ROAD SAFETY AUDIT - Welcome to MassDOT · ROAD SAFETY AUDIT Mystic Valley Parkway (Route16)/Connector Road and Mystic Avenue (Route38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road Municipality of

ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

Mystic Valley Parkway (Route16)/Connector Road and

Mystic Avenue (Route38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road Municipality of Medford

March 10, 2016

Prepared For:

MassDOT

On Behalf Of: WYNN Everett

Prepared By: AECOM

250 Apollo Drive Chelmsford, MA

Road Safety Audit—Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Road and Mystic Avenue (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road Prepared by AECOM March 10, 2016

Table of Contents

Contents Background ................................................................................................................................. 1

Project Data ................................................................................................................................. 1

Project Location and Description .............................................................................................. 2

Audit Observations and Potential Safety Enhancements........................................................ 5

Summary of Road Safety Audit ............................................................................................... 10

List of Appendices

Appendix A. RSA Meeting Agenda Appendix B. RSA Audit Team Contact List Appendix C. Detailed Crash Data Appendix D. Road Safety Audit References

List of Figures

Figure 1: Locus Map – Mystic Valley Parkway/Route 38/Harvard Street, Medford ................................ 4

List of Tables

Table 1: Participating Audit Team Members ............................................................................................. 2 Table 2: Intersection Roadways ................................................................................................................. 3 Table 3: Estimated Time Frame and Costs Breakdown ........................................................................... 10 Table 4: Potential Safety Enhancement Summary – Mystic Valley Parkway/Route 16/Connector Road

and Mystic Valley Parkway/Route 38/Harvard Street .................................................................... 11


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Background The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) defines a Road Safety Audit (RSA) as the formal safety examination of an existing or future road or intersection by an independent, multidisciplinary team. The purpose of an RSA is to identify potential safety issues and possible opportunities for safety improvements considering all roadway users. This RSA evaluates the intersections of Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Road and Mystic Avenue (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road in Medford, Massachusetts. Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16) and Route 16 Southbound Connector Road are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). Harvard Street is under the jurisdiction of the City of Medford and Mystic Avenue (Route 38) and the Connector Road (between these intersections) are under the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). A safety audit was scheduled for these intersections as part of the Massachusetts Environmental Protection Agency (MEPA) approval process for the proposed Wynn Everett Project.

There are no Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) crash clusters identified by MassDOT at these to locations.

A key objective of the RSA is to identify both short-term and long-term safety improvements that can be made throughout the corridor and/or at the subject intersections.

Project Data An RSA was completed for Route 16/Connector Road and Route 38/Harvard Street/Connector Road on Tuesday, February 2, 2016. The agenda for the RSA meeting held at Wynn Design and Development offices near the Wellington Circle, Medford is provided in Appendix A of this report. As shown below in Table 1, the audit team consisted of a multidisciplinary team with representatives from state, regional and local agencies providing expertise in the engineering, planning, and maintenance fields. Contact information for the RSA attendees is provided in Appendix B of this report.

Within the email invitation sent on January 26, 2016 to each participant in the RSA, background material was provided. This information included collision diagrams and crash data summaries for the study area. During the RSA meeting, these materials were reviewed as a group prior to the field visit to the intersections. During the RSA field visit, various safety issues were observed and identified. Following the RSA field visit, the team returned to discuss additional concerns and potential solutions for the existing safety issues.


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Table 1: Participating Audit Team Members Audit Team Member Agency/Affiliation Richard Huber Massachusetts State Police John Mastera MassDOT – Highway Safety Timothy Paris MassDOT District 4 – Projects Sara Timoner MassDOT District 4 – Traffic Mark Abbott Boston MPO/CTPS David Loutzenheiser MAPC Val Soroka DCR Cassandra Koutalidis Medford Al Carrier Wynn Design and Development Frank Astone AECOM Chris Chaffee AECOM Jeff DeInnocentis AECOM Dirk Grotenhuis AECOM Jeff Maxtutis AECOM

The crashes and collision diagrams were based on crashes reported by Mass State Police between January 2011 and December 2013.

A total of 11 crashes were reported for the period between 2011 and 2013. Of these, four were side swipe crashes and three where angle crashes. Eight crashes occurred at Mystic Ave (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road. One fatal pedestrian crash was recorded where the pedestrian was crossing Route 16 illegally in a poorly lit area. Two bicycle crashes occurred at Mystic Ave (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road. Three crashes occurred between 2:00 PM and 4:00 PM. Six of the crashes occurred under a dark-lighted roadway. Most crashes occurred in daylight hours with clear weather conditions and dry road surface.

Project Location and Description The audit location in Medford covers two nearby intersections:

• Mystic Valley Parkway(Route 16)/Connector Road • Mystic Ave (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road

No conceptual improvement plans for these locations have been developed. Route 16 has two travel lanes in each direction separated by a median. The Route 16 southbound ramp approach has two left turn lanes and one right turn lane with a signalized crosswalk. The signal operates under a two phase operation with a concurrent pedestrian phase. Route 16 and the traffic signal with Route 16 Southbound Connector are under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). Route 38 has two lanes in each direction with separate left turn and right turn lanes provided for the northbound approach to Connector Road/Harvard Street. The adjacent land use is primarily commercial


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and industrial with noticeable truck traffic. The westbound Connector Road approach has one left turn lane, one shared thru-right lane and one right turn lane. Harvard Street has one lane in each direction. Concurrent pedestrian signals and crosswalks are provided across all intersection legs, except the south Route 38 leg. Harvard Street is under the jurisdiction of the City of Medford. Route 38, Connector Road, and the traffic signal with Route 38/Harvard Street/Connector Road are under the Jurisdiction of MassDOT. No bicycle facilities are provided at either intersection. Table 2 summarizes roadway jurisdiction, functional classification and speed limits. Table 2: Intersection Roadways

Roadway Jurisdiction Functional Class Regulatory Speed Limit

Route 16 Southbound Connector (Mystic Valley Parkway)

DCR Urban Principle Arterial N/A

Route 16 (Mystic Valley Parkway) DCR Principle Arterial 35 MPH

Route 38 (Mystic Ave) MassDOT Urban Minor Arterial 35 MPH Harvard Street City of Medford Urban Minor Arterial 25 MPH Connector Road (in between the two intersections) MassDOT Urban Minor Arterial N/A

The Route 16 southbound ramp approach has over 1,500 vehicles (1,143 left turns) and the Rt. 16 westbound and Connector Road eastbound approaches have approximately 900 vehicles during the Friday PM peak hour (2015).

The westbound Connector Road approach at Rt. 38 has the highest intersection volumes with over 1,250 vehicles during the Friday PM peak hour (2015).

Figure 1 shows the RSA study area.


Figure 1: Locus Map – Mystic Valley Parkway/Route 38/Harvard Street, Medford

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Audit Observations and Potential Safety Enhancements During the RSA meeting prior to the field visit, a brief introduction of the RSA process and a summary of crash information was presented to the audit participants. Following this brief presentation, the members of the audit team were asked to discuss the existing issues that may affect safety within the study area. The audit team then visited the site as a group, at which time observations of various safety concerns and deficiencies were identified and documented.

The audit observations identified and documented in this report, have been provided by audit participants or commenter’s, and do not necessarily represent those of the report authors – AECOM. Comments made by respondents have been reviewed to ensure the report is focused on current safety concerns/recommendations within the study area, are relevant to plans for the corridor, and relate to the goals of this RSA.

Provided below is a list of the safety concerns and issues that were identified during the RSA within the study area.

Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Road

• The “Do Not Enter” sign on the Route 16 southbound ramp facing south is faded.

Image 1: Faded “Do Not Enter” sign on MVP southbound approach

• The pedestrian signal head on the northeast corner facing west is not working properly and is smaller than the standard 16” size.


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• The distance for a pedestrian to cross the southbound Route 16 approach is long with no refugeisland (see Image 2).

Image 2: Long crossing distance at the southbound RT. 16 approach and old pedestrian signal head in background

Image 3: Wheelchair ramp without detectable warning panel

• Traffic from the downstream signal at Route 38 sometimes queues upstream to this intersectionblocking the southbound Route 16 approach. It is particularly difficult for right turning vehiclesfrom the Route 16 Southbound Connector to enter the left turn lane on Connector Road.

• The wheelchair ramps do not have detectable warning panels (see Image 3).• No bicycle facilities present.• Crosswalk markings are inconsistent and a style that is less visible and that can be confused with

stop bars leading to vehicles stopping in the crosswalks.

Mystic Avenue (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road

• The lane designation sign for the westbound Connector Road approach (one left, one thru, oneright) does not match the pavement markings and signals (one left, one thru-left, one right).

Im age 4: Connector Road westbound approach showing discrepancy between pavement markings and sign for lane utilization


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• There is a worn pedestrian path in the grass diagonally across the DCR parcel north of the Connector Road.

• The traffic signal heads are missing back plates and visors.

• There is a missing light post in the median on the Connector Road.

• The Harvard Street eastbound approach is striped as one lane, but motorists use as two lanes to make a left turn to Rt. 38 northbound. Harvard Street experiences long queues that do not clear within one signal phase.

• There is no pedestrian crosswalk across the south leg of Route 38. Pedestrians were observed crossing in this area.

• The pedestrian button on the northeast corner appeared to not be working. The DCR representative called this in during the Audit to have it repaired.

• The detectable warning panels on the northeast corner were not aligned to direct pedestrians towards the crosswalks.

Image 5: Detectable warning panels not aligned with crosswalks

• Islands are not clearly delineated and lack appropriate warning signage.

The intersection of Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Roadway to MVP northbound was not identified to be included in the Road Safety Audit. However, during the audit this intersection was observed and the following issues were recorded by the audit members:

• No pedestrian crosswalk signs are provided at the crosswalk across the Connector to Rt. 16 north leg.

• The sight distance on Rt. 16 westbound approaching the crosswalk on the Connector may not be adequate given the high speed of traffic.

• There is a sign on the Connector to the Rt. 16 ramp prohibiting trucks on this roadway. There is no sign in advance of the ramp. There was tire print evidence of trucks crossing over the physical gore. Image 6: Lack of crosswalk signs for

the Rt. 16 northbound leg


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Potential Safety Enhancements The audit team members offered potential safety enhancements that could be implemented to mitigate the safety related observations that were noted in the previous section. Audit team members were encouraged to develop short, medium and long-term safety enhancements.

Mystic Valley Parkway (Route16)/Connector Road

• Replace the faded “Do Not Enter” sign on the Route 16 southbound ramp and add one way signage.

• Replace the pedestrian signal heads across the north leg of Route 16 with standard countdown pedestrian heads.

• Upgrade wheelchair ramps to be ADA accessible.

• Evaluate narrowing the width of the southbound Route 16 approach or provide a median to reduce the pedestrian crossing distance. In the field, truck tracks were observed in the gore area. Median design should evaluate the truck turning radius.

• Evaluate if coordinating the signal at this location with Mystic Avenue (Rt. 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road will help reduce congestion and queuing on the Connector Road that blocks the southbound Route 16 approach.

• Evaluate installing a multi-use path on Route 16 that connects with the existing path to the east.

Mystic Avenue (Route38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road

• Replace the lane designation sign to match the pavement markings (one left, one thru-left, one right).

• Formalize the worn pedestrian path in the grass diagonally across the DCR parcel north of the Connector Road so it is ADA compliant.

• Add missing back plates and visors to signal heads. This requires loading analysis for mast arms.

• Replace missing light post in the median on the connector road.

• Consider adding a left turn lane on the Harvard Street eastbound approach to provide two lanes.

• Provide a pedestrian crosswalk and pedestrian signals on the south leg of Route 38.

• Evaluate the need for a short lead pedestrian phase in coordination with the concurrent signal phasing.


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• Provide detectable warning devices at crosswalks.

• Repair the broken pedestrian button on the northeast corner.

The intersection of Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector to Route 16 was not identified to be included in the Road Safety Audit. However, during the Audit this intersection was observed and the following enhancements were identified by the Audit members:

• Install pedestrian crosswalk signs and advance crosswalk signs on Route 16 westbound.

• Install a new sign on Route 16 westbound approaching the Connector to Route 16 ramp to prohibit trucks entering onto the Connector to Route 16 ramp. Trucks are prohibited on the Connector to Route 16 which is a DCR roadway.


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Summary of Road Safety Audit After the site visit, the RSA participants returned to discuss the safety issues and consider various improvements. The participants were encouraged to consider both short and long-term improvements for each of the existing safety issues. Each improvement considered has been categorized as short-term, mid-term, or long-term based on the definitions shown in Table 3. Additionally, a cost category has been assigned to each improvement based on the parameters set forth in Table 3.

Table 3: Estimated Time Frame and Costs Breakdown

Time Frame Costs Short-Term <1 Year Low <$10,000 Mid-Term 1-3 Years Medium $10,001-$50,000

Long-Term >3 Years High >$50,000

Each safety issue and potential safety enhancement was discussed during the audit. Table 4 describes the potential safety enhancement, potential safety payoff, the estimated time frame for completion, the estimated construction cost, and the responsible agency for safety issues for Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Road and Mystic Avenue (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road.

Road Safety Audit— Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Road and Mystic Avenue (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road Prepared by AECOM March 10, 2016

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Table 4: Potential Safety Enhancement Summary – Mystic Valley Parkway/Route 16/Connector Road and Mystic Valley Parkway/Route 38/Harvard Street

Safety Issue Potential Safety Enhancement Safety Payoff Time Frame Cost Responsible Agency Signage Replace “Do Not Enter” and “One Way” signs on

Route 16 Connector southbound ramp facing south and trim branches

Low Short-term Low DCR

Signage/Pavement Markings

The lane designation sign for the westbound Connector Road approach (one left, one thru, one right) does not match the pavement markings and signals (one left, one thru-left, one right). Replace sign with correct lane designation

Low Short-term Low MassDOT

Signage/Pavement Markings

Add “Keep Right” sign on the Connector Road median for vehicles heading eastbound. Consider adding hazard sign on the right turn channel island for northbound traffic.

Medium Short-term Low MassDOT

Pavement Markings The Harvard Street eastbound approach is striped as one lane, but motorists use as two lanes to make a left turn to RT. 38 northbound. Stripe a short left turn pocket for Harvard Street


Pavement Markings Evaluate if the eastbound Connector Road departure lanes east of Rt. 38 should have two through receiving lanes or one. Stripe and sign appropriately

Medium Mid-term Medium MassDOT

Traffic Signal Equipment

Replace pedestrian signal head on the northeast corner of Route 16 Connector facing west with pedestrian countdown signal

Medium Short-term Medium DCR

Traffic Signal Equipment

Add backplates with reflective strip and visors where necessary


Intersection Equipment

Replace light post on the Connector Road median

Medium Short-term Medium MassDOT

ADA Standards Install detectable warning panels on wheelchair ramps at the Rt. 38/Harvard Street/Connector Road intersection

Medium Short-term Low DCR

Road Safety Audit— Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16)/Connector Road and Mystic Avenue (Route 38)/Harvard Street/Connector Road Prepared by AECOM March 10, 2016

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Safety Issue Potential Safety Enhancement Safety Payoff Time Frame Cost Responsible Agency ADA Standards Install wheelchair ramps at the Mystic Valley

Parkway Medium Short-term Low DCR

ADA Standards Repair the broken pedestrian button on the northeast corner of Route 38/Harvard Street/Connector Road


Traffic Control Evaluate signal timing modifications or coordination to reduce queues on Connector Road that block the Route 16 Connector southbound approach


Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodation

Evaluate narrowing the Route 16 Connector approach or providing a pedestrian refuge island

Medium Mid-term Medium DCR


Formalize the worn pedestrian path in the grass diagonally across the DCR parcel north of the Connector Road so it is ADA compliant.

Low Mid-Term Medium DCR


There is no pedestrian crosswalk across the south leg of Route 38. Pedestrians were observed crossing in this area. Evaluate adding a signalized pedestrian crosswalk at this location

High Mid-term Medium MassDOT


Add pedestrian warning signage at the crosswalk for the Route 38 northbound channelized right



The detectable warning panels on the northeast and southeast corners were not aligned to direct pedestrians towards the crosswalks. Consider realigning crosswalks to have shorter in-road walking paths with perpendicular warning panels

Low Mid-term Medium MassDOT


Evaluate installing a cycle track on Route 16 that connects with the existing path to the east

Low Mid-term Medium MassDOT

Appendix A. RSA Meeting Agenda

Appendix B. RSA Audit Team Contact List

Participating Audit Team Members Date: February 2, 2016 Location: Wynn Design and Development, Medford, MA

Audit Team Members Agency/Affiliation Email Address Phone Number

Richard Huber Massachusetts State Police

[email protected] 978-538-6030

John Mastera MassDOT - Highway Safety


Timothy Paris MassDOT – District 4 Projects


Sara Timoner MassDOT District 4 – Traffic


Mark Abbott Boston MPO/CTPS [email protected] 857-702-3641 David Loutzenheiser MAPC [email protected] 617-933-0743 Val Soroka DCR [email protected] 617-626-4942 Cassandra Koutalidis Medford [email protected] 781-393-2476 Al Carrier Wynn Design and

Development [email protected] 857-770-7823

Frank Astone AECOM [email protected] 978-905-2173 Chris Chaffee AECOM [email protected] 978-905-2125 Jeff DeInnocentis AECOM [email protected]

m 978-905-2178

Dirk Grotenhuis AECOM [email protected] 978-905-2303 Jeff Maxtutis AECOM [email protected] 978-905-2309

mailto:[email protected]















Appendix C. Detailed Crash Data

Crash Data Summary Table Route 16 (Mystic Valley Parkway) at Route 38 (Mystic Avenue) and Harvard Street

January 2011 - December 2013 Crash

Diagram Ref # Crash Date Crash Day

Time of Day

Manner of Collision Light Condition

Weather Condition

Road Surface Driver Contributing Code Ages Comments

1 2/11/2011 Friday 6:30 PM Angle Dark - lighted roadway Clear Dry

Disregarded traffic signs, signals, road markings 22 22

Vehicle 2 traveling NB and vehicle 1 traveling EB. Collision occurred in middle of intersection and both operators claimed to have green.

2 6/8/2011 Wednesday 4:50 PM Angle Daylight N/A Dry Other improper action 34 37 Motorcycle traveling NB. Operator of vehicle was backing out of a garage and backed into a motorcycle. Claimed she could not see the motorcycle.

3 6/26/2011 Sunday 9:28 PM Sideswipe, same direction

Dark - lighted roadway N/A Dry Failed to yield right of way 23 44

Motorcycle travelling WB and vehicle making a right turn from Alexander. Vehicle struck motorcycle. Vehicle operator claimed motorcycle did not have its lights on.

4 10/26/2012 Friday 12:47 AM Head on Dark - lighted roadway Clear Dry Wrong side or wrong way 21 21

Vehicle 1 travelling SB and vehicle 2 travelling NB. Vehicle 1 drifted across intersection and struck vehicle 2 head on. Vehicle 1 fled scene.

5 7/23/2013 Tuesday 3:05 PM Sideswipe, same direction Daylight Clear Dry Failed to yield right of way 66 40

Vehicle 1 travelling SB on I-93 and vehicle 2 travelling EB on Rt.16. Vehicle 1 drove past yield sign and struck vehicle 2 on its left side.

6 7/23/2013 Tuesday 3:15 PM Sideswipe, same direction Daylight Clear Dry N/A 36 49

Both vehicles travelling WB. Vehicle 1 crossed the line and passenger side of vehicle 2 struck driver side of vehicle 1.

7 8/1/2013 Thursday 8:40 AM Sideswipe, same direction Daylight Clear Dry N/A 42 48

Vehicle 1 and vehicle 2 traveling WB of Rte 16, turning left onto SB of Mystic Ave. Vehicle 1 sideswiped vehicle 2 during turn.

8 8/7/2013 Wednesday 4:00 AM Single vehicle crash

Dark - lighted roadway Clear Dry No improper driving 51, 26 51, 68 49

Vehicle 1 travelling WB. Pedestrians were illegally crossing intersection with dog in poorly lit area and were struck by vehicle 1. One of the two struck later deceased from injuries.

9 9/18/2013 Wednesday 3:00 PM Angle Daylight Clear Dry No improper driving 69 27

Vehicle 1 traveling SB on Mystic Ave. Cyclist was traveling in crosswalk when light turned green. Vehicle 1 proceeded forward and struck cyclist. Witness said fault was of the cyclist.

10 10/8/2013 Tuesday 8:30 PM Rear-end Dark - lighted roadway Clear Dry Inattention 49 35

Vehicle 1 and vehicle 2 traveling EB on Mystic Valley Parkway. Light change green and vehicle 2 was still stopped causing vehicle 1 to rear end vehicle 2.

11 11/4/2013 Monday 10:09 PM Single vehicle crash

Dark - lighted roadway Clear Dry Physical Impairment 27

Vehicle 1 travelling EB. Witness claimed vehicle 1 had its left blinker on, but continued through intersection and crashed into a posted traffic sign in median and nearly struck many pedestrians.

Summary based on Crash Reports obtained from the State Police

SYMBOLS TYPES OF CRASH SEVERITY

COLLISION DIAGRAM

TIME PERIOD ANALYZED: 2011-2013

SOURCE OF CRASH REPORTS: STATE POLICE

MEDFORD, MA

DATE PREPARED: JANUARY 2016

NOT TO SCALE

XX - CORRESPOND TO REFERENCE NUMBER ON CRASH DATA SUMMARY TABLE

ROUTE 16 (MYSTIC VALLEY PARKWAY) AT

ROUTE 38 (MYSTIC AVENUE) AND HARVARD ST

Crash Data Summary Tables and Charts Harvard and Off-Ramp, Everett, MA

CRASH MONTH

JAN

0%

FEB

6%

MAR

0%

APR

0%

MAY

6%

JUN

12%

JUL

19%

AUG

19%

SEP

6%

OCT

19%

NOV

13%

DEC

0% 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

CRASH DAY OF WEEK

MONDAY

19%

TUESDAY

25%

WEDNESDAY

19%

THURSDAY

6%

FRIDAY

25%

SATURDAY

0%

SUNDAY

6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

CRASH TIME OF DAY

0%

14%

0% 0%

31%

6% 6%

25%

6% 6% 0%

6%

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%

CRASH MANNER OF COLLISION

SingleVehicleCrash

20%

Rear-end

6%

Angle

31%

Sideswipe,same

direction

31%

Sideswipe,oppositedirection

0%

Head on

6%

Rear to Rear

0%

Unknown

6%

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%

Crash Data Summary Tables and Charts Harvard and Off-Ramp, Everett, MA

CRASH LIGHT CONDITION

Daylight

50%

Dawn

0%

Dusk

0%

Dark-LightedRoadway

50%

Dark-Roadway

not lighted

0%

Dark-unknownroadwaylighting

0%

Other

0%

Unknown

0% 0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%

CRASH WEATHER CONDITION

62%

0% 19%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 19%

0%20%40%60%80%

CRASH ROAD SURFACE 81%

19% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

CRASH DRIVER AGES

15-20

0%

21-29

31%

30-39

16%

40-49

31%

50-59

13%

60-69

9%

70-79

0%

80+

0% 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Appendix D. Road Safety Audit References

Road Safety Audit References

Massachusetts Traffic Safety Toolbox, Massachusetts Highway Department, www.mhd.state.ma.us/safetytoolbox.

Road Safety Audits, A Synthesis of Highway Practice. NCHRP Synthesis 336. Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 2004.

Road Safety Audits. Institute of Transportation Engineers and U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, www.roadwaysafetyaudits.org.

FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2006.

Road Safety Audit, 2nd edition. Austroads, 2000.

Road Safety Audits. ITE Technical Council Committee 4S-7. Institute of Transportation Engineers, February 1995.

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