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IThe Road-R PorterBimonthly Newsletter of the Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads. July/August 1997. Volume 2 # 4
see Mountains to Sound on page 4
Re-Greening from theMountain to the Sound
By Doug Schindler
High in t he Cascade
Mountains, east of Seat t le,
Washington, a new twist is
being added to t he process of logging
road decommiss ioning. This twist
adds biosolids compost to t he
compacted, nutrient-deficient soils of
abandoned roads.The Mountains to Soun d Re-Green ing Program is
becom ing an intern ational mod el of organic waste recycling,
forest land revegetation, and youth volunteerism.
The Mountains to Soun d Greenway Trust started its Re-
Green ing Program in 1995 as part of a larger biosolids
forestry program. It focuses on removing un need ed logging
roads in the cor ridor alon g I-90 from the Cascades to Seattle.
Biosolids are the n utrient-rich by-produ ct of mun icipalsewage treatmen t processes. The Greenway Trust has
developed an EPA award-winning p rogram th at uses
bioso lids to fertilize workin g fore sts in the Green way. Part of
the savings realized to pu blic agencies thr ough this local re-
use o f biosolids fun ds the six year Re-Green ing project.
GroCo, the com post used for th is program, is a mixture of
2/3 sawdust and 1/3 biosolids which have comp osted for
over a year. It is a comm ercial prod uct used by landscapers
and h ome gardeners throughout the Puget Sound region.
Because m any logging roads are devoid of organic
matter an d n utrients, adding comp ost provides advantages
over most other road decom missioning projects. Biosolids
provide most n utrients n eeded for p lant growth, (especially
nitrogen) and th e comp ost makes them readily available.
These nu trients greatly increase th e ability of native plants
and tree s to establish th emselves, and th e plant roots help
ho ld these loose soils in place. The comp ost adds large
am oun ts of organic matter to the soil, helping to prevent
erosion. Organic matter absorbs more water than soil and
increases po re space in the soil, allowing water to pen etrate
rather th an flow over the su rface. This process, in addition
to enhan ced plant re-establishm ent, has the potential to
greatly increase water quality.
The Re-Green ing Program h ires out heavy equipm ent
work to local con tractors who follow conven tional road
removal procedur es by pulling up side-casts and re-estab-
lishing the n atural slope as much as po ssible. They remove
culverts, pull all fill material out of creek cro ssings, and
create rough waterbars along the entire road. The contrac-
tor hau ls in h un dreds of tons o f GroCo and p iles it alon g the
road, to be spread by a track hoe th at pulls up the side-casts.
Adding seed to the com post en han ces germination greatly,
due to the warmth and m oisture of the compost.
A Successful Volunteer ProgramAfter the heavy equipm ent work is finished , group s of
youth volun teers spread h ay over the disturb ed soils, apply
seed, further d efine waterbars, armor all waterways, and
spread m ore large woody debris. They also may constru ct a
trail along the old road bed. On steep slopes, where the
comp ost and see d wont hold, volunteer s build terraces to
help ho ld the materials in place. By summ ers end, the old
road pr ism an d adjoining slopes will be covered by thick,
knee h igh grass, holding the soil together un til native
vegetation fills in. Volunteers r eturn to the site th e following
spring and plant thou sands of trees to blend th e road scar
into the surroun ding moun tainside.
These young volunteers are recruited th roughout th e
year by the Greenway for other environmental workprojects, and com e from groups such as Campfire, YMCA,
Scout troo ps, local schools, churche s, and even juvenile
courts. By working on road rem oval and cam ping out,
which m any h ave n ever don e, they develop a sense of
ownership in th e Greenway corridor an d are educated on
the Greenway, the en vironm ent, biosolids recycling an d the
poten tial hazards o f logging roads.
One of the most exciting partnerships created out of the
Re-Green ing Program h as been with the King Coun ty World
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 19972
From the Wildlands CPR Office...
Wildlands Center for PreventingRoads is a national coalition of
grassroots groups and individualsworking to reverse the severe
ecological impacts of wildland roads.
We seek to protect native ecosystemsand biodiversity by recreating aninterconnected network of roadless
public wildlands.
P.O. Box 7516Missoula, MT 59807
(406) [email protected]/WildCPR
DirectorBethanie Walder
Development DirectorTom Youn gblood-Petersen
Interns & VolunteersChuck Cottrell, Scott Bagley.
John Masterson
NewsletterJim Coefield
Board of Director sKatie Alvord
Kraig KlungnessSidney Maddock
Rod MondtCara Nelson
Mary O'BrienTom Skeele
Board of Advisor sJasper Carlton
Libby EllisDave Forem anKeith Hamm er
Timothy HermachMarion Hourdequin
Lorin LindnerAndy Mahler
Robe rt McConne llStephan ie Mills
Reed NossMichael Soul
Dan StotterSteve Trom bulakLouisa Willcox
Bill WillersHowie Wolke
WildlandsWildlandsWildlandsWildlandsWildlands CCCCCenter for
PPPPPreventing RRRRRoads
The past two m on ths saw th e rise and fall of the Pave the Parks Rider, the
release of the 1997 Road to Ruin repor t and con tinuing debate over fundin g for
Forest Road con struction an d ISTEA/Symm s reauth orization. Everywhere you look,
roads are in the n ewsthanks in p art to the good work that m any of you are doing to
spread the word about the ecological effects of roads, not to mention the economicand so cial costs. This issue ofThe Road-RIPort erincludes a w ide variety of topics,
from the cover story abou t a unique coo perative project for road removal in Wash-
ington, to an essay abou t roads in deser ts, toBibliography Notes on the ecological
impact of roads on wetlan d hydro logy.
Thanks and Challenge
Many thanks to the Cinnabar
Foun dation for providing a challenge
grant supporting our work against
motorized recreation on public lands.
This is an even m atch, so an yone who
send s us a Cinnab ar-tagged contribution
will be m atched d ollar-for-dollar byCinn aba r. A great way to leverage your
bucks, road-rippers.
Weve moved!
Weve got some fancy new digs in
an o ld grain elevator up th e street from
our dull form er office. Were still
shar ing space with The Ecology Center
and several other Missoula environmen-
tal organizations, but weve all got a lot
more room to breathe now, even tho ugh
the arom a of decom posing grain wafts
throu gh the walls every once in a wh ile.Address (its a PO Box) and ph on e nu mb er rem ain the sa me. Next time youre in
Missoula, stop in at 801B Sherwood, an d say hello and up date us on your road -
fighting a ctivities.
Int ere st ed in a job???
For th ose of you familiar with o ur b ibliograph ic database, you kn ow th at it is
time for its bienn ial check-up . This upd ate can occur anywh ere with a decen t
library, so if you are interested , give us a call ASAP. Its a BIG job, we expe ct it to ta ke
6 weeks of full time work, which could be spread ou t over a 3-mon th per iod. We
want it comp leted by Decemb er 199 7 at the latest, so we will take inquiries about th e
job throu gh August 15. The basic job requiremen ts are strong organization and
comp uter skills, attention to detail, and access to a library with CD ROM database
search ing capab ilities. Pay is DOE.
Legal Not es:
The Legal Notes in this issue is an up dated su mm ary of cases involving ORVs. It
covers some of the legal aspects discussed in the Road-Rippers Guide to Off-Road
Vehicles, as well as additional information th at was not includ ed in the guide. If you
are interested in learn ing mor e abou t fighting ORVs and m otorized recreation, please
contact ou r office.
In this Issue
Mountains to Sound, p. 1Doug Schindler
Odes to Roads, p. 3Daniel Patterson
Updates , p. 5
Regional Reports , Alert s , p. 6
Legal Notes , p. 8Chuck Cottrell
Bibliography Notes, p . 9Bethanie Walder
Outreach & Resources, p. 10
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 1997 3
Desert MusingsBy Daniel Patt erson
Imagine th e power of true silence an d a 100-mile view. The
arid landscape in your vision is radical in its beauty. Wild,
blazing, rough & hu ge. A real desert. Thorn s and lizards.
Creosote bush and golden eagles. Riparian wond erlands. A
place wher e time stands still in the sun . A real-world place
that gives us hop e for the planet. As I write this on the fourth
of July, I think o f how th ese deser ts mu st have looked 221
years ago as th e USA was first form ing as a n ation. Roadless,
with jaguars, Mexican gray wolves, desert tortoises, California
con dor s; a living, balance d conc ert of native biodiversity. Vast
stands o f cryptogamic crusts, living desert topsoils of
cyanob acteria, lichens, m osses, green algae, and m icrofungi.
Tribes such as the Mojave, Yaqui, Quech an, an d Dineh h olding
a proud an d sustainable
culture in th e desert
southwest. Amazingly huge
uncut m asses of desert
wilderness, virtually
uninhabitated by humans
and dom estic livestock in
1776.
Now it is 1997. Im
working on desert conserva-
tion in south ern California
a desert hom e to about
20 m illion p eople.
Everyones an environmen-
talist with a capitalist
consu me r twist. The historyof the Amer ican west is one
of desert destruction and
hu man takeover. The desert
southwest has b een u nder intense exploitation for over 100
years, the native people rem oved to small reservations.
Welfare ranch ers run pu blic lands. Off-roaders swarm ou t of
bulging desert cities. Roads devastate desert hab itat.
Unlike bioregions that re ceive more p recipitation, p lants
may n ot return to disturbed deser t sites like roads for 50-100
years or mo re. Soil com paction caused by blading, tires,
treads, hooves, etc., can prevent seed catchment and germina-
tion, ther efore leaving even closed roads b are an d inviting to
desert drivers. A dead strip across the land. One pass of a tire,
livestock stompin g, or even a hu man footprint, will killcryptogam ic soil crusts. Cryptogams are the found ation of
desert life and p rotect soils from erosion , aid in water infiltra-
tion and stor age, increase soil nutrients, and augm ent sites for
seed germination. When a road or route is created in the
desert, it will be there for m uch lon ger than a h um an lifetime.
Amer icas desert ecosystem s are being cut to the bon e with
roads and developmen t.
The U.S. Bureau of Land Managem ent (BLM), largely
responsible for ou r desert p ublic lands an d resources, has
man aged much of the ecosystem into severe degradation.
After years of bad m ana gemen t, in 1994, th e U.S. Fish an d
Wildlife Service (USFWS), was forced by a ctivists and th e
courts to use the power of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to
protect and restore th e desert tortoise. This is where I came in,
as an independent restoration contractor within the BLM
California Desert District, to develop, implem ent, an d m onitor
road closures an d route revegetation on d esert tortoise critical
habitat. Before I started, I knew BLMs history of mismanage-
men t of public resources an d land, but I was optimistic that
the BLM was finally going to do its job as a lan d stewa rd. After
all, this was Bruce Babbitts Inter ior Depar tmen t: Ame ricas
Conservation Agency.
I had a clear BLM plan and USFWS opinion from Section 7
of the ESA, man dating road closure as a ter m an d con dition for
an ORV open are a. After a field review, I selected a high-
quality habitat area for 20 miles of road closure. The biologist
and archa eologist agreed with my selection. And perh aps
most significantly, the ORV group s did no t protest. They had
already agreed to restoration as m itigation for a new 26 ,000
acre ORV free p lay area .
I was involved in an un stoppab le road ripping pro ject, or
so I though t. But th e pro-ORV Area Manager had no taste for
restoration. He claimed th at BLM could n ot close any roads
(except hillclimbs) un til route
designation was com plete. Butroute designation h as been
stalled in the Californ ia desert
for almo st 20 years. The
longer official designation is
delayed, the more routes are
formed and the greater the
influence of off-road madness.For three m on ths I argued with
the Area Manager to co mp lete
my job and comp ly with the
ESA, but he wasn t going to let
road closures happen in his
Resource area as long as he
could he lp it.After much persistence
from some fine and talented
BLM specialists wh o really
believe in pr otecting and restoring pub lic lands, we were
finally able to com ply with the opin ion to close roads and
begin the process of he aling this fragile land scape. Habitat
restoration activities are on ly the first step in desert re covery.
While road and off-road scars will only truly h eal after man y
years, reducing the impacts h elps protect th e survival of
species like the de sert tortoise. Fighting to do this within the
agency itself is tiring an d expen sive, and thou gh this area
man ager now con siders approving more road closure projects,
many others have yet to be swayed.
Last sum mer a BLM recreation plann er was covertlyworking with ORV interests on resurrecting th e famou sly
destr uctive Barstow to Las Vegas mo torcycle race. He had bee n
in comm un ication for m onth s with ORV organizers before
informing the resou rces staff. It is no coincidence tha t his job
and p rograms are m ainly funded by Californ ia green sticker
fun ds con trolled by ORV activists. My expe rien ce inside BLM
showed me the heavy influence off-roaders have on public
lands management. But there are many talented people in the
Odes to Roads
See Desert, Page 7
Drawing by Aaron Jones
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 19974
Conservation Corps, an international program which brings 18
to 24 year olds to the Puget Soun d area for over 6 mon ths to
work with local me mbe rs on conservation projects. Their
program fosters global comm unication and cooperation as
their members carry new techniques back hom e, and in many
cases start similar conservation cor ps. In the future, as the Re-
Greening Program
expan ds, the World
Conse rvation Corps
will provide tech nical
assistance and
volunteer supervi-
sion.
Unique
PartnershipThe success of
the Re-Green ing
program has been
dependent upon the
expert advice and
involvemen t of itsmany partners.
Techn ical advice has bee n p rovided from the Washington State
Departmen t of Natural Resources, the University of Washing-
ton College of Forest Resour ces, King Coun ty Water Pollution
Contro l Departm ent, th e King County World Conservation
Corps, Sierra Club, and Weyerhaeu ser. The roads rem oved in
the first two years of the program were on Weyerha euser land s
earm arked for trad e to the Forest Service.
Weyerhaeuser p ermitted the roads to be rem oved, donated
the use of machinery to imp rove roads to th e sites, and
provided invaluable assistance plann ing the removal work and
acquiring of all the perm its needed to formally abandon the
roads.
The University of Washington College of Forest Resourceshas bee n involved in biosolids research for decade s and h as
developed living guidelines for using com post in these
extreme con ditions to fully realize their ben efits. In the first
year of the program, the college condu cted studies on the
slope stabilization e ffects of the work an d found concrete d ata
showing tha t comp ost greatly increased stability and plant
establishm ent in comparison to steep slopes where biosolids
were not applied.
The comb ination of rem oving logging roads, youth
volunteering and recycling former waste products has at-
tracted the attention of politicians, the press, and numerous
agency officials. In 1997 th e Greenway Trust was awarde d a
grant from the EPA to study the ben efits of biosolids in ro ad
removals versus more convention al techn iques. The Univer-sity of Washington will study, over th e n ext two years, the
removal of a series o f roads kn own locally as th e Zorro cuts.
These scars are the m ost visible in the Greenway corridor an d
are h ighly visible to a ll who travel alon g this stretch o f I-90
each year.
Doug is t he Field Operations Manager for Moun tains t o Soun d
Greenway Trust. A Seattle native, Doug has spent t he past four
years with t he Greenway, building up its volun teer programs and
establishing the Re-Greening Project. Photos court esy of the Re-
Greening Program.
Mountains to Sound, cont. Surviving Last
Wint ers DelugeThis last winter (96/97), brough t
record amounts of snow and r ain to
the Pacific Northwest. After watching
mon ths of news reports of houses
sliding and ro ads being destroyed by
landslides, voluntee rs finally returned
to last summ ers sites to see h ow they
held up to the severe winter. Afterclearing out ma ny rockslides from
across the access road, volunteers
found green grass popping up
throu gh the h ay, and n ative vegeta-
tion re-establish ing itself. The sites
showed n o signs of slides or ero sion.
All the ter raced h illsides h ad h eld and
were bright green. About h alf of the
trees transplanted from the p ull-back
area h ad survived the winter.
About Mountains to Sound GreenwayThe Mountains to Soun d Greenway Trust, foun ded
in 1991, is a partne rship of citizens, private land owne rs,
businesse s, pu blic agencies, and local governm ents
working to protect and enhan ce the scenic I-90 corridor
from Puget Sound to the east side of the Cascade
Moun tains. As the Pacific North west boom s, the tru st
supp orts efforts to preserve op en spa ce, farms, workingforests, historic sites and to create n ew trails, recreation
and tourism op portunities along the 13 0 mile long
Moun tains to Soun d Greenway.
For m ore information on the Trust or o n th e Re-
Greenin g Program, contact:
Moun tains to Sound Greenway Trust
506 Second Ave, Suite 15 02
Seattle, WA 98104
(206) 382-556 5
em ail, MTSGreen way@tp l.org
Before...
...After
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 1997 5
Updates
Purchaser RoadCredit Update
The Porter/Kenn edy am endm ent,
proposed by Rep. John Porter (R-IL) and
Rep. Joseph Kenne dy (D-MA), to cut
timber road funding in th e Interior
Appro priations bill (which fu nds th e
Forest Service) passed the U.S. House of
Representatives on July 10th by a vote of
246-179 . This would have been an
amazing victory, if Representative Norm
Dicks (D-WA) hadnt offered anoth er
amen dmen t (which p assed 211-209)
restoring most of the funding. The end
result was a cut of only $5 m illion from
the road construction/reconstruction
budget and $25 million from the
purchaser road credit program.The Porter/Kennedy amend-
men t would h ave directly elimi-
nated subsidies where the Forest
Service bu ilds logging r oads and
directly saved th e American
taxpayer $ 40 m illion a year.
Cutting the purchaser road credit
program, a m ove already proposed
by th e Clinton Adm inistration ,
would have saved an additional
$50 million in timber resources
ann ually. (Remem ber, the Porter/
Kennedy amen dmen t did NOT
affect the Forest Service roadmaintenan ce budget. The amend-
men t only prevents a taxpayer
sub sidy of NEW logging road s.)
We end ed up with a basically
insignificant cut in road fu ndin g after a
fantastic grassroots campaign made this
on e of the hottest issues in Congress.
Newspap ers from USA Today to the
Washington Postand th e Seattle Times
wrote editorials supporting the Porter/
Kenn edy amend men t. But the Clinton
Adm inistration weighed in against us
when Sec. of Agriculture Dan Glickman
sent a letter from the administration toKenn edy saying the Porter/Kenn edy
amen dmen t was too extreme. Appar-
ently they forgot about their budget
proposals to do the same thing.
Why the turn-aroun d? We dont
kno w right no w, but well keep you
posted. The fight isn t over. Next stop,
the Senate. As we went to press the
Senate was preparing to consider this
issue.
And than ks to everyone who made
calls on July 8th to th eir represen tatives,
the ph one lines were ringing all day on
the timb er road s issue. We may ask you
to call again when the issue hits the
Senate. Ques tions? Feel free to give us a
call, or con tact the Western Ancient
Forest Camp aign in DC at 202/879-3188.
Pave the Parks:R.S. 2477 Update
The Pave the Parks rider went
throu gh a roller coaster Congressional
run, but in the end we came out on top.
Heres a brief run-down:
Senato r Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) ha d
attached a rider to S. 672, the ap prop ria-
tions bill carrying em ergency flood relief
funds. The Stevens Rider would
resur rect portions of a 131-year old
minin g law, R.S. 2477 , repealed in 1976 ,
to elevate old right-of-way claims to
constru ct roads in Ame ricas wilderness,
nation al parks, wildlife refuges and
backcountry areas.
In ear ly May, by a slim 51-49
margin, the Senate voted to retain the
Pave the Parks rider. Becau se R.S.
2477 required n o process for notifyingthe governm ent, or other documen ta-
tion of road way claims, few records exist
and sp urious claims could easily be
subm itted if the Rider becam e law.
Sen. Stevens ch anged th e original
rider to a watered down comm ission to
study the statu te. Regardless, it was
down hill from th ere for access advo-
cates.
The political pressur e against this
idea was quite strong, than ks to a well
coordinated grassroots campaign by a
coalition of environmental groups, road-
rippers included. The White House
received tho usan ds of calls, and n ewspa-
pers across the country wrote editorials
against it.
President Clinton vetoed the flood
relief bill and sen t it back to Congress to
take out th e objectionable riders, (there
were oth ers besides R.S. 2477). Con-
gress did their work, cut o ut th e Pave
the Parks com mission from th e flood
relief bill, and we won the battle.
Kudos to all who called, wrote,
emailed, and gen erally raised he ll.
ALASKAWhittier Road,Prince William Sound:Success - for now!
For over a year, Alaskanenvironmental and recreation
organization s have been fighting
the construction of a road to
Whittier, Alaska (see RIPorterv1,
n3 , p8 ). Led by Trustees for
Alaska, co-plaintiffs include the
Alaska Center for the Environm ent
(ACE), Alaska Wilderness Recre -
ation and Tourism Association
(AWRTA) and Alaska Wild lan ds
Alliance (AWA). The t iny town of
Whittier sits at the edge of the
College Fjord Port Nellie Juan
Wildern ess Study Area in th eChugach Nation al Fore st. Whittier
is inaccessible by car, though
access is available by rail and
water.
Construction was scheduled to start
this sum mer un til the Ninth Circuit
Court granted an injunction pen ding a
decision regarding the case at the
District Court level. After sitting on the
case for over a year, the District Court
immediately decided against the
plaintiffs the d ay after the in junction
was granted. Trustees then app ealed the
District decision to the Ninth Circuit, andasked for ano ther injun ction. The
injunction was granted an d the case was
scheduled to be h eard as this issue of
th e RIPorterwent to press. The case is
based o n violations of Section 4(f) of the
Transportation Act (see RIPorterv1, n5,
p14), as well as violations of th e NEPA.
Well inform you of the Ninth
Circuit ruling when it is available.
Aaron Jones
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 19976
Regional Reports and Alerts
NEW MEXICO
Road Proposed t hrough
Petroglyph National Mon.
Senator Pete Domenici, R- N.M.,has introdu ced legislation to exten d two
roads across Petroglyph National
Monument outside of Albuquerque,
N.M. The Mon um ent was designated to
protect 1 5,000 a ncient Native Amer ican
rock etchings. Unfortunately, this side
of Albuquerque is also the citys fastest
growing area, with m any p lanned roads
and h ousing developments. The road
extensions through the monu men t are
part of city plann ers attemp ts to
accommodate Albuquerques westward
sprawl, and to relieve traffic congestion.
Governors from 19 New Mexican
pue blos, representing th e All Indian
Pueblo Coun cil, have ban ded together
in hop es of sending a un ified message
to Con gress: Eno ugh is Eno ugh . Steve
Juanica, council vice chairman, says, If
the road is made necessary through the
national park, then what will prevent
other forms of encroachment on tribal
hom elands? Juan ica says the tribes are
not interested in negotiating with state
represen tatives on the road s. The All
Indian Pue blo Councils po sition has
always been to protect sacred sites
above all, he says. We hon or the inte nt
of the public officials to do well fortheir con stituents, he said. But pub lic
leaders mu st also un derstand ou r
stance. Enou gh is enou gh.
CALIFORNIA
Fort Irwin to Expand
onto Critical HabitatBy Dan Patterson
The worlds largest ORV organ iza-
tion, th e U.S. Army, is continuing its
efforts to acquire over 300,000 acres of
pub lic land in th e Mojave desert.
Located rou ghly between the town of
Barstow CA and Death Valley National
Park, Ft. Irwin is a spraw ling 6 50,000
acre base. Ft. Irwin is extensively used
for heavy tank train ing and battle
simulations, and the con stant military
war-games have reduced the desert to
dust.
After a pu blic trouncing of th eir
plan to expand to the n orth and east, the
Army an d the Dept. of the Interior are
attemp ting to craft a comp rom ise deal
that would allow a huge southward
expan sion into the Alvord Mountains
area, an area designated as h igh quality
desert tortoise habitat. Reportedly, the
Army wo uld pa y Interior m illion s, which
would be used to acqu ire private
Catellus (railroad) lands across the
Mojave Nation al Preserve. USFWS
originally issued a draft jeopardy
opinion (which disallowed the proposal)
on the southward expansion of Ft. Irwin
in 1991. Now they have flip-flopped,
offering a no-jeopardy opinion thatclaims th ey dont need to pro tect all the
west Mojave critical habitat units to
allow for tortoise recovery.
Military war -
games, roads, and a
fatal respiratory
disease are major
threats to desert
tortoises and their
habitat. The area
south of Ft. Irwin
contains th e only
undiseased tortoise
population in thewest Mojave and is an
important genetic
link to th e east
Mojave.
Any deal will
require congressional
approval. Desert rats
and wildland lovers
should act now to
stop the m ilitary destruction of endan -
gered species and your p ublic land s.
For m ore info, contact:
No Pu blic Lan d for
Ft. Irwin! Coalition
POB 7745San Diego CA 92107
Comm ents are needed:
Ed Hastey
BLM Californ ia State Director
2135 Butano Drive
Sacrame nto CA 95825
916/979.2845
Bruce Babbitt
Secretary of Interior
Washington DC
202/208.7351
Ray Bran sfield
USFWS
2493 Portola Rd., Suite B
Ven tura CA 93003
805/644.1766
Also contact your represen tative
and senators at 202-224-3121.
ONTARIO, CANADA
Temagami Road
challenge in Ontario
Cross Lake, a fragile lake in th e
Tem agam i Region of Ontario, Can ada
was scarred by an illegal road in
October 1996. This road was built on
the h eels of a Compreh ensive Land Use
Plan released in April 1996 that called
for no motorized access to th e waters
edge (to pro tect a sen sitive trout
fishery).
In Jun e 199 6, the Minister of
Natural Resou rces (MNR) and Govern-
men t of Ontario accepted the land useman agement plan and then ignored it a
few mon ths later. The Tem agam i Lakes
Association (TLA), Wildlands League
and Sierra Legal Defense Fun d (SLDF)
filed su it against the MNR un der
Canadas Environmental Bill of Rights.
In a rare turn of events, the On tario
Ministry of Environm ent an d Energy
(MOEE) then filed su it against th e MNR
in April 1997 for violating the Environ-This desert tortoise was t he unfortunate victim of an ORVs foray intothe desert. Howard Wilshire photo.
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 1997 7
BLM who want to stop ORV destruction of the deser t. We mu st continu e our efforts
to reach out to them and supp ort their work. We must keep the pressure on land
man agers. Babbitt himself said, Dont expect us to do the right thin g, make us do
it.
ORV interests are well organized an d fund ed, but th ey are vulnerab le. Most
peop le do not like ORVs and th e disturban ces they cause. To win, we must u nite and
reach out to poten tial partners in our com mon fight to stop the motorized raping of
the p ublic land s. The Ame rican west is the scene o f this struggle, a desert duel over
heritage definitions and the impo rtance of n ative biological diversity.
The west is an
arid lan d. To
defend the west
effectively, we
must remem ber to
fight for the wild
desert. Each time
we allow a new
road to be bladed,
an ORV event to
occur, or a military
war games expan-
sion the desertsuffers deep an d
long lasting
wounds. Do
something real to
protect and restore
your favorite desert place. During your wildlands excursions, carry tools and close
roads in sen sitive habitats. Dig 1 meter by 1 mete r pits near m ajor intersections withopen roads. Use big rocks and de ad and down ed plant m aterials (logs, branches) to
block and cam ouflage the road youre closing. Mon itor the p rogress and effective-
ness an d rem ediate if need ed. Often, simp le action s may keep vehicles off a
backcoun try road, allowing it to revegetate. Youd be surp rised how m uch yo u can
accom plish in just a da y. Do it for Cactus Ed Abbey. Do it for the n ative plan ts and
an imals. Do it for
your children. Doit for th e rocks
and spirits. Do it
for the sake of
true remoteness
and silence.
If we do n ot
keep up the fight,
the mad motor
mobs will continue the slow conversion of our u nique and wonderful deserts into
true wastelands. And h ow will these deser ts look after the next 221 years? For sure,
the deserts will have the last word. It rema ins
to be seen if it is a story of cottonwood s,
tortoises, wilderness, and desert bighorn sheep,
or a tale of tamarisk, tumb leweed, ravens, andmotorized m adness.
Daniel Patterson is a road-ripping restora-
tion ecologist based in San Diego, California. He
runs Round River Ecological Services (619/
222.4691) and work s to prot ect and restore
critical habitat and n ative ecosyst ems in t he
desert southw est. Dan is open for contact from
readers.
E-mail: [email protected]
Desert , cont .men tal Assessmen t Act by a llowing an
illegal road built into the Cross Lake
area.
The trial has been d elayed for a
second time, and th e new trial date is set
for August. The Wildland s League, TLA
and SLDF are asking for the issue to be
resolved by requ iring the MNR to
rem ove the illegal road.
For m ore info, contact th e Wild-
lands League at 416-971-9453 .
MINNESOTA
Boundary Waters Canoe
Area Updat e
On May 22, 1997, Senator Rod
Grams (R-MN) and Congressman James
Oberstar (D-MN) laun ched ano ther
assault on th e Boun dary Waters Cano e
Area (BWCA) Wilder ne ss w he n the y
introdu ced bills to significantly increasemo torized uses within the area. This
legislation is similar to a bill they
introduced in Congress in 1996 that
Clinton threate ned to veto.
The new bill contains detrimental
provisions that go beyon d just the truck
portage provisions that Clinton opposed.
They include eliminating a 20 yearphase-out of m otorboats in the Seagull
Lake por tion of the Wilderness th at was
to take effect on Jan 1 , 1999.
This bill would have terr ible
impacts on the BWCA Wilderness, and
on th e entire National WildernessPreservation System. We need your h elp
opp osing this legislation.
What you can do:
Contact Grams and Oberstar:
Sen. Rod Grams
Dirkson Senate Building
Wash ington D.C. 20510
202-224-3244 (ph)
202-228 -0956 (fax)
ema il: ma il_grams@gram s.senate.gov
Rep. Jim Oberstar
2366 Raybur n House BuildingWashington D.C. 20515
202-225 -6211 (ph)
202-225-0699 (fax)
ema il: oberstar@h r.house.gov
For more information, contact:
Friend s of the Boundar y Waters
Wilderness
1313 Fifth St. SE, Suite 329
Mine apo lis, MN 55414
612-379-3835
Mark Alan Wilson
We must keep t he pressure on land
managers. Babbit t himself said,
Dont expect us to do the right t hing,
make us do it.
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 19978
Legal Notes
Executive Orders& ORVs
By Chuck Cott rell
Executive Orders 11644 and 11989
On February 8, 1972 , Presiden t Nixon issued Executive
Order (E.O.) No. 1164 4, r egulatin g off-roa d vehicle (ORV) use
on pub lic lands. 42 U.S.C.A. 4321. The President n oted th at,
thou gh often used for legitimate pur poses, ORV use com es in
frequent con flict with wise land an d resource m anagement
practices, environ men tal values, and oth er types of recre-
ation al activity. Preside nt Carter a mended Nixons E.O. in
1977 with E.O. No. 11989, clarifying the p urp ose of th e
original directive. This purp ose is to establish policies an d
provide for proced ures tha t will ensure that th e use of off-road
vehicles on pub lic lands will be con trolled so as to (1) protectthe resou rces of those lan ds, (2) promote th e safety of all users
of those land s, and (3) minimize conflicts amon g the various
users of those lands.
Respective agency h eads (defined to include the Secretary
of the Interior) were instructed to prom ulgate regulation s
throu gh wh ich the status o f public land s in relation to ORV use
could be determin ed. In addition to the goal of minimizing
user conflict, the E.O.s requ ire tha t th e d esignation o f areas
and trails follow these guidelines:
D The respective agency head shall ensure adequ ate oppor tu-
nity for public participation in th e prom ulgation o f such regu-
lations and in the designation of areas and trails under this
section.Areas an d Trails:
D Shall be located to minim ize damage to soil, watershed, veg-
etation, or other resources of the public lands;
D Shall be located to minimize harassment of wildlife or sig-
nificant disrup tion of wildlife hab itats;
D Shall be located so as to m inimize conflicts taking into ac-
count n oise and other factors;
D Shall be located in are as of th e Nationa l Park System only
if respective agency head determ ines that off-road vehicle use
in such locations will not ad versely affect their natur al, aes-
thetic, or scen ic values;
E.O. No. 11989 stren gthen ed th e pr ovisions o f E.O. No.
11644 by d irecting land m anagers to close areas an d trails toORV use whe never consider able adverse effects on the soil,
vegetation, wildlife, wildlife habitat, or cultural or historical
resources is, or will be, caused b y their u se. Areas an d trails
are to remain closed un til it is determ ined that th e adverse
effects have been eliminated an d mea sures are in place to
prevent future recurren ce. President Carters addition also
gave managers the option to adopt a closed-unless-open policy
in their man agement areas.
Subsequen t court ru lings have served to clarify and
emp hasize some o f the provisions of the Executive Orders.
Substantial Adverse Effects-Sierra Club v. Clark, 756 F.2d 686 (9thCir. 1985)
While neither p arty con tested the fact that Dove Springs
Canyon , located in the Californ ia Desert Conser vation Area,
had b een w iped out by ORV use, the court sided with th e
defendant, stating that damage was substantially unnotice-
able in th e WSA as a wh ole. Damage to Dove Spr ings Canyon
therefore did not rep resent significant adverse dam age
which would necessitate closure. The court noted that theSierra Clubs interp retation of th e regulations wou ld result in
total prohibition of ORV use within the Desert Area, because
it is doubtful that any discrete area could withstan d un re-
stricted ORV use without considerab le adverse effects.
In FLPMA, Con gress had found ORV use, no ma tter h ow
dam aging, to be p erm itted whe re app ropr iate. 43 U.S.C.A.
1781(a)(4). Only by allowing ORV use to be evaluated w ithin t he
context of the Desert Area as a whole could both m andates be
met. If there is to be a chan ge it must com e by way of
Congressiona l reconsideration.
This decision weaken s th e p rovisions of E.O. 11989 by
allowing such broad discretion to agencies when determining
what constitutes considerable adverse effects.
Minimi zat ion of Environm ental Impact sAme rican Motorcycle Assoc. v. Watt, 543 F.Supp. 789 (9th
Cir. 1982)
In this case, the plaintiffs challenged th e criteria con-
tained in the California Desert Conservation Desert Plan for
app roval of ORV routes. The ne utral, interrogative language of
the Plans criteria did not exp licitly requ ire that an area beclosed if certain cond itions we re satisfied. The Plan criteria
would have further led to routes being approved if there were
no finding of considerable adverse impacts. The court found
this standard to be q ualitatively differen t from the m inimiza-
tion criteria mandated by BLM regulations, 43 C.F.R. 8342.1,
and in th e Executive Order.ORV routes an d areas mu st be designated with an inten t
to minimize environm ental impacts, not merely to avoid
considerable adverse imp acts.
User ConflictNW Motorcycle Assoc. v. USDA, 18 F.3d 1468 (9th Cir.
1994)
The Northwest Motorcycle Association brou ght su it over
the Forest Services decision to close th e North Entiat area of
the Wena tchee National Forest to ORV use because of user
con flict. The closure, the Association a rgued , was illegal
because it was based upon comm ent from area h ikers, not on
the pe rsonal experien ce of any Forest Service person nel.Comm ents from h ikers should no t have been u sed as a criteria
of the evaluation be cause they were m ade by intere sted
persons.
The court resp on ded by stating that it could envision no
better way to determ ine the existen ce of actual past or likely
future conflict between two user groups than to hear from
mem bers of those groups. This emph asizes the imp ortance
of written pu blic com men t to agency officials when ever
conflict is ob served per taining to ORV use, wh ether it be with
other users, wildlife, or the lan d.
see Legal Notes, page 10
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 1997 9
Bibliography Notes
Bibliography Notes sum marizes and highlights som e of the
scientific literature in ou r 6,000 Citation Bibliography on the
ecological effects of roads. We offer bibliography searches to
help activists access important biological research relevant to
roads. We keep copies of most art icles cited in Bibliography
Notes in our office library.
Roads & WetlandsBy Bethanie Walder
Wetlands are defined as areas of land with some
what poo rly, poor ly, or very p oorly dra ined soils.
These areas rem ain wet for part or a ll of the year.
Wetlands can occu r in almost any geograph ic area, from
coastal and tidal areas, to riparian areas, and even in h igh
elevation areas. Because th e hydrologic system is a con-tinuum, an y impacts to one part will also impact th e contigu-
ous parts. Roads built throu gh wetland ecosystems often have
severe impa cts (Adam us a nd Stockwell 1983, McCleese an d
Whiteside 1977, Winter 1988). In addition to direct hydro logic
impacts, roads cause significant indirect effects by altering
vegetation, wh ich ch anges available hab itat for wildlife,
especially migratory b irds.
Wetland fun ction is driven by forces such as solar en ergy,
wind an d hyd rologic forces (including tides, gradient curren ts,
run -off and groun dwater). Roads interru pt these driving
forces, altering wetland hydrology (Adam us an d Stockwell
1983). Basic research on roads and wetlands has found the
following road-related wetland im pacts:
D concentrating and accelerating sediment runoff (particularly
from construction); (Adamus and Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk
1996);
D fill including a ssociated alteration of circulation an d m ove-
men ts of fish an d wildlife; (Adam us an d Stockwell 1983);
D chan nel straightening, deepening an d widening; (Adam us an d
Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk 1996);
D water level increases or decreases, (most result from inad-
equate cu lverting, water table disturban ce, or accelerated run -
off); (Adamus and Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk 1996);
D constraining and diverting surface and subsurface flows;
(Zeedyk 1996);
D intercepting grou ndwater flow; (Zeedyk 1996);
D increasing sedim ent loading; (Zeedyk 1996);D clearing vegetation and conversion to barren road surfaces
and facilities; (Adamus and Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk 1996);
D reducing ha bitat or displacing wildlife; (Adam us an d Stockwell
1983; Zeedyk 199 6);
D introduction of toxic runoff; (Adamus and Stockwell 1983;
Zeedyk 1996).
Even wh en cu lverts are p roper ly installed, roads don t
allow nor mal water flow either above or below ground. Roads
act as dam s, altering or blocking water flow from on e side of
the road to the oth er (Winter 1988). This can result in flooding
on on e side of the road and drying out on the other, altering
vegetation and associated species. Roads also can cause subtle
changes to hydrologic flow that appear only in extreme
cond itions. For example, roads can reduce nutrient transpo rt
durin g infrequen t (25 year) storm events. Such storms may
indirectly be critical to the con tinued p rodu ctivity of down-stream fishery foo d cha ins (Adam us an d Stockwell 1983).
Though roads can cause inadequate drainage in some
instances, they can also cause problems through excessive
drainage (by constru cting drains and ch ann els too deep ly, for
examp le), leading to a drying out of the wetland. This can lead
to indirect effects such as fire hazards on organic soils, or
altered vegetation comp osition (McCleese an d Wh iteside
1977). Drier vegetation co nditions will favor uplan d plants
over wetland plan ts, which on ce established, often take over,
even if norm al flooding regimes re turn (McCleese andWhiteside 1977, Thibodeau a nd Nickerson 1985 , Zeedyk
1996). This is significant becau se short-term a lterations of
flood cycles can have sub stantial and long-lasting effects on
wetland vegetation (Thibodeau and Nickerson 19 85).
Roads affect groundwater a nd recharge wetlands
(wetlands wh ich help recharge local groun dwater systems) by
decreasing water availability through storm sewering (Winter
1988) and reducing groun dwater rech arge (Zeedyk 1996 ). In
addition to alterations in h ydrologic fun ction, water qu ality is
impaired by roads and road run -off. Nutrients, chlorides,
heavy metals and organic chemicals enter groundwater from
road ru n-off (Ehren field and Schn eider 1991). According to
one study, focused on suburban development in the Jersey
pine barrens, engineering features located within or near thestudy sites, including dam s, drainage ditches an d chan nelized
streams, had a greater impact on the hydrology of the wet-
lands than did the presen ce of roads, septic systems or storm
sewers (Ehre nfield and Schn eider 19 91). Clear ly, a dam w ill
have a stronger impact than a road, but road impacts are
significant, non etheless.
Few stud ies focus sp ecifically on th e direct impacts o f
roads on we tland hydro logy, partly because it is und erstood
that introdu cing a solid structu re into a fluid system will
see Bibliography on p age 11
Kraig Klugness
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 199710
The Ecological Effectsof Roads:Implications for Conser vation -A Report from Victoria
by Marion Hourdequin
Conser vation biology is a m ission -oriented d iscipline
aiming to protect biodiversity and m aintain ecological and
evolutionary processes. To be effective, con servation bio logy
need s to inform societal decisions, and con servation b iologists
need to share th eir science with activists and p olicy makers.
On Jun e 8, Wildlands CPR helped sp onso r a symp osium
en titled The Ecological Effects of Roads: Imp lications for
Conse rvation Plann ing. The session was part of the 1997
me eting o f the Society for Conser vation Biology (SCB) and
helped strengthen the link between science an d conservation
on the ground. Over 100 people attended the sympo sium,
ranging from scientists to activists and teachers to ForestService personnel.
The symp osium sp eakers covered a wide ran ge of topics,
giving both a broad overview of ecological research on roads
and providing in-depth case studies focused on particular
species. Steve Trom bulak of Middlebury College discussed th e
terrestrial effects of roads, while Chris Frissell of University of
Montana emphasized how roads alter hydrological processes,
increase sedimen t in streams, and imp act habitat quality for
fish. Graham Forbes, Martin Jalkowsky and Paul Paquet sp oke
abou t how roads affect black bears, mou ntain lions and wo lves
throughout Canada. Although much of the sympo sium
focused on how ro ads disrup t ecosystems, Terry Spreiter of
Redwood National and State Parks described how road rem oval
can restore both terrestrial comm unities and watershedintegrity.
All in a ll, the sym posium provided an excellent r eview of
road-related research. However, because th e symposium itself
offered little opportunity for informal conversation among
scientists, activists and lan d m anagers, abou t 16 of us m et after
the symposium to discuss roads and conservation. The
participants included un iversity faculty, activists, ind epen den t
scientists and con sultants. The group agreed that there is a
need to dissem inate better th e science relating to roads, and to
develop cre ative app roach es to challenge the gen eral societal
percep tion of roads as an u nqu alified good.
As a follow-up to the SCB me eting, Wildlands CPR ho pes
to support p ublication of the symp osium proceedings in the
journal Conservation Biology. Publication o f key peer -reviewedpap ers relating to roads an d the ir ecological effects would
provide an excellent resour ce for scientists, activists, land
managers and policy makers, would stimulate dialogue about
roads, and would bring us further along the path to road
closure and ecological restoration.
Marion Hourdequin is on the Wildlands CPR Advisory Board
and was formerly WCPR co-director.
Outreach and Resources Road-Ripping Action onthe Gallatin NF
The Gallatin National Forest has bee n doing a fair bit of
road rem oval and r evegetation to get their road de nsities in
comp liance with grizzly bear stand ards, thanks in par t to road
inventories un dertaken by Predator Projects Roads Scholar
Project. They are now removing roads for watershed rehab ili-
tation in som e land acquired in a land-exchange, and they
want us to help them out! The Gallatin has requested volun -
teers to help with revegetation work on abou t 3 miles of road
that seriously impact water qu ality near the h eadwaters of
Cache Creek. They will remove 12 cu lverts an d recon tour th e
slopes wh ile we are in the field.
Its a spectacu lar site nea r Yellowston e Nation al Park. It is
prime grizzly bear ha bitat and is near the bo un dary of the Lee
Metcalf Wilder -
ness. The project
will take 2-3 days
and it is limited to
8 people. Inter-
ested? Contact us
ASAP. Well be
camping out onthe site, and o ur
work m ostly will
be seeding n ative
grasses, transplan t-
ing of other n ative
plants and
instream stabiliza-
tion work.
This is an
opportun ity to
help restore a
road, and to work
with the Forest Service on imp roving their road rem oval
program. They are interested in our knowledge of the bestways to restore areas, and it is an op por tunity to get some
great han ds-on exper ience. We are scheduling the project for
Friday/Saturday Aug 15-16 , thou gh th is date is a bit weath er
depen den t. We can provide transp ortation from Missoula and
Bozeman on Aug. 14. Well be camping ou t at the site starting
on the 1 4th. Because the heavy equipment part of this project
is dependent on weather cond itions, the culvert removal and
reconto uring may be com pleted before we go into the field,
though we ho pe they occur at the same time.
ConclusionExecutive Order No. 11644, as am end ed by Executive
Order No. 11989, clearly provides th e strongest h and le we
have on th e problem o f ORV use on pub lic lands. While the
prevention of the destruction of natural areas and the preser-
vation of biological diversity is the m ost impo rtant reaso n for
removing ORVs from pub lic lands, per hap s the best strategy
for effecting their removal is to focus on h um an issues,
particularly when documentation of widespread ecological
effects is lacking. Conflicts between u ser groups, person al
injuries, acciden t liabilities, and enforcem ent p roblems m ust
be repo rted in w riting to the respon sible agency officials.
Legal Notes, cont .
MT
ID
WY
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The Road-RIPorter July/August 1997 11
Join Wildlands CPR Today!
Memb ership ben efits both yo u an d Wildlands CPR. You
lend your supp ort to ou r efforts, giving us m ore leverage in sub-
mitting comm ents, filing lawsuits, and crea ting pressure to pre-
vent and close roads on pub lic land s. In addition , your financial
support helps us to continue providing information and re-
sources to activists thro ugho ut North Ame rica.
As a Wildlands CPR member, you'll have better access to
these resources, becau se youll receive:
f Our bimonthly newsletter, The Road-RIPorter.
f 10 free bibliography se arches p er year.
f National suppo rt for your cam paign through ou r n ewsletter
and alerts.
f Access to activist tools an d p ublic education ma terials.
f Conn ections with groups working on similar issues, and net-
works with expe rienced road-fighting activists, lawyers an d
scientists.
f Discounts on Wildlands CPR publications.
____$30 Standard____$15 Low Incom e____$50 Friend____$20 0 Supporter____$500 Sponsor____Other: $____________
____$15 ($25 non-me mbers)Handbook (includes all 4 guides)
____$4/Guide ($7 non-members)- circle your choices BLM, ORV, NF, NP
____Total enclosed $______________
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Organization:____________________________________________
Address:________________________________________________
City/State/Zip:___________________________________________
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Join Wildlands CPR Today!
Wildlands CPR Publications: Road-Ripper's Handbook ($15.00, $25 non-members)) A
comp rehen sive activist manu al that includes the four Guideslisted below, plus The Ecological Effects of Roads , Gather-ing Information w ith the Freedom of Information Act , andmore!
Road-Ripper's Guide to t he National Forest s ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By Keith Hamm er. How-to proced ures for gettingroads closed and revegetated, descriptions of environmen-tal laws, road den sity standard s & Forest Service roa d p oli-cies.
Road-Ripper's Guide to the National Parks ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By David Bahr & Aron Yarm o. Provides ba ckgrou ndon the National Park System and its use of roads, and out-
lines how activists can get involved in NPS planning.Road-Ripper's Guide to Off-Road Vehicles ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By Dan Wright. A comp rehen sive guide to redu cingthe use an d abuse of ORVs on pu blic lands. Includes an ex-tensive bibliography.
Road-Ripper's Guide to the BLM ($4, $7 non-members) ByDan Stotter. Provides an overview of road-related land an dresour ce laws, and detailed discussions for pa rticipating inBLM decision-making processes.
Bibliography, cont .
com pletely chan ge the function of that system. Many
available studies have focused instead on mitigating th e
impacts o f roads on wetland h ydrology, by utilizing the
least-imp acting placeme nt and design techn iques. In
addition, a variety of studies focus on indirect effects such
as vegetation ch anges an d hab itat availability. Of the
studies highlighted above, three wou ld prove most e ffectiveto road activists in term s of both un derstan ding wetland
function an d the impacts of roads and road construction:
Adam us an d Stockwell 1983, Winter 198 8, and Zeedyk
1996.
BibliographyAdam us, Paul R. and L.T. Stockwe ll. 198 3. A Method for
Wetlan d Fun ctional Assessm ent. U.S. Dept. of Tran spo r-
tation . Fede ral Highway Adm inistra tion . FHWA-IP-82-23 .
Wash ington , DC.
Darnell, Rezneat M. 1977 . Overview of major developme nt
imp acts on wetlan ds. In: Mon tanari, J.H. and J.A. Kesler;
Co-chairs, Proceedings of the National Wetland Protec-
tion Symposium . Biological Services Program , FWSS/OBS-
78/97.
Ehren feld, Joan G. and John P. Schne ider. 1991 . Chamaecyparis
thyoides,wetlands and su burban ization: effects on hydrol-
ogy, water quality and plant community composition.
Journal of Applied Ecology (1991) 28, 467-490 .
McLeese, R.L. an d Wh iteside, E.P. 197 7. Ecological effects of
highway construction upon Michigan woodlots and wet-
lands: soil relationsh ips. Journal of Environmental Qual-
ity . v6 n4, 476-471.
Thibodeau, Francis R. and Norton H. Nickerson 1985.
Changes in a wetland plant association induced by im-
poundmen t and draining. Biological Conservation 33
(1985) 269-279 .
Winter, Thomas C. 1988. A conceptu al framework for a ssess-ing cumu lative imp acts on the h ydrology of no ntidal wet-
lands. Environmental Management. v12, n5, 605-62 0.
Zeedyk, William D. 199 6. Managing Roads for Wet Meadow
Ecosyste m Recovery. USDA Fore st Service, Sou thwester n
Region, USDOT. FHWA-FLP-96-01 6. Washington , DC.
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US POSTAGE
PAID
MISSOULA, MT 59801
PERMIT NO. 569
Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads
P.O. Box 7516Missoula, MT 59807
Visions...
There always wi l l be plenty of roads;
there m ay never be enough wildernes s.
Howie Wolke