012 Olympics. The benefits of engaging with this framework, and its associated organisations (WWF and

Bioregional) warrant further investigation to determine the applicability and potential benefits thereof for

Durban 2022. Exploration into other globally accepted sustainability frameworks should also be undertaken.

Gold Coast 2018 has indicated that it will use some of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators for

reporting on the event sustainability performance. It is noted that there seems to have been some caution

taken in committing to using the GRI framework as the primary mechanism for reporting, and therefore only

some of the indicators will be used. This points to a need for Durban 2022 to further investigate the GRI event

sustainability reporting framework and whether it would be appropriate for use, in part or in full, or whether

there are other internationally recognised event sustainability reporting frameworks that may be preferable.

6. Sustainability Approach in the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Bid

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Candidate City File presented South Africa’s plan to host the event.

While the file included a section on “Sustainability and Environment”, there are a number of aspects of the

plan that indicate South Africa’s level and form of commitment to hosting a financially, economically, socially

and environmentally sustainable event. These include:

1. “Focus on legacy”

The key motivation for hosting the 2022 Commonwealth Games in South Africa is cited as the role that the

event will play in supporting the development of infrastructure, human capital, the national and local

economy, and social cohesion / inclusivity. The event would add to a growing resume of global mega events

that have been successfully hosted in the country, giving weight to South Africa’s positive profile as an events

and tourism destination.


Specifically, for Durban, the key investment precinct for the event will be the Moses Mabhida sports and

recreation precinct, which is in the inner city and is an area where redevelopment / renewal is a critical need.

This is also supportive of the city’s vision to develop Moses Mabhida as a mega multi‐sport events precinct

and to position it as a premier sports tourism destination.

Durban has a long term development plan that the hosting of the event has been motivated as being

supportive of. The event has been cited as being able to facilitate acceleration of planned investments in

social amenities and transportation infrastructure. The athletes’ village would be constructed to become gap

housing after the event.

There would be a strong element of youth outreach with the intention of building youth skills, capacity and

confidence through the hosting of the event.

2. “Compact Games”

At least 80 % of the sports activities (and a significant component of the accommodation requirements) are

proposed to be hosted within a 5km radius of Moses Mabhida Stadium This will reduce the complexity of

event logistics and reduce the requirement for transport.

3. “Use of existing infrastructure”

There is a strong focus on using existing facilities (with upgrades) to host the event, and limiting the need for

construction of new facilities. This includes sports facilities, administrative facilities and transportation

infrastructure.

In addition to these three underpinning concepts that are broadly supportive of a sustainable, efficient

approach to hosting the Commonwealth Games, the specific commitments made in the bid to ensuring

“sustainability” are as follows:

1. Establishment of a Social and Ethics Committee (to be named the Sustainability and Legacy Commission)

will be established to govern how sustainability will be incorporated into the entity’s governance

structure.

2. Stakeholder engagement will be achieved through the Community Participation and Action Support Unit

(CPASU), established by the City of Durban as a vehicle for community members to participate in the

governance of the Games and foster a sense of ownership of developments.

3. The bid asserts that Durban water can be safely consumed directly from` the tap.


4. Guarantee(s) stating that all construction work necessary for the organisation of the Commonwealth

Games will comply with:local, regional and national regulations and acts; international agreements and

protocols regarding planning, construction and protection of the environment.

5. Six key environmental protection objectives were given:

a. Utilise existing facilities as far as possible.

b. Certify new venues to green building standards.

c. Ensure any construction or upgrades to new or existing facilities are conducted in accordance

with an Environmental Management Plan.

d. Ensure that greenfield development is in line with the City of Durban’s Metropolitan Open Space

System (DMOSS) requirements and objectives.

e. Minimise waste generation during the Games and ensure that waste is separated at source to

reduce volumes requiring landfilling.

f. Ensure public transport is available to minimise the need for private transport; the compact

venues plan will assist in achieving this.

g. Energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives to be undertaken in alignment with the city’s

objectives.

Given the focus on creating a positive legacy from the hosting of the event, a key approach will be ensuring

that the municipal line functions (and other organisations with a role to play in implementation) are actively

involved both in developing the event sustainability plan, and implementing it. This will provide an important

opportunity to build human capital and to create a positive institutional legacy of proactively integrating

sustainability principles and approaches into projects and programmes.

7. Sustainability Programme Roadmap

The Roadmap includes the Sustainability Programme key approaches / concepts and workstreams with

associated goals and objectives alongside a timeline and anticipated resourcing requirements. Within each

workstream, detailed project plans will need to be developed. The Roadmap is therefore intended to be used

as a guiding framework, and should be updated and / or further detailed when necessary.

Eight sustainability workstreams are proposed, and for each there are a number of goals. These are

summarised in Figure 1.


The Co‐ordinating Structure for the Sustainability Programme should be developed in a manner and form

that ensures that there is sufficient capacity and the right skills in place for effectively driving and overseeing

the implementation of the programme. It would be advantageous for this structure to include

representatives from the Host City, National and Provincial Government, and key non‐governmental and

private sector agencies that could bring additional skills, knowledge and networks into play. This multi‐

stakeholder approach would enhance not only the effectiveness of the structure, but also create better

opportunities for shared learning.

Given past experiences in mega‐event greening / sustainability initiatives in South Africa, it is likely that the

National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) will have a role to play in the Sustainability Programme

for the event. In the past, this has tended to play out such that the host city and the DEA sustainability efforts

are run completely separately, often resulting in tensions regarding reporting mandates and responsibilities.

It is therefore critical that discussions with this department begin early, in order that the respective roles,

functions and responsibilities between DEA and the host city are resolved early on, and that resources can

be pooled for optimum outcomes.

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme will require funding for the

implementation of short and medium term initiatives associated with the programme, as well as legacy

projects that have a lifespan beyond the event itself. In addition, adequate human resources will need to be

made available to perform the various roles and functions required. Therefore, as an early requirement of

the development of the Sustainability Programme, a human resourcing plan and programme budget must

be drawn up that identifies the requirements for all aspects of the programme, including the cost of

additional staffing or drawing in of expert assistance. It is anticipated that a portion of the programme

budget could be sourced from within the eThekwini Municipality fiscus. However, a range of other sources

of funding will need to be identified.

Attention should be given early on to the possible benefits of eThekwini Municipality establishing a strategic

partnership with a not for profit organisation with the requisite skills to assist in directing and managing the

implementation of the Sustainability Programme. This approach would provide the opportunity to transfer

skills from the partner to government actors, as well as secure sources of funding for the programme that

may not be possible for the host city, which cannot accept donations and is required to abide by the rules

set out in the Municipal Finance Management Act (2003).

In this regard, it would be beneficial to identify an international agency to partner with, which has experience

in implementing sustainability programmes for mega‐events, and has access to overseas funding networks

which could be leveraged to support a transfer of international skills into South Africa.


Figure 1: Summary of Programme Workstreams and Goals

A: Sustainability Coordinating Structure

•A1. Establish a functional sustainability co‐ordinating structure with clear roles and responsibilities.

•A2. Establish and manage relationships and partnerships.

•A3. Secure and manage programme funding.

B: Climate‐smart buildings, infrastructure, transportation &

operations

•B1. Reduce the climate and ecological footprints of event hosting infrastructure, buildings and transportation systems; and leave a green building, infrastructure and transport legacy.

•B2. Reduce climate and ecological footprints and minimise environmental and social risks associatd with all event operations and facilities.

C: Climate‐smart waste management

•C1. Reduce the climate and ecological footprints of event waste in a manner that creates jobs and promotes social upliftment while promoting a cleaner city.

D: Responsible hospitality & tourism

•D1. Minimise the climate and ecological footprints of the hospitality and tourism sectors.

•D2. Establish a responsible hospitality and tourism legacy from the event.

E: Event climate & ecological footprinting

•E1. Measure and report on the event climate and ecological footprints, and associated social and economic impacts.

F: Climate resilience‐building mitigation & legacy projects

•F1. Implement local projects that mitigate and offset climate and ecological footprint impacts from the event, and leave a legacy of enhanced social and environmental resilience to climate change.

•F2. Develop a legacy project that drives changes in thinking and behaviour towards more sustainable and climate‐responsible business, lifestyle and consumer choices.

G: Sustainability awareness, education, communications, and

reporting

•G1. Raise awareness about climate change, sustainability and what individuals can do to reduce their impacts, adapt to change and become more resilient to environmental risks.

•G2. Provide a platform for event participants to contribute towards offsetting / mitigating their impacts.

•G3. Disseminate information on the event sustainability programme, its achievements, and the environmental, social and economic costs and benefits of the event to a range of audiences.

•G4. Leave a learning legacy through the promotion of shared learning and development of learning materials.

H: Legal compliance

•H1. Ensure that all event related construction and activities are compliant with local, regional & national policy and legislation.

•H2. Ensure that good practice in environmental management and sustainability are achieved at all new and refurbished event hosting facilities.


INTRODUCTION

In 2022, the 22nd Commonwealth Games will be held in Durban, South Africa. All 71 member territories from

the Commonwealth of Nations are expected to compete in the event. Originally, both Canada (city of Edmonton)

and South Africa (city of Durban) were bidding to host the event, but Canada withdrew from its candidacy shortly

before the bids were submitted in 2015, citing economic reasons. Through South Africa’s bid, Durban was

awarded the rights to host the games at the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) General Assembly

meeting in Auckland, New Zealand on 2 September 2015. It will mark only the second time a Commonwealth

Republic will host the event, the first of which was held in Delhi, India, in 2010. The games are set to open on

18 July 2022, coinciding with the birthday of the late South African President and global icon, Nelson Mandela,

and will run for 14 days to 31 July 2022.

EThekwini Municipality is successfully positioning itself to grow Durban’s tourism and associated logistics and

business services economy through the hosting of major international and national events. In line with this

objective, eThekwini Municipality, with support from national and provincial government and the CGF, will

act as the primary host for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Durban, and is now beginning preparations

for this major event.

EThekwini Municipality, primarily through the work of the Environmental Planning and Climate Protection

Department (EPCPD), has a strong focus on environmental sustainability and climate change adaptation. This

work has included developing and implementing event greening / sustainability programmes as part of

hosting mega‐events such as the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and the 2011 UNFCCC1 COP17/CMP72 in Durban.

EThekwini Municipality is seeking to continue to grow the achievements of these previous event greening /

sustainability programmes, and to use the opportunities presented by hosting the 2022 Commonwealth

Games in Durban to leverage further transitioning to sustainable built and natural environments and

governance systems in the greater Durban region (including neighbouring municipalities). To this end, the

EPCPD intends to develop and implement an event greening / sustainability programme for the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games. In so doing, the EPCPD does not seek to establish a stand‐alone initiative, but rather

intends to develop the municipality’s existing workstreams into a transformative, community‐focused

adaptation programme to achieve event sustainability objectives as part of its regular operations.

This does not imply that the EPCPD and other line functions within eThekwini Municipality are already geared

towards undertaking the sustainability work required for the 2022 Commonwealth Games. Rather, the

EPCPD recognises that the implementation of a sustainability programme for the Commonwealth Games

could play a key role in stimulating and supporting the strategic realignment of the EPCPD (and other key

municipal workstreams and capacity) to meet the requirements of emerging / new global sustainability

mandates, including the UNFCCC’s Paris Agreement and Paris COP21 Decision (2015) and United Nations

(UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2015).

The sustainability programme that is developed for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games therefore needs

to be responsive to:

1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

2 17th Conference of the Parties (COP), serving as the 7th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP).


1. Global climate change and sustainable development context and priorities, including but not limited

to:

a. The outcomes of the UNFCCC Paris COP21, including The Paris Agreement, Paris COP21

Decision and South Africa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions;

b. The UN SDGs;

c. Other global environmental change priorities, such as water, food and energy security;

2. National and local sustainable development priorities and legislative / policy requirements:

a. The requirements of national environmental, climate, water, pollution and waste

management legislation, policy and strategies;

b. EThekwini Municipality policy context and sustainable development priorities, including but

not limited to:

i. EThekwini Municipality’s Integrated Development Plan,

ii. EThekwini Municipality’s Long Term Development Framework and Long Term

Development Plan,

iii. The Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS),

iv. Outcomes of the 100 Resilient Cities workstream,

v. The concept of collaborative action in the Durban Region – including regional

partnerships through the uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership (UEIP),

Central KwaZulu‐Natal Climate Change Compact (CKZNCCC) and others.

3. Mega‐event sustainability benchmarks and lessons:

a. Lessons learnt from other mega‐event greening programmes implemented by eThekwini

Municipality in Durban, and associated climate protection and poverty alleviation efforts,

b. Sustainability benchmarks set in the hosting of other Commonwealth Games events,

c. Sustainability approach included in the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games bid.

Chapter 1 presents a review of (1) above, i.e. the current and emerging global climate change and sustainable

development dialogues, context and priorities. This review is intended to inform the identification of a

globally relevant focus and approach for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games sustainability programme.

A review of (2), i.e. the current and emerging national and local sustainability, climate protection, event

greening, development and partnerships context and priorities is presented in Chapter 2, along with a review

of the key environmental legislative requirements that will need to be met.

Chapters 3, 4 and 5 present an overview of eThekwini Municipality’s experiences in implementing sustaining

programmes for other mega‐events hosted in Durban, sustainability benchmarks set in preceding

Commonwealth Games events, and the sustainability approach and commitments made in the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games bid.

Chapter 6 of this report presents a roadmap for the development of a comprehensive and properly resourced

programme and process for the hosting of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games in an environmentally

and socially sustainable manner. This includes key pointers for establishing processes of strategic realignment

and enhancement of existing municipal capacity, as well as securing partnerships that extend the reach and


impact of sustainability interventions within and beyond the municipal boundary. The programme ultimately

aims to achieve not only a sustainable Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games, but also to stimulate a positive

transitioning towards enhanced capability to address local and global sustainability challenges in the greater

Durban region, and therefore a positive institutional legacy of sustainability in practice.


CHAPTER 1 - REVIEW OF GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY CONTEXT & PRIORITIES

1.1 Introduction

EThekwini Municipality has hosted numerous large and mega‐events in Durban in the past 6 years. It has

developed and implemented event greening (or sustainability) programmes for two of the largest of these

events: the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and the 2011 UNFCCC COP17/CMP7. The experience gained and lessons

learned from these event greening programmes provides important context and therefore needs to be

carefully considered when developing a sustainability programme for the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

However, the global and local climate change, sustainability, environmental management and social context

has evolved substantially since Durban hosted these events. Therefore, the sustainability programme that is

developed for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games needs to be focused somewhat differently than the

greening programmes for these previous two Durban mega‐events, such that it is responsive to the emerging

global order on climate protection and sustainability, increasing natural resource scarcities, elevated risk to

people, governance challenges within South Africa’s municipalities, and the rapidly intensifying social needs

in Durban.

This chapter presents an overview of the key existing or emerging global sustainability context and priorities

that must be taken in account when shaping the sustainability programme for the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games.

1.2 Global Climate Change

1.2.1 COP21 and the Paris Outcome

The UNFCCC COP21 held in Paris in December 2015 represents a turning point in the global order for

responding to climate change. Two weeks of negotiations culminated in a conference decision and

agreement, collectively known as the ‘Paris Outcome’. The Paris Outcome commits parties to limit global

temperature rise to 'well below 2C' with an aspirational target of a 1.5C limit (Gerrard and Mansour, 2015).

The Paris Outcome comprises:

The Paris Agreement: Adopted as an Annex to the Paris COP21 Decision, the Paris Agreement is

destined to become a separate, legally binding agreement on climate action which contains

emissions reduction commitments from 187 countries starting in 2020 (E3G, 2015). As at 20 May

2016, there were 177 signatories to the Paris Agreement. Of these, 17 States have also deposited

their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval accounting in total for 0.04 % of the total

global greenhouse gas emissions (UNFCCC, 2016).

The Paris Agreement will enter into force once 55 countries covering 55 % of global emissions have

acceded to it. It covers all key elements of the post 2020 regime, including mitigation, adaptation,

loss and damage, finance, technology, capacity building, education, transparency, stocktaking,

compliance, procedural issues, and institutional arrangements. On all these issues, however, some

elements of the regime are left to the Paris COP21 Decision (Doelle, 2016). From a National and Local

Government perspective, the inclusion of non‐state actors in the Paris Agreement is an important

development.


Paris COP21 Decision: The Paris COP21 Decision is a decision under the UNFCCC, does not require

further ratification or acceptance, is not a separate legal instrument, and supplements the Paris

Agreement in many key areas. It includes provisions on the process for bringing the Paris Agreement

into force, and on elements of the post 2020 regime that Parties decided not to include in the Paris

Agreement. The Paris COP21 Decision includes a number of provisions designed to enhance pre‐2020

ambition through elaborations and additions to the current climate regime (Doelle, 2016).

The agreements adopted in Paris mark the completion of a decade‐long transition from a top down binding

regime focused on developed‐country mitigation to a bottom‐up and substantively non‐binding approach for

global cooperation on climate change with key binding process elements. The new regime includes all nations

and aims to address mitigation, adaptation, loss and damage, finance, technology transfer and capacity

building (Doelle, 2016).

Adaptation, mitigation and loss and damage are all given equal weighting in the Paris Outcome. The basic

principle followed has been that the investments and resources mobilised for mitigation actions will save

fundamental resources for adapting to climate change impacts when these occur. Equally, without

mitigation, adaptation efforts become redundant. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit

the rise in global temperatures are determined at national level through Intended Nationally Determined

Contributions (INDC’s), which at the moment are considered largely insufficient (Doelle, 2016) and urgently

requiring more ambitious efforts.

Each country was required to submit an INDC prior to COP21, which set out country goals and objectives in

respect of addressing global climate change. According to Doelle (2016), the INDC’s of emerging economies,

such as China, India, South Africa and Brazil, seemed to be conflicted between concerns that commitment to

climate action will constrain future development required to meet basic human needs and a growing

awareness of the impact of unmitigated climate change on their ability to meet those same needs. South

Africa’s INDC submission highlights the country’s economic, poverty and inequality challenges, and sets out

climate mitigation and adaptation plans that will allow the country to build and sustain social, economic and

environmental resilience through addressing its development needs (President Jacob Zuma, SANews, 2015).

In terms of the Paris Agreement, all countries have to submit new INDCs every five years, with the

expectation that they will “represent a progression” beyond previous ones and reflect the “highest possible

ambition”. It is important to note, however, that implementation of the INDCs is not a binding obligation

(Roberts, 2016).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recognised that the impact of climate change is

likely to fall disproportionately on cities of the global south, such as Durban, which are already facing

developmental and other challenges (IPCC, 2014). Climate change is likely to undermine development efforts

and exacerbate poverty. Africa is particularly vulnerable because it lacks the capacity to cope with climate

change impacts due to its socio‐economic status, political constraints and limited access to technology (IPCC,

2014).

According to E3G (2015), the global commitment to climate protection that was achieved at the Paris COP21

event is anticipated to result in the following outcomes at the global level:

Fast tracking of the transition to a low carbon economy. Implementation of the Intended Nationally

Determined Conditions (INDCs) will mean that renewable energy will make up 78 % of new power

generation investment to 2030 in major economies. This will drive down the cost of renewable

energy. The long term goal of greenhouse gas neutrality in the second half of the century will require


a rapid phase out of fossil fuels. Delivering this will require major reforms to electricity markets,

business and financing models.

Enhanced access to finance for economic and governance reforms in emerging and developing

countries. The continuation of climate financing in the Paris Agreement beyond $100bn promised

up to 2020 will provide support to emerging and developing countries to deliver these necessary

economic and governance reforms.

Alignment of international development finance with international climate change protection

goals. Governments and investors will need to manage an orderly transition away from a fossil fuel

dominated economy in a way that avoids stranded assets and negative impacts on workers. The G20

has established a taskforce on the implications of climate policy on financial stability which will report

in 2016. In 2015 all international development financing institutions agreed to align their financing

with the Paris climate goals.

Improved adaptation, resilience and response in the most vulnerable countries. The Paris

Agreement has broken new ground and placed adaptation, resilience and response to climate

impacts at the heart of the new regime. This includes stronger early warning systems, addressing

treatment of environmental refugees, and providing extreme weather insurance to 400 million more

people in vulnerable countries by 2020.

1.2.2 The Role of Cities

Importantly, the Paris COP21 negotiations and the Paris Outcome included a stronger focus than ever on the

role of cities in addressing climate change. According to Tollin (2015), human settlements, and particularly

cities, are responsible for the current climate change trends and dynamics; and at the same time, human

settlements are vulnerable to the increasing negative effects of climate change, including intensifying existing

issues of poverty and inequality.

Cities are, however, playing a key role in defining and implementing much more ambitious mitigation goals,

both because the majority of world emissions are the responsibility of cities and an increasing number of

cities have started to develop local action plans and pledges that are already beyond the INDCs

communicated by their own countries (Tollin, 2015).

Tollin (2015) further reports that cities and associated climate change issues are the focus of a number of

United Nations initiatives, inter alia: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs); the International Strategy or Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) through Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction; and the Habitat Program (UNHABITAT) through the Medellin

Collaboration on Urban Resilience and HABITAT III.

In addition, a number of international initiatives have been developed that specifically aim to address climate

change risk, mitigation and adaptation in cities, including:

Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities: a network of over 100 cities worldwide, jointly working

to increase urban resilience against social, physical and economic major challenges, including climate

change related;

City Climate Leadership Group (C40): a network of world megacities, which aimed to develop actions

to mitigate climate change, by reducing emissions, and to adapt to its inevitable effects and impacts;


Covenant of Mayors: European Union (EU) initiative and network of local and regional authorities,

aimed to meet the EU 2020 20 % emission reduction target through increasing energy efficiency and

the use of renewable energy;

Mayors Adapt: launched by the European Union with the aim of strengthening resilience to the

impact of climate change;

UNHABITAT’s Cities Resilience Profiling Programs: a global program aimed at providing local and

national governments with tools to measure and to increase resilience;

RECNET’s International Program on Urban Resilience (RESURBE): a multi‐stakeholder platform

undertaking research, capacity building and urban development projects focusing on urban resilience

(Tollin, 2015);

Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN): pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation,

the ACCCRN is a membership‐based platform focused principally on supporting individual

practitioners working on climate change resilience in 50 rapidly urbanizing cities in Bangladesh, India,

Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, while building partnerships with institutions and

country networks (ACCCRN, undated);

Durban Adaptation Charter (DAC): launched during Durban’s hosting of the UNFCCC COP17 in 2011,

the Charter advocates for local level climate change adaptation responsibility. The City of Durban

(eThekwini Municipality) is a signatory to this charter and acts as the secretariat for its

implementation globally.

Cities are in a critical position as they cannot, in most cases, independently mobilise the necessary financial

resources to implement the actions required for addressing mitigation and adaptation needs, such as

resilient infrastructure, or to foster more radical innovation, such as a systemic low‐carbon emission

transition (Tollin, 2015). The support of national, sub‐national and international agencies is therefore

necessary to allow cities to engage in appropriate climate change responses.

Climate adaptation enjoyed an unprecedented level of attention during the Paris COP21 negotiations (Tollin,

2015). The key adaptation issues that cities are facing include more frequent extreme weather events and

patterns (including flooding and droughts), which endanger infrastructure and reduce capability to remedy

damages, and significantly increase human health and safety risks. However, there has been recognition of

the need to focus on urban resilience, which links climate mitigation, risk and adaptation.

The technological capacity of countries and cities to undertake necessary mitigation and adaptation actions

is a key factor for the successful implementation of the Paris Outcome (Tollin, 2015). Key enabling

technologies and / or processes for addressing climate change in cities include: low‐carbon and energy

efficient technologies, spatial layout, form and architecture that is resilient to extreme temperature and

weather events, conserves scarce resources, allows for food production, and addresses poverty and

inequality.

Capacity building to bridge knowledge gaps and to mainstream action is critical (Tollin, 2015). The exchange

of best practices, lessons learned and knowledge is of great importance for cities regarding adaptation

measures, innovations in the forms of governance, planning, management of cities, and methods and tools

to measure and evaluate the adaptive capacity of cities.

Cities tend to have the creative capacity and the innovation potential to start radical transformative

processes which are indispensable for shifting from the current unsustainable and over emitting patterns of

urban development to climate‐proof ones, requiring a radical re‐thinking of the very nature of cities and their


development pathways (Tollin, 2015). This fundamental change can be enabled by a radical transformation

in the forms of governance of cities, based on the simple idea that the challenge of implementing climate

solutions requires the active involvement and cooperation of local stakeholders, in liaison with national and

international ones.

1.2.3 South Africa’s INDC

In its INDC, South Africa states from the outset that it is committed to a climate change response that is based

on science and equity. Equity is considered to apply to mitigation and adaptation, and to support for both

(UNFCCC, 2015).

South Africa’s INDC was formulated in the context of the environmental right set out in section 24 of the

country’s National Constitution and its National Development Plan (NDP) (RSA National Planning

Commission, 2012), which provides a ‘2030 vision’ to guide the country’s sustainable development trajectory

where poverty is eliminated and inequalities are reduced. The implementation of the 2030 NDP vision is

further elaborated in the 2011 National Climate Change Response White Paper and the National Strategy

and Action Plan for Sustainable Development 2011‐2014 (2011). Good progress has been made in

implementing climate‐compatible sector‐specific plans, such as the Integrated Energy and Electricity plans,

Industrial Policy Action Plans and the New Growth Path. The full implementation of these policies and plans

is projected to bend the curve of South Africa’s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions towards a peak, plateau

and decline trajectory range (UNFCCC, 2015).

The adaptation component of South Africa’s INDC includes six goals (extracted from UNFCCC, 2015):

Goal 1: Develop a National Adaptation Plan, and begin operationalisation as part of implementing

the NCCRP for the period from 2020 to 2025 and for the period 2025 to 2030.

Goal 2: Take into account climate considerations in national development, sub‐national and sector

policy frameworks for the period 2020 to 2030.

Goal 3: Build the necessary institutional capacity for climate change response planning and

implementation for the period 2020 to 2030.

Goal 4: Develop an early warning, vulnerability and adaptation monitoring system for key climate

vulnerable sectors and geographic areas for the period 2020 to 2030, and reporting in terms of the

National Adaptation Plan with rolling five‐year implementation periods.

Goal 5: Development of a vulnerability assessment and adaptation needs framework by 2020 to

support a continuous presentation of adaptation needs.

Goal 6: Communication of past investments in adaptation for education and awareness as well as for

international recognition.

In understanding that climate impacts are being driven by global inaction / action on mitigation, South Africa

views adaptation as a global responsibility. It is in that light that South Africa considers its investments in

adaptation as a contribution to the global effort (UNFCCC, 2015).

South Africa’s INDC mitigation component takes the form of a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions

trajectory range. South Africa’s emissions by 2025 and 2030 will be in a range between 398 and 614 Mt CO2–

eq, as defined in national policy (the NCCRP). This is the benchmark against which the efficacy of mitigation

actions will be measured (UNFCCC, 2015).


The policy instruments under development to achieve this mitigation target include a carbon tax, desired

emission reduction outcomes (DEROs) for sectors, company level carbon budgets, as well as regulatory

standards and controls for specifically identified GHG pollutants and emitters. The planned mitigation efforts

are intended to enable South Africa’s greenhouse gas emissions to peak between 2020 and 2025, plateau for

approximately a decade, and then decline in absolute terms thereafter (UNFCCC, 2015). South Africa has

committed to reduce GHG emissions below business as usual by 34 per cent by 2020 and 42 per cent by 2025

(RSA National Treasury, 2015).

The INDC recognises that the key challenge for South Africa is to catalyse, at an economy‐wide scale,

financing of and investment in the transition to a low carbon and climate resilient economy and society. It

further recognises that South Africa needs time for development, which is necessary to eliminate poverty,

reduce inequality, increase employment and promote inclusive economic growth, while simultaneously

seeking to contribute to mitigation and assist vulnerable communities in adapting to climate impacts

(UNFCCC, 2015).

Like many other developing countries, South Africa faces the challenge of addressing climate change

mitigation and adaptation needs through a sustainable and equitable development path. This will require

substantial investment in technology, infrastructure and human capacity. It will also require rapid

transformative and evolutionary processes to take place in governance and financing, as well as much greater

emphasis being placed on the establishment of partnerships between government and the private sector, as

well as with international agencies.

1.2.4 Durban Adaptation Charter

The Durban Adaptation Charter (DAC) commits local governments to local climate action in their jurisdiction

that will assist their communities to respond to and cope with climate change risks thereby reducing

vulnerability. By signing the DAC, local governments commit to 10 clauses that promote action in addressing

climate change adaptation and mitigation needs, addressing climate risks and vulnerabilities, and recognising

the important role that natural ecosystems play in mitigation of and adaptation to climate change impacts.

The DAC was launched at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 17th

Conference of the Parties (COP17) held in Durban in December 2011. The City of Durban (eThekwini

Municipality) is a signatory to the DAC and acts as the global secretariat for its implementation.

Implementation is pursued through the Hub and Compact approach, which involves pairing climate change

adaptation‐leading cities (Hubs), who have similar climate change challenges, for mutually beneficial

exchanges. Lessons learnt are transmitted to municipalities surrounding each Hub through the establishment

of Compact partnerships where each Hub and its Compact partners engage in collective climate action at the

scale of the Compact. In this way, resources are pooled to increase the effectiveness of the response within

each Compact partner municipality.

EThekwini Municipality’s commitment to the DAC implies a direct requirement for the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games to be hosted in a manner that addresses climate mitigation and adaptation, and

leaves a positive legacy of increased resilience to climate change.


1.3 Sustainable Development

1.3.1 UN Sustainable Development Goals

On 25th September 2015, the 193 countries of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly3 adopted a set of

17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with 169 associated targets. The SDGs build on the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) and seek to facilitate an end to poverty, protection of the planet, and to ensure

prosperity for all. The MDGs, adopted in 2000, aimed at an array of issues that included slashing poverty,

hunger, disease, gender inequality, and access to water and sanitation. While the UN reports that progress

has been made on the MDGs, highlighting the value of a unifying agenda underpinned by goals and targets,

the indignity of poverty has not been ended for all (United Nations Development Programme, 2015). The

new SDGs incorporate a broader sustainability agenda than the MDGs, and seek to address the root causes

of poverty and the universal need for development that works for all people. The tagline of the SDGs is ‘leave

no‐one behind’.

The SDGs are intended to stimulate action over the next 15 years in areas of critical importance for humanity

and the planet (United Nations, 2015). A summary of the 17 goals is as follows (the full set of goals and targets

is included in the Annexure to this report):

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable

agriculture.

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well‐being for all at all ages.

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities

for all.

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive

employment and decent work for all.

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster

innovation.

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable

development.

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage

forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to

justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for

sustainable development.

3 South Africa is a United Nations member state and member of the United Nations General Assembly.


UN member states are able to access various global supporting forums which have been set up to assist

countries with implementation of the SDGs. In addition, the UN facilitates access to funding to assist

developing countries with developing action plans and undertaking implementation.

While the SDGs are considered by many to be ‘ground‐breaking’, highly ambitious, and having the potential

to become a powerful political vision that can support the urgently needed global transition to a shared and

lasting prosperity (Hajer et al. 2015), numerous critics have raised concerns over goal variability, omissions

and a disconnect between the goals and conditions on the ground (Tyson, 2015). Hajer et al. (2015) also

argue that the limited effectiveness of intergovernmental efforts and capacity of national governments to

affect change mean that the SDGs should have sought to mobilise new agents of change such as businesses,

cities and civil society. This would have required the integration of multiple perspectives on sustainable

development that respond to the various motives and logics of change of these different actors, including

the concepts of “planetary boundaries” to stress the urgency of addressing environmental concerns and to

target governments to take responsibility for (global) public goods; “the safe and just operating space” to

highlight the interconnectedness of social and environmental concerns and its distributive consequences;

“the energetic society4” to benefit from the willingness of a broad group of actors worldwide to take action;

and “green competition” to stimulate innovation and new business practices.

Other commentators have made the link between the SDGs and global climate protection, noting that several

of the SDGs, in addition to Goal 13 on climate change, already address both mitigation and adaptation

(Kelman, 2014). However, the point is made that the SDGs should not be considered a proxy for climate

response, because if development goals aim for climate adaptation only, without aiming for disaster risk

reduction across all hazards, then resilience cannot be achieved (Kelman, 2014). Placing climate change

within the wider contexts of disaster, development and sustainability will tackle both adaptation and

mitigation priorities, but not at the expense of other concerns.

At eThekwini Municipality level, the SDGs provide additional focal areas for the development of the 2016/17

Integrated Development Plan (IDP) (see Section 2.3.1.3 EThekwini Municipality Integrated Development

Plan (IDP)). During 2016 the individual targets for each of the gaols would be confirmed and adopted. Where

possible, these targets need to be incorporated into the Municipal IDP.

1.3.2 Planetary Boundaries and a Safe and Just Operating Space

The planetary boundary (PB) concept, introduced in 2009, aimed to define the environmental limits within

which humanity can safely operate. This approach has proved influential in global sustainability policy

development. In 2015, Steffen et al. presented an updated and extended analysis of the PB framework.

Two of the PBs—climate change and biosphere integrity—are recognised as “core” PBs based on their

fundamental importance for the Earth System. The climate system is a manifestation of the amount,

distribution, and net balance of energy at Earth’s surface; the biosphere regulates material and energy flows

in the Earth System and increases its resilience to abrupt and gradual change.

4 In the ‘energetic society’, city governments can make more and better use of the energy embedded within a society, shaping its policies through positive and negative incentives, and setting medium‐ and long‐term public goals (Hajer and Huitzing, 2012).


Of the original nine proposed boundaries, they identify four (including climate change, biosphere integrity,

biogeochemical flows, and land‐system change) in which human influence has resulted in transgression of

the proposed PB’s.

Transgression of the PBs thus creates substantial risk of destabilizing the state of the Earth System in which

modern societies have evolved. The PB framework does not dictate how societies should develop. These are

political decisions that must include consideration of the human dimensions, including equity, not

incorporated in the PB framework. Nevertheless, by identifying a safe operating space for humanity on Earth,

the PB framework can make a valuable contribution to decision‐makers in charting desirable courses for

societal development.

In 2012, Kate Raworth, an Oxfam researcher, further developed the PB theory by incorporating the concepts

of social justice and equity (Raworth, 2012). Raworth’s work combined the PB ‘environmental ceiling’ with a

proposed ‘social foundation’ below which it was ‘unjust’ for people to fall. The combination of environmental

ceiling and social foundation is presented diagrammatically in what has become known as the ‘Oxfam

Doughnut Model’ (Figure 33).

Megan Cole (2015) downscaled the global doughnut model by assessing the extent to which conditions in

South Africa exist below the environmental ceiling and above the social foundation. The study used 22

indicators to describe environmental and socio‐economic systems, while highlighting the interdependent

nature of those systems and identifying where people and the environment face unacceptable and

dangerous stresses.

Cole highlights that South Africa faces the ‘triple challenge’ of poverty, inequality and unemployment. It has

one of the highest official unemployment rates in the world (25 %) and is one of the most unequal countries,

with a Gini coefficient of 0.69 (RSA Department of Performance Management and Evaluation, 2013). The

wealthiest 4 % of households receive 32 % of total income while 66 % of households receive only 21 % of all

income (Visagie, 2013). Over half of South Africans live below the national poverty line and more than 10 %

live in extreme poverty, on less than $1.25 per day. The hopes of 54 million people depend on South Africa’s

ability to address such injustices and end social deprivation (Cole, 2015).

The South African government has an ambitious target of 5.4 % growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and

11 million new jobs by 2030 (RSA National Planning Commission, 2012). However, Cole (2015) indicates that

the path followed in the pursuit of these goals should avoid leaving significant people below the social

foundation. She argues for good‐quality growth that works for the poorest people first, and significantly

reduces inequalities.

Cole’s study concludes that South Africa has crossed its safe environmental boundaries for climate change,

freshwater use, biodiversity loss and marine harvesting and is within 10 % of crossing the boundaries for

arable land use, phosphorous loading and air pollution.

The study concludes that key shifts are required in governance, spatial development and job creation if

current PB and social justice issues are to be addressed going forward.


Figure 2: Planetary Boundaries, from Steffen et al. 2015

Figure 3: The Oxfam Doughnut Model, from Raworth, 2012.


Figure 4: The South African Doughnut, from Cole, 2015.

1.4 Financial & Technical Support from the Global Community

The previous sections have highlighted the extensive global focus on climate change, environmental and

economic sustainability, human well‐being, social equity and justice. The world’s leaders have recognised

that collaboration and co‐operation between countries and regions is key to addressing the most pressing

problems that put the future of the planet and people at risk. In light of this, there are a significant number

and diversity of initiatives in place (and being set up) that specifically seek to build capacity, provide technical

and financial support, and encourage positive and proactive action towards addressing the issues of global

environmental change that impact on people and economies. South Africa (including eThekwini Municipality

in some specific cases) is already an active member / participant in a number of these initiatives and has been

the recipient of both technical and financial support towards its sustainable development and climate

protection goals (see Section 1.2.2 The Role of Cities).

Under the banner of global climate protection, and in response to the recognised need for finance support

to be provided to developing countries, a number of climate funds have already been set up by numerous

different global agencies, with specific sectors or activities targeted by each. The website Climate Funds

Update (www.climatefundsupdate.org) lists 28 different multi‐lateral and bi‐lateral climate funds that are

administered through 15 different entities, including the World Bank, Global Environment Facility (GEF),

UNDP, the European Commission, and African Development Bank.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established by 194 governments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions in developing countries, and to help vulnerable societies adapt to the unavoidable impacts of

climate change. The GCF is accountable to the United Nations. It is guided by the principles and provisions of

the UNFCCC. It is governed by a Board of 24 members, comprising an equal number of members from


developing and developed countries, and is the only stand‐alone multilateral financing entity whose sole

mandate is to serve the Convention and that aims to deliver equal amounts of funding to mitigation and

adaptation (www.greenclimate.fund).

The GCF will be administered through “accredited agencies” who act as fund managers in each country. In

South Africa, the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) is likely to be the first accredited agency, and

would be able to issue funding of up to $250 million per project; the South African National Biodiversity

Initiative (SANBI) is expected to follow in the accreditation process, and would be able to issue funding for

projects of up to $50 million. Each accredited agency must develop a “portfolio”, which is essentially a set of

projects / programmes / types of projects that it will facilitate funding for. DBSA and SANBI had not developed

their portfolios at the time of this publication.

The GCF has developed a set of criteria that it uses to define whether funding applications will meet the

targets of the fund. While the GCF aims to fund implementation, there is also a provision for “readiness”

funding which can include programme / project development. This is funded to a maximum of $5 million.

1.5 Pointers for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme

With the achievement of the Paris COP21 Outcome and the adoption of the UN SDGs, 2015 stands out as a

landmark year for the establishment of enhanced global climate change action and sustainable development

priorities. These outcomes will have significant influence on the policies, actions and investments of countries

around the world for at least the next 10 to 15 years.

However, while the high level agreements achieved in 2015 undoubtedly represent a watershed moment in

history, it is clear that large‐scale and comprehensive change in patterns of investment and governance is

needed if the risks faced by people and the planet resulting from past patterns of development and resource

consumption are to be reduced. It is for this reason that the world’s leading practitioners are calling for rapid

transformative processes to be adopted in respect of governance, spatial planning and human settlements,

infrastructure, technology, capacity building, and financing.

In South Africa, it is not possible or appropriate to focus on addressing global environmental change priorities

without directing attention towards its already high and rapidly increasing social and economic inequality

and development needs. For a country grappling with major issues of social inequality, weak economic

growth and increasing natural resource scarcities, any investment in addressing global priorities must clearly

demonstrate local developmental and transformative benefits to be justifiable.

It is in this context that the following key pointers emerge from the current and emerging global climate

change and sustainable development context, and which should be used in shaping a Sustainability

Programme for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games:

1.5.1 Leveraging transitionary processes

Recent global discourses on the Paris Outcome and the UN SDGs are fairly unanimous in identifying that

global patterns of unsustainable resource consumption and harmful greenhouse gas emissions can only be

diverted if there can be a rapid transitioning (or reform) in systems of governance and investment, patterns

and forms of human settlements, technology and human capital. This transitioning implies a speedy move

away from ‘business as usual’ towards a new order of climate and resource risk‐cognisant development and

investment decision‐making, efficient technologies, enhanced human capacity and widespread changes in

behaviour. There has also been a recognition that such transitioning processes not only come with a


potentially high price tag, but may also be hampered by established patterns of economic investment and

political power. For a country such as South Africa, and a city such as Durban, the source and impetus for

such rapid transitioning processes is yet to be fully determined.

Mega‐events, such as the 2022 Commonwealth Games have been shown to present an important

opportunity for the host country, and host city in particular, to operate outside of ‘business as usual’

(Diederichs and Roberts, 2015), to test new approaches and establish new skills (Roberts et al. 2012). The

2022 Commonwealth Games therefore offers an opportunity for eThekwini Municipality to utilise the

elevated levels of international technical support and funding available to leverage a strategic realignment

and rapid enhancement of existing internal capacity, skills and systems for improved climate protection and

sustainability outcomes. This implies a legacy of enhanced governance that is more responsive to global and

national sustainability and climate protection priorities. It also implies a key opportunity to leverage new /

additional sources of long term finance for workstreams embedded within the municipal administration that

have a clear climate protection and urban resilience‐building goal.

1.5.2 Balanced mitigation-adaptation focus for ‘resilience’ outcomes

The Paris Outcome makes a clear link between investment in climate mitigation and adaptation: while

investment in mitigation is an imperative to secure the future of all humanity, the manner in which this

investment is made should be responsive to local risks and vulnerabilities, and should seek to enhance

capability to adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. In essence, investment in climate

protection should seek to enhance the resilience of societies, economies and the natural environment to

global climate change.

South Africa’s commitment to climate action is embodied in its INDC, which also articulates quite clearly the

country’s need to achieve its climate mitigation and adaptation goals through developmental processes that

address the country’s key social and economic needs.

These approaches spell out a clear path for how sustainability in the 2022 Commonwealth Games should be

approached: investment in mitigation of the carbon emissions from the event are imperative, but this

investment needs to be directed in such a way as to achieve enhanced social equality and resilience,

sustainable (and low carbon) economic development, and enhanced resilience of ecological systems. Such

investment needs also to be centred on addressing locally specific vulnerabilities and risks, such that the

resilience outcomes are high impact and long‐lasting.

Importantly, an event of this magnitude also offers an important opportunity for Durban to demonstrate in

practical terms how cities can address the twin aims of climate mitigation and adaptation in a balanced

manner that is developmental in nature. Sharing experiences and outcomes of such work can provide an

important platform to encourage and assist other cities / agencies grappling with such issues, particularly

other African cities. Shared learning and collaboration should therefore form a key component of the

Sustainability Programme approach.

1.5.3 Emphasis on partnerships and collaboration

Global discourses on climate action and sustainability suggest that partnerships are key for achieving lasting

and impactful outcomes. This has been shown to be true in Durban in the hosting of the 2010 FIFA™ World

Cup and 2011 COP17/CMP7 (Roberts et al. 2012).

In order to leverage a transition towards improved systems of sustainability and climate action in the greater

Durban region, eThekwini Municipality should seek to establish / enhance meaningful partnerships with


business and industry, non‐governmental organisations, education / research institutions and other

government agencies. These partnerships should not be confined by the administrative boundaries of

eThekwini Municipality, and should seek to foster regional collaboration, capacity building, influence and

impact. They should seek to leverage enhanced investment in human capital, natural capital, institutional

capital and social capital, with the aim of contributing positively towards climate change mitigation, climate

resilience, sustainable development, social equity and social justice.

The concept of the ‘energetic society’ espoused by Hajer and Huitzing (2012) is worth further consideration

in the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games sustainability roadmap (see Footnote 4). The direct involvement

and energy of civil society and business, both in the event sustainability initiatives and beyond, could be

leveraged through appropriate incentives, thereby expanding the beneficial footprint and impact.

1.5.4 Safe and Just Operating Space considerations

While the mega‐event sustainability initiatives need to take into account the minimisation and mitigation of

a wide range of negative impacts, the work being done at an international, national and local scale on ‘safe

and just operating space’ must to be taken into account when setting priorities and reporting frameworks

for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme.

According to Cole (2015), impoverished communities in South Africa are ‘below the social floor’ in terms of

issues such as: voice, healthcare, education, electricity, housing, sanitation, water, income, jobs, safety,

household goods and food security. Cole also indicates that in the South African context, environmental

sustainability boundaries have been crossed with respect to: marine resource harvesting, freshwater use,

climate change and biodiversity loss. Steffen et al. (2015) report that at a global scale, nitrogen and

phosphorus pollution have moved beyond ‘safe’ levels, as has loss of genetic diversity, land system changes

and climate change.

The above implies that for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme to be relevant

in the international context, the programme should not only be designed to respond to these ‘safe and just

operating space’ priorities, but should also be able to report on the contribution of the event to these issues.

The design of the monitoring and reporting frameworks will therefore require an innovative approach, and

it is suggested that collaboration with international researchers leading the work on the safe and just

operating space should be sought.


CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF NATIONAL & LOCAL CONTEXT & PRIORITIES

2.1 Introduction

South Africa has a well‐developed policy and legislative environment dealing with economic development,

environmental management, water resource management and security, energy generation and security, and

waste and pollution management. National policy and legislation dealing with climate change exists in

various states of readiness and adoption, and is therefore considered to still be under development. Over

and above this national context, eThekwini Municipality has its own set of locally relevant policies, plans and

programmes dealing with sustainability in various ways.

The hosting of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games will need to be done in a manner that is compliant

with and supportive of both national and local legislation / policy, and associated sustainable development

and environmental protection priorities. In addition, the hosting of the event should seek to drive key

developmental and sustainability agendas in South Africa and Durban, including through building capacity,

transitioning institutions, and leaving a positive social, environmental and economic legacy.

It is the purpose of this chapter to highlight the key national and local legislation / policies, plans and

programmes, and associated priorities which need to shape the sustainability programme for the Durban

2022 Commonwealth Games.

2.2 Applicable National Legislation & Policy

2.2.1 The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996)

In accordance with Section 24 of the South African Constitution (RSA, 1996), “Everyone has the right to an

environment that is not harmful to their health or well‐being; and to have the environment protected, for the

benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent

pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable

development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.”

This constitutional right, along with all other constitutional rights, must underpin the environmental

management and protection approach adopted by all state entities.

It is the above Constitutional Right that provides the basis for ensuring that the hosting of the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games does not result in environmental degradation, pollution or other harm, that may

affect the health or well‐being of people.

2.2.2 South Africa’s National Development Plan (NDP)

The National Development Plan (NDP) (RSA National Planning Commission, 2012) is South Africa’s strategic

visioning document that sets out the high level directives for sustainable growth of the country’s economy,

improvement in social equality, development of the country’s human capital, and protection of the country’s

natural capital. This Act was cited as one of the key underpinning pieces of legislation motivating South

Africa’s bid to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Durban (Durban 2022, 2015).

The NDP aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. According to the plan, South Africa can

realise these goals by drawing on the energies of its people, growing an inclusive economy, building

capabilities, enhancing the capacity of the state, and promoting leadership and partnerships throughout

society (RSA National Planning Commission, 2012).


The NDP states that “South Africa is the world’s 27th largest economy but the 12th largest CO2 emitter”. This

points to a clear recognition in the NDP that South Africa’s economy has been built on energy intensive

production, using cheap carbon‐intensive energy, and that this is neither sustainable nor desirable going

forward. The NDP notes that economic growth in South Africa faces a set of “binding constraints”, one of

which is energy security. Fundamentally, the NDP points to the need for a structural change in how energy is

both generated and used in South Africa as a central tenet of sustainable future economic growth. It sets a

target of an average of 5.4 % growth in the national economy until 2030.

The NDP therefore provides not only a strong economic development argument for the hosting of the 2022

Commonwealth Games in South Africa, but also provides direction on the need for the investment into the

infrastructure and systems for this event to be done in an energy efficient and climate responsible manner.

The NDP principles are therefore strongly supportive of opportunities to secure positive “green economy”

outcomes, or transitions, through the hosting of the event.

2.2.3 National Framework for Sustainable Development

The country’s sustainable development vision is outlined in the National Framework for Sustainable

Development (2008) as “South Africa aspires to be a sustainable, economically prosperous and self‐reliant

nation state that safeguards its democracy by meeting the fundamental human needs of its people, by

managing its limited ecological resources responsibly for current and future generations, and by advancing

efficient and effective integrated planning and governance through national, regional and global

collaboration”.

The purpose of this Framework is to set out South Africa’s national vision for sustainable development and

indicate strategic interventions to re‐orientate South Africa’s development path in a more sustainable

direction. It does not present detailed strategies or actions, but rather proposes a national vision, principles,

trends, strategic priority areas and a set of implementation measures that will enable and guide the

development of the national strategy and action plan.

It describes in broad terms how the existing activities of government and its social partners will be

strengthened, refined and realigned in a phased manner to achieve inter‐related sustainable development

goals relating to the economy, society and the environment, and how governance systems will be capacitated

to facilitate this process.

This Framework provides the basis for a long‐term process of integrating sustainability as a key component

of the development discourse and shows South Africa’s commitment to the principles developed at

international summits and conferences in the economic, social and environmental fields, including the 2002

World Summit on Sustainable Development.

2.2.4 National Sport and Recreation Plan (NSRP)

The focus of the National Sport and Recreation Plan (NSRP) (2012) is to reconstruct and revitalise the delivery

of sport and recreation towards building an active and winning nation that equitably improves the lives of all

South Africans. This Plan was cited as one of the key underpinning national policies motivating South Africa’s

bid to host the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games (Durban 2022, 2015).

In addition to various objectives focusing on the development of sports codes, sports facilities, sports talent

and opportunities for South African sportsmen and women, the NSRP supports for the use of sport as a tool

to support and achieve a diverse range of national and global priorities, including the following strategic

objectives:


To use sport and recreation as a medium to attract tourists to South Africa.

To use sport and recreation as a mechanism for achieving peace and development.

To ensure that participation in sport and recreation activities is conducted in an environmentally

sustainable manner and to use sport as a tool for communicating environmental messages and

encouraging actions to clean up the environment.

To capitalise on the numerous benefits derived from participating in sport and recreation as a

mechanism towards achieving and supporting the priorities of National Government. This includes

among others:

o To build the sports economy to effectively contribute to shared economic growth and

development in South Africa, including through the creation of decent work.

o To use sport and recreation as a medium for building social cohesion and sustainable

communities.

o To harness the nation‐building characteristics of sport and recreation.

o To use sport and recreation as a medium of building a healthy nation.

The NSRP therefore provides the key national policy platform advocating for and supporting the hosting of

international sports events as a means of growing the tourism and sports economies, promoting economic

development, social upliftment, health and equality, and nation building. It also provides a basis for the

implementation of event sustainability programmes that address the environmental impacts of sports

events, and associated environmental communications and messaging.

2.2.4 National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act 107 of 1998)

The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) gives effect to Section 24 of the Constitution, which is

the environmental right. It is an overarching piece of environmental legislation in that it sets out the general

principles that organs of state must take into account when making decisions affecting the environment. The

underlying principle advocated by NEMA is that development must be socially, environmentally and

economically sustainable, and that environmental management must address human needs. This legislation

therefore directs the need to host the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games in an environmentally sustainable

manner.

A set of regulations has been promulgated in terms of NEMA which identify development activities that may

have a detrimental impact on the environment, and so require “environmental authorisation” prior to being

undertaken. The process of applying for environmental authorisation for these activities is accompanied by

an Environmental Impact Assessment, or Basic Assessment. The regulations under which the lists of regulated

activities that require environmental authorisation are published are:


Table 1: Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations - list of relevant government notices

Government Notice Title Description

GNR 982 of 2014 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations

Sets out the procedures, processes, timeframes and standards for applications for environmental authorisation, amendments to environmental authorisations, auditing of compliance with environmental authorisations and environmental management plans. This includes the requirements for public participation.

GNR 983 of 2014 Listing Notice 1 Sets out the listed activities that require environmental authorisation subject to Basic Assessment.

GNR 984 of 2014 Listing Notice 2 Sets out the listed activities that require environmental authorisation subject to Environmental Impact Assessment.

GNR 985 of 2014 Listing Notice 3 Sets out the listed activities, subject to location within South Africa,that require environmental authorisation subject to Basic Assessment.

Periodic amendments to the above regulations and listing notices are published in the Government Gazette.

The hosting of the Commonwealth Games, including all temporary and permanent infrastructure that may

be required to be constructed for the event, must therefore comply with the Environmental Impact

Assessment regulations. The competent authority which reviews such applications for environmental

authorisation is the KwaZulu‐Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental

Affairs (EDTEA) or National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).

2.2.5 National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEMWA) (Act 59 of 2008)

The purpose of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEMWA) was to reform the laws

regulating waste management in order to protect human health and the environment by providing

reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation, and for securing ecologically

sustainable development.

A set of regulations promulgated under this act sets out a range of waste handling, storage, treatment and

disposal activities that require Environmental Authorisation subject to Environmental Impact Assessment or

Basic Assessment.

Table 2: Waste Management Regulations - list of relevant government notices

Government Notice Title Description

GNR 718 of 2009 List of Waste Management Activities

Sets out the listed waste management activities that require environmental authorisation subject to Basic Assessment (Category A) or Environmental Impact Assessment (Category B).

GNR 1113 of 2010 and GNR 921 of 2013

Amendment to List of Waste Management Activities

Sets out key amendments to the listed activities that require environmental authorisation subject to Basic Assessment or full Environmental Impact Assessment.

GNR 614 of 2012 Waste Classification and Management Regulations

Regulates the classification and management of waste, establishes a mechanism and procedure for waste management activities that do not require a license, prescribes requirements for the disposal of waste to a landfill, and prescribes general duties of waste managers, transporters and generators.


The handling, storage and disposal of waste associated with the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games event

will therefore need to comply with the provisions of NEMWA.

2.2.6 National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS)

As a requirement of the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) (2011), all municipalities are required

to develop an Integrated Waste Management Plan. The NWMS is structured around a framework of eight

goals, which include (amongst others):

Promote waste minimisation, re‐use, recycling and recovery of waste;

Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services;

Grow the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy;

Ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, well‐being and the environment.

In terms of the above, eThekwini Municipality will be required to ensure that waste minimisation, re‐use,

recycling and recovery are included in the waste management approach and plans for the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games event. In addition, opportunities to grow the green economy through sustainable

waste management should be sought as a legacy outcome from the event.

2.2.7 National Water Act (NWA) (Act 36 of 1998)

The National Water Act (NWA) is concerned with the overall management, equitable allocation and

conservation of water resources in South Africa. To this end, it requires registration of water users and

licenses to be obtained for water use except for certain limited instances set out in the Act. These instances

include domestic use, certain recreational use, where the use occurs in terms of an existing lawful use or

where the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) has issued a general authorisation that obviates the

need for a permit.

In the NWA, no obligations are imposed upon municipalities in relation to authorisation. Even though this is

the case, they still have the following obligations / powers under the NWA:

To give effect to the purpose of the Act.

To take reasonable measures to prevent pollution of water resources that it owns, controls, occupies or

uses the land in question.

To remedy situations where pollution of a water resource occurs following emergency incident and

where the municipality is responsible for the incident or owns or controls the substance which caused

the emergency incident.

Not to establish a township unless the layout plan shows, in a form acceptable to the local authority

concerned, lines indicating the maximum level likely to be reached by floodwaters on average once in

every 100 years.

EThekwini Municipality will need to ensure that all aspects of the event infrastructure and systems comply

with the provisions of the NWA, including obtaining Water Use Licenses where event activities /

infrastructure trigger the need for this. It will also need to take responsibility for the prevention of pollution

to water resources and response to any pollution that may be associated with the Commonwealth Games

event.


2.2.8 National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) (Act 25 of 1999)

The National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) governs the protection and management of natural and cultural

heritage resources. It provides for the establishment of heritage authorities, whose purpose it is to

administer the Act and all regulations promulgated under it. The following sections of the Act have

implications for municipal projects, where permission for construction or demolition of infrastructure from

the relevant heritage authority is required:

Section 34 (1) of the National Heritage Resources Act, 1999:

No person may alter or demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a

permit issued by the relevant provincial heritage resources authority.

Section 38 (1) of the National Heritage Resources Act, 1999:

Subject to the provisions of subsections (7), (8) and (9), any person who intends to undertake a development

categorised as –

(a) the construction of a road, wall, powerline, pipeline, canal or other similar form of linear development

or barrier exceeding 300m in length;

(b) the construction of a bridge or similar structure exceeding 50m in length;

(c) any development or other activity which will change the character of a site –

(i) exceeding 5 000 sq. m in extent; or

(ii) involving three or more existing erven or subdivisions thereof; or

(iii) involving three or more erven or divisions thereof which have been consolidated within the

past five years; or

(iv) the cost of which exceed a sum set in terms of regulations b SAHRA or a provincial heritage

resources agency;

(d) the re‐zoning of a site exceeding 10 000 sq. m in extent; or

(e) any other category of development provided for in regulations by SAHRA or a provincial heritage

resources agency,

must at the very earliest stages of initiating such a development, notify the responsible heritage resources

authority and furnish it with details regarding the location, nature and extent of the proposed

development.

In terms of the above, eThekwini Municipality will need to comply with any cultural heritage permit

requirements for all event hosting infrastructure, systems and operations associated with the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games.

2.2.9 National Climate Change Response White Paper (2011)

In 2011 the Department of Environmental Affairs published the National Climate Change Response White

Paper, which documents the vision and policy of the South African government to developing an effective

response to climate change and moving towards a low carbon economy.

Both climate adaptation and mitigation responses are incorporated into the White Paper. The main

objectives of the Paper are to manage climate change impacts through various interventions (adaptation

response) and to reduce the emissions that South Africa produces (mitigation response).


The overall approach of the policy is the promotion of “climate change resilient development” and

incorporates both mitigation and adaptation interventions. The definition given is as follows:

“Climate change resilient development refers to all interventions – mitigation, adaptation or both – that

contribute to a fair and effective global solution to the climate change challenge while simultaneously building

and maintaining South Africa’s international competitiveness, its social, environmental and economic

resilience to the adverse effects of global climate change, and any unintended consequences of global climate

change response measures” (RSA Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011).

Under the climate adaptation section, the policy identifies key adaptation sectors and sets out policy actions

for each. The key sectors include water, agriculture and commercial forestry, health, biodiversity and

ecosystems, human settlements ‐ a distinction is made between urban, rural and coastal ‐ and disaster risk

reduction and management. The policy asserts that adaptation responses have a stronger local context than

mitigation responses and their benefits may appear faster and are often more tangible. The policy also states

that adaptation responses can help to create green economy jobs and therefore adaptation responses can

be included in sustainable development policies.

South Africa’s mitigation efforts are framed within two contexts by the White Paper. The first is to contribute

to the reduction in global emissions and the second is to promote development and eradicate poverty. With

support from the developed world, South Africa has set a goal of achieving a 34 % reduction in GHG emissions

against business as usual by 2020, and 42 % reduction in GHG emissions against business as usual by 2025.

With this support, GHG emissions are expected to peak between the years 2020 and 2025, and thereafter

plateau for about a decade, and then decline. These targets were informed by a long term scenario study

compiled for South Africa.

Local governments are tasked with incorporating climate change considerations and constraints into

municipal development tools including their Integrated Development Plans and service delivery

programmes. As such, appropriate climate change considerations will need to be addressed in the manner

in which eThekwini Municipality hosts the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

2.2.10 Disaster Management Amendment Act (DMA) (Act 16 of 2015)

The Disaster Management Act (2004) and Amendment Act (2015) sets out a range of actions to be taken by

a municipality. These actions including formulating disaster management plans and short‐term contingency

arrangements. Section 53 of the Act requires that each municipality must conduct a disaster risk assessment,

identify and map risks, areas, ecosystems, communities and households that are exposed or vulnerable to

physical and human‐induced threats and prepare a disaster management plan. This includes its role and

responsibilities regarding emergency response and post‐disaster recovery and rehabilitation, but also

providing measures and indicating how it will invest in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation,

including ecosystem and community‐based adaptation approaches.

It is in the 2015 Amendment of the Act that the role of climate change adaptation, and especially ecosystem

and community‐based approaches, and its relation to disaster risk reduction, is acknowledged. This provides

a clear link between disaster management and climate change adaptation within eThekwini Municipality,

and provides a legislated mandate for Durban to implement its climate change strategy.

The above context sets out a clear rationale for addressing the climate impacts of the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games in an integrated way, where investment in the mitigation of global climate impacts

(i.e. greenhouse gas emissions) attributable to the event, is balanced with an investment in building the


adaptive capacity and resilience of infrastructure, people and the local economy to the effects of unavoidable

climate change.

2.2.11 National Tourism Sector Strategy (2011), National Tourism and Climate Change Action Plan (2011), National Responsible Tourism Development Guidelines (2002) & Minimum Standards for Responsible Tourism (2011)

Responsible Tourism is defined by the National Department of Tourism as a tourism management strategy

in which the tourism sector and tourists take responsibility to protect and conserve the natural environment,

respect and conserve local cultures and ways of life, and contribute to stronger local economies and a better

quality of life for local people. Responsible tourism is also about enabling local communities to enjoy a better

quality of life, through increased socio‐economic benefits and an improved environment. It is also about

providing better holiday experiences for guests and good business opportunities for tourism enterprises.

The 2002 National Responsible Tourism Development Guidelines for South Africa set out clear principles for

economic responsibility, social responsibility and environmental responsibility in tourism related activities,

facilities and industries. In 2011, the National Department of Tourism facilitated the development of National

Minimum Standards for Responsible Tourism (SANS 1162). The purpose of these minimum standards were

to establish a common understanding of responsible tourism and align the different sets of criteria that are

used for certifying the sustainability of tourism businesses. The standard consists of 41 criteria divided into

the following four categories:

Sustainable operations and management,

Economic criteria,

Social and cultural criteria,

Environmental criteria.

Also in 2011, the National Department of Tourism produced the Draft National Tourism and Climate Change

Action Plan, which aims to address the implications of climate change on tourism. The reduction of GHG

emissions through energy efficiency and other actions is a major focus of the response programme, which

also aims to raise awareness in the tourism industry of the need to address climate change risks. The National

Tourism Sector Strategy (2011) mandates the National Department of Tourism and the tourism industry to

commit to the reduction of GHG emissions (particularly through tourist travel) through a Voluntary Accord.

The above strategies, guidelines and national minimum standards set out the policy platform, and tools, that

can be used to promote sustainability in the tourism sector as part of the hosting of the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games. This includes in the air and ground transportation industry, hospitality facilities, tour

companies, event hosting facilities and operators.

2.2.12 National Building Standards and Regulations

South Africa faces an energy generation capacity backlog, which has resulted in the country encouraging

energy efficiency in all sectors while fast‐tracking the development of renewable energy generation capacity

through the Department of Energy’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme (REIPPP).

These actions are supportive of the aims of the National Climate Change Response White Paper (2011), which

require a significant change in the country’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions trajectory over the next 10 to 20

years. This can only meaningfully be achieved by changing the country’s energy generation mix from its

current scenario, which comprises a predominance of coal‐fired electricity generation, to a greater

renewable energy generation capacity.


As part of the process of addressing energy efficiency, the National Building Regulations have been updated

to include a number of energy efficiency building standards. These are included in SANS 204‐1, 204‐2 and

204‐2 (thermal efficiency in buildings) and SANS 10400‐XA (energy usage in buildings). All new buildings

constructed for the Durban 202 Commonwealth Games will need to comply with these standards.

2.2.13 ISO 14000 Environmental Management Systems

It is common practice for major event hosting facilities in South Africa, such as the Durban International

Convention Centre (Durban ICC), to have an established Environmental Management System (EMS) that is

compliant with the ISO14001 international standard, and that the facility’s compliance with the EMS is

validated / certified locally. While such ISO14001 compliant EMS was developed for the Moses Mabhida

Stadium as part of the Greening Durban 2010 Programme, certification of the facility’s compliance with the

ISO standard has not been undertaken.

The ISO 14000 family of standards provides practical tools for companies and organizations of all kinds

looking to manage their environmental responsibilities. ISO 14001:2015 and its supporting standards such as

ISO 14006:2011 focus on environmental systems to achieve this. The other standards in the family focus on

specific approaches such as audits, communications, labelling and life cycle analysis, as well as environmental

challenges such as climate change (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso14000).

2.3 Relevant Local / Regional Policies, Plans and Functions

2.3.1 Local Policies and Plans

2.3.1.1 EThekwini Long-term Development Framework (LTDF)

EThekwini Municipality established its Long‐term Development Framework (LTDF) in 2001, which mapped

the strategic vision for eThekwini Municipality over the next twenty years (to 2021). In its Candidate City File,

the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Bid Committee motivated that the hosting of the event would be

supportive of Durban’s long term development vision as set out in the LTDF. The event has been cited as

being able to facilitate acceleration of planned investments in social amenities and transportation

infrastructure.

The main focus of the LTDF is to improve the quality of life for all the people of eThekwini Municipality. The

LTDF strategy to achieve this aim is based on three key pillars:

1. Meeting basic needs,

2. Strengthening the economy, and

3. Building skills and technology.

In terms of the second pillar, strengthening the economy, tourism is one of the sectors identified for growth

that could assist towards meeting the LTDF target of increasing jobs by 3% per annum. In addition, it is

suggested that a strong regeneration thrust is needed within key economic areas aimed at improving services

and infrastructure (CBD, beachfront etc.).

The LTDF recognises the importance of growing the economy and addressing social needs in a manner that

is sustainable. The LTDF states that, “Sustainability requires that we balance the social, economic and

environmental needs of our society to ensure that all development occurs within the carrying capacity of the

natural environment. This is particularly important in a city such as ours where the environment continues to

act as a service provider, meeting the basic needs of many of the city's poorest communities and providing


critical services to large‐scale industrial development, by providing raw materials for building, water for

drinking and the treatment of waste from human and manufacturing activities.”

The LTDF therefore provides not only a key local policy platform on which the hosting of the 2022

Commonwealth Games in Durban is motivated, but also provides a framework of principles that guide the

manner in which the hosting of the event should be undertaken. The need to ensure that the event

contributes to the overarching long term development goal of the City of Durban – i.e. improving quality of

life for all its people – is therefore a fundamental requirement.

2.3.1.2 Imagine Durban Long-term Development Plan (LTDP)

In 2010 the LTDF was revised through the Imagine Durban Long‐term Development Plan (LTDP) project. The

main purpose of this project was to develop a visionary plan that can inspire citizens, nongovernmental

organisations, businesses and government to work together to refine the vision statement and key strategies.

The revised vision statement as outlined in the Imagine Durban process and as adopted by the 2010 and

beyond IDP reads: “By 2020 eThekwini will be Africa’s most caring and liveable city”. This vision will be

achieved by growing its economy and meeting people’s needs so that all citizens enjoy a high quality of life

with equal opportunities, in a municipality that they are truly proud of.

The LTDP outlined the following key strategies through the development framework:

1. Creating a Safe Municipality;

2. Promoting an Accessible Municipality;

3. Creating a Prosperous Municipality where all enjoy Sustainable Livelihoods;

4. Celebrating our Cultural Diversity, Arts and Heritage;

5. Ensuring a more Environmentally Sustainable Municipality; and

6. Fostering a Caring and Empowering Municipality.

2.3.1.3 EThekwini Municipality Integrated Development Plan (IDP)

The LTDP has been divided into smaller, five year draft Integrated Development Plans (IDP’s) that will guide the development of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality so that all services are provided in a co‐ordinated

way, considering all aspects of people’s lives.

In line with the LTDP vision, strategies and outcomes, eThekwini Municipality’s 2015/16 IDP Eight Point Plan

outlines the short term strategies and outcomes intended at addressing the key challenges and achieving the

long term vision. The eight point plans are the Municipality’s delivery plan, which despite being separate

plans are supportive of each other to ensure effective delivery. The eight plans are:

1. Develop and Sustain our Spatial, Natural and Built Environment.

2. Developing a Prosperous, Diverse Economy and Employment Creation.

3. Creating a Quality Living Environment.

4. Fostering a Socially Equitable Environment.

5. Creating a Platform for Growth, Empowerment and Skills Development

6. Embracing our Cultural Diversity, Arts and Heritage.

7. Good Governance and Responsive Local Government.

8. Financially Accountable and Sustainable Municipality.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals provide an additional focal area for the development of

the 2016/17 IDP (see Section 1.3.1 UN Sustainable Development Goals). During 2016, the individual

targets for each of the gaols will be confirmed and adopted globally. Where possible, these targets would

need to be incorporated into the Municipality’s revised IDP.


The Municipal IDP is the policy which is used to determine actions taken by the municipality, and the

allocation of budgets for the completion of these actions.

2.3.2 Relevant Municipal Line Functions & Associated Activities

2.3.2.1 Environmental Planning & Climate Protection Department

The function of eThekwini Municipality’s Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department

(EPCPD) is to facilitate and promote the conservation of biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services

it provides for the benefit of present and future generations, and to plan for mitigation of and adaptation to

the impacts of climate change.

Through its various branches, the EPCPD co‐ordinates and implements a range of programmes and projects,

reviews development applications, inputs into municipal planning processes, develops and communicates

relevant information, and develops policy that is required to ensure that all international, national and local‐

level environmental management and climate protection obligations, requirements and mandates are met.

A brief overview is provided here of some of the key departmental programmes and functions that are

notably relevant to the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games event hosting process.

Municipal Climate Protection Programme (MCPP)

In 2004 eThekwini Municipality initiated a Municipal Climate Protection Programme (MCPP). An important

intervention included in the MCPP is the mainstreaming of climate change considerations into all aspects of

the work undertaken by the municipality. The MCPP has resulted in the production of:

Phase 1‐ Impact Assessment: Climatic Future for Durban Report (2006) assessed the local impacts of climate

change on the Municipality and proposed possible responses.

Phase 2‐ Adaptation Planning: Headline Adaptation Strategy, which highlighted some of the key

interventions required by the eThekwini Municipality if it is to adapt successfully to inevitable climate change.

This adaptation work is currently being extended through a range of adaptation initiatives including the

development of reforestation projects, pilot green roofs, sea level rise modelling, community adaptation

plans and the development and implementation of municipal adaptation plans for the water, health and

disaster management sectors.

Phase 3‐ Developing the Tool Box: the development of an Urban Integrated Assessment Framework (in

progress) that will enable the simulation, evaluation and comparison of strategic plans and policies in the

context of climate change.

Phase 4‐ Mainstreaming: mainstreaming of climate change considerations into city planning and

development. Interventions include hosting a carbon neutral COP17/CMP7 Climate Change meeting and a

carbon‐reduced 2010 FIFA™ World Cup in Durban and the creation of a Climate Protection Branch within the

EPCPD.

Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS)

The Durban Climate Change Strategy (DCCS) (2014) was developed as part of eThekwini Municipality’s MCCP

with the aim of defining a city‐wide approach to adapting to climate change and mitigating Durban’s

contribution to climate change.

As a result of these changes, there are a number of risks that Durban may face in the future. These include

changes from year to year in water availability, potential damage to infrastructure, threats to biodiversity


and ecosystems, impacts on agriculture and food security, higher energy consumption, and health impacts.

The urban poor are likely to be the most at risk. These impacts are likely to be compounded by indirect or

non‐climate change‐related risks, such as population growth rate.

Ten interrelated climate change response themes were identified through the strategy development process:

Water; Sea level rise; Biodiversity; Food security; Health; Energy; Waste and pollution; Transport; Economic

development; and Knowledge generation and understanding. A set of goals, objectives and responses was

developed for each theme.

Durban Adaptation Charter (DAC)

The EPCPD has hosted the Durban Adaptation Charter (DAC) global secretariat since the DAC was launched

at the UNFCCC COP17/CMP7 in Durban in 2011. This important international role places a clear onus on

eThekwini Municipality to continue to show leadership in the implementation of the Charter in its own

operations and development planning processes.

Central KwaZulu‐Natal Climate Change Compact (CKZNCCC)

To aid in the implementation of the DAC, a Central KwaZulu‐Natal Climate Change Compact (CKZNCCC) was

formed to facilitate regional information sharing and collaboration on climate change adaptation projects.

The CKZNCCC was established in February 2014 and comprises eThekwini Municipality and a number of other

district and local municipalities in surrounding areas. To date the CKZNCCC has acted to building capacity

and share information, but is in the process of obtaining funding and planning to collaborative climate change

adaptation and mitigation projects.

100 Resilient Cities Programme (100RC)

At the end of 2013, Durban was selected as one of the first 33 cities to be included in the Rockefeller

Foundation’s International 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) Programme. The Rockefeller Foundation launched

100RC to assist cities around the world in building urban resilience in the face of a future where stresses (i.e.

inequality, unemployment and degradation of the natural environment) and shocks (i.e. floods and other

disasters) are likely to become more prevalent.

With most of the world’s population now living in cities, building urban resilience is important in helping

cities (people, communities, infrastructure and ecosystems) to prepare for these challenges so that they can

recover effectively to a state better prepared to cope with both extreme and chronic events.

As one of the first cities to be selected for 100RC, Durban has been given the opportunity and responsibility

to work in a new and emerging field. 100RC will provide a significant global platform to share local innovation

and thinking and to learn from others, which is becoming increasingly important as the world moves into an

uncertain and unpredictable future. A key output of 100RC is to develop a ‘Resilience Strategy’ for Durban.

Durban’s involvement in 100RC is being coordinated under Dr Debra Roberts, Deputy Head: Environmental

Planning and Climate Protection Department (EPCPD) as the ‘Chief Resilience Officer’ and is being supported

by a Project Management team from the EPCPD, as well as by a cross‐departmental municipal team and a

number of external stakeholder groupings.

UMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership

The eThekwini Water and Sanitation (EWS) Unit’s ability to deliver the volume and quality of fresh water

required within Durban and to provide sanitation services is becoming increasingly compromised by

catchment conditions and dynamics, many of which are external to eThekwini Municipal Area, specifically in


the uMngeni, upper Mooi and Mkomazi catchments. In order to facilitate collaborative management of

ecological infrastructure in the uMngeni River catchment system such that water related ecosystem services

are enhanced in a manner that improves regional water security, a partnership has been established between

EWS, EPCPD, the KZN office of the National Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), Umgeni Water, the

South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and a host of other stakeholder organisations.

There are three pilot projects for the programme, one of which falls within eThekwini Municipal Area. The

local pilot project is the Palmiet Rehabilitation Project, which involves a range of interventions aiming to

improve living conditions and remove solid waste pollution for communities living in the lower catchment,

and the installation of wetlands in the system for flood management and water quality improvement.

Community Ecosystem Based Adaptation (CEBA) Programme

The EPCPD has established a number of projects that are actively restoring and managing biodiversity assets

with the key purpose of conserving biodiversity, creating jobs, enhancing ecosystem services delivery, and

improving human and ecological resilience to climate change. Within this programme are a number of

community reforestation projects, which have also been undertaken to secure carbon sequestration benefits

to offset the event‐related carbon emissions of the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and UNFCCC

COP17/CMP7. These projects have been hailed as global leaders demonstrating the links between climate

mitigation, adaptation and social upliftment of impoverished and vulnerable communities.

Biodiversity Planning & Impact Assessment

The EPCPD proactively undertakes biodiversity conservation planning and development impact assessment.

The purpose of these functions is to inform the preparation of strategic and local level municipal planning

and development decision‐making, to ensure that development in the municipal area is environmentally and

socially sustainable. The expertise of this unit could play an important role in the planning and development

of infrastructure and facilities for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games, including advising on the

environmental legislative compliance requirements that need to be met.

2.3.2.2 Architectural Services

The Architectural Services Department plays the primary role of designing and project managing the

construction of buildings. This function includes urban design and master plans for precinct‐scale

developments. The Architectural Services Department has a keen interest in promoting the development of

green buildings and was responsible for the design and construction of the uMngeni Green Hub that was

implemented as part of the Greening Durban 2010 initiative, as well as a wide range of other event‐related

facilities. This department is currently involved in the development of the precinct masterplan for the Moses

Mabhida Sports Precinct and the Durban Inner City Regeneration Plan.

The Architectural Services Department was also integrally involved in the development of the uMngeni Green

Precinct Plan, as well as a host of other plans, as part of the hosting of the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup, UNFCCC

COP17/CMP7 and other events. Some of the interventions identified in these plans were implemented, while

others still remain to be implemented when resources become available. In this regard, the department has

indicated that there is much existing planning that could be used to take important initiatives forward as part

of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

2.3.2.3 EThekwini Transport Authority

The eThekwini Transport Authority (ETA) is responsible for transportation systems planning and

development in the municipal area. This includes the development of the Integrated Rapid Public Transport

Network (IRPTN) and bicycle routes and bike‐share systems. This transportation system is known as


Go!Durban. The IRPTN “wall to wall” plan defines the ultimate (2025) public transport network for the

Municipality to ensure that the incremental implementation of the IRPTN achieves a number of objectives,

including equitable access to transport, reduced impact of transport on the environment, and promotion of

a liveable city.

ETA will be responsible for the development and management of transportation systems associated with the

Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games event in Durban. Previous events, such as the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup,

have provided the opportunity to fast‐track the development of non‐motorised and other forms of public

transport infrastructure that have left an important legacy for the city.

2.3.2.4 Economic Development & Investment Promotion Unit

The Economic Development and Investment Promotion Unit is mandated to promote economic

development; job creation, economic transformation and economic intelligence within the municipal region,

as well as to promote investment in Durban in order to grow the local economy.

It is guided by policies established by National and Provincial Government and articulates the approach to

economic development through the Municipality’s Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and an Economic

Development Strategy, from which all activities are guided by, but not restricted to, as the Unit also responds

to the broader challenges facing the greater region by endorsing other initiatives such as the UN’s Sustainable

Development Goals.

This unit is also responsible for promoting and seeking to grow the green economy in Durban.

2.3.2.5 EThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit

The eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit (EWS) is responsible for the provision of water and sanitation

services to all customers in the municipality. This includes the provision of water and sewerage bulk and

reticulation systems, wastewater treatment services, and pollution control. EWS also plays an active role in

water quality management and monitoring in the municipal area, and is a leading partner in the uMngeni

Ecological Infrastructure Partnership Project. The unit has been a leader in innovating around establishing

renewable energy generation associated with its wastewater treatment works and bulk water transfer

pipelines. It also undertakes water conservation education amongst its consumers.

2.3.2.6 Energy Office

The Energy Office’s mission is to transform Durban’s governance, social, development and economic systems

in order to effectively mitigate climate change. It is responsible for conceptualising and initiating projects in

the following areas:

Renewable Energy (generating energy from renewable sources, such as the sun);

Energy Efficiency (helping use less energy); and

Climate Change Mitigation (reducing our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions).

The Energy Office is implementing key elements of the Durban Climate Change Strategy and has indicated

that the Sustainability Programme for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games should be directed towards

supporting the implementation of this strategy.

The Energy Office was instrumental in developing and implementing the project involving installation of solar

water heaters in low income households and community residential units to generate a carbon offset as part

of the Greening Durban 2010 Programme. It also took this project through a validation process with the


UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism such that tradeable Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) could be

generated to help fund the maintenance of the infrastructure.

The Energy Office is working to overcome a number of legislative obstacles preventing eThekwini

Municipality from generating its own renewable energy. While renewable energy can be generated for own

use, it cannot be sold. The Energy Office has indicated a desire to implement a major renewable energy

project as a means of offsetting the event carbon footprint and leaving a significant climate adaptation /

mitigation legacy for Durban.

2.3.2.7 Durban Tourism

The role of Durban Tourism is to market Durban as a “must visit” destination to the Domestic and

International tourism markets, and in so doing achieve Economic development and facilitate job creation for

the benefit of All the people of the Metropolitan region. This unit was involved in promoting responsible

practices in hospitality facilities used for the UNFCCC COP17/CMP7 in Durban (2011), and has a key role to

play in providing the linkages between major events such as the Commonwealth Games and tourism /

hospitality facilities and infrastructure in the greater Durban region.

2.3.3 Other Entities

2.3.3.1 Durban ICC

The Durban International Convention Centre (Durban ICC) is the primary convention centre in Durban, and

includes the Durban Exhibition Centre. The company is defined as a municipal entity and is 100 % controlled

by eThekwini Municipality.

The Durban ICC was the primary venue at which the UNFCCC COP17/CMP7 event was held in 2011. As part

of the greening of this event, energy efficiency was addressed in the ICC complex, and the Durban ICC

achieved ISO14001 compliance for its Environmental Management Systems for the first time (and which it

has maintained ever since). It is likely that the Durban ICC will be the venue for certain activities associated

with the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

2.3.3.2 Moses Mabhida Stadium and Sports Precinct

EThekwini Municipality constructed and operates the Moses Mabhida Stadium. Along with the Kings Park

Stadium and adjacent sports grounds, Kings Park Swimming Pool, Peoples Park, and Cyril Geoghan

Velodrome, the Moses Mabhida Stadium is part of the central sports precinct within which the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games will be hosted.

The usual stadium seating capacity is 56 000, and can be up‐scaled to 85 000 for major events. The stadium

includes a variety of green design elements, including passive ventilation and lighting, rainwater harvesting

and storage for sports field irrigation, energy efficient lighting and air conditioning.

2.3.3.3 Durban Green Corridor Initiative

The Durban Green Corridor initiative is a non‐profit initiative that is supported by eThekwini Municipality and

which develops, manages and promotes various eco‐tourism activities and infrastructure in the municipality.

The programme actively seeks to create employment and upliftment of low income and needy communities,

especially in rural areas and low income urban townships.

The Durban Green Corridor initiative took up residency and has further developed the uMngeni Green Hub

that was constructed as part of the Greening Durban 2010 programme. The Green Hub is an environmental

friendly building, which is designed to inspire through building design and technology to reduce water and


energy consumption. The Green Hub serves as an eco‐tourism information and environmental education

centre which is active in promoting local environmental clean‐ups, outdoor activities and education

programmes for schools and local residents.

2.4 Pointers for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme

2.4.1 National Policy Platform supporting a Sustainable Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games

South Africa’s National Development Plan (2012), which acts to provide the primary economic and social

development directive for the country, makes an urgent call for economic growth, job creation, and

improvement of social equality through appropriate development. The National Development Plan, and

National Climate Change Response White Paper, and the National Framework for Sustainable Development

provide clear direction on the need to ensure that South Africa’s economic development path needs to be

socially and environmentally sustainable. The checks and balances to achieve this sustainability are provided

by host of laws that govern the protection of water resources, cultural heritage resources, natural

ecosystems, human health and waste management systems. Additional tools, such as the National

Responsible Tourism Guidelines, National Minimum Standards for Responsible Tourism, energy efficient

Building Standards (SANS 204‐1, 204‐2 and 10400‐XA) and ISO14000 Environmental Management System

standards, provide additional technical guidance on how this sustainability should be achieved in practice.

Growth of the sport and tourism sectors has been identified as playing an important role in the achievement

of the economic and social development aims contained in the National Development Plan (2012). In this

regard, the National Sport and Recreation Plan (2012) and National Tourism Sector Strategy (2011) stand out

as the overarching national plans directing the desired growth paths in these sectors. Both strategies

highlight the need for economic growth in these sectors to be undertaken in a manner that addresses social

equality and environmental sustainability.

Interestingly, the National Tourism Sector Strategy (2011) argues for sustainability not only in tourism

operators and associated service industries, but also through encouraging visitors to choose and participate

in responsible tourism: “Visitors – both domestic and international – could be encouraged to participate in

the protection and conservation of South Africa’s natural environment, and to enjoy a responsible travel

experience while in South Africa, helping the various tourism businesses in the country to achieve the triple

bottom‐line, namely economic growth, ecological sustainability and social responsibility”. This implies a need

for ensuring that visitors to South Africa as part of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games are actively

engaged through appropriate communication / awareness campaigns, and the provision of appropriate

‘responsible’ accommodation, transport etc. choices while in South Africa.

There is thus a wide and well‐developed national policy platform directing and supporting the need for

sustainability to be addressed as part of economic development and as part of the activities of all economic

sectors in South Africa, including in sports eventing and the tourism sector. This context provides a sound

basis for the development of a comprehensive set of sustainability principles and initiatives to be integrated

into all aspects of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

2.4.2 Local Policy Platform supporting a Sustainable Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games

EThekwini Municipality’s Long‐term Development Framework (LTDF), Long‐term Development Plan (LTDP)

and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) (2015‐16) all demonstrate a high level commitment to economic


development that respects and supports the protection of the natural environment (and the critical goods

and services that it delivers to people) and the fostering of socially equitable development.

These plans recognise that Durban is a rapidly growing African city, with significant social quality issues, high

levels of unemployment, and a high rapidly accelerating pressure on the remaining natural capital within the

city. These plans strongly promote a developmental agenda for the city, which includes growing the local

economy, addressing social inequality and human health / risk issues, and protecting the natural capital base

needed to ensure a safe and good quality living environment for people. The implementation of a

sustainability programme for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games therefore needs to take this approach

as its lead, and ensure that the games delivers the best set of balanced and sustainable social, economic and

environmental outcomes possible.

EThekwini Municipality also has a reasonably well‐developed set of environmental sustainability policies,

including the Durban Climate Change Strategy, that provide direction on the environmental and social risks,

issues and priorities that need to be addressed as part of the city’s development agenda. Further work on

this policy environment is ongoing, as the municipality moves to incorporate the new directions emerging

from the Paris COP21 Agreement, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015).

EThekwini Municipality therefore has a local policy environment that is strongly supportive of the Durban

2022 Commonwealth Games as a means to fast‐tracking or supporting its economic and infrastructure

development agenda. However, this policy environment equally directs that the city’s activities and

development path should be socially and environmentally sustainable, and in particular should address risks

presented by social inequality, climate change, and increasingly scarce natural resources (such as water and

food). The need to protect natural capital as a means to protecting human health, safety and quality of life,

including in the face of climate change, is a key aspect of this sustainability approach.

The above eThekwini Municipality policy context is clearly supportive of the establishment of a

comprehensive and integrated sustainability approach and set of initiatives as part hosting the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games. The prioritisation of desired legacy outcomes from the hosting of this event should

also be informed by current and emerging policy within the municipality.

2.4.3 Building from existing foundations

A key thread that emerged from discussions with various line functions in eThekwini Municipality during the

preparation of this report, was that there is a significant amount of existing work / planning and capacity that

is already in place that should be used to “leap‐frog” key infrastructure, legacy or other sustainability

initiatives forward – rather than starting from scratch.

Examples included extensive planning that was done for the uMngeni Green Precinct during the build up to

the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup – only some parts of which have been implemented, and the existence of

an important opportunity to use this planning to complete the upgrades needed around the uMngeni Estuary

as set out in these plans as part of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games preparations. This resonates with

the fact that this precinct will form a key venue for certain water‐sports associated with the event. Another

example given was the ability to use existing regional collaborative platforms, such as the Central KZN Climate

Change Compact and uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership to fast track regional collaborative

sustainability initiatives (and stakeholder engagement) for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games – rather

than to establish new forums or institutional platforms for this.

The above approach, of building from existing foundations, will allow more to be achieved in a shorter space

of time, than starting from scratch. Where possible, existing resources, institutional platforms, plans already


completed, work already started, etc. should therefore be used in developing the sustainability initiatives

required for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

2.4.4 Using existing capacity and plugging technical gaps

EThekwini Municipality has numerous line functions that already undertake activities which contribute

towards the building of a ‘sustainable city’. This is in line with the LTDF, LTDP and IDP which direct that

sustainability be integrated into all aspects of municipal functions and operations. It is noted from engaging

with various line functions, however, that some units are more directly focused on sustainability (social,

environmental or economic) than others, and some line functions may benefit from opportunities to enhance

their understanding of how to implement this mandate within their core workstreams.

A key approach in the development of a sustainability programme for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth

Games would therefore be to use existing capacity in municipal line function departments to implement the

various sustainability elements required, but where necessary provide technical support to those line

functions which may need it. This will ensure that capacity is built within the municipal institution on how to

implement sustainability approaches, principles and projects, thereby leaving a legacy of ‘sustainability in

practice’.

2.4.5 Sustainability Priorities

The sustainability priorities for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games that emerge at a preliminary level

from a review of existing municipal policy, and engagement with various line functions are:

The mitigation of global climate impacts from the hosting of the event is an imperative, and more

specifically, investment in local initiatives that achieve this while enhancing local adaptive capacity

and climate resilience, including addressing social inequality.

Opportunities to fast track development of key infrastructure associated with eThekwini

Municipality’s Integrated Rapid Public Transportation Network (IRPTN) as part of the hosting of the

event (including the city’s cycle route network).

Opportunities to promote green buildings, including sustainable building management systems and

Environmental Management Systems for municipal eventing facilities. Use of highly visible iconic

infrastructure important in association with the Commonwealth Games.

Further roll out of implementation of cycling infrastructure and other upgrades / investments in the

uMngeni Green Precinct.

Opportunities to implement renewable energy and promote energy efficiency.

Opportunities to promote sustainable urban settlement spatial patterns and forms, and sustainable

/ green servicing technologies and systems, including the design of the primary sports precinct(s).

Greening of the primary event precincts is key.

Opportunities to promote local economic initiatives that support more sustainable municipal

services and / or create jobs and sustainable livelihoods, for example informal recycling businesses

and community‐based eco‐tourism activities.

Opportunities to enhance sustainability policy, capacity and institutions locally in Durban and

regionally in KwaZulu‐Natal, such that emerging global priorities (e.g. Paris COP21 Agreement, UN


Sustainable Development Goals etc.) are better understood and integrated into municipal / other

sector plans, policies, functions and programmes.

Opportunities to leave an iconic educational / awareness raising and mind‐set shifting legacy for

South Africa’s youth that promotes a better understanding of the urgent need to choose sustainable

living and behaviour patterns.

The need to use the opportunity to actively engage business and industry in sustainability initiatives

and build partnerships and collaboration for the future.

Investment in climate change resilience building / adaptation should seek to be systematic, or

contribute towards a systematic intervention in interlinked socio‐ecological systems.

Enhanced messaging about the full impact of mega‐events like the Commonwealth Games – using

tools like Ecological Footprinting to promote awareness of people’s impacts on the carrying capacity

of Earth’s ecosystems etc.


CHAPTER 3 – LESSONS FROM PREVIOUS MUNICIPAL EVENT GREENING PROGRAMMES

3.1 Introduction

Over the past 10 years, Durban has hosted an increasing number of large national and international sports

and other events, including the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and the 2011 UNFCCC COP17/CMP7. Due to the high

international profile of these events, and the central role of eThekwini Municipality in hosting them, event

greening programmes were developed and implemented for both of these events by the municipality.

EThekwini Municipality’s Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department (EPCPD) led both of

these programmes. The lessons learned from these event greening programmes presents important context

for the structuring of an event sustainability programme for the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

3.2 Overview of the Greening Durban 2010 Programme

3.2.1 Scope of the Programme

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme, implemented by Durban for the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup5 was the first

mega‐event greening programme implemented by eThekwini Municipality and the lessons learned informed

the subsequent greening of the UNFCCC COP17/CMP7 held in Durban less than 18 months later. The key

focus area of the programme was climate protection6, offering a unique, high profile opportunity to

mainstream climate change issues within municipal structures and processes. The programme was

conceptualised, developed and implemented by the EPCPD, with assistance from a contracted Programme

Manager from a local consultancy.

The programme was comprehensive in its focus, and was modelled on previous event greening programmes

that had been implemented for FIFA™ World Cup events as well as international best practice in event

greening. The Greening Durban 2010 Programme was also aligned with 2010 World Cup event greening

programmes that were run in other South African Host Cities, and by the national Department of

Environment Affairs. The Greening Durban 2010 Programme included five Core Focus Areas and three Cross‐

cutting Focus Areas, namely:

Core Focus Areas

1. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

2. Conservation of Water Resources.

3. Sustainable Management of Waste.

4. Environmentally Efficient Transportation Systems.

5. Biodiversity Conservation.

Cross‐cutting Focus Areas

1. Climate Protection.

2. Communication.

5 Durban was one of 9 host cities in South Africa for the event.

6 Greening Durban 2010 thus constituted a critical component of the municipality’s emerging Municipal Climate Protection Programme at the time.


3. Monitoring and Evaluation.

A set of targets, and an implementation strategy, was developed for each of the above eight Focus Areas. In

terms of these strategies and targets, a total of 21 priority projects were implemented through the

programme at a total cost of R25.4 million.

3.2.2 Key Achievements

3.2.2.2 Carbon Offsets

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme achieved a significant amount in a very short space of time. One of

the main focal areas of the programme was the target which eThekwini Municipality set to host a climate

neutral 2010 FIFA™ World Cup in Durban. Durban was the only host city that set this target.

The carbon footprint for hosting the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup events in Durban was estimated at 307,208

tonnes CO2 equivalent. The total embodied carbon emissions associated with building the new Moses

Mabhida Stadium were incorporated into Durban’s carbon footprint for the 2010 World Cup (making up 62

% of the local event carbon footprint). This is an unusual carbon footprint calculation method, as ordinarily

an event carbon footprint would apportion the embodied emissions of new infrastructure for a single event

rather than account for the total embodied emissions footprint. However, the use of this approach was a

strategic decision to ensure that Durban would have a “climate neutral” stadium to offer for future events,

assisting Durban in building its strategic advantage in future sports event hosting bids. Durban was the only

2010 FIFA™ World Cup Host City to adopt this inclusive carbon footprinting approach.

Rather than purchasing carbon credits from international projects to offset the event carbon footprint, the

municipality invested in the development of local emissions reduction projects that would generate a range

of local co‐benefits including job creation, renewable energy generation and ecosystem services

enhancement. There was also an in principle decision to ensure that all climate mitigation initiatives would

enhance adaptive capacity, and that carbon neutrality targets would support, rather than undermine, the

biodiversity agenda.

Two types of offset projects were developed. The first being the reforestation of degraded and deforested

areas and the second, the generation and use of renewable energy. Both required buy‐in and support from

multiple municipal departments and the establishment of new partnerships with private business and non‐

governmental organisations (NGOs).

The two community reforestation projects were estimated to have the capacity to sequester 61,008 tonnes

CO2e7 over a 20‐year period. These projects will sequester 20 % of the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup event

carbon footprint. In order to achieve the required carbon storage, the reforested areas will need to be

protected from fire, degradation and loss in perpetuity. This is a substantial long term financial commitment

for the municipality, whose budgeting cycles do not usually extend beyond 5 year cycles.

One community solar water heater project was implemented and registered with the UNFCCC Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. A number of other projects were also

investigated but were not pursued due to lack of buy‐in to the CDM registration process by the line functions

that would come to own the project.

7 Buffelsdraai Landfill: 45,008 tonnes CO2e; Inanda mountain: 16,000 tonnes CO2e


The solar water heater project is capable of offsetting the remaining 80 % (246,200 tonnes CO2e) of the

carbon footprint generated by the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup in Durban, but this can only be achieved through

the cancellation of a portion of the Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) that would be awarded for the

project. The value of these CERs was estimated at the time to be approximately $300,0008. The municipal

department administering the project indicated that the income from the sale of the CER’s was critical for

maintaining the solar water heaters, and cancellation of the CERs would threaten the financial sustainability

of the project. The offsetting costs were therefore considered unaffordable and unsustainable, and a decision

was taken set aside the carbon neutral target for the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup event.

Consequently, eThekwini Municipality has learnt that, for a developing city such as Durban, the financial and

opportunity costs of taking on the sole responsibility for offsetting the total carbon footprint of mega events

hosted in Durban are significantly high, and in most cases will be too high for the municipality to accept.

Certainly in the case of the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup, it is likely that the “climate neutral” target for this

event will not be met.

3.2.2.3 Greening of Infrastructure and Operational Systems

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme invested in the greening of the new Moses Mabhida Stadium

constructed for the World Cup events, as well as the upgrading of three training venues in former township

areas. A significant reduction in the energy and water requirements of the new Moses Mabhida Stadium was

achieved through a greener building design, and more efficient systems and fittings:

Energy footprint: reduced by 30 % through the selection of energy efficient architectural design,

technologies and fittings. These measures will save around R1 million in electricity costs per annum.

Water footprint: reduced by 74 % through the use of water capture and recycling systems, efficient

irrigation systems and water efficient fittings. These will save approximately R700 000 per annum and

secure the sustainability of “water‐hungry” landscapes (including the pitch) that may otherwise be

threatened by future regional water shortages.

The investment made in reducing the energy and water requirements of three smaller stadia in former

township areas which were upgraded as potential training venues for the World Cup left an important legacy

for these upgraded “sports hubs”, in areas where impoverished communities are in need of improved social

infrastructure. The reduced energy and water requirements of the facilities will represent important

operational cost savings, with potential reduced hire / user charges.

Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) and Waste Management Plans were developed and piloted

during the World Cup at Moses Mabhida Stadium, King Zwelethini Stadium, Princess Magogo Stadium, Sugar

Ray Xulu Stadium and Durban’s Beachfront Promenade and Fan Park. These guided the operation of these

venues towards reduced resource requirements and negative outputs, and will ensure a more

environmentally sustainable operation of these facilities in the future. In addition, a 2‐bin system was

implemented at all Durban’s World Cup event venues, resulting in 24 % of the waste collected being sent for

recycling (4 % above target).

A highly successful waste clean‐up weekend was held along the uMngeni River Estuary, the Greening Durban

2010 environmental investment area, in which a large number of local businesses, residents and schools

participated, and which saw 2500 bags of waste collected. This was a highly effective way of getting citizens

practically involved in cleaning up their city for the World Cup.

8 Average price per CER on the global market of 1.2USD / carbon credit at 4 December 2012, www.eex.com.


The Greening Durban 2010 Programme actively lobbied the Transport Sector around the development of

improved pedestrian and cycling networks and linkages within Durban, to serve the 2010 World Cup events

but also leave a permanent non‐motorised transport legacy. The Greening Durban 2010 Programme provided

support to the process of upgrading Durban’s Beachfront Promenade as the major pedestrian and cycling

link between the beachfront hotel belt and the Moses Mabhida Stadium.

EThekwini Municipality successfully implemented Park and Ride, and Park and Walk systems for the World

Cup events which reduced traffic congestion in the city and around event venues, reduced carbon emissions

and promoted the use of public transportation usage in sectors of the population that ordinarily do not use

it.

3.2.2.4 Green Investment Area

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme adopted the uMngeni River Estuary Precinct as an environmental

investment area. A Precinct Planning process was undertaken for the area to guide its future upgrade as a

unique and highly important biodiversity conservation and recreation area in Durban. As part of the Greening

Durban 2010 Programme, the process of upgrading the area was started with the implementation of the

following:

Financial support was given to a local community co‐operative to clear alien plants from 15.5 hectares of

densely infested open spaces within the uMngeni River Estuary Precinct, and undertake a follow up

clearing exercise.

In collaboration with the 2010 City Beautification Programme (eThekwini Municipality’s Strategic

Projects Unit), an upgrade of Blue Lagoon Park in the uMngeni River Estuary Precinct was undertaken to

improve social amenity and promote use of this area for nature‐based recreation.

The construction and fitting out of the uMngeni River Estuary Green Hub, including development and

installation of branding and signage, and a new public toilet block. The Green Hub will become Durban’s

central portal for the promotion of outdoor, nature‐based activities, and green technologies and

approaches that can be adopted by individuals, businesses and schools. The Green Hub building design

incorporated a range of “green building approaches”, including: natural lighting and ventilation; solar

photovoltaic power source; rainwater harvesting from the roof area; use of low carbon timber over steel

or aluminium for structural support, windows and doors; no geysers or air conditioners; and low energy

lighting (including LED).

3.2.2.5 Green Communications

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme provided information into the city communications programme for

the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup, which resulted in around 100 press releases, radio and television interviews and

magazine articles at a local and international level.

In addition to this a number of popular publications were produced with the aim of stimulating broad level

action around greening in the city. This included a “Green Guideline Series” made up of:

Energy Efficiency Guideline,

Water Conservation Guideline,

Sustainable Waste Management Guideline,

Green Landscaping Guideline,

Green Roof Guideline.

These publications were intended to utilise the platform of the 2010 World Cup to highlight environmental

sustainability issues, shift perceptions and create practical informational tools to guide people towards more


sustainable behaviour and technologies. The Green Guideline Series was designed to provide a significant

amount of technical detail, but in a way which was accessible and understandable for homeowners, schools

and businesses.

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme also undertook the process of updating and expanding the

municipality’s “Durban’s Nature Reserves” booklet that was produced in 2002. This was done to develop a

publication which could be used at the uMngeni River Estuary Green Hub to offer information on nature‐

based activities throughout Durban and KwaZulu‐Natal. The output of this process was A Guide to Durban’s

Nature Attractions and Outdoor Experiences.

3.2.2.6 Recognition of the Greening Durban 2010 Programme Achievements

Important public recognition of the achievements of the Programme have been as follows:

Impumelelo Innovations Trust Gold Award for “Greening of Moses Mabhida Stadium”.

Mail and Guardian 2010 Greening the Future Award for the Greening Durban 2010 Programme in

the category “Energy Efficiency and Carbon Management”.

3.2.3 Lessons

3.2.3.1 Event greening needs to be mainstreamed in the event co-ordination / management function

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme was sectorally located and lead from the environmental department

of eThekwini Municipality. This was seen as having created limitations to the integration of “greening”

principles and approaches into other sectors that undertook event preparations and logistics. It was felt that

future event greening programmes needed to be located within the central event coordination / logistics

hub.

3.2.3.2 Partnerships are important

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme both leveraged existing partnerships (e.g. with funders) and created

new partnerships that were fundamental to the success of many of the aspects of the programme. It was

felt that future event greening programmes should seek to build partnerships with a range of other actors to

expand the influence and success of such programmes.

3.2.3.3 Harnessing the enthusiasm and interest of the private sector and the public

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme’s waste clean‐up weekend demonstrated the incredible energy and

interest that local business and local residents were prepared to pour into helping prepare their city for the

big event. It was felt that future event greening programmes should seek to create opportunities for business

and the public to engage and participate.

3.2.3.4 Innovation in funding event greening is required

EThekwini Municipality funded the majority of the Greening Durban 2010 Programme (63 % of programme

budget), with significant financial support in the form of grant funding from DANIDA (37 % of programme

budget). No systems were in place to facilitate event visitors donating or contributing to greening initiatives,

and event organisers FIFA™ did not provide funds in support of greening initiatives in Durban or other Host

Cities. There were significant lost funding opportunities as a result of this, partly because it was difficult for

Durban (one of nine Host Cities) to invest the time and resources needed to get such financial support

systems operational.

It was felt that for future event greening programmes, the principle where the parties that contribute directly

to negative environmental and social impacts associated with the events they own or attend should


contribute to mitigating them. It was felt that, at a minimum, this should involve the Host City providing the

opportunity for these parties to contribute voluntarily to mitigating such impacts. This would not only ensure

that the Host City is not left to cover these costs at the ratepayers’ expense, but also creates awareness in

the people / agencies paying for their unintended negative impacts. It was felt that innovation would be

required in future event greening programmes to secure alternative or supplementary funding streams for

event greening initiatives, which are aimed at securing public goods and health.

3.2.3.5 Event greening targets should be set that push boundaries and set new benchmarks

Owing to the fact that “greening” is an emerging field, there is still substantial room for an Event Hosting City

to test new approaches, and contribute not only to its own basket of innovative projects, but also to the

global knowledge base around how sustainability challenges can be met. Event greening targets should

therefore always be set such that they represent levels not of “what can be achieved based on current

operating systems”, but rather on what could be achieved if current operating systems are optimised or

improved. The increased funding and “business unusual” approach that tends to surround the preparations

for hosting major events, provides unsurpassed opportunities for cities to test new approaches or aim for

higher targets and see what can be achieved. These experiences can leave a great legacy for the host city.

3.2.3.6 Programme and resourcing timeframes need to be sufficiently long

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme was initiated after many of the major infrastructure development

projects for the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup were already designed and under construction. This limited the

influence that the programme had on the greening of this infrastructure, or the sectors that were involved,

in that the core design features were already fixed. Furthermore, the Greening Durban 2010 Programme was

initiated in 2007, with project implementation beginning in 2008. This did not provide sufficient lead‐in time

to develop partnerships, integrate with all sectors or establish alternative funding streams to those that were

readily available. Future event greening programmes thus need to be aligned with the mainstream event

infrastructure and co‐ordination programme timeframes, and with sufficient lead‐in time to create an

integrated platform for implementation.

3.2.3.7 Budgeting

The Greening Durban 2010 Programme did not budget beyond the World Cup event. This proved to be

problematic given that a number of the projects initiated through the programme had a long term focus. The

event should thus not be seen as the end‐point of future event greening programmes, but rather a milestone

in the programme.

3.2.3.8 Lost opportunities in communications

Major events pose unprecedented opportunities for messaging around green issues, given the inherent

media interest in the event. The Greening Durban 2010 Programme did not have the time or resources to

run a comprehensive communications programme, and this is considered to be a lost opportunity. Event

greening communications should ideally be mainstreamed within the event communications programme

rather than run as a specific or stand‐alone initiative. This would assist in ensuring that effective green

messaging and profiling of event greening initiatives is achieved across a wide range of audiences.


3.3 Overview of the COP17/CMP7 Greening Programme

3.3.1 Scope of the Programme

The COP17/CMP7 Greening Programme provided an opportunity to build on and extend the work of the

Greening Durban 2010 programme. It was strongly influenced by the UNFCCC’s event sustainability

requirements, which included that the event must be carbon neutral and the UNEP Green Meetings Guide

(2009) should be used, as well as the desire to showcase Durban as an innovative and proactive in local level

climate protection.

The Durban COP17/CMP7 Event Greening Programme was developed and implemented by eThekwini

Municipality’s Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department (EPCPD). The Programme

included the following focal areas:

Climate Neutrality,

Sustainable Transportation Systems,

Greening the Durban International Convention Centre (ICC),

Green Procurement Policy9,

Greening Event Accommodation Facilities,

Ecological Footprinting,

Sustainable Management of Waste,

Communications

Monitoring, Assessment and Reporting.

The programme thus focused on greening the core infrastructure and operational systems that would be

service the event (I.e. the Durban ICC, transportation systems, waste management systems etc.), and

included new innovations in event greening (i.e. reporting on the ecological footprint of the event, which had

not been done before). The hosting of a climate neutral event remained a key target of the event greening

programme. In picking up on an important lesson learned from Greening Durban 2010, the COP17/CMP7

Greening Programme included a focus on “greening” accommodation facilities that would service delegates.

Communications was central part of the COP17/CMP7 logistics and greening programmes.

3.3.2 Key Achievements

Key achievements of the programme included:

3.3.2.1 Carbon Offset

Unlike the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup experience, eThekwini Municipality committed to and achieved

carbon neutrality for the event, as was required by the UNFCCC in their host country agreement for the event.

The local carbon footprint of the COP17/CMP7 event was calculated by an external specialist consultant and

reported as 9,289 tonnes CO2e (Arup, 2012). The emission areas considered included: energy and water

usage in event venues and delegate accommodation; intra‐city delegate transport; transport of event related

equipment, materials and waste. The national event carbon footprint ‐ which included international travel

9 The Green Procurement Policy was not taken to implementation owing to limited timeframes available to effect changes to established procurement and supplier systems at the Durban International Convention Centre.


for delegates and COP‐related activities of the South African government ‐ was reported as 36,815 tonnes

CO2e (Carbon Calculated, 2012) giving an overall footprint of 46,104 tonnes CO2e.

Following the challenge of achieving carbon neutrality for the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup, eThekwini Municipality

looked to more clearly define its carbon offset responsibilities for COP17/CMP7. A ‘cost and control’10

boundary was used to define the aspects of the carbon footprint the municipality was responsible for. In this

regard, emissions associated with all activities and venues that were controlled by the municipality, or

formed part of the host city agreement, or were paid for by the municipality, were defined as being the direct

responsibility of the municipality. The emissions that were not a municipal responsibility (which included

delegate accommodation and local private transport) made up 64 % (5,986 tonnes CO2e) of the total local

footprint.

In order to investigate the full range of potential offsets available, eThekwini Municipality requested

proposals for offset projects that could deliver the necessary carbon credits. Of the five submissions received,

none passed a sustainability evaluation which used criteria developed, in part, using the United Nations

Development Programme’s (UNDP) Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Carbon11 Safeguard Principles12.

This process highlighted that not all carbon offset projects are sustainable and that caution should be

exercised to ensure that carbon offsetting does not unintentionally result in other negative social, cultural or

environmental impacts.

Given that lack of suitable offset proposals, it was decided to build on and extend the climate, community

and biodiversity benefits achieved through the Greening Durban 2010 Programme by initiating a third

reforestation project adjacent to Paradise Valley Nature Reserve on 210 hectares of municipal‐owned land.

The project was estimated to be able to sequester 16,000 tonnes of CO2e over a 10 to 20‐year period and as

a result, the municipality decided to commit to offsetting the total local carbon footprint of 9,289 tonnes

CO2e, rather than limiting itself to the portion that it was directly responsible for. The project was

subsequently implemented by the municipality in partnership with local communities, Non‐governmental

Organisations and the private sector.

The project was also significant in that it catalysed the emergence of the Community Ecosystem Based

Adaptation (CEBA) concept (Roberts et al. 2012) which looks to extend the reforestation approach to

embrace a more complete understanding of the link between communities and the ecosystems that

underwrite their welfare and livelihoods ‐ not only through the restoration of natural ecosystems ‐ but also

by creating cleaner and greener neighbourhoods that are less dependent on costly utilities and services (e.g.

through water recycling and the use of renewable energy). This integrative concept has produced a significant

legacy for all the project partners.

10 This included emissions associated with: the UNFCCC Precinct; delegate shuttles operated by eThekwini Municipality; transport of volunteers and transport of staff to and from the King Shaka International Airport in Durban; eThekwini Municipality organised / controlled / funded events at other venues which are associated with the COP17/CMP7.

11 MDG Carbon is a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiative aiming to harness the resources of the carbon market in order to bring long‐term sustainable development, at scale, to wide range of developing countries, and so contribute towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

12 These safeguard principles were adapted from the Ten Principles of the Global Compact, the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies, the IFC Environmental and Social Standards and the IFC Equator Principles.


For COP17/CMP7 purposes, a Durban CEBA brand was created and the project was promoted as the official

offset. Each Durban CEBA credit was marketed at $11 and paid for one “green person day”, that is, a day’s

wage for a local person to undertake ecosystem restoration work as part of the project. Aside from funds

invested by the municipality, a donation of $57,000 was received from a local corporate, which contributed

substantially towards the costs of first phase of the project. National government also purchased $6,300

Durban CEBA credits to offset the South African COP17/CMP7 delegation’s footprint. Durban CEBA credit

sales to individuals amounted to $2,900 which was disappointingly low.

3.3.2.2 Greening of Infrastructure and Operational Systems

In terms of emissions reductions, the focus of the greening programme was on the core infrastructure and

operational systems servicing the event such as municipal transportation and waste management systems,

and included the Durban International Convention Centre. An energy efficiency retrofit implemented in the

convention centre resulted in a 7 % reduction in energy demand and the resultant savings have prompted

investigations into further potential energy efficiency options. Informed by the 2010 FIFA™ World Cup

experience, where it was determined that energy usage in accommodation was the second highest

contributor to the event’s carbon footprint, the COP17/CMP7 Event Greening Programme prioritised and

promoted the greening of delegate accommodation. Additionally, for the first time in Durban, a delegate

bicycle sharing programme was implemented.

3.3.2.3 Ecological Footprinting

In moving on from the accepted norm of reporting on carbon emissions from an event, for COP17/CMP7 the

municipality raised the bar by reporting on the ecological footprint of the event. This was a critical move

towards a point where the municipality could be in a position to offer climate neutral, water neutral and low‐

ecological impact events as the market for these evolve.

The Ecological Footprint project produced a model which can be further developed and utilised by eThekwini

Municipality for future events and other aspects of the municipality’s operations. The ecological footprint

calculated for COP17/CMP7 can be constructively used to guide future event sustainability programmes

towards reduced use of resources/products which are particularly land and water hungry – thereby reducing

the ecological footprint of future events. Similarly, the ecological footprint approach can be used to help

develop “Water Neutral” eventing approaches as this becomes an increasingly important focus of greening

initiatives. This could possibly be linked into the CEBA approach at a later stage, where such projects aim to

build the adaptive capacity of communities and the city to climate change, while offsetting both the carbon

and water footprints of events or city operations.

The ecological footprint calculated for COP17/CMP7 showed how events such as this one generate different

winners and losers in different places and over different time scales. The production of the food and other

resources used for the event generally take place at locations far from Durban – but the wastes that are

generated by the event have to be dealt with in Durban. The timeframes for production of resources used

for the event and for waste from the event to be treated are vastly longer than the timeframe of the event

itself – locking large parcels of land water for long periods.

3.3.2.4 Institutional Arrangements

A stronger focus on integrating “event greening principles and approaches” into the central event

coordinating logistics team. The COP17/CMP7 Event Greening Programme was significantly more successful

in this as compared to Greening Durban 2010. For example, the implementation of the Bicycle Share

programme by eThekwini Transport Authority (ETA) was done independently and without much

encouragement from EPCPD – and is demonstrative of a shift in the level of buy‐in to non‐motorised


transport as part of event mobility programmes. Similar shifts had occurred elsewhere and event greening

was considered a core part of the hosting function rather than an add‐on.

3.3.2.5 Engagement with the Hospitality Sector

The COP17/CMP7 Responsible Accommodation Campaign was a significant effort by the municipality to

engage the hospitality sector on a constructive basis around events hosted in Durban. It was also an

acknowledgement of the important role that these businesses play in event hosting in Durban. It became

clear during the project that the hospitality sector desires more interaction with the municipality around

events, particularly information on what the events are about, who the participants are, and greater

interaction around how event accommodation pre‐booking services should work. The Responsible

Accommodation Campaign was favourably received by a wide range of sizes of hospitality businesses, from

some of the largest Durban hotels to small B&B’s. It would be a strong recommendation that such a campaign

be continued and expanded as a permanent eThekwini Municipality programme. In particular, if Durban is

to build its reputation as a globally responsible event‐hosting destination, promoting “greening” of the

hospitality industry is an important priority. This would also help to address existing city priorities of energy,

water and waste reduction.

3.3.2.6 Bicycle sharing Legacy

The bicycle sharing programme implemented by eThekwini Transport Authority for COP17/CMP7 was the

first such scheme that the municipality had undertaken. The programme was considered a success, and has

left a legacy of infrastructure and operational systems that can be implemented on a permanent, or event‐

by‐event basis, helping to promote and establish cycling as a climate friendly mode of transport in Durban.

In addition, a municipal bicycle programme has been set up in that promotes the use of bicycles to commute

between municipal buildings.

3.3.2.7 Communications

The Greening of the COP17/CMP7 included a much stronger public communications element than the

Greening Durban 2010 Programme had, considering that the event itself was climate focused rather than a

sports event. This communications process is thought to have been moderately successful in highlighting

climate change issues amongst Durban’s society. In particular, the Climate Change Expo, which was arranged

by National Government, with certain associated activities (such as Green Tours) arranged by EPCPC, was

considered a good approach for making the science accessible to school children and the general public.

3.3.3 Lessons

3.3.3.1 Understanding the Event and its Participants

Prior to COP17/CMP7 there was much hype around the potential numbers of delegates that could be

expected to attend the event (30,000 to 40,000 was touted as a likely number). This, and unrealistic

expectations about the behaviour of delegates as “tourists to the city”, coupled with high expectations

around the mobilisation of Durban’s residents around the event, led to significant investment in city events

along the beachfront and at the Green Hub that were not well attended. Hospitality facilities complained

that the promised number of bed bookings were not forthcoming. The municipal waste management unit

(DSW) catered for significantly greater waste generation along the beachfront than was necessary. In

addition, the event transportation shuttles over‐catered in terms of bus sizes and too‐frequent timing of

trips, although this was primarily at the insistence of the UNFCCC and against the recommendations of

eThekwini Transportation Authority (ETA).


For future events it has been suggested that more realistic projections of participant numbers and more

prudent use of resources for servicing the event, and establishment of side events, be applied.

3.3.3.2 Working with Event Owners whose Priorities differ from the Host City’s Greening Aims

A complaint that has been raised is the limited support given to the municipality and the ICC by the UNFCCC

in working constructively around event greening principles. Aside from the fact that this was a confusing

message given that the event was about addressing global environmental concerns, it was felt that wasteful

and imprudent resourcing and servicing of the event was a problem. Issues such as massive amounts of waste

paper, excessive demands for air conditioning and lighting in the event venue, and inefficient shuttle bus

sizes and trip schedules have been raised by the Durban Organising Committee. As a future path it is felt that

the municipality needs to be more insistent with event‐owners regarding prudent and wise resourcing and

servicing of events, such that cost efficiency and greening aims are achieved.

3.3.3.3 Marketing vs Communications

The Durban COP17/CMP7 Event Greening Programme included a substantial communications programme

which was important in building local and regional awareness of COP17/CMP7 and the climate issues on

which it was focused. It is felt that this campaign was a success. However, the marketing of the event, and in

particular the fact that there were side events such as the Climate Change Response Expo, that were open

to the public and worth visiting, was not adequate. In addition, information on shuttle bus systems and the

Bicycle Share programme was not well marketed / made available to delegates and this is thought to have

created confusion and limited the use of the bicycles. For future events the communications programme

needs to consider both educational/awareness raising components, and good marketing of the event and

associated logistics.

3.3.3.4 Building the Relationship with the ICC

In order for eThekwini Municipality to develop an integrated vision and offering regarding “green events” in

Durban, it will need to constructively engage with the operators / owners of the key event hosting

infrastructure in Durban. This includes the ICC Durban and Moses Mabhida Stadium.

3.3.3.5 Critical Thinking about Climate Neutral Eventing

As part of the Durban COP17/CMP7 Event Greening Programme, consideration was given to the

responsibility that a city such as Durban should be taking in regards to the hosting of “climate neutral events”.

Experience from hosting of the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup was that the carbon footprint of mega‐events

can be significant, and the costs and resources required to offset such footprints can become a major burden

on the host city. It was agreed that the principle of hosting “climate neutral” events as a globally responsible

event hosting approach was unquestionable, however the source of the funding for the offsets was

debatable. Through the Durban COP17/CMP7 Event Greening Programme the beginnings of an approach

were developed for identifying which elements of an event carbon footprint eThekwini Municipality should

be taking full responsibility for offsetting, and which elements it should not. This will need to be taken

forward in future event greening programmes to further develop the municipality’s policy and approach on

this to ensure that costs are fairly apportioned and do not become the sole responsibility of the host city to

bear.

In addition to this, up until now eThekwini Municipality has produced event carbon footprints that reflect

“local carbon footprints”, i.e. national and international travel related emissions are not counted. Going

forward the municipality will need to calculate and report on the full carbon footprint of events, and indicate

which portions it intends to offset. This will be important to harness contributions by event owners and


participants towards offsetting the event carbon footprint, and for reporting in a consolidated way on the

full global climate impact of events hosted in Durban.

3.4 General Recommendations

When reflecting on the experiences of having hosted the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup and UNFCCC

COP17/CMP7 in 2011, it has recognised that Durban has built significant capacity and experience in mega‐

event hosting, and that the city has the capability to position itself as a major competitor in the global mega‐

event hosting arena. In the course of hosting these mega‐events, Durban has also gained important

experience in ‘green eventing’, something which is becoming a growing priority for cities that bid to host

events. With this unique ability to successfully deliver from both a logistics and a greening perspective,

Durban has the potential to position itself as a competitive ‘Green Event’ destination.

In line with international trends and key learnings from the event greening programmes implemented by

eThekwini Municipality to date, fundamental to the municipality’s event greening approach going forward it

was recognised that the following would be needed:

1. Strong commitment to minimising the impacts of events on global climate, on ecosystems, people and

the economy – through proper integration of “green” principles, approaches and technologies in all

aspects of event hosting in Durban:

The Durban ICC, Moses Mabhida Stadium and other city eventing infrastructure need to be

retrofitted and operated for maximum resource use efficiency and sustainable management of

waste – and all need to be engaged to work towards a common set of principles and goals;

Transportation systems that are efficient, use green technologies and prioritise non‐motorised

forms of transport;

Waste management systems that minimise waste at source, and maximise recycled fractions in

unavoidable waste;

Accommodation facilities that practice responsible tourism approaches.

2. Commitment to measuring the impacts of events on global climate, ecosystems, people and the

economy;

Carbon and ecological footprinting need to be undertaken;

Social and economic impact reporting will be required.

3. Commitment to offsetting global climate and ecosystem impacts through responsible, community

based projects that build adaptability to climate change while mitigating negative impacts, and promote

climate resilience in eThekwini Municipal Area;

Community‐Ecosystem Based Adaptation (CEBA) projects;

Renewable energy projects.

3.5 Pointers for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme

3.5.1 Mainstreaming Sustainability in Event Organising Structures

The previous two eThekwini Municipality event greening programmes have shown that there is significant

value to be gained in mainstreaming the implementation of sustainability approaches into all other event

organising workstreams. If the sustainability programme is seen as a separate / add‐on initiative, the extent

of sustainability achievements is significantly reduced. In order to achieve this mainstreaming, the


sustainability approach and targets need both high‐level and universal buy in from the start, so that individual

sectors (e.g. transportation, infrastructure, waste management etc.) can internalise these in all aspects of

what they do.

Effective mainstreaming will also assist in achieving an enhanced institutional legacy from the event

sustainability programme, as municipal officials working with sustainability targets around an event delivery

programme are able to build their technical build capacity and understanding of resource efficient

technologies and other sustainable development aspects, and are therefore more likely to continue to apply

these in their day to day work beyond the event.

The establishment of an effective institutional structure to coordinate and drive the event sustainability

programme is therefore a key requirement. The powers and functions of this institution, and its role and

powers in the main event organising structures, need also to be established such that effective

mainstreaming across all sectors can be achieved.

3.5.2 Resourcing the Sustainability Workstream

The preparations for and management of mega‐events is an intense process. The previous two greening

programmes have relied to a significant extent on the EPCPD core staff contingent to provide the capacity to

undertake additional work which falls outside of their normal daily tasks. While this approach has been good

in building capacity and providing opportunities for junior staff to be exposed to interesting new processes

and information, it has not always been easy. Even with assistance from contracted consultants, the pressure

on municipal staff was overwhelming at times.

It is therefore critical that in preparing to oversee the implementation of a sustainability workstream for the

Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games, the existing capacity, budgets and commitments of the EPCPD (and

other relevant municipal departments) is reviewed, and where necessary staff may need to be re‐deployed

or additional staff hired. This is an important approach, as there are significant opportunities for capacity

building and skills development through such event sustainability programmes, and where possible these

opportunities should be retained within the municipal administration rather than outsourced (particularly in

light of eThekwini Municipality’s intention to grow its event‐hosting role over time).

3.5.3 Approach to managing event Climate Impacts

The measurement, reporting, reduction and offsetting of the carbon emissions associated with hosting a

mega‐event is both a complex and potentially very expensive process. Given the difficulties observed in

achieving the ambitious carbon neutral target for the Durban 2010 FIFA™ World Cup, it is likely that the costs

of hosting the Commonwealth Games event as a carbon neutral event will be unaffordable for a developing

city such as Durban, unless significant financial assistance can be obtained from the CGF or other sources.

Even a ‘low carbon’ goal for the event will come with a significant price tag, and in light of the recent Paris

Agreement, giving appropriate attention to the issue of mitigating the global climate impact of this major

international event in a proper way is no longer negotiable. Obtaining and securing funding for the

management of the climate impacts of the event will therefore need to be a key focus of the event

sustainability plan.

In this regard, although unlikely to stand as the primary source of required funding, much can be gained from

establishing a campaign which encourages event participants and spectators to offset their carbon footprints

through a voluntary contribution into a carbon offset fund, as this would continue to reinforce that

individuals should take responsibility for their contribution towards global climate change.


Identifying local carbon offset projects which benefit poor and marginalised sectors of society, and contribute

positively towards enhanced resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change, has been a key success of

eThekwini Municipality’s previous two event greening programmes. However, such interventions come with

a long term financial and management commitment, which need to be understood and factored into

decision‐making about which projects to pursue and how these will be funded.

3.5.4 Full Cost Accounting of Event Ecological Impacts

The development and application of Ecological Footprinting Tool for the COP17/CMP7 event highlighted the

fact that full cost accounting of mega‐events is almost never undertaken, and that this is a key gap in event

sustainability programmes worldwide.

In a world where there is increasing competition for food, water, energy and biodiversity resources, there is

a rapidly accelerating need to develop a greater understanding of the full costs and benefits of mega‐events,

so that the impacts of these events on the host country’s ecosystems can be better managed. It would

therefore be important for Durban to show leadership on this aspect of mega‐event sustainability practices,

and undertake that the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games considers how the ecological footprint of the

event may be minimised, and to report on this aspect alongside its carbon, economic and social impact

reporting processes.

Equally, with the increasing issues around water availability in South Africa, the event sustainability

programme should place special emphasis on water conservation (and water use reporting), and should

consider making a direct link between the investment into carbon offsets with investment in water offsets

(e.g. through ecosystem restoration projects).

3.5.5 Partnerships

The previous event greening programmes have shown how the range, extent and intensity of benefits and

impact of the greening initiative can be increased through the establishment of effective partnerships. These

may be partnerships set up to facilitate funding streams, implementation, communications and awareness

raising and future roll out of legacy initiatives.

Although an attempt was made to engage the hospitality sector in the COP17/CMP7 greening programme

through a Responsible Accommodation Campaign, it is felt that more could have been achieved with more

time in hand. This should be addressed going forward, particularly in light of the important legacy that more

resource efficient, “greener” accommodation facilities would offer Durban as a global event‐hosting

destination. Partnerships should be used to support the achievement of this aim.

The business / industry sector was also not well or extensively engaged in the previous greening programmes,

and it’s thought that more should be done in this regard in respect of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth

Games through the establishment of partnerships and appropriate collaboration platforms.


CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINABILITY APPROACHES IN COMMONWEALTH GAMES EVENTS

4.1 Introduction

Starting with the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia, sustainability issues have been

proactively addressed in Commonwealth Games events. The depth and scope of sustainability interventions

in these events has increased with each successive event. In October 2007, the United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the organisers of the Commonwealth

Games, and has since acted as an advisor for promoting environmental awareness and ensuring that the best

of international practices are being implemented to ensure a green sporting event.

4.2 Commonwealth Games Federation Sustainability Requirements

The Commonwealth Games Federation sets out its sustainability policy / requirements in a Candidate City

Manual, which candidate cities must respond to in their bid documents. This manual includes a theme

covering “Environment, Legacy/Sustainability and Meteorology”, in which the Commonwealth Games

Federation seeks to establish the general geographical, environmental and climatic features of a candidate

city and its surroundings. The CGF also seeks to understand a candidate city’s environmental approach as it

relates to geographical features, public authorities, environmental management systems, venue

construction and development projects. This theme also seeks to understand what legacy is planned for the

host city and region after the Commonwealth Games (CGF, 2011).

In accordance with the Candidate City Manual (CGF, 2011), candidate cities must supply guarantees stating

that all construction work necessary for the organisation of the Commonwealth Games will comply with:

local, regional and national regulations and acts; and international agreements and protocols regarding

planning, construction and protection of the environment. It also requires that the candidate city provide

information on the natural and cultural environment, ambient air quality, drinking water quality, a

stakeholder engagement plan and the event organising committee’s planned environmental protection

objectives, targets and priorities.

The scope of the sustainability interventions proposed by the candidate city must cover at least: sustainable

venue design and construction; transport; air and noise pollution; solid waste management; water

management and sewage treatment; soil; energy supply and conservation, renewable energy use and

management; protection and enhancement of significant features of the natural environment and cultural

heritage; and environmental awareness raising.

4.3 Sustainability and the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games

4.3.1 Glasgow 2014

The following information has been extracted from The Scottish Government website

(http://www.gov.scot/Topics/ArtsCultureSport/Sport/MajorEvents/Glasgow‐2014/Commonwealth‐

games/Indicators/GCCGLP):

The sustainability programme implemented for the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games had two main

aims:


To maximise, manage and record the sustainability of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games,

raising the bar for sustainability at future Commonwealth Games; and

To provide the Scottish events industry with the knowledge and tools necessary to increase the

sustainability of events throughout Scotland, as a Legacy from Glasgow 2014 and the other major

events hosted in Scotland in 2014.

Glasgow 2014 developed a Sustainable Management System (SMS) which was certified to the internationally

recognised standard ISO 20121 Sustainable Event Management. ISO 20121 is a management system standard

designed to help organisations in the events industry improve the sustainability of their event‐related

activities.

The SMS underpinned the way the Organising Committee operated as a business and as an event organiser.

It therefore took place across the whole organisation – from the Games Headquarters through to all the

venues and places of operation.

The ‘How to plan and deliver sustainable events guide’ was developed as a free online sustainable events

guide with input gathered from events across the UK, including the lessons from the London 2012 Olympics,

Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games venues, Ryder Cup and Festival 2014. Covering all aspects of resource

efficiency, it was written in collaboration with a number of policy officers, partners such as EventScotland

and colleagues across Zero Waste Scotland with specialisms in for example litter or recycling. Predominantly

written for event organisers, it is also a useful reference for suppliers of venues, catering and other services.

The SMS was led by Glasgow 2014, working with other key partners, including Glasgow City Council, Scottish

Government, Resource Efficient Scotland (a programme of Zero Waste Scotland), Glasgow Life and

EventScotland. As part of this, the Organising Committee developed environmental management plans for

their venues, implementing initiatives to minimise and recycle waste, improve resource efficiency, and

worked to ensure sustainability was embedded within the procurement process for the Games.

The Glasgow 2014 Sustainability Team grew in the lead up to the Games partially through Legacy programme

partner support. Resource Efficient Scotland seconded a member of their staff into the Organising Committee

as a Sustainability Coordinator in the lead up to and during the Games. Additionally, together with Glasgow

Life, Resource Efficient Scotland also funded a Sustainability Manager for Festival 2014, the cultural arm of

the Games celebrations. The Festival 2014 Sustainability Manager worked to ensure the three Live Zones

around Glasgow during the Games were sustainable events and was supported closely by Glasgow 2014 and

Resource Efficient Scotland to ensure continuity and the sharing and capture of learning and successes.

4.3.2 Gold Coast, Australia, 2018

According to the Gold Coast Operating Committee’s (GOLDOC) document, “Towards a Sustainable GC2018”

(GOLDOC, 2014), the concept of sustainability is a guiding principle which underpins the Gold Coastal 2018

Commonwealth Games (GC2018) and will deliver legacy outcomes which will extend beyond the events

themselves. Sustainability has been defined as ‘an enduring and balanced approach to economic activity,

environmental responsibility and social progress’. The aim of sustainability in the GC2018 context is to

incorporate these concepts as concrete actions and programs which bring a lasting benefit to the region. The

international standard ISO 20121: Event Sustainability Management Systems (ISO 20121), along with the

Global Reporting Initiative’s Event Organiser Sector Supplement (GRI EOSS), provides the framework for the

management and reporting of the event sustainability initiatives.


Key operational areas recognised as potentially having a major impact on the sustainability performance of

GC2018 are: procurement; waste management; energy management; water management; travel and

transport; venues management; and logistics.

Sustainability and legacy are therefore intended to underpin GC2018, with a major goal being the delivery of

significant and positive economic, environmental, social and community legacies.

In designing its sustainability approach, GOLDOC has adopted the ‘One Planet Principles’ sustainability

framework. One Planet Living is a global initiative based on 10 sustainability principles developed by WWF

and Bioregional. This approach was also used in the sustainability programme for the 2012 Olympic Games

in London.

The sustainable events management system developed also uses and complies with the ISO 20121: Event

Sustainability Management Systems standard. This is an international standard created specifically for the

events industry. This standard provides guidance for the development of a management system and

processes which take into consideration the economic, environmental and social impacts of decisions made

in GOLDOC’s planning, delivery and post‐event processes. The implementation of the ISO 20121 international

standard will help GOLDOC to ensure that sustainability considerations are embedded within organisational

decision‐making and will facilitate the identification of appropriate and practical actions to be taken.

GOLDOC will report on Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) performance indicators that are relevant to GC2018

and that align with the One Planet Principles and other commitments. These performance indicators will be

regularly reviewed by GOLDOC and key stakeholders to ensure continued relevance to identified issues.

A panel of experts has been set up to guide the development and implementation of the event sustainability

programme, as well as a working group consisting of a range of GC2018 stakeholders including GOLDOC, the

City and the State. This is an external working group which will ensure that a consistent approach to

sustainability is implemented by the Games delivery partners.

4.4 Pointers for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme

4.4.1 Legacy

The Commonwealth Games Federation places a notable amount of emphasis on the desire for its events to

leave a positive social and economic legacy for host countries and cities. In doing so, the environmental legacy

of the event should not be negative, and the impacts of the event on the natural environment must be

properly managed.

While the above may be the CGF requirement, there is a need to consider how the hosting of a

Commonwealth Games event may contribute a positive environmental legacy, alongside the desired social

and economic legacy. The 2014 Glasgow sustainability programme appears to have put a significant amount

of effort into this through building capacity around sustainability during the event process, and after.

Numerous events were held to share the sustainability programme experiences and promote the adoption

of sustainability principles in city, regional and state operations and capital programmes.

Durban 2022 should consider how to link the social, economic and environmental legacy objectives in a way

that is meaningful to the Durban and South African agendas focusing on sustainable economic development,

poverty and inequality, human and ecological vulnerability to climate change, and water and energy security.


4.4.2 Internationally Recognised Sustainability and Reporting Frameworks

Both Glasgow 2014 and Gold Coast 2018 have developed event sustainability management systems that

comply with ISO 20121 international standard. Given the CGF requirement to implement a credible

sustainability programme that meets international standards, the use of the ISO 20121 standard emerges as

a minimum requirement for the sustainability programme for Durban 2022.

Gold Coast 2018 aligned with the global One Planet Living initiative, which also was linked to the London

2012 Olympics. The benefits of engaging with this framework, and its associated organisations (WWF and

Bioregional) warrant further investigation to determine the applicability and potential benefits thereof for

Durban 2022. Exploration into other globally accepted sustainability frameworks should also be undertaken.

Gold Coast 2018 has indicated that it will use some of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators for

reporting on the event sustainability performance. It is noted that there seems to have been some caution

taken in committing to using the GRI framework as the primary mechanism for reporting, and therefore only

some of the indicators will be used. This points to a need for Durban 2022 to further investigate the GRI event

sustainability reporting framework and whether it would be appropriate for use, in part or in full, or whether

there are other internationally recognised event sustainability reporting frameworks that may be preferable.


CHAPTER 5 – SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH IN THE DURBAN 2022 COMMONWEALTH GAMES BID

5.1 Introduction

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Candidate City File presented South Africa’s plan to host the event.

While the file included a section on “Sustainability and Environment”, there are a number of aspects of the

plan that indicate South Africa’s level and form of commitment to hosting a financially, economically, socially

and environmentally sustainable event. It is the purpose of this chapter to critically review the commitments

made by South Africa in its Candidate City File, in light of eThekwini Municipality’s intention to develop a

comprehensive Sustainability Programme for the event.

5.2 Summary of the Bidding Process

Two Commonwealth Games Associations endorsed cities to submit their candidacy to the Commonwealth

Games Federation (CGF) to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games. These included Canada (with the City of

Edmonton) and South Africa (with the City of Durban). In February 2015, Canada withdrew from the 2022

candidacy, citing financial ramifications of the global fall in oil prices as the reason for withdrawal (CGF, 2015),

leaving South Africa as the sole candidate for hosting the event.

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Bid Committee was established by the South African Sports

Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC), the controlling body for all the performance sports of

South Africa, to prepare and submit South Africa’s bid to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Durban.

The Bid Committee included the Minister of Sport and Recreation, Honourable Fikile Mbalula, Mayor of

Durban, Cllr James Nxumalo, various Ministers from the Province of KwaZulu‐Natal, as well as official sports

ambassadors, Cameron van der Burgh, Khotso Mokoena and Dyan Buis. The Committee indicated that South

Africa’s National Development Plan (NDP) and the National Sport and Recreation Plan (NSRP) had

underpinned the country’s decision to bid to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

A comprehensive Candidate City File was prepared and submitted by the Durban 2022 Commonwealth

Games Bid Committee to the CGF on 2 March 2015. The details of submissions required by Candidate Cities

was described in a comprehensive Candidate City Manual issued to all Commonwealth Games Associations

on 13 December 2013 by the CGF. The Candidate City Manual also described the rules and procedures

applicable to Candidate Cities and their Commonwealth Games Associations and provided detailed

specifications for the information to be submitted.

The CGF Evaluation Commission visited the city of Durban on 25 April 2015 for four days. The CGF Evaluation

Commission then produced an evaluation report on the Durban 2022 bid in July 2015 (Commonwealth Games

Federation, 2015). Finally, Durban’s bid was voted on by all 71 nations and territories of the CGF membership

at their General Assembly on 2 September 2015 in Auckland, New Zealand, where it was approved.

5.3 Key Aspects of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Bid

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games is proposed to be held over 14 days in July 2022. The event is to be

organised by the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Organising Committee, which is to be a legal entity

established as a non‐profit organisation with representation from SASCOC and National Government

(through an inter‐ministerial committee to be established), KwaZulu‐Natal Provincial government, and

eThekwini Municipality. Further to this, the CGF has indicated that it intends to play a partnering role with

this organisation to ensure risks and delivery are managed.


The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Candidate City File presents a number of key concepts, which

underpin the proposed approach for hosting the event:

4. “Focus on legacy”. The key motivation for hosting the 2022 Commonwealth Games in South Africa is

cited as the role that the event will play in supporting the development of infrastructure, human capital,

the national and local economy, and social cohesion / inclusivity.

The event would add to a growing resume of global mega events that have been successfully hosted

in the country, giving weight to South Africa’s positive profile as an events and tourism destination.

Specifically, for Durban, the key investment precinct for the event will be the Moses Mabhida sports

and recreation precinct, which is in the inner city and is an area where redevelopment / renewal is a

critical need. This is also supportive of the city’s vision to develop Moses Mabhida as a mega multi‐

sport events precinct and to position it as a premier sports tourism destination.

Durban has a long term development plan that the hosting of the event has been motivated as being

supportive of. The event has been cited as being able to facilitate acceleration of planned

investments in social amenities and transportation infrastructure. The athletes’ village would be

constructed to become gap housing after the event.

There would be a strong element of youth outreach with the intention of building youth skills,

capacity and confidence through the hosting of the event.

5. “Compact Games”. At least 80 % of the sports activities (and a significant component of the

accommodation requirements) are proposed to be hosted within a 5km radius of Moses Mabhida

Stadium This will reduce the complexity of event logistics and reduce the requirement for transport.

6. “Use of existing infrastructure”. There is a strong focus on using existing facilities (with upgrades) to host

the event, and limiting the need for construction of new facilities. This includes sports facilities,

administrative facilities and transportation infrastructure.

The above three underpinning concepts are broadly supportive of a sustainable, efficient approach to hosting

the Commonwealth Games. In addition to these, the specific commitments made in the bid to ensuring

“sustainability” are as follows:

6. Establishment of a Social and Ethics Committee (to be named the Sustainability and Legacy

Commission) will be established to govern how sustainability will be incorporated into the entity’s

governance structure.

7. Stakeholder engagement will be achieved through the Community Participation and Action Support

Unit (CPASU), established by the City of Durban as a vehicle for community members to participate

in the governance of the Games and foster a sense of ownership of developments.

8. The bid asserts that Durban water can be safely consumed directly from` the tap.

9. Guarantee(s) stating that all construction work necessary for the organisation of the Commonwealth

Games will comply with:local, regional and national regulations and acts; international agreements

and protocols regarding planning, construction and protection of the environment.

10. Six key environmental protection objectives were given:

h. Utilise existing facilities as far as possible.

i. Certify new venues to green building standards.


j. Ensure any construction or upgrades to new or existing facilities are conducted in accordance

with an Environmental Management Plan.

k. Ensure that greenfield development is in line with the City of Durban’s Metropolitan Open

Space System (DMOSS) requirements and objectives.

l. Minimise waste generation during the Games and ensure that waste is separated at source

to reduce volumes requiring landfilling.

m. Ensure public transport is available to minimise the need for private transport; the compact

venues plan will assist in achieving this.

n. Energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives to be undertaken in alignment with the

city’s objectives.

5.4 Pointers for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Plan

South Africa is a country with significant social and economic challenges. In the context of bidding to host a

major international sports event like the Commonwealth Games, it has been critical to demonstrate how the

investment of national, regional and local resources in the event infrastructure and operations would

contribute positively towards addressing pressing social and economic development needs. Without this, the

bid may have been unlikely to find the level of broad public and political support that was needed.

The commitment in the bid document to a compact games and limited need for construction of new facilities

and infrastructure are the key approaches that demonstrate that the event can be hosted in a financially

efficient manner, and presumably also in a financially affordable manner.

The commitments made in the bid document to focusing on building a positive legacy of social amenities

(including upgrading of community sports facilities) and building of human capital through the event speak

directly to the social equity and inclusivity benefits intended to be achieved from the event.

Although not particularly explicit in the bid, it is suggested that the hosting of the 2022 Commonwealth

Games in Durban, South Africa, would not only generate a direct positive economic impact to local businesses

in various sectors in the build up to and during the event, but that it would also support the development of

the local and national tourism economy through contributing towards the Durban / South Africa profile as a

desirable global event destination. The achievement of these intended financial efficiencies / affordability,

social and human development impacts, and local / regional economic impacts, are therefore critical event

sustainability commitments that the event Sustainability Programme will need to encourage / support, as

well as measure and report on.

The section of the bid covering sustainability and environmental protection is fairly broad, indicating that

resource use efficiencies and environmental protection will be dealt with, and that a green building /

infrastructure legacy should be left as a result of the event. This will require the integration of appropriate

sustainability principles, aims and objectives into all event infrastructure, services and operational plans.

The bid document and CGF Evaluation Report both indicate that the Durban Climate Change Strategy aligns

with the National Climate Change Response Strategy, and presumably this was considered to ensure that

national and local climate protection aims would therefore be properly dealt with in the hosting of the event.

Given that there were no specifics given on how the Durban Climate Change Strategy would apply to the

event, this is one gap which would need to be addressed in the development of a detailed sustainability plan.


Given the focus on creating a positive legacy from the hosting of the event, a key approach will be ensuring

that the municipal line functions (and other organisations with a role to play in implementation) are actively

involved both in developing the event sustainability plan, and implementing it. This will provide an important

opportunity to build human capital and to create a positive institutional legacy of proactively integrating

sustainability principles and approaches into projects and programmes.


CHAPTER 6 - ROADMAP

6.1 Introduction

This Chapter presents a Roadmap for the establishment of the Sustainability Programme for the Durban 2022

Commonwealth Games. The Roadmap has been developed through desk‐top level study, personal interviews

and communications with a number of municipal and other stakeholders, as well as a multi‐stakeholder

workshop.

The Roadmap includes the Sustainability Programme key approaches / concepts and workstreams with

associated goals and objectives, alongside a timeline and anticipated resourcing requirements. Within each

workstream, detailed project plans will need to be developed. The Roadmap also contains an indication of

where partnerships should be established to facilitate the effective execution of each workstream and / or

escalate the beneficial outcomes of the Programme.

In order to drive and co‐ordinate the Sustainability Programme, a co‐ordinating committee is proposed. The

establishment of this institution and its activities have been included in the Roadmap.

The Roadmap is intended to be used as a guiding framework, and should be updated and / or further detailed

when necessary.

6.2 Summary of Underpinning Approaches / Concepts

The background research conducted for the preparation of the Roadmap has identified the following key

underpinning approaches and concepts which inform the direction of the Sustainability Programme,

including the identified goals and objectives.

Table 3: Summary of Key Approaches and Concepts underpinning the Roadmap Goals and Objectives

APPROACH / CONCEPT DESCRIPTION

1. Leveraging transitionary

processes

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games offers an opportunity for eThekwini Municipality

to utilise the elevated levels of international technical support and funding available to

leverage a strategic realignment and rapid enhancement of existing capacity, skills and

systems, leaving a legacy of enhanced governance that is increasingly responsive to global

and national sustainability and climate protection priorities.

This should also include leaving an iconic educational / awareness raising and mind‐set

shifting legacy for South Africa’s youth that promotes a better understanding of the urgent

need to choose sustainable living and behaviour patterns.

2. Building on existing

foundations

There is a significant amount of existing work / planning and capacity that is already in

place. Key infrastructure, legacy or other sustainability initiatives should be “leap‐frogged”

forward as part of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games event hosting process. Where

possible, existing resources, institutional platforms, plans already completed, existing

infrastructure, existing municipal workstreams, etc. should therefore be used in developing

the sustainability initiatives required for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games. This will

achieve faster wins, reduce costs, and facilitate capacity building, leaving a legacy of

‘sustainability in practice’.

In line with this concept is the idea of involving eThekwini Municipality line functions as

core capacity to implement the Sustainability Programme. In so doing, local capacity and


experience will be built to support a transitioning in local governance structures towards

enhanced sustainability and climate‐change resilience outcomes.

3. Enhancing ‘resilience’

through a balanced

mitigation‐adaptation

focus

Investment in mitigation of the carbon emissions from the event is imperative, but this

investment needs to be designed to also address local climate risks, vulnerabilities and

adaptation needs, thereby promoting enhanced social and ecological resilience,

sustainable (and low carbon) economic development.

4. Escalating benefits

through partnerships,

collaboration and shared

learning

Meaningful partnerships need to be established with business and industry, non‐

governmental organisations, education / research institutions and other government

agencies. These partnerships should not be confined by the administrative boundaries of

eThekwini Municipality, and should seek to foster regional, national and global

collaboration, capacity building, influence and impact. They should seek to leverage

enhanced investment in human capital, natural capital, institutional capital and social

capital.

Sharing learning experiences and outcomes of such work can provide an important

platform to encourage and assist other cities / agencies grappling with sustainability issues,

particularly other African cities.

5. Accounting for the full

range of environmental,

social and economic costs

and benefits of the event

In a world of increasing competition for resources, it is important for Durban to show

leadership by considering the full ecological footprint of the event, and to report on this

aspect in tandem with its carbon, economic and social impact reporting processes. A full

cost and benefit accounting approach should therefore be adopted with respect to the

event’s environmental, social and economic impacts.

The programme should also be designed to respond to issues associated with

environmental and social thresholds (i.e. ‘safe and just operating space’ priorities), and be

able to report on the impact of the event within the context of such thresholds. The design

of the monitoring and reporting frameworks therefore requires an innovative approach,

and it is suggested that collaboration with international researchers leading the work on

the safe and just operating space should be sought.

Event participants and spectators should be encouraged to understand their role in

creating climate and other environmental costs in attending the event, and should

therefore be provided with both the awareness of these costs and a platform to contribute

towards minimising and offsetting them.

6. Using internationally

recognised sustainability

frameworks and reporting

systems

Both Glasgow 2014 and Gold Coast 2018 have developed event sustainability management

systems that comply with ISO 20121 international standard. Given the CGF requirement to

implement a credible sustainability programme that meets international standards, the use

of the ISO 20121 standard is a minimum requirement for the sustainability programme for

Durban 2022. Exploration into globally accepted sustainability frameworks, particularly for

event impact reporting, should also be undertaken.

7. Leading in legislative

compliance

The hosting of the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games will need to be done in a manner

that is fully compliant with and supportive of all national and local legislation, policy, by‐

laws and associated sustainable development and environmental, cultural and social

priorities. Not only is this a requirement of the CGF, but demonstrating leadership in

legislative compliance is an important principle in an increasingly complex regulatory

environment in South Africa.


6.3 Sustainability Workstreams, Goals and Objectives

The Sustainability Programme Workstreams, Goals and objectives are as follows:

Table 4: Sustainability Workstreams, Goals and Objectives

WORKSTREAMS GOALS OBJECTIVES

A. Sustainability

Coordinating

Structure

A1. Establish a functional

sustainability co‐ordinating

structure with clear roles

and responsibilities.

A2. Establish and manage

relationships and

partnerships.

A3. Secure and manage

programme funding.

A1.1 Develop an organogram with defined roles and

responsibilities, and identify and secure individuals to fulfil the

required committee roles and functions.

A1.2 Direct and co‐ordinate the Sustainability Programme and

all associated activities, partnerships and programme‐level

funding streams.

A2.1 Establish relationships with and between relevant

government departments, private sector agencies, event

organising committees etc. as required to facilitate the

effective implementation of the Sustainability Programme and

leave a legacy of collaboration.

A2.2 Manage relationships and partnerships.

A3.1 Develop programme‐level financial plans and secure the

required funding for programme implementation.

A3.2 Manage and report on programme funding.

B. Climate‐smart

buildings,

infrastructure,

transportation &

operations

B1. Reduce the climate and

ecological footprints of

event hosting

infrastructure, buildings

and transportation systems,

and leave a green building,

infrastructure and transport

systems legacy.

B2. Reduce climate and

ecological footprints and

minimise environmental

and social risks associated

B1.1 Implement green building principles, technologies and

approaches in the design, build, upgrading or refurbishment of

the event precinct and all event hosting infrastructure

(including sports and administrative), to reduce energy

consumption, use renewable energy, conserve water, reduce

ecological footprints, and facilitate access to non‐motorised

and public transportation systems.

B1.2 Certify new venues to green building standards, and

where major refurbishments are undertaken to existing

buildings, seek to incorporate green building principles.

B1.3 Implement, promote and incentivise the use of public and

non‐motorised transportation systems.

B1.4 Utilise low carbon motorised transport technologies for

all event transportation systems.

B1.5 Develop or utilise renewable energy at event facilities.

B1.6 Build the athlete’s village as a low energy and water

resource consuming facility, in a location that permits easy

access to public and non‐motorised transportation systems,

and which can be used as social housing post‐event.

B2.1 Develop an ISO‐accredited Event Environmental

Management System (EMS), including a Sustainable

Procurement Protocol.

B2.2 Implement the EMS in all event operations and facilities.


with all event operations

and facilities

C. Climate‐smart waste

management

C1. Reduce the climate and

ecological footprints of

event waste in a manner

that creates jobs and

promotes social upliftment

while promoting a cleaner

city.

C1.1 Develop a waste minimisation, recycling and re‐use

protocol for inclusion in the EMS.

C1.2 Establish and implement a waste separation and recycling

system that creates benefits for both the informal and the

formal recycling sectors.

C1.3 Establish innovative non‐recyclable and sports waste re‐

use / waste beneficiation projects that create jobs, build skills

and create a long‐term demand for non‐recyclable waste.

These projects should seek to benefit disadvantaged

communities and other identified social needs.

C1.4 Ensure all beaches, tourist areas, event precincts and

activity areas are kept clean and litter free. Partnerships with

local communities and businesses should be considered to

achieve this for the event and beyond wherever possible.

D. Responsible

hospitality & tourism

D1. Minimise the climate

and ecological footprints of

the hospitality and tourism

sectors.

D2. Establish a responsible

hospitality and tourism

legacy from the event.

D1.1 Establish a responsible hospitality and tourism campaign

targeting both consumers and businesses.

D1.2 Identify and implement an appropriate green grading

system for hospitality and tourism operations.

D2.1 Establish and manage partnerships between government

and the private sector for implementation of responsible

tourism as a permanent fixture.

D2.2 Develop relevant tools, educational programmes, and

implement a capacity building programme targeting

consumers and hospitality / tourism businesses.

D2.3 Develop and implement green tourism experiences for

the event period and beyond.

E. Event climate &

ecological

footprinting

E1. Measure and report on

the event climate and

ecological footprints, and

associated social and

economic impacts.

E1.1 Develop and adopt a climate and ecological footprinting

toolset and system.

E1.2 Collect data for the footprint.

E1.3 Develop estimates of the climate and ecological

footprints before the event, which can be used to direct key

interventions that will reduce these footprints.

E1.4 Calculate and report on the climate and ecological

footprints of the event, including the reductions in these

footprints that were achieved through sustainable design and

operations.

F. Climate resilience‐

building mitigation &

legacy projects

F1. Implement local

projects that mitigate and

offset climate and

ecological footprint impacts

from the event, and leave a

legacy of enhanced social

and environmental

F1.1 Develop and implement a suite of local projects that build

enhanced social, economic and ecological resilience to climate

change while mitigating climate and ecological footprint

impacts from the event.

F1.2 Establish partnerships for project implementation.


resilience to climate

change.

F2. Develop a legacy project

that drives changes in

thinking and behaviour

towards more sustainable

and climate‐responsible

business, lifestyles and

consumer choices.

F2.1 Identify at least one high impact legacy project that will

achieve the goal.

F2.1 Establish partnerships for project implementation.

G. Sustainability

awareness,

education,

communications,

and reporting

G1. Raise awareness about

climate change,

sustainability and what

individuals can do to reduce

their impacts, adapt to

change and become more

resilient to environmental

risks.

G2. Provide a platform for

event participants to

contribute towards

offsetting / mitigating their

impacts.

G3. Disseminate

information on the event

sustainability programme,

its achievements, and the

environmental, social and

economic costs and

benefits of the event to a

range of audiences.

G4. Leave a learning legacy

through the promotion of

shared learning and

development of learning

materials.

G1.1 Undertake a stakeholder / audience mapping exercise to

identify target audiences and associated communication

pathways and requirements.

G1.2 Develop and implement a climate and sustainability

awareness campaign, including driving key messages and

information to target audiences.

G1.3 Develop standard communications materials to be used

by Sustainability Programme workstreams in communicating

about the programme.

G2.1 Develop an online tool for individuals and event teams to

estimate their climate and ecological footprints, with

associated mechanism to select mitigation projects to

contribute towards financially.

G2.2 Develop other opportunities for people to be physically

active in offsetting their impacts or participating in green

activities.

G3.1 Investigate and identify appropriate internationally‐

recognised reporting protocols or systems that should be

used.

G3.2 Collect information relevant to the identified reporting

framework.

G3.3 Prepare and disseminate technical reports.

G3.4 Prepare and disseminate popular reports.

G3.5 Present key findings at key conferences and events.

G4.1 Develop learning materials based on the experiences,

outcomes and lessons from the event Sustainability

Programme and projects.

G4.2 Host an event sustainability convention or workshop

post‐event.

G4.3 Disseminate learning materials in relevant ways to

various target audiences.

H. Legal compliance H1. Ensure that all event

related construction and

activities are compliant

with local, regional &

H1.1 Identify and operationalise legal compliance capacity to

assist with monitoring all event related activities and

facilitating processes to achieve legal compliance.


national policy and

legislation.

H2. Ensure that good

practice in environmental

management and

sustainability are achieved

at all new and refurbished

event hosting facilities.

H1.2 Establish a working group with relevant provincial and

national government authorities to fast track legislative

compliance processes.

H2.1 Ensure any construction or upgrades to new or existing

facilities are conducted in accordance with an Environmental

Management Plan.

6.4 Sustainability Coordinating Structure

In the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Bid, it was proposed that a Sustainability and Legacy Commission

would be established to govern how sustainability will be incorporated into the Local Organising Committee

(LOC) for the event. The Sustainability Programme Co‐ordinating Structure mentioned here would therefore

form a component of, and/or report to this Commission.

In terms of the above, clarity will need to be sought on whether additional co‐ordinating resources and

workstreams, over and above those presented in this Roadmap document, would be needed to address all

Legacy requirements that may be stipulated by the Sustainability and Legacy Commission. This Roadmap has

focused specifically on Sustainability and associated legacy opportunities, but it is likely that other Legacy

opportunities may exist in other event organising activities as well.

The Co‐ordinating Structure for the Sustainability Programme should be developed in a manner and form

that ensures that there is sufficient capacity and the right skills in place for effectively driving and overseeing

the implementation of the programme. It would be advantageous for this structure to include

representatives from the Host City, National and Provincial Government, and key non‐governmental and

private sector agencies that could bring additional skills, knowledge and networks into play. This multi‐

stakeholder approach would enhance not only the effectiveness of the structure, but also create better

opportunities for shared learning.

One approach would be to establish a core co‐ordinating structure, with key individuals that play a driving

and co‐ordinating role, supported by a technical committee, which is designed to bring key technical

competencies in when required.

Given that sustainability principles and approaches need to be integrated into all event hosting workstreams,

the Sustainability Co‐ordinating Structure would need to be constituted in a way that gave it adequate

influence within the broader event co‐ordinating structure / process.

Given past experiences in mega‐event greening in South Africa, it is likely that the National Department of

Environmental Affairs (DEA) will have a role to play in the Sustainability Programme for the event. In the past,

this has tended to play out such that the host city and the DEA sustainability efforts are run completely

separately, often resulting in tensions regarding reporting mandates and responsibilities. It is therefore

critical that discussions with this department begin early, in order that the respective roles, functions and

responsibilities between DEA and the host city are resolved early on, and that resources can be pooled for

optimum outcomes.


A suggested institutional structure for the Sustainability Programme is therefore as follows:

6.5 Human and Financial Resourcing

The Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games Sustainability Programme will require funding for the

implementation of short and medium term initiatives associated with the programme, as well as

sustainability legacy projects that have a lifespan beyond the event itself. In addition, adequate human

resources will need to be made available to perform the various roles and functions required.

As an early requirement of the development of the Sustainability Programme, a human resourcing plan and

programme budget must be drawn up that identifies the requirements for all aspects of the programme,

including the cost of additional staffing or drawing in of expert assistance. While the involvement of

municipal staff as core capacity in the programme is desired, this must be done in an informed manner

through a proper evaluation of staff capacity to take on the required additional functions of the Sustainability

Programme. It is also critical that the long‐term human resource and project operational costs of legacy

projects are considered in the budgeting process.

It is anticipated that a portion of the programme budget could be sourced from within the eThekwini

Municipality fiscus. Where this is the case, the Sustainability Programme and associated projects should be

incorporated into the municipal IDP and departmental budgets and plans as soon as possible. However, a

range of other sources of funding will also need to be identified. These may include National Government,

international development and aid agencies such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and GIZ, and may also include dedicated climate and

sustainability response funds such the Green Climate Fund (GCF). It is further anticipated that certain projects

may be implemented through partnerships with business or non‐profit organisations, where such

partnerships leverage additional sources of funding or resourcing into these projects.

Sustainability and

Legacy Commission

Local Organising Committee

(LOC)

Workstreams

Workstreams

Workstreams

Workstreams Workstreams

Workstreams

Workstreams

Workstreams

Sustainability

Coordinating

Structure

Event organising structure with

National, Provincial and Local

Government representation

National body with local

representation, ensures sustainability

and legacy objectives are addressed by

LOC

Co‐ordinates

sustainability

activities

locally and

reports to

Sustainability

and Legacy

Commission

Figure 5: Sustainability Programme organisational structure

Workstreams

implement

sustainability projects

and activities


6.6 Further Stakeholder Engagements

It is suggested that further engagement with business and industry, non‐governmental organisations,

academia, and the youth, is undertaken in the process that needs to follow for the identification of projects

and activities for the various Sustainability Programme workstreams. These engagements should be focused

such that specific groups are engaged in the identification of projects which are of specific relevance to those

groups. For example, the hospitality sector should be engaged in developing a detailed plan for the

Sustainability Programme workstream dealing with Responsible Hospitality and Tourism; and the youth

should be engaged in identifying projects that will leave a mind‐set shifting legacy around sustainable

behaviour and adaptation to climate change. Early engagement with these groups is critical to achieve their

buy‐in and active participation in relevant Programme implementation activities.

6.7 Identifying Strategic Partnerships

Attention should be given early on to the possible benefits of eThekwini Municipality establishing a strategic

partnership with a not for profit organisation with the requisite skills to assist in directing and managing the

implementation of the Sustainability Programme. This approach would provide the opportunity to transfer

skills from the partner to government actors, as well as secure sources of funding for the programme that

may not be possible for the host city, which cannot accept donations and is required to abide by the rules

set out in the Municipal Finance Management Act (2003).

In this regard, it would be beneficial to identify an international agency to partner with, which has experience

in implementing sustainability programmes for mega‐events, and has access to overseas funding networks

which could be leveraged to support a transfer of international skills into South Africa.


6.8 Visual Roadmap

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Goal A1

Goal A2

Goal A3

Key Responsibilities

Goal B1

Goal B2


Goal C1


Goal D1

Goal D2


Goal E1


Goal F1

Goal F2


Goal G1

Goal G2

Goal G3

Goal G4


Goal H1

Goal H2


Goal C

Goal H

Goal G

Goal F

Goal E

Goal D

20232016 2021 20222017 2018 2019 2020Programme Workstreams

Climate smart buldings,

infrastructure, transportation

& operations

Climate resilience building

mitigation & legacy projects

Event climate & ecological

footprinting

Climate smart waste

management

Sustainability awareness,

education, communications

and reporting

Responsible hospitality &

tourism

Legal compliance

Sustainability Coordinating

StructureGoal A

Goal B

PHASE 1: Plan development and detailing PHASE 2: Resourcing and preparation PHASE 3: Implementation PHASE 4: Post implementation & reporting

A1.1 Establish coord. structure

A2.1 Establish relationsips and partnerships

A3.1 Develop financial plans and secure funding

A2.2 Manage relationsips and partnerships

A3.2 Manage sand report on programme‐level funding

A1.2 Direct and coordinate the Sustainability Programme

EPCPD

B1.1 Implement green building and design principles, technologies etc. in event infrastructure and buildings

B1.3 Implement, promote and incentivise the use of non‐motorised transport infrastructure

B1.2 Certify new venues ‐ green building stds

B1.4 Low carbon transport

B1.5 Develop renewable energy and use for event and legacy

B1.6 Build the athletes village as green social housing with access to NMT and public transport systems

B2.1 Develop ISO accredited Event EMS B2.2 Implement EMS ‐ all venues

Architectural Services, Energy Office, EWS, ETA, Electricity, Planning, EPCPD, Supply Chain Management / Procurement

C1.1 Waste protocol for inclusion in EMS

C1.2 Establish & implement waste separation & recycling system

C1.3 Establish waste re‐use / beneficiation projects

DSW, EDU

D1.1 Responsible hospitality & tourism campaign

D1.2 Green grading system

D2.1 Establish and manage partnerships

D2.2 Develop & implement capacity building programme

D2.3 Green tourism experiences

Durban Tourism, Durban Green Corridor

All line departments involved in the Structure

E1.1 Develop climate and ecological footprinting toolset and system

E1.2 Collect data

E1.4 Calculate footprints

EPCPD, Energy Office

F1.1 Develop and implement suite of climate resilience building mitigation projects

F1.2 Establish implementation partnerships

F2.1 Identify and implement high impact legacy project for long term educational and sustainable consumption/development behaviour change outcomes

F2.2 Establish implementation partnerships

EPCPD, Energy Office, Architectural Services

G1.2 Develop & implement climate & sustainability awareness campaign

G2.1 and G2.2 Online tool for impact footprint calculation & mitigation contribution; other offset activities

G3.1 Identify reporting framework G3.2 Collect information

G3.3 and G3.4 Technical & popular reporting

G3.5 Share info / experiences at conferences

G4.1 and G4.3 Develop and disseminate learning materials

EPCPD, Energy Office, Communications, MILE

H1.1 Identify & operationalise legal & policy compliance capacity

H1.2 Establish compliance working group

H2.1 EMPr for all construction

EPCPD, Planning

C1.4 Ensure all event areas and tourist areas are clean and litter free

E1.2 Collect data

E1.3 Estimate footprints

G1.1 Stakeholder map

G1.3 Std materials

G4.2 Convention


ANNEXURE A: KEY ORGANISATIONS / POTENTIAL PARTNERS

NAME DESCRIPTION WEBSITE ADDRESS

Event Owner

Commonwealth Games Federation

The Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) is the organisation that is responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games. Underlying every decision made by the CGF are three core values: ‐ HUMANITY ‐ EQUALITY ‐ DESTINY. These values help to inspire and unite millions of people and symbolise the broad mandate of the CGF within the Commonwealth.

www.thecgf.com

Funding / Support Agencies

Green Climate Fund The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established by 194 governments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries, and to help vulnerable societies adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change.

www.greenclimate.fund

Development Bank of Southern Africa

The Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) is a development bank focusing on sustainable delivery of infrastructure and economic development in Southern Africa. The DBSA is an accredited agency with the Green Climate Fund.

www.dbsa.org

South African National Biodiversity Institute

The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is South Africa’s governmental agency dealing with biodiversity and ecosystems protection, research and information. SANBI has applied to become a Green Climate Fund accredited agency. SANBI is also a key partner in the uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership Project.

www.sanbi.org

United Nations Environment Programme

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is often involved in reporting on the greening of mega‐events, and funds a range of programmes intended to support the protection of the environment.

www.unep.org

United Nations Development Programme

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) runs a number of programmes supporting governments with implementation of the SDGs’.

www.za.undp.org

Technical / Research

Oxfam Oxfam is the world leader in the research on ‘safe and just operating space’ theory, which focuses on linking social equity and justice to environmental and ecological system limits.

www.oxfam.org.uk

Green Building Council of South Africa

The Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) leads the transformation of the South African property industry to promote buildings that are designed, built and operated in an environmentally sustainable way.

www.gbcsa.org.za

Stockholm Resilience Centre

Stockholm Resilience Centre advances research on the governance of social‐ecological systems with a special emphasis on resilience ‐ the ability to deal with change and continue to develop. This centre leads the global research on Planetary Boundary theory.

www.stockholmresilience.org

University of KwaZulu‐Natal

The University of KwaZulu‐Natal (UKZN) has an established research partnership with eThekwini Municipality.

www.ukzn.ac.za

Business and Industry

KwaZulu‐Natal Business Chambers Council

The KwaZulu‐Natal Business Chambers Council (KBCC) is the representative voice of organised business in KwaZulu‐Natal. KBCC's objective is to build KZN into a business powerhouse that is an attractive destination for investments.

www.kznchamber.co.za

Tourism Grading Council of South Africa

The Tourism Grading Council of South Africa is mandated to undertaking quality assurance grading of accommodation and meetings, exhibitions and special events.

www.tourismgrading.co.za


Federated Hospitality Association of Southern Africa (FEDHASA)

The representative of the South African Hospitality Industry on a local, provincial, national and global level.

www.fedhasa.co.za

National and Provincial Government

South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC)

SASCOC is the Commonwealth Games Association in South Africa and is likely to lead the Organising Committee for the Durban 2022 Commonwealth Games.

www.sascoc.co.za

KZN Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA)

EThekwini Municipality will need to work with the Provincial Government’s environmental sector in the development and implementation of an event sustainability programme that covers the region.

www.kzndedt.gov.za

National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA)

EThekwini Municipality will need to work with the National Government’s environmental sector in the development and implementation of an event sustainability programme that covers the region.

www.environment.gov.za

National Department of Tourism (NDT)

The National Department of Tourism is responsible for the growth of the tourism economy in South Africa. It is also part of the department’s mandate to promote responsible tourism and would therefore be a key partner in developing a sustainability response relevant to the hospitality sector for the Commonwealth Games event.

www.tourism.gov.za

National Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS)

Given the possibility that event infrastructure may require water use licenses / authorisation, a working relationship with the DWS should be established early in the event planning process.

www.dwa.gov.za

Regional Forums for Collaboration

UMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership

Intergovernmental and multi‐stakeholder programme providing a possible platform for regional‐scale projects focusing on ecosystem services enhancement / social upliftment and climate protection (mitigation, adaptation and resilience building).

www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/development_planning_management/environmental_planning_climate_protection/Projects/Pages/Investment‐in‐Ecosystem‐Services.aspx

Central KZN Climate Change Compact

An intergovernmental panel promoting regional collaboration in KZN around climate adaptation and mitigation action.

www.durbanadaptationcharter.org/news/dac‐central‐kwazulu‐natal‐climate‐change‐compact

Not for profit Organisations

Wildlands Conservation Trust

The Wildlands Conservation Trust implements environmental and conservation projects with a specific focus on social upliftment. It is currently partnering with eThekwini Municipality in its implementation of a major Community Reforestation and Community‐ecosystem Based Adaptation Programme.

www.wildlands.co.za

WWF‐South Africa WWF South Africa’s integrated strategy is underpinned by three primary goals to ensure that South Africa’s biodiversity is conserved and that our footprint remains within the Earth’s capacity to sustain life.

www.wwf.org.za

Wildlife and Environment Society

WESSA implements environmental and conservation initiatives in southern Africa. WESSA is currently a partner to eThekwini

www.wessa.org.za


of Southern Africa (WESSA)

Municipality in the implementation of its Working for Ecosystems Programme.

Bioregional Bioregional is an international organisation that champions sustainable living within the earth’s natural limits. They have developed the One Planet Living approach which has been used in the Gold Coast 2018 sustainability programmes, and which also was linked to the London 2012 Olympics. Bioregional South Africa was founded in 2010 and is an Environmental Trust and a registered Non‐Profit organisation. It is also a Public Benefit Organisation with the Tax Exemption Unit of SARS.

www.bioregional.com

SouthSouthNorth SouthSouthNorth assists governments, the private sector and research institutions in understanding the economic, social and environmental choices that climate change presents. They also have an involvement in the administration of the Green Climate Fund. The SouthSouthNorth Group is composed of two separate entities: the SSN Trust and SSN NPC (non‐profit company).

www.southsouthnorth.org


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ANNEXURE C: UN SDGS AND TARGETS Table 5: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Targets, extracted from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

Goals Targets

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate‐related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro‐poor and gender‐sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small‐scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non‐farm employment 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries 2.b


Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well‐being for all at all ages.

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under‐5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water‐borne diseases and other communicable diseases 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non‐communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well‐being 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health‐care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health‐care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non‐communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks

4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre‐primary education so that they are ready for primary education 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship


4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non‐violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non‐violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States

5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision‐making in political, economic and public life 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally 6.4


By 2030, substantially increase water‐use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water‐related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity‐building support to developing countries in water‐ and sanitation‐related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil‐fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land‐locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high‐value added and labour‐intensive sectors 8.3 Promote development‐oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro‐, small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises, including through access to financial services 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10‐year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 8.10


Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade‐Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation.

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well‐being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries 9.3 Increase the access of small‐scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource‐use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities 9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries.

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision‐making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well‐managed migration policies


10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water‐related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, per‐urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015‐2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

12.1 Implement the 10‐year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post‐harvest losses 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle


12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil‐fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities

13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.*

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate‐related hazards and natural disasters in all countries 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning 13.3 Improve education, awareness‐raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed‐country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change‐related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land‐based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science‐based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation


14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.b Provide access for small‐scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets 14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want

15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation‐neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice or all and

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all 16.4


build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision‐making at all levels 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime 16.b Promote and enforce non‐discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development

17. Strengthen the means of implementation revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development.

Finance 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long‐term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries Technology 17.6 Enhance North‐South, South‐South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity‐building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology Capacity‐Building 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity‐building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North‐South, South‐South and triangular cooperation Trade 17.10 Promote a universal, rules‐based, open, non‐discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda 17.11


Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty‐free and quota‐free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systemic issues Policy and Institutional coherence 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development Multi‐stakeholder partnerships 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi‐stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public‐private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships Data, monitoring and accountability 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity‐building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high‐quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity‐building in developing countries