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RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY :
An Introduction
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Meaning Of Research
According to Redman and Mory, Researchis a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.
According to M. Stephenson, Research isthe manipulation of things, concepts or
symbols for the purpose of generalizing toextend, correct or verify knowledge, whetherthat knowledge aids in construction of theoryor in the practice of an art.
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Objectives Of
Research Exploratory or formulative research
studies
Descriptive research studies
Diagnostic research studies
Hypothesis-testing research studies
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Motivation in
Research Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits.
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative
work.
Desire to be of service to society. Desire to get respectability.
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Types Of Research
Descriptive vs. Analytical
Applied vs. Fundamental
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Conceptual vs. Empirical
One-time or Longitudinal Historical Research
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Research Approaches
Quantitative Approach
o Inferential Approach
o Experimental Approach
o Simulation Approach
Qualitative Approach
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Significance Of
Research It inculcates scientific and inductive thinking.
The role of research in several fields of appliedeconomics has greatly increased today.
It provides the basis for nearly all governmentpolicies in our economic system.
It helps in solving various operational and planningproblems of business and industry.
It helps in studying social relationships.
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Research Methods versus
Methodology
Research methods refer to the methods theresearchers use in performing research operations.
where as
In Research methodology, we not only talk of theresearch methods but also consider the logic behind
the methods we use in the context of our researchstudy and explain why we are using a particularmethod or technique so that the results are capable ofbeing evaluated.
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Importance of Knowing How
Research is Done
It helps in developing disciplined thinking or abent of mind to observe the field objectively.
It will inculcate the ability to evaluate and useresearch results with reasonable confidence.
It gives us the satisfaction of acquiring a newintellectual tool which can become a way oflooking at the world and of judging everydayexperience.
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Research Process
Formulating the research problem
Extensive literature survey
Development of working hypothesis
Preparing the research design
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Determining sample design
o
Deliberate Samplingo Simple random sampling
o Systematic sampling
o
Stratified samplingo Quota sampling
o Cluster sampling
o
Multi-stage samplingo Sequential sampling
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Collecting the data
o By observation
o Through personal interview
o Through telephone interviews
o By mailing of questionnaires
o Through schedules
Execution of the project
Analysis of data
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Hypothesis-testing
Generalizations and interpretation
Preparation of the report or the thesis
o Introduction
o Summary of findings
o Main report
o Conclusion
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Criteria of Good
Research Clearly defined purpose
Procedure should be described in sufficientdetail
Carefully planned design
Researcher should report with completefrankness.
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Problems Encountered by
Researchers in India
Lack of scientific training
Insufficient interaction
Lack of confidence
Overlapping research studies
No code of conduct for researchers
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Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarialassistance
Unsatisfactory library management andfunctioning at many places
Difficulty of timely availability of published data
Problem of conceptualization
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