Road Rollers

Rishit SharmaRoll No 102039Mechanical Deptt.

CONTENTS1. Introduction2. History3. Road Rollers on work4. Types of Road Rollers5. Variations and Features6. Manufacturers7. YZ12H VIBRATORY ROLLER SPECIFICATIONS

1.IntroductionA road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just

roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compactsoil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads andfoundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or inagriculture.

In some parts of the world, road rollers are still knowncolloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method ofpropulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples(used for road-making).

2.HistoryThe first road rollers were horse-drawn, and were probably

just borrowed farm implements (see roller (agricultural tool)).Main article: steamrollerSince the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on itsweight, self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers fromthe mid-19th century. The first such vehicles were steam rollers.Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for basecompaction and run with high engine revs in a low gear topromote bounce and vibration from the crankshaft through to therolls in much the same way as a vibrating roller. The doublecylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laidsurfaces due to their smoother running engines, however bothcylinder types are capable of rolling the finished surface. Steamrollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as theslower engines were for base compaction whereas the highergeared models were often referred to as 'chip chasers' whichfollowed behind the hot tar and chipping laying machines. Someroad companies in the United States used steamrollers throughthe 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial serviceuntil the early 1970s.

The earliest steam rollers were made in France in 1860. InEngland, a roller for use in India was built in 1863 and ThomasAveling produced his first rollers in 1865. Experiments continuedin England, France and the U.S.A. and by 1880, the familiar three-wheel form of steam roller had evolved. Many traction enginebuilders later took up roller manufacture, so similar were theproducts. Many rollers were directly owned by councils orcontractors but there were also those bought by firms who hiredthem out. The first recorded hire of a steam roller dates back to1865 in Paris and hiring grew to great proportions in England,giving rise to such large firms as Eddison's, Allen's andBuncombe's but always including smaller firms and owner-drivers. Throughout the 1930s, steam roller manufacture declinedbut did not die out in England until 1950 when some weresupplied to India. Usage continued on a limited scale in someparts of the U.K. until the mid 1960s.

As internal combustion engine technology improved during the20th century, kerosene-, gasoline- (petrol), and diesel-poweredrollers gradually replaced their steam-powered counterparts. Thefirst internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similarto the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanismsto transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large,exposed spur gears. Some users did not like them in their infancy,as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start,particularly the kerosene-powered ones . Virtually all road rollersin commercial use now use diesel power.

3.Road Rollers on WorkRoad rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the

surface being rolled (static) or use mechanical advantage(vibrating). Initial compaction of the substrate on a road project isdone using a padfoot drum roller, which achieves highercompaction density due to the pads having less surface area. Onlarge freeways a four wheel compactor with padfoot drum and ablade, such as a Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would beused due to its high weight, speed and the powerful pushingforce to spread bulk material. On regional roads a smaller singlepadfoot drum machine may be used.

The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor thatcompacts the high spots down until the soil is smooth, and this isusually done in combination with a motor grader to get a levelsurface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would beused. These rollers feature two rows (front and back) ofpneumatic tyres that overlap, and the flexibility of the tyresprovides a kneading action that seals the surface and with somevertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller to operateeffectively on uneven ground. Once the soil base is flat the paddrum compactor is no longer used on the road surface. The nextcourse (road base) would be compacted using a smooth singledrum, smooth tandem roller or pneumatic tyre roller incombination with a grader, and a water truck to achieve thedesired flat surface with the right moisture content for optimumcompaction..

Once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drumcompactor is no longer used on the road surface (There ishowever an exception, if the single drum has special flat-wide-base tyres on the machine). The final wear course of asphaltconcrete (a.k.a. asphalt or blacktop in North America, ormacadam in England) is laid using a paver and compacted usinga tandem smooth drum roller, a three-point roller or a pneumatictyre roller. Three point rollers on asphalt were very common onceand are still used, but tandem vibrating rollers are the usualchoice now, with the pneumatic tyre roller's kneading actionbeing the last roller to seal off the surface

Rollers are also used in landfill compaction. Such compactorstypically have padfoot or "sheep's-foot" drums, and do notachieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due tothe smaller area contacting the ground.

4.Types of Road Rollers

Type 1 :: Pedestrian operatedRammer (bounce up and down)Walk-behind plate compactor/lightWalk-behind plate compactor/heavy (with reverse)Trench roller (manual unit or radio-frequency remote control)Walk-behind roller/light (single drum)Walk-behind roller/heavy (double drum)

Type 2 :: Ride-on smooth finishTandem drum (static)Tandem drum (vibrating)Single drum roller (smooth)Pneumatic-tyre, a.k.a. rubber tyre or multi-wheelCombination roller (single row of tyres and a steel drum)Three point roller (steam rollers are usually three-point)

Ride-on with articulating-swivel (small machine)

Ride-on with articulating-swivel (large machine)

Type 3 :: Ride-on soil/landfill compactor with pads/feet/spikesSingle drum roller (soil)4-wheel (soil/landfill)3-point (soil/landfill)Tandem drum (soil/landfill)

Corinsa TC-100 Vibratory tandem Roller

Other typesTractor-mounted and tractor-powered (conversion see gallerypicture below)Drawn rollers or towed rollers (were very common once, but notso now)Impact compactor (uses a square or polygon drum to strike theground hard for proof rolling or deep lift compacting)Drum roller with rubber coated drum for asphalt compactionLog skidder converted to compactor for landfillWheel loader converted to compactor for landfill

A road-roller powered by a tractor mounted on it from ruralIndia

A four wheel type compactor "Raygo" Sandpac

Multi tyre roller sealing of asphalt "STA-Ammann" VPH200

5.Variations and FeaturesOn some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site toachieve the desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine iseasier and cheaper to transport between work sites. Onpneumatic tyre rollers the body may be ballasted with water orsand, or for extra compaction wet sand is used. Modern tyrerollers may be filled with steel ballast, which gives a more evenbalance for better compaction.Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the rollerdrums, allowing a small, light machine perform as well as a muchheavier one. Vibration is typically produced by a free-spinninghydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft an eccentricweight has been attached. Some rollers have a second weight thatcan be rotated relative to the main weight, to adjust the vibrationamplitude and thus the compacting force.Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface from on-board "sprinkler tanks" to prevent hot asphalt sticking to thedrum.

Corinsa CCR 14.21B Tyre Roller

Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility. Whileearly examples used direct mechanical drives, hydraulics reducethe number of moving parts exposed to contamination andallows the drum to be driven, providing extra traction oninclines.Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in frontof the other (format known as "duplex"), or three rolls, or just one,with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres forincreased traction.

Pneumatic roller

6.ManufacturersABG (Germany) SD/TD (purchased by Ingersoll Rand)AGICOAlbaret (Germany) PT (now part of Caterpillar)Ammann-Rammax (Swiss) SD/TD/PT (Rammax of Germanyand Ammann of Switerland, owner of STA designs)Atlas (Germany) SDAveling-Barford (England) TD/PT/3PBenford (England) SD/TD (purchased by Terex)Bitelli (Italy) SD/TD/PT (now part of Caterpillar)Blaw Knox (England) -TD/PT (known for pavers, but also hadroller models)BOM-MACH (South Africa)BOMAG (Germany) SD/TD/PT (BOMAG/HYPAC in the USAmarket)Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company (USA) (purchased byKohring and eventually Bomag in the USA)Case CE (USA) SD (brands the Ammann/Sta machines asCase in the USACaterpillar Inc. (USA) SD/TD/PT (has the former lines ofRAYGO, BROS and BitelliCoates (Australia) TD (disbanded)CORINSA (SPAIN) PT/TDCMI-Terex (USA) 3P (has the former lines of REX andBenford)Davelco (Australia) TD (disbanded)Dynapac (Sweden) SD/TD/PT/3P (now part of Atlas Copco)GalionGEMCO

Hamm AG (Germany) SD/TD/PT/3P (now part of the Wirtgengroup)Huber CompanyHYPAC (USA) part of Bomag USAHyster (USA) SD/TD/PT (part of HYPAC and Bomag USA)Ingersoll Rand (USA) SD/TD/PT (now owned by VOLVO)Ingram CompactionKamani Engineering Corporation (India) (now part of the RPGGroup) tractor-mounted production ended c. 1970-1980Kemna, BreslauKMECLebrero (Spain) SD/TD/PTLeeBoy (USA) SDLiuGongMarshall (England) TDMikasa[disambiguation needed]Moore Malcolm Road Rollers (Australia) PT (now disbanded)Multiquip/RammaxMustang (England)Pacific Road Roller (Australia) SD/PT (disbanded)Pannel Plant (Australia) SD/TD (purchased by Bomag)Raygo (USA) SD/TD/PT (purchased by Caterpillar)Rex[disambiguation needed] (USA) SD/TD/3P (purchaced by CMI andthen Terex)Sakai Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan) SD/TD/PT/3PSany (China) SD/TD/PTSicom (Italy) SD/TDSimesa (Italy) SDSinoway Industrial (Shanghai) Co.,Ltd[World Equipment](China) SD/TD/PT

STA / Stavostroj (Czech Republic) SD/TD/PT (now owned byAmmann; many companies use the STA PT roller design)STAMPEDE (South Africa)Stone Equipment (USA) SDStrothert & Pitt (England) TDSuperPac (Canada) SD (was Champion Superpac)Tampo (USA) SD/TDVIPAC (South-Africa) - Manufactured by HA Plant Maintenance(High Quality Pedestrian Rollers)-TDVibromax (Germany) SD/TD/PT (purchased by JCB, nowbranded JCB)Volvo CE (Sweden) SD/TD/PT (purchased Ingersoll Rand,now branded Volvo)Wacker NeusonWallis & Stevens (England) 3PWaterous Engine Co.NTC STAVEBNI TECHNIKA (Czech Republic) manufacturerof walk-behind and light tandem rollers

7.YZ12H VIBRATORY ROLLERSPECIFICATIONS

Equipped with DongFeng Cummins engine Single frequency & Double amplitude, and super centrifugalforce, creates strong compacting effect Reasonable configuration, reliable performance, and highworking efficiency hydraulic components Operator's station is designed for comfort and safety. Fully-adjustable, suspension-mounted operator's seat. Rear-wheel hydraulic drive, and stepless T/M.